威勢英語怎麼說及英文翻譯
『壹』 荊軻刺秦這個故事的英文翻譯
秦國的將軍王翦攻破趙國,俘虜趙王,全部佔領了趙國的國土,進軍向北侵佔土地,到達燕國南部的邊界。
The Qin General Zhao Jian attack, captured the king of Zhao, all occupied to the land of Zhao Guo, to enter the north land occupation, to the southern boundary of yan.
燕國的太子丹很害怕,就請求荊軻說:「秦軍馬上就要渡過易水,那麼雖然我想長久地侍奉您,又怎麼能夠做得到呢?」荊軻說:「不用太子說,我也要請求行動。現在假如空手而去,沒有什麼憑信之物,那就無法接近秦王。現在的樊將軍,秦王用一千斤金和一萬戶人口的封地作懸賞來購取他的頭顱。果真能夠得到樊將軍的首級及燕國督亢一帶的地圖獻給秦王,秦王一定高興地召見我,我就有辦法來報答太子了。」太子說:「樊將軍因為走投無路,處境困窘而來歸附我,我不忍心由於自己個人的私仇而傷害長者的心意,希望您另外考慮對策吧!」
YAN Dan Prince very fear, ask Jing Ke said: "the Qin immediately to cross water, so although I think long serve you, and how to do it? " Jing Ke said: " without the prince said, I would like to request action. Now if away empty-handed, nothing true thing, it cannot be close to the king. Now the general fan, with one thousand kg of gold and ten thousand population. As a reward to buy with his head. It can obtain the general fan head and Yan Du Kang area map to Qin, Qin must be pleased to see me, I have a way to repay the prince. " The prince said: " general fan because cornered, Plight and come over me, I could not bear to because of his personal vendetta and hurt the elderly heart, I hope you consider other solutions! "
荊軻知道太子不忍心,於是私下裡會見樊於期,說:「秦國對待將軍,可以說是刻毒透頂了。父親、母親和同族的人都被殺死或沒收入官為奴。現在聽說用一千斤金和一萬戶人口的封地作懸賞來購買將軍的首級,您將怎麼辦?」樊將軍仰天長嘆,淚流滿面地說:「我每當想起這一點,常常恨入骨髓,但是想不出什麼計策啊!」荊軻說:「現在有一個建議,可以用來解除燕國的憂患,報將軍的深仇大恨,怎麼樣?」樊於期於是上前問道:「怎麼辦?」荊軻說:「希望得到樊將軍的首級來獻給秦國,秦王一定高興而又友好地接見我。我左手抓住他的衣袖,右手(用匕首)刺他的胸膛。這樣,將軍的仇報了,燕國被欺侮的恥辱也除掉了。將軍是否有這個心意呢?」樊於期脫下一隻衣袖露出一隻胳膊,左手握住右腕,走近一步說:「這是我日日夜夜咬牙切齒、捶胸痛恨的事,今天才得到您的指教!」於是自殺。
Jing Ke knew that the prince could not bear to, then privately met with fan in the period, said: " Qin treat general, can be said to be the wicked go. Father, mother and brother were killed or no revenue officer for the slave. Now hear the one thousand kg of gold and ten thousand households population. As a reward to buy General's head, you will be how to do? " General fan sigh, and tearfully said: " when I think of this point, often hate to the marrow, but cannot think of a plan! " Jing Ke said: " there is now a proposal, can be used to lift the Yan's hardship, reported general bear a deep grudge against sb.,? " Fan in and he came near and asked: " how to do? " Jing Ke said: " I hope to get general fan head to the Qin, Qin always happy and friendly to meet me. My left hand grabbed his sleeve, the right hand ( with a dagger thrust his chest ). Thus, the general avenged, Yan was also removed the stigma. The general is there is the mind? " Fan to take off a sleeve with one arm, the left hand holds the right wrist, closer said: " this is my day and night gnash the teeth in anger, hate mourn, today just to get your advice! " then the Dutch act.
太子聽說了這件事,趕著馬車跑去,伏在樊於期的屍體上大哭,非常悲傷。事已至此,沒有辦法挽回了,於是就收拾安放樊於期的首級,用盒子封好它。
Prince heard about it, driving a wagon ran, V in the fan to the body very sad cry. It has now, no way to save, so pack placed fan to head in a box, sealed it.
於是太子預先尋求世上鋒利的匕首,得到趙國徐夫人的匕首,用一百金把它買到,叫工匠在淬火時把毒葯浸到匕首上。於是整理行裝,派遣荊軻上路。
So the prince to seek world sharp dagger, get Mrs Zhao Guoxu's dagger, with one hundred gold bought it, called craftsmen ring the quenching the poison is dipped into a dagger on. So pack up, sent Jing Ke.
燕國有個勇士秦武陽,十二歲的時候就殺過人,人們不敢同他正眼相看,於是叫秦武陽做助手。
Yan is a warrior Qin Wuyang, was twelve years old when I killed people, people dare not and he said so, and asked Qin Wuyang aide.
荊軻等待著一個人,想同他一起去。那個人住得很遠,沒有來,因而停下等候他。
Jing Ke is waiting for a person, want to go with him. The people who live far away, didn't come, so stop waiting for him.
過了一陣還沒動身,太子嫌荊軻走晚了,懷疑他有改變初衷和後悔的念頭,就又請求他說:「太陽已經完全落下去了,您難道沒有動身的意思嗎?請允許我先遣發秦武陽!」荊軻發怒,呵斥太子說:「今天去了而不能好好回來復命的,那是沒有用的小子!現在光拿著一把匕首進入不可意料的強暴的秦國,我之所以停留下來,是因為等待我的客人好同他一起走。現在太子嫌我走晚了,請允許我告別吧!」於是出發了。
After a while doesn't leave, Prince Xian Jingke came late, suspected that he had a change of mind and regret thoughts, and asked him: " the sun has been completely fell, you wouldn't leave for? Please allow me to advance send Qin Yang Jing Ke! " Angry, scold prince said: " today went to come back to you, it is no use! Now holding a dagger into unexpected violence Qin, the reason why I stayed, because waiting for my guests with him walk together. Now the prince too I go late, please allow me to say goodbye! " Then start.
