人類有機體英語怎麼說及英文翻譯

『壹』 急求英文翻譯高手

The Sixth Extinction By Niles Eldredge

About 30,000 species go extinct annually.
大約每年有30000種物種走向滅絕。

There is little doubt left in the minds of professional biologists that Earth is

currently faced with a mounting loss of species that threatens to rival the five

great mass extinctions of the geological past.
在生物學專家心中都有一個小小的疑問，地球是否在面臨著可能媲美過去五大物種滅絕的另

一次不斷增加的物種滅絕。
As long ago as 1993, Harvard biologist E.O. Wilson estimated that Earth is

currently losing something on the order of 30,000 species per year -- which

breaks down to the even more daunting statistic of some three species per hour.
早在1993年，哈佛一名生物學家，E.O. Wilson就預測地球物種正在以每年30000種的速度消

失, 而這種令人心悸的預測則被更為恐怖的每小時3種的統計結果結束了.
Some biologists have begun to feel that this biodiversity crisis -- this "Sixth

Extinction" -- is even more severe, and more imminent, than Wilson had supposed.
The previous mass extinctions were e to natural causes.
一些生物學家已經開始察覺到生物多樣性的危機了. Wilson預測說這次的第六次物種滅絕,

比以往五次更為嚴重,更為緊迫。前幾次大量物種滅絕的發生，只是因為自然原因。

Extinction in the past
過去的幾次大量物種滅絕

The major global biotic turnovers were all caused by physical events that lay

outside the normal climatic and other physical disturbances which species, and

entire ecosystems, experience and survive. What caused them?
過去的幾次生物界翻天覆地的變化，原因都不外乎正常的天氣還有其他的物理因素干擾這些

物理因素，而整個生態系統都安然度過了。這些都是怎樣發生的呢？

* First major extinction (c. 440 mya): Climate change (relatively severe and

sudden global cooling) seems to have been at work at the first of these-the end

-Ordovician mass extinction that caused such pronounced change in marine life

(little or no life existed on land at that time). 25% of families lost (a family

may consist of a few to thousands of species).
第一次大量物種滅絕（c.440 mya）:較為嚴重的突然全球變冷似乎先發生，然後就有了

引起海洋物種顯著變化的後奧陶紀的大量物種滅絕（當時很少或者根本沒有生物在大路上生

存），大約25%的物種科目消失了（一個物種科目可能含有幾十到上千的物種）。
* Second major extinction (c. 370 mya): The next such event, near the end of

the Devonian Period, may or may not have been the result of global climate

change. 19% of families lost.
第二次大量物種滅絕（c. 370 mya）：第二次類似的事件發生在大概泥盆紀結束的時候

，尚未清楚是否由於全球氣候的變化。這次有19%的物種科目消失了。
* Third major Extinction (c. 245 mya): Scenarios explaining what happened at

the greatest mass extinction event of them all (so far, at least!) at the end of

the Permian Period have been complex amalgams of climate change perhaps rooted

in plate tectonics movements. Very recently, however, evidence suggests that a

bolide impact similar to the end-Cretaceous event may have been the cause. 54%

of families lost.
第三次大量物種滅絕（c. 245 mya）:地質構造論中二迭紀發生的大范圍地殼運動和氣

候的復雜多變可以解釋這次起碼到現在為止是最大規模的大量物種滅絕。但在最近，又有證

據說類似於後白堊紀的流星事件可能是這次物種滅絕的主要原因。這次54%的物種科目被滅

絕了。
* Fourth major extinction (c. 210 mya): The event at the end of the Triassic

Period, shortly after dinosaurs and mammals had first evolved, also remains

difficult to pin down in terms of precise causes. 23% of families lost.
第四次大量物種滅絕（c.210 mya）:這次大量物種滅絕發生在發生在三疊紀後期，在進

化出恐龍和哺乳動物之後不久。這次物種滅絕很難精確確定出原因。23%的物種科目消失了

。
* Fifth major extinction (c. 65 mya): Most famous, perhaps, was the most

recent of these events at the end-Cretaceous. It wiped out the remaining

terrestrial dinosaurs and marine ammonites, as well as many other species across

the phylogenetic spectrum, in all habitats sampled from the fossil record.

Consensus has emerged in the past decade that this event was caused by one

(possibly multiple) collisions between Earth and an extraterrestrial bolide

(probably cometary). Some geologists, however, point to the great volcanic event

that proced the Deccan traps of India as part of the chain of physical events

that disrupted ecosystems so severely that many species on land and sea rapidly

succumbed to extinction. 17% of families lost.
第五次大量物種滅絕(c. 65 mya):物種滅絕中最為著名的可能莫過於距離現在最近的

在白堊紀末發生的第五次物種滅絕. 根據對化石的研究發現,在這次物種滅絕中,陸地恐龍和

鸚鵡螺都完全消失. 有著同樣命運的還有許多物種譜中的生物. 在過去十年中,大家都認為

這次物種滅絕的原因在於一次(也有可能是多次)地球與宇宙流星(很有可能是彗星)的相撞.

但一些地質學家持不同意見。他們把原因歸結於產生了印度德干traps（陷阱？）的火山運

動而造成的生態系統的劇烈變動，最終使陸地上和海里的許多生物迅速走向滅絕。

The current mass extinction is caused by humans.
現在我們面臨的大量物種滅絕是人為因素造成的。
How is the Sixth Extinction different from previous events?
第六次大量物種滅絕與之前有什麼不同呢？

At first glance, the physically caused extinction events of the past might seem

to have little or nothing to tell us about the current Sixth Extinction, which

is a patently human-caused event. For there is little doubt that humans are the

direct cause of ecosystem stress and species destruction in the modern world

through such activities as:
初步來看，過去五次大量物種滅絕對現在第六次認為造成的物種滅絕沒有任何可借鑒意義，

因為毫無疑問人類造成了如下幾種情況，給生態系統造成了很大壓力，給物種帶來了滅絕：

* transformation of the landscape
地貌的改變
* overexploitation of species
物種資源的過度開發
* pollution
污染
* the introction of alien species
帶來了外來物種

And because Homo sapiens is clearly a species of animal (however behaviorally

and ecologically peculiar an animal), the Sixth Extinction would seem to be the

first recorded global extinction event that has a biotic, rather than a

physical, cause.
同樣由於智人很明顯是動物的一員（雖然行為和外貌上不很像動物），第六次物種滅絕似乎

是有史以來第一次由生物而不是物理環境變化引起的。

We are bringing about massive changes in the environment.
我們給環境帶來了劇烈的變化。
Yet, upon further reflection, human impact on the planet is a direct analogue of

the Cretaceous cometary collision. Sixty-five million years ago that

extraterrestrial impact -- through its sheer explosive power, followed

immediately by its injections of so much debris into the upper reaches of the

atmosphere that global temperatures plummeted and, most critically,

photosynthesis was severely inhibited -- wreaked havoc on the living systems of

Earth. That is precisely what human beings are doing to the planet right now:

humans are causing vast physical changes on the planet.
Humans began disrupting the environment as soon as they appeared on Earth.
然而進一步的說，人類對於地球的影響，完全相當於白堊紀的彗星撞擊。彗星帶來了爆炸性

的力量，緊接著把碎片帶到大氣上層，引起了全球氣候降低，還有最重要的，極大地降低了

光合作用，就像是對地球生態系統的憤怒轟炸一樣。這完全和現在人類正在對這顆行星做的

一樣：人類正在給這顆行星的物理環境帶來巨大的改變，而這種改變，自從人類出現便已經

開始了。
What is the Sixth Extinction?
什麼是第六次大量物種滅絕？

We can divide the Sixth Extinction into two discrete phases:
我們可以把第六次大量物種滅絕分為兩段

* Phase One began when the first modern humans began to disperse to

different parts of the world about 100,000 years ago.
第一階段開始於100，000年前現代人類分散到世界各地
* Phase Two began about 10,000 years ago when humans turned to agriculture.
第二階段開始與10，000年前人類開始了農業勞動
先翻譯到這里。。。有空我會接著翻。。。