太子和他的賓客中知道這件事的人,都穿著白衣,戴著白帽給他送行。到易水上,祭過路神,就要上路。高漸離敲著築,荊軻和著節拍唱歌,發出變徵的聲音,眾賓客都流著眼淚小聲地哭。荊軻又上前作歌唱道:「風聲蕭蕭悲鳴啊易水徹骨寒冷,壯士這一離去啊就永遠不再回還!」又發出悲壯激昂的羽聲。眾賓客都睜大了眼睛,頭發都向上豎起頂住了帽子。於是荊軻就上車離去,始終不曾回頭看一眼。
The prince and his guests know about this person, all dressed in white, wearing white hat off to him. To easy, offerings to God the way, must be on the road. Gao Jianli knocks the building, Jing Ke and the rhythm of singing, a variable characteristic sound, all the guests were in tears weeping. Jing Ke and then as sings: " Xiao Xiao. Ah Yi cold warriors, the go will never return! " also issued a buskined feather sound. All the guests were zhengdaileyan eye, hair sticking up at the hat. Then Jing Ke left by bus, never look back.
到達秦國後,拿著價值千金的禮物,優厚地贈送給秦王的寵臣中庶子蒙嘉。
After arrived in Qin, holding a priceless gift, richly presented to the minions of Meng Jia.
蒙嘉替他事先向秦王進言,說:「燕王確實非常懼怕大王的威勢,不敢出兵來抗拒,願意全國上下都做秦國的臣民,排在諸侯的行列里(意為:燕國願意同別的諸侯一起尊秦王為天子)像秦國的郡縣那樣貢納賦稅,俾能守住祖先的宗廟。他們誠惶誠恐,不敢自己來陳述,恭謹地砍下樊於期的頭顱和獻上燕國督亢一帶的地圖,用盒子封好,燕王在朝廷上行跪拜大禮送出來,派使者來稟告大王。一切聽憑大王吩咐。」
Meng Jia for his prior to the proposal, said: " the king is very afraid of King pomp, dare not to resist, to the whole nation do Qin subjects, the princes in the ranks (meaning: Yan with other princes with respect to the emperor of Qin ) as county taxes as gunner they can hold, ancestral temple. They with profound respect and humility, not their statements, politely cut fan to head and offer the Yan state governor Kang area map, with the box cover, the king in court uplink bow gift sent out, sent messengers to tell the king. Let the king commanded all. "
秦王聽了蒙嘉的話,非常高興。於是穿了上朝的禮服,安排下隆重的九賓大禮儀式,在咸陽宮接見燕國的使者。
The emperor heard by her words, very happy. I wear the dress, arrangement of the grand nine bin gift ceremony, in the Xianyang palace with Yan's messenger.
荊軻捧著裝了樊於期頭顱的盒子,秦武陽捧著地圖匣子,按次序進宮,到達殿前的台階下,秦武陽臉色都變了,十分害怕,秦國的群臣對此感到奇怪。荊軻回過頭來對秦武陽笑了笑,上前替他向秦王謝罪說:「北方蠻夷地區的粗鄙人,沒有拜見過天子,所以害怕,希望大王稍微原諒他些,讓他在大王的面前完成他的使命。」秦王對荊軻說:「起來,取來武陽所拿的地圖!」
Jing Ke held the dress in head box fan, Qin Wuyang is holding the map box, in order to enter the palace, temple stage, Qin Wuyang face, very afraid, because men are strange. Jing Ke turned to Qin Wuyang smiled, for he came to the king to say: " northern barbarian regions of the vulgar people, did not see too emperor, fear, hope, slightly to forgive him, let him in front of the king to complete his mission. " The king said to Jing Ke: " get up, Yang with the map! "
荊軻拿了地圖捧送給秦王,打開地圖,地圖全部打開,匕首就露了出來。於是荊軻左手抓住秦王的衣袖,右手拿著匕首刺秦王。還沒有刺到秦王的身上,秦王非常驚駭,自己伸直身子站起來,掙斷了袖子。秦王拔劍,劍太長,就握住劍鞘。當時秦王心裡又怕又急,劍插得很緊,所以不能立即拔出來。
Jing Ke took up the map to open the map, the map, all open, dagger sticking out. Jing Ke then left to seize the sleeves, the right hand holding a dagger Qin wang. No stab Qin 's body, he was horrified, he straightened up and stand up, break the sleeves. The sword, the sword is too long, will hold scabbard. At that time he was frightened and anxious, sword is very tight, so not immediately pull out.
荊軻追逐秦王,秦王繞著柱子跑。秦國的君臣都驚呆了,事情突然發生,意料不到,大家都失去了常態。並且按照秦國的法律,臣子們侍立在殿上的,不能帶一點兵器;那些宮廷侍衛握著武器,都排列在宮殿的台階下面,沒有君王的命令不能上殿。當危急的時候,來不及召喚階下的侍衛,所以荊軻追逐秦王,大家倉猝間驚惶失措,沒有武器用來擊殺荊軻,僅僅用空手一起同荊軻搏鬥。
Jing Ke chase the king of Qin, Qin around poles run. The Qin emperor were stunned, things happen suddenly, unexpectedly, all lost normalcy. In accordance with the law and state officials, were standing in the house, not with a weapon; the palace guards hold weapons, are arranged in the palace steps, without the king's command not house. When the critical moment, too late to call order guards, so Jing Ke chase him, everybody abruptly be thrown into a panic, no weapon used to kill Jing Ke, only using bare hands together with Jing Ke.