太長了，你還是加我的QQ吧。416214890，我幫你翻。

『貳』 翻譯有機物的英文名稱

4-(1.3-
苯並惡唑
-2-基)
苯甲醛
http://www.chemyq.com/xz.htm
可以查英文的化學物，CAS號查詢支持

『叄』 英文中對「人類」這個詞的翻譯有很多種，mankind /human/ humanbeing 等等。 請分別解釋一下這些詞的用法

mankind前不可加任何限定詞，但可用形容詞修飾。它是集合名詞，可作單數或復數使用。作單數概念時，謂語要用單數，其相應的代詞一般為it, its, itself(也有人用he ,him, his, himself);作復數概念時，謂語要用復數，其相應的代詞是they, them, their, themselves。例如：Mankind is much cleverer than it was one thousand years ago. 人類比一千年前是聰明多了。All progressive mankind love peace. 所有進步人類都熱愛和平。That is one small step for a man, but one giant leap for mankind. 對於個人來說那是小小的一步，但對於整個人類來說卻是一次巨大的飛越。

human being也可表示「人類」，它是可數名詞，有單復數之分。其意義比較具體，它一般用來區別人以外的事物，特別是動物或者是「神」，「鬼」之類。例如：Without its light and warmth there would be neither plants nor animals nor human beings. 沒有光和熱，就不可能有植物，動物，也不可能有人類。Although the Negroes were human beings just like the whites, they were not treated as humanbeing. 盡管黑人和白人一樣都是屬於人類，但是他們並沒有被當作人對待。

human 和human being有什麼區別?

有以下區別：

（一）human強調「人群」，human being強調「個人」，
基本上 human = human beings ，但不可以說 human = human being

（二）在一些慣用的表達，兩者不能互換，例如疾病的「人傳人」叫human to human transmission，但不可以說 human being to human being transmission.

（三）human可以做形容詞，human being不可以。

human
adj.（形容詞）
(1)Of, relating to, or characteristic of human beings:
人的，人類的：關於或屬於人的或有其特徵的：
the course of human events; the human race.
人類活動的過程；人類
(2)Having or showing those positive aspects of nature and character that distinguish human beings from the lower animals:
有人性的，通人情的：具有人的本性或特徵中積極方面的或表現出這些方面的，這些積極方面將人類與低等動物區分開來：
an act of human kindness.
一個表現出人類善良本性的行動
(3)Subject to or indicative of the weaknesses, imperfections, and fragility associated with human beings:
人性的缺點，人性的脆弱面：屬於或表現出與人類相關聯的軟弱、缺陷和脆弱的：
a mistake that shows he's only human; human frailty.
這個錯誤證明他也是個凡人；人的脆弱
(4)Having the form of a human being.
具有人類外表的
(5)Made up of human beings:
用人構成的：
formed a human bridge across the ice.
在冰上搭起一座人橋
n.（名詞）
A human being; a person.
人類；人

human being
n.（名詞）
(1)A member of the genus Homo and especially of the species H. sapiens.
人：人 屬的一員，尤指 智人 種的一員
(2)A person:
人：
a fine human being.
一個好人

humankind

人類 可以用其他詞的替換
Humankind in general; humanity.
人類人類的統稱；人性
The human race; humankind.
人種；人類
Hatred or mistrust of humankind.
憎恨世人或不信任人類
Love of humankind in general.
博愛對全人類的愛
of humankind as a species.
指作為一個物種的人類。

『肆』 有機體的英語翻譯 有機體用英語怎麼說

organism
英 [ˈɔ:gənɪzəm] 美 [ˈɔ:rgənɪzəm]
n.
有機體;生物體;微生物;有機體系，有機組織
復數： organisms

『伍』 英語翻譯....