這時,秦王的隨從醫官夏無且(jū)用他手裡捧著的葯袋投擊荊軻。秦王還正在繞著柱子跑,倉猝間驚惶失措,不知道怎麼辦。侍臣們就說:「大王把劍背到背上!大王把劍背到背上!」秦王於是拔出劍用來攻擊荊軻,砍斷了荊軻的左大腿。荊軻倒下了,就舉起他的匕首投擊秦王,沒有擊中,擊中了柱子。秦王又砍擊荊軻,荊軻被砍傷了八處。
Then, the attendant medical officer Xia Wuqie ( J ū) with his hands holding the medicine bag put Jing ke. He is also around poles run abruptly, be thrown into a panic, do not know how to do. The servants said: " king sword on his back! King sword on his back! " he then pulled out the sword to attack Jing Ke, cut off Jing Ke's left thigh. Jing Ke fell, he raises his dagger put him, did not hit, hit the post. He cut to Jing Ke, Jing Ke was cut eight.
荊軻自己知道事情不能成功了,靠著柱子笑著,像撮箕一樣地張開兩腿坐在地上,罵道:「事情之所以沒有成功,是想活生生地劫持你,一定要得到約契來回報燕太子啊!」
Jing Ke himself knew things can not be successful, on the pillar smile, like the as open legs sitting on the ground, said: " it is not successful, to living to hijack your, be sure to get Yueqi to return Yan Prince! "
秦王的侍臣上前,斬殺荊軻。事後,秦王還頭昏眼花了好長一段時間。
The courtiers to execute, Jing ke. Afterwards, he was dazed for a long time.
『貳』 hello的英文怎麼說
中文發音:哈樓
聊天時hello都寫成halo
『叄』 「最後,希望大家和我做朋友」的英語怎麼說
at last,I wish you are willing to be my friends.
此英語的漢語的音譯:at(按特) last(拉絲特) I(愛) wish(威勢) you(又) are(阿) willing(威另) to(吐) be(閉) my(麥) friends(富潤得)
『肆』 狐假虎威的英文怎麼說
狐假虎威
[詞典] (比喻借別人的威勢欺壓人) the fox assuming the majesty of the tiger -- borrowing power to do evil; (like) a donkey [an ass] in a lion's hide; a fox masquerading as a tiger; assume someone else's authority as one's own;
[例句]「狐假虎威」這個成語的意思是版借著別人權的勢力去欺壓人或嚇唬人。
This idiom means relying on another's power to bully or frighten others.
『伍』 韓非子 八奸 英文翻譯
Almost all of the ministers who are the reason why as there are eight kinds of rape Road means: the first is called "Slept." What is "in bed" mean? The answer is: attention to his wife, spoiled Jiqie, good pet lust, which is often confused monarch. Sovereign carefree happiness in hopes when eaten while drunk when the monarch to strike what they want, which is to enable a means of monarchy will surely follow. As a person using gold and silver treasure-chen genus to flattery, bribery, and to enable them to confuse people monarch, which is called "Slept." The second is called "In the next." What is meant by "In the next" mean? The answer is: artist funny and dwarves, left and right guards trusted, it is not yet ordered the monarch say yes yes yes, no order about saying good good, the meaning of the monarchy can not express the intention of flattering the monarch could wind blows pre-touch monarch who mind ah. These are the advance and retreat together to jointly give one's word answer, speak with one voice to change the behavior of a unified monarchy mind people ah. As a person-chen is a treasure of gold and silver using precious objects inside, outside, do something unlawful, then let them on the enlightenment of their owners, which is called "In the next." The third is called "father and brother." What is meant by "father and brother" mean? The answer is: brothers, uncles monarch is the monarch close favorite person; elite ministers and court officials, is the monarch must be something with which to plan into account degree of people. These are the arguments with the utmost and the monarchy, while the monarch will be able to listen to people. As a person of allegiance to serve the sovereign's uncles, brothers, Merlot and beauty, using rhetoric to win over the buying power and privilege ministers and court officials, with whom the Covenant to talk about things, things can be done later gave them entry-level pay, use them to ince them to heart, to enable them to violate the sovereign rights and interests, which called the "father and brother." The fourth is called "keep spreading to other places." What is meant by "keep spreading to other places" mean? The answer is: monarchs taste beautiful palaces and pavilions pool pavilion, likes children and dogs dressed Malay happy to express their feelings, which is the sovereign Zaiyang. Robinson as a human being is doing the people's strength to the construction of palaces and pavilions beautify pool pavilion to collect heavy taxes to the monarch dressed children and a dog horses, in order to please the monarch and the monarch's mind confused, submissive monarch's desire, but will their own self-interest mixed in the Among them, this is called "keep spreading to other places." The fifth is called "ZANU-PF." What is "NLD" mean? The answer is: As a person-chen is the property of squandering the public sector to please the public, the purposes of small favors to please the people, so that the person up and down the court inside and outside the suburbs came to praise himself, to use this approach to congestion monarch and the achievements of their own desires, which referred to as "ZANU-PF." The sixth is called "epidemic." What is meant by "popular" mean? The answer is: do monarch's just the congestion in the speech, rarely hear other people's arguments, they are easily moved by the sweet-sounding words that changed his mind. As a person-chen is everywhere to seek the vassal state of the eloquence of the people, to support a number of domestic lobbyists, sent them for their own self-interest to go into that - paper decorated with clever language, using the popular language in society, performance all kinds of interests that people fear the scourge, fabricated false rhetoric to undermine the monarchy, which is called "epidemic." Seventh species is called "Wei-Qiang." What is "IEI" mean? The answer is: the leadership of the people, rely on courtiers people to form a strong power and influence. Courtiers people that it is good, then the monarch also believe that it is good; not courtiers people as good, then the monarch also believe that bad. As a person-chen are gathered to carry the sword of the knight, fed by desperadoes, to display their power and influence, exposing the service for their own benefit, not for their own services would have been killed, use them to intimidate people to seek courtiers their own self-interest, which is called "Wei-Qiang." 8th kinds called "Quartet." What is meant by the "quartet" mean? The answer is: the leadership of the people, their country must serve a small power, the weak force is necessary to fear a strong army. Powers ask for something that small countries must follow; powerful army arrives, the weaker the army must obey. As a person-chen is a heavier taxes, depletion of the treasury, hollowing out the country to serve their own power, but also the use of great power's power to entice their monarch; powerful army also launched big country gathered at the border to contain China, slightly lighter spots The major powers have repeatedly luring angels to intimidate his own monarch, so that fear of monarchy, which is called "quartet." Almost all these eight tools of human reason into the rape case of the Robinson Road, the reason why the contemporary monarchs have been fooled stress, resulting in the loss of all of the reasons, can not but close scrutiny呀.
『陸』 狐假虎威英語課本劇(中文翻譯)
編輯詞條 狐假虎威 【讀 音】狐 假 虎 威
hú jiǎ hǔ wēi
目錄[隱藏]
故事
出處
簡單講解
原文、解釋與譯文
[編輯本段]故事
[ 提示 ]
這是一則家喻戶曉的寓言故事,說的是狐狸憑自己的智謀逃出了虎口。後來都用來比喻依仗別人的勢力欺壓人。狡猾的狐狸憑借老虎的威風,在森林中嚇唬別人,但是,狡詐的手法決不能使狐狸改變虛弱的本質。把戲一旦被戳(chuō)穿,它非但會受到群獸的圍攻,還將被受騙的老虎吞吃。引申說明仗勢欺人的壞蛋,雖然能夠囂張一時,但最終決不會有好的下場。
[ 寓意 ]
人們用它來比喻倚仗別人的勢力欺壓人。
也諷刺了那些仗著別人威勢,招搖撞騙的人。
狐狸假借老虎的威勢。比喻依仗別人的勢力欺壓人。
[ 導讀 ]
一切狡猾,奸詐的人,總是喜歡吹牛皮,說謊話,靠欺騙過日子.這種人雖借外力"逞雄"一時,而本質卻是最虛弱的.
[編輯本段]出處
【出 處】西漢·劉向《戰國策·楚策一》:「虎求百獸而食之,得狐。狐曰:『子無敢食我也!天帝使我長百獸,今子食我,是逆天帝命也。子以我為不信,吾為子先行,子隨我後,觀百獸之見我而敢不走乎?』虎以為然,故遂與之行,獸見之皆走。虎不知畏己而走也,以為畏狐也。」
[編輯本段]簡單講解
【用 法】主謂式;作謂語、定語、賓語;含貶義;指依仗別人的勢力欺壓人。
【示 例】明·馮夢龍《警世通言·趙春兒重旺曹家莊》:「他把中人就自看做一半債主,~,需索不休。」
「果然府中來借,怎好不借?只怕被別人~的誆的去,這個卻保不得他。」 ◎明·凌濛初《二刻拍案驚奇》卷二十
【近義詞】仗勢欺人、狗仗人勢 、狐虎之威
【反義詞】獨步天下、獨擅勝場
【典 故】
荊宣王問群臣(狐假虎威!)
[編輯本段]原文、解釋與譯文
【原文】
荊宣王問群臣曰:「吾聞北方之畏昭奚恤也,果誠何如?」群臣莫對。江一對曰:「虎求百獸而食之,得狐。狐曰:『子無敢食我也。天帝使我長百獸,今子食我,是逆天帝命也。子以我為不信,吾為子先行,子隨我後,觀百獸之見我而敢不走乎?』虎以為然,故遂與之行。獸見之皆走。虎不知獸畏己而走也,以為畏狐也。今王之地方五千里,帶甲百萬,而專屬之於昭奚恤;故北方之畏昭奚恤也,其實畏王之甲兵也,猶百獸之畏虎也。」
【譯文】
楚宣王問群臣,說:「聽說北方諸侯都害怕楚令尹昭奚恤,果真是這樣的嗎?」群臣無人回答,江一回答說:「老虎捕捉各種野獸來吃,有一天捉到一隻狐狸。狐狸(對老虎)說:『您不敢吃我,上天派我做群獸的領袖,如果您吃掉我,就違背了上天的命令。您如果不相信我的話,我在前面走,您跟在我的後面,看看群獸見了我,有哪一個敢不逃跑的呢?』老虎信以為真,就和狐狸同行,群獸見了它們,都紛紛逃跑,老虎不明白群獸是害怕自己才逃跑的,卻以為是害怕狐狸。現在大王的國土方圓5000里,大軍百萬,卻由昭奚恤獨攬大權。所以,北方諸侯害怕昭奚恤,其實是害怕大王的軍隊,這就像群獸害怕老虎一樣啊。」
【原 文】
虎求百獸而食之,得狐。狐曰:「子無敢食我也!天帝使我長百獸,今子食我,是逆天帝命也。子以我為不信,吾為子先行,子隨我後,觀百獸之見我而敢不走乎?」虎以為然,故遂與之行。獸見之皆走。虎不知獸畏已而走也,以為畏狐也。
——《戰國策》
【解 釋】
(狐假虎威) 假:假借,憑借。狐狸假借老虎的威風去嚇唬其它野獸。比喻依仗別人的勢力去欺壓別人。
(虎求百獸而食之)求 :尋求,尋找。
(子無敢食我也)子:你。無:不。
(天帝使我長百獸)長(zhang):同「掌」,掌管。
(虎以為然,故遂與之行)然:對的,正確的。遂:前進,前往。
(故遂與之行)遂:於是。
(獸見之皆走)走:逃跑。
(虎不知獸畏己而走也)畏:害怕。
【《狐假虎威》的譯文】
老虎尋找各種野獸吃掉他們,抓到一隻狐狸。狐狸說:「您不敢吃我!上帝派遣我來做各種野獸的首領,現在你吃掉我,是違背上帝的命令。你認為我的話不誠實,我在你前面行走,你跟隨在我後面,觀看各種野獸看見我有敢不逃跑的嗎?」老虎認為狐狸的話是有道理的,所以就和它一起走。野獸看見它們都逃跑了。老虎不知道野獸是害怕自己而逃跑的,認為它們是害怕狐狸。
【道理】
從上面這個故事,我們可以知道,凡是借著權威的勢力欺壓別人,或借著職務上的權力作威作福的,都可以用「狐假虎威」來形容。
同時也說明凡事應開動腦筋,不能盲信盲從,否則,就會鬧出笑話。
【英文版】