絕對手譯，先分譯後總譯，感覺還行就加分吧。

Germ, microbe, bacterium, bacillus, virus:
病原體、微生物、細菌、桿狀菌和病毒：

Though not strict synonyms, are comparable because all denote organisms invisible to the naked eye, including organisms that are the causative agents of various diseases.
它們雖然不是很嚴格的同義詞，但它們都是肉眼看不到的有機體，都是各種疾病的起因。

Germ and microbe are the ordinary nonscientific names for such an organism and especially for one that causes disease.
病原體和微生物是此類有機體、尤其是致病有機體的不很科學的常用名。

Bacteria, the plural of bacterium and the form commonly in general use, is often employed as the equivalent of designation of a large group of prokaryotic microbes which are found widely distributed in water, air, soil, living things, and dead organic matter, which have structural and biological characteristics distinguishing them from other unicellular microorganisms (as protozoans), and only some of which are instrumental in procing disease in man, animals, and plants.
細菌這個詞常用復數形式，是一些原核微生物的統稱，它們廣泛分布於水中、空氣中、戶外、各種活的和死的有機物上面。細菌的結構特性、生物特性和其他的單細胞微生物（原生物）是不同的，並且只有其中的一部分才會讓人、動物和植物生病。

In addition to the pathogenic or disease-causing bacteria there are the saprophytic bacteria which live upon dead or decaying organic matter and which, for the most part, are beneficial in their effects which include many natural chemical processes (as fermentation, oxidation, and nitrification).
細菌中除了致病菌，還有腐生菌。腐生菌或存於死屍之上、或分解有機物，就這一點來講，大多數腐生菌是有益的，因為這涉及到很多自然界的化學反應（比如發酵、氧化和硝化等）。

From Merriam-Webster』s Dictionary of synonyms
摘自韋氏同義詞詞典

病原體、微生物、細菌、桿狀菌和病毒：

它們雖然不是嚴格的同義詞，但它們都是肉眼看不到的有機體，都是各種疾病的起因。

病原體和微生物是此類有機體、尤其是致病有機體的不很科學的常用名。

細菌這個詞常用復數形式，是一些原核微生物的統稱，它們廣泛分布於水中、空氣中、戶外、各種活的和死的有機物上面。細菌的結構特性、生物特性和其他的單細胞微生物（原生物）是不同的，並且只有其中的一部分才會讓人、動物和植物生病。

細菌中除了致病菌，還有腐生菌。腐生菌或存於死屍之上、或分解有機物，就這一點來講，大多數腐生菌是有益的，因為這涉及到很多自然界的化學反應（比如發酵、氧化和硝化等）。

摘自韋氏同義詞詞典

『陸』 人類有英語怎麼說

human
human being
mankind

『柒』 人類的英語怎麼說

在英語中根據語境，下列幾個詞或片語都表達人類的意思：
mankind
human
human beings
the human race

『捌』 有機用英語怎麼說

【organic】有機的

比如【organic fruits and vegetables】有機水果和蔬菜

已為你寫好，請查收，滿意敬請採納，O(∩_∩)O謝謝~~

『玖』 有機的的英語翻譯 有機的用英語怎麼說

有機的
[詞典] organic;
[例句]城市規劃將城市視為一個單位，一個有機的整體。
City planning treats the city as a unit, as an organic whole.

『拾』 英語翻譯

你拼錯了兩個單詞：
sene改為sense，意義
exinction改為extinction，滅絕

No one is 'selecting' organisms for survival in the benign sense of pigeon breeders selecting for desirable traits in show breeds or for extinction in the malignant sense of Nazis selecting prisoners at death camps.

翻譯是：
沒有人在」選擇「哪些有機體該生存，有良性含義的行為，就像鴿子養殖人選擇展示品種中的理想特性一樣；也沒有人在」選擇「哪些有機體該死亡，有惡性含義的行為，就像死亡營里納粹選擇囚犯一樣。