The tiger seeks the various wild beast eating them up , grasps to one Charley. Charley says: "You do not dare have meal in me! That God dispatches the chieftain who comes to make the various wild beast me , you eat me up now, is the order going against God. You think that my words is not honest , I go on foot in your front , you follow behind me , watch the various wild beast to see that I have daring not to run away? The tiger thinks that Charley's words is reasonable, therefore walking right away together with it. Wild beast see them having run away. The tiger does not know the wild beast is to be afraid of self but run away , thinks that they are to be afraid of Charley.
『柒』 狐假虎威用英語怎麼說
」狐假虎威」用英語說是Borrowing power to do evil。狐假虎威是漢語成語,拼音為:hú專 jiǎ hǔ wēi,是先秦時屬代漢族寓言故事。假:借。狐狸借老虎之威嚇退百獸。後以「狐假虎威」比喻仰仗或倚仗別人的權勢來欺壓、恐嚇人。出自《戰國策·楚策一》。
「狐假虎威」情感色彩是貶義,反義詞:獨步天下、獨擅勝場;近義詞:仗勢欺人、狗仗人勢、狐虎之威。語法分析:「狐」是主語,「威」是謂語,「假虎」是「威」的狀語。
(7)威勢英語怎麼說及英文翻譯擴展閱讀
出處簡介:
《戰國策》是中國古代的一部史學名著。它是一部國別體史書,又稱《國策》。全書按東周、西周、秦國、齊國、楚國、趙國、魏國、韓國、燕國、宋國、衛國、中山國依次分國編寫,分為12策,共33卷,共497篇。
所記載的歷史,上起前490年智伯滅范氏,下至前221年高漸離以築擊秦始皇,約12萬字。是先秦歷史散文成就最高,影響最大的著作之一。主要記述了戰國時期的縱橫家的政治主張和策略,展示了戰國時代的歷史特點和社會風貌,是研究戰國歷史的重要典籍。
『捌』 英國有關女王的英語職稱
英國的爵位制度
英國的封建體系與爵士制度有其久遠的歷史背景,以往在古代只針對政治、軍事上的功勛,近代則擴及到科學、文學、藝術等其他領域。
英國的封號授予分成七級,分為貴族(peerage)與平民兩大部分。而除了英國王室以外,貴族分為五等;因為中國周朝的諸侯亦分為五等,所以中文就直接對應翻譯為公爵、侯爵、伯爵、子爵與男爵;另外還有兩種封號:准男爵(Baronet)與騎士(Knight),他們屬於平民,而非貴族;但在中國周朝的大夫與士,仍屬於貴族。
英國爵位的授予與繼承
英王行使榮典權原為英王的特權之一,但在現今的憲政體制下,英王行使榮典權只有名義上的意義,榮典的授予必須依據內閣閣員的建議,每一個人都可以向英國首相辦公室推薦英國國民接受榮典的授予。通常每年會公布兩次名單,一次是新年(稱為New Year Honours),一次是英王生日(稱為Birthday Honours),在英王即位及佳節慶典時得舉行特別授予。
屬於平民階級的准男爵與騎士爵位並無額外的封號,只有貴族爵位才有類似中國諸侯的封號,例如:諸葛亮的封號是武鄉侯。英王可以授予任何封號,但有下列規則:通常是以議員的選區、貴族封地或是與受封者有某種關聯,或是具有某種重要性的地名,做為封號的一部分,亦可以要求以姓(surname)做為封號的一部分,封號的授予會徵詢當事人的意見,如:英國科學家、小說家及政治家史諾(C .P. Snow)於1957年受封為騎士,1964年受封為終生男爵,封號為Baron Snow of the City of Leicester,很明顯,Snow是他的姓,Leicester是他的出生地,同時他也是畢業自University of Leicester,C. P. Snow可能因此而選擇以Leicester做為他封號的一部分。
爵位是否可以世襲?答案是不一定的。一般貴族的爵位可以世襲,至於是長子或是其他親屬繼承,再由英王授予的封授狀(patent)或敕令(writ)上會有記載。但依據1876年的上訴審判法案(Appellate Jurisdiction Act)及1958年的終身貴族法案(Life Peerage Act),兩法案所授予的終身貴族(只能授以男爵爵位)不能世襲。而屬於平民的准男爵爵位可以世襲;騎士爵位則不能世襲,榮耀僅限其一生,子女不能繼續享有。而在1963年的貴族法案(Peerage Act)通過後,女性才得以繼承爵位。
伯,男,公,子,侯.這是依次出現的順序.
在英國5級貴族中,伯爵出現最早。
個別學者認為伯爵爵位來自歐洲大陸,至遲在公元900年的法國,伯爵已成為公爵的封臣。但更多的學者認為英國伯爵(Earl)與法國伯爵(Count)並無繼承或連帶關系;而且英國伯爵稱號是5種貴族稱號中惟一的英文詞,是由古英語eorl轉化而來;大約在盎格魯一撒克遜時代後期,因王權不夠強大,英格蘭廣大地區曾劃為幾個較大的伯爵管轄區(great earldom)。而伯爵爵位卻是在 11世紀初由丹麥國王克努特引進英格蘭的。11—12世紀中葉之前的伯爵多是鎮守一方的諸侯。他們大多是一人治理數郡,所以又被稱為「方伯」。諾曼大公威廉侵人英國後,擔心他們權勢過重,危及王權和國家統一,遂將方伯權力加以分割,移交給他的親信,每個伯爵的轄區僅限一郡,與國王有著極其明確的封君封臣關系,伯爵倘敢興兵作亂便會被王軍鎮壓,或受其他貴族制裁。伯爵職權名號可由後代繼承,但會因為有的伯爵缺少繼承人而使總數有減無增。斯蒂芬在位時,破格加封格奧弗雷·德·曼維爾為艾塞克斯伯爵。14世紀以來,伯爵數目攀升。1307年計有9名。1327年愛德華三世即位時僅餘6名,10年後增至12名;愛德華在位晚期增至14名。14世紀20年代之前,伯爵作為高級貴族,是男爵的「天然領導人」,在地方上負有對男爵、騎士的管理責任。但在1327年政治危機[指愛德華三世廢黜其母法國伊沙貝拉公主的攝政,登極親政時,伯爵曾作為一個具有「自我意識」的政治群體獨立行動,與男爵們的「距離感」突然產生。1328年由亨利三世增封瑪奇伯爵領地之後,伯爵不必行使地方管理的職責。
在重大正式場合,伯爵穿著鑲有白色毛皮邊的深紅色絲絨外套,軟帽上縫鑲著三條貂皮以表明爵位級別,冠冕上有一鍍金銀圈,上沿飾有8個銀球;而國王則稱伯爵為其「真正可信可愛的夥伴。」
英國的男爵出現於11世紀。
到12世紀初國王大部分高級世俗貴族都被封為男爵。其中少數與王室關系密切、封地較多者又被稱做「大男爵」,其地位在伯爵和男爵之間。很快,大男爵發生分化,顯赫者升為伯爵,其餘與普通男爵不分伯仲。正因當時男爵在世俗貴族中佔了很高比例,以至於「男爵」一詞長期作為貴族的集合名詞使用。11-14世紀,男爵的封號和封地可通過血緣和婚姻關系傳遞,但不得隨意出售和轉讓,歷代國王也不隨意增加或褫奪貴族封號。1387年,理查德二世首次增補男爵爵位,比奧查姆波·德·豪爾特被封為基德敏斯特男爵。以後數百年至今,居於5級貴族之末的男爵始終人數最多。
在正式場合,男爵穿著與伯爵同樣的外套,帽子上鑲有兩條貂皮,冠冕上有一淺色銀圈,飾有6個銀球。
依次出現的是公爵(Duke)。
早在羅馬帝國時期,歐洲大陸的公爵稱號通常授予守疆拓土、軍功卓著的高級指揮官,以後因重大政治變化而中斷。幾百年後,公爵爵位又見於德國。大約在公元970年,德國皇帝奧托一世初設公爵爵位。不久法國和歐洲大陸其他地區也建立了公國(chy;大公國,Archchy)。在英國,公爵是僅次於國王或親王的最高級貴族,與作為一國之主的歐洲大陸的「大公爵」(即大公,Archke)有所不同。英國公爵爵位出現很晚。1337年,愛德華三世把康沃爾郡升為公國,將公爵爵號授予年方7歲的「黑太子」愛德華。該王儲16歲參加百年戰爭,鋒芒顯露;1355年前往法國指揮作戰,軍功卓著。父王對他賞賜有加,使太子身兼多種稱號,如 1343年封為威爾士親王,1362年加封為阿基坦公爵。為突出公爵特殊地位,以後多年裡除女王配偶和王子外,其他王親均不許稱王,最高可獲公爵爵位。隨後,愛德華三世及其繼承人又先後建立了蘭開斯特公國(1351年)、克拉倫斯公國(1362年)、約克公國和格洛斯特公國(1385)、赫里福德公國(1397)、貝特福德公國(1413)和薩默塞特公國(1443)等。這些公國的領有人都是王室宗親,他們得到高級爵位後,在貴族中鶴立雞群,威勢不凡,為以後爭奪王權、擾亂朝綱、製造戰亂埋下了隱患。自從1483年建立諾福克公國以後,公爵爵位開始授予王親以外者,但很少建立公國。而且能獲此最高爵位者多是軍功顯赫的統帥。行政界政務家即使任職多年,政績昭著,也難獲此殊榮。在正規場合公爵也穿深紅色的絲絨外套,帽子上鑲四條貂皮。其冠冕上有一個金環,上飾8枚紅色金葉片。國王則稱公爵為「我們真正可信和最為敬愛的夥伴。」
再看侯爵(Marquess,也做Marquis)。就詞源而言,它是由德文Markgraf[堡侯;邊疆殖民地總督;伯爵]演變而來。侯爵原意與「方伯」詞義相近,系指統轄一處的封疆大吏。在英格蘭,拉丁語「侯爵」一詞最初指威爾士邊疆的領主。那時只說明他們領地的位置靠近邊界,並不說明其地位高於伯爵。1385年涵義變化,第9代牛津伯爵羅伯特·德·維爾被封為都柏林侯爵。1397年,薩默塞特伯爵約翰被封為多西特侯爵和薩默塞特侯爵。侯爵的地位和尊榮程度不甚明確,大約在公爵和伯爵之間,一段時期內不被看重。亨利六世在位期間,約翰·德·比奧福特被國王免去侯爵爵位,下院為此向國王請願,要求恢復比奧福特的爵位。但他本人卻反對乞求國王,並說:「侯爵乃是一個新的榮譽稱號,完全不為先人所知。所以,應對此冷漠視之,並不認為接受它是明智之舉。」到了15世紀,這級爵號穩定地保持了它在貴族爵位中的第二級地位以後,才被貴族們所看重。與其他4個等級的貴族相比,侯爵的數目一向最少。
在重大場合,候爵也穿紅色絲絨外套,帽子上鑲有三行半貂皮,冠冕上裝一銀環,帶有四片金葉和四個銀球。國王對他的稱呼一如對待公爵。
上院貴族中數子爵資格最淺。
子爵稱號(Viscount)源於法國,原為郡守,地位在伯爵之下,但有時可能是實力強大的諸侯。在英國,1440年比奧芒特的約翰被封為子爵,位居所有男爵之上。子爵帽子上有兩行半貂皮,冠冕上加一銀環,飾有6個銀球。
直到此時,英國5級大貴族方完備成形,成為相對固定的貴族等級制。
在學界,有一種很流行的說法:英國5級貴族是上院的當然成員。史實卻非如此簡單。在13-15世紀,盡管所有大貴族都擁有出席上院的資格,但每屆議會召開前還必須得到蓋有國里的國王詔令,否則不可前往開會。自14世紀起,伯爵、子爵、男爵以及公爵之子又稱為「勛爵」(lord),後來勛爵也可泛指公爵以下的侯爵、伯爵、子爵、男爵。其涵義與「顯貴」(nobility)一詞相近。另外,在英國「貴族」一詞始終有廣義和狹義之分。廣義貴族(aristocracy)源於希臘文和拉丁文。在希臘文中原有「傑出」、「優秀」之意,可以用來指大貴族。但在含義較廣泛的拉丁文中,該詞除了用指大貴族外,還包括地位較低的自由人,並含有「愚蠢」、「平庸」的貶義,爾後同形異義地轉化為英文源,意為服兵役的自由農民。從諾曼征服到近現代,aristocracy用來稱呼包括騎士在內的大小貴族。5級貴族形成後,為示區別,又用Peers以及集合名詞nobility和Peerage專稱上院大貴族。以後,Nobility除用指上院貴族外,有時還泛指政界要員。
與歐洲大陸的西班牙、葡萄牙、瑞典、法蘭西等國貴族相比較,英國貴族集團的特點之一,是人數較少。長期以來,貴族稱號以及相應的財產權和政治特權只是由爵位領有者本人所擁有,其家屬雖為貴族家庭成員,但政治地位接近一般自由民,不得列席上院。貴族爵號和封地按照相當嚴格的長子繼承製傳遞;若長子早歿,依次由長孫、次子、幼子或其他家庭成員依序遞補。若某貴族沒有繼承人,可根據其遺囑或生前安排,並經國王和高級法庭批准認可後,由其近親繼承其封號封地。但在多數情況下是被國王收回爵位。通常,英國貴族爵位和封號不可隨意轉讓、出售。歷代國王為保持貴族的群體規模和出於其他方面的考慮,大多會適量增補貴族。
某要人一旦獲得一種爵位,並非固定不變。若新獲顯赫軍功、政績卓著或受到國王格外寵愛,可以晉升更高級的爵位,或兼領新爵位。除此之外,貴族聯姻也是獲取、增添或提高爵位的良好機會和方式。因爵位封地耀眼可人,為社會上不少人所仰慕,所以擁有貴族身份和家產者以及其長系繼承人總能輕易得到愛慕者和求婚者。例如蘭開斯特王朝的興建者亨利四世,即位前所擁有的公爵爵位就是由他的母親布里奇從娘家帶來。布里奇是亨利三世的曾外孫女,她除擁有蘭開斯特公國外,還擁有德比、林肯和萊斯特的伯爵領地。
英國5級貴族大致定型於13—15世紀。它與中國周初的5級貴族分封制不同。不是在某一特定時刻一次建立起來的,而是在漫長的歲月里逐漸形成,最終成為定製的。
14世紀初,在5級貴族之上的王室貴族中,還出現了一個頗為獨特的、專為王儲所佔有的稱號——「威爾士親王」。該稱呼最早為一度統一過全國的威爾士王子利維倫製造出的名號。1282年,英格蘭國王愛德華一世率領大軍與艦隊攻打威爾士,利維倫死於非命。兩年後,威爾士合並於英格蘭,愛德華在1301年把威爾士親王之頭銜加給不列顛王位的繼承者。
現在按照英國傳統,女王(或國王)可以根據內閣首相的提議,將某種貴族爵位授予某人,但受封的人數是有限的,每年大約在20名以內。
貴族爵位(peerages)分為公爵(Duke)、侯爵(Marquis或Marquess)、伯爵(Earl)、子爵(Viscount)和男爵(Baron)5個等級。
原來貴族爵位都是世襲的,而且只能有一個繼承人。長子是法定繼承人。只有在貴族沒有兒子的情況下,其爵位才能由首先達到繼承年齡的直系後代來繼承。自1958年以後,才允許將非繼承性的「終身貴族爵位」(Life peerages)授予某一個人。
對公爵、公爵夫人(Duchess)尊稱為「Grace」。直接稱呼時用「Your Grace」(大人、夫人),間接提及時用「His(Her)Grace」。用在信封或信的開頭可尊稱為「His Grace the Duck of...」(公爵大人…)或「Her Grace the Duchess of...」(公爵夫人…)。
侯爵、伯爵、子爵和男爵都可以稱為「Lord」(勛爵)。直接稱呼時,都可稱「Your Lordship」。間接提及時可用「Lord +姓」或「Lord +地名」。信封上或信的開頭分別稱「My Lord Marquis」或「My Lord」(主要用於伯、子、男爵)。
公爵、侯爵、伯爵的長子在他們的父親沒死之前,即沒有繼承其父親爵位之前,也可稱之為「Lord」(勛爵),但不是貴族。公爵、侯爵的次子以下的兒子,可以終身稱之為「Lord」(勛爵);對伯、子、男爵的次子以下的兒子可稱「Honorable」(尊敬的)。他們也都不是貴族。
爵夫人(Marchioness)、伯爵夫人(Countess)、子爵夫人(Viscountess)、男爵夫人(Baroness)均可稱之為:「Lady」(夫人),即用「Lady +丈夫的姓或丈夫勛稱中的地名」。
公爵、侯爵、伯爵的每一個女兒也都可稱為「Lady」,即可用「Lady +授予名+姓」。
如果她結了婚,就用丈夫的姓代替自己的姓,但仍稱為「Lady」(夫人),即使丈夫無爵位,是個普通的「先生」,也可稱為「Lady」。如果丈夫有了爵位,那她就要選用相應的譽稱。
除了貴族爵位以外,還有別的一些譽稱,對爵士則尊稱為「Sir」(爵士)。具體做法是「Sir +授予名+姓」或「Sir+授予名」,但作為爵士頭銜,Sir絕不可只用於姓前。
如「Sir James Manson」也可稱「Sir James」,但絕不能稱「Sir Manson」。爵士的夫人也可稱「Lady」。
『玖』 英語好的幫我翻譯一下.謝啦
S Motor Corporation of Japan, China has imported large quantities of FP--148 lorries, using generally serious quality problems made our country suffered enormous economic losses. To this end, China claims the Japanese side. Negotiations began, China succinct presentation of the FP148 vehicle users in China and around the defects of this response. Although none of the Chinese claims, and the reasons for the claim is unfounded. China attempts to demonstrate the talks, the negotiations began with a prelude to perfection, the Japanese side of this move long expected. Quality is a problem because the trucks can not evade the fact that the Japanese side over the problem inadvertently in the negative. Japanese side to avoid the disadvantages, then quietly said : "Yes, some car tires exploding, and the windscreen shattered. circuit fault rupture Rivet, some trailers sometimes cracks. "China aware of each other's intentions, they refuted : "Does your company representatives to the scene read, commodity inspection, and the Panel of Experts identified rivet is not a rupture, but cut Frame is not just the cracks, but cracks fault! Fracture and trailers can not use the 'some' or 'sometimes' best use of the expression ratio data, more scientific, more accurate……. " Japan indifferent smile : "Please forgive me, the proportion of accurate statistical data yet. "" Well, of the vehicle can obtain the same quality of your company? "The Chinese side on the key issue of hot pursuit. "China's development is a problem. "The Japanese side for a topic relevant answer. China immediately refuted : "everyone has been to the scene, which is the lack of factual basis. "" Of course, We consider the actual situation in your country enough…… "" No, it should be taken into account when designing the actual situation in China. because these vehicles are specially designed for China. "China has stepped up, the Japanese side to do step by step, graally tense atmosphere of the talks. China and Japan will soon begin negotiations on how to identify vehicle quality problems in a deadlock. The Japanese side insists that China intentionally exaggerating the quality of vehicles : "vehicle quality problems so as to such an extent? This is our company, it is never occurred. is not understandable. "At this time, China is proof of that, the material will be pushed to the other side : "There are licensing system, the notary public notary conclusion, commodity inspection video footage. If…… . "" No! ! The conclusion of a notary public licensing system, we believe, We were saying that your country will make an appropriate concession. Otherwise, we may not be able to account for the company. "The Japanese side mentioned quality problems in the Chinese offensive, timely adjustments in the negotiations, use of the soft-handed approach, passing to each other, but in any case, Japan has set a quality issue, the defense has been solved. This request for the Chinese side to further opening the door for price claims. Subsequently, the owner of the damaged vehicle FP--148 there has been unanimous in its view. Japanese Minister must admit that this is the quality of design and proction problems. The initial victory, but we realize that the more arous trial has yet to begin. Amount of negotiations is fundamental.
『拾』 中國四大神獸:玄武,朱雀,白虎,青龍的英文翻譯
玄武英文名為Black Tortoise,朱雀英文名為Vermilion Bird,白虎英文名為White Tiger,青龍英文名為Azure Dragon。
China's four great beasts:Black Tortoise、Vermilion Bird、White Tiger、Azure Dragon。
在上古時代,古人把天分為東西南北四宮,分別以青龍(蒼龍)、白虎、朱雀、玄武(一種龜形之神)為名。實際上是把天空分為四部,以每部分中的七個主要星宿連線成形,以其形狀命名。青龍為東方之神,白虎為西方之神,朱雀為南方之神,玄武為北方之神。
(10)威勢英語怎麼說及英文翻譯擴展閱讀
青龍、白虎、朱雀、玄武又稱四象,源於中國遠古的星宿信仰,而不是道教,直到兩漢時期才被道教吸收成為四靈神君。四神在古代中國中另一個主要表現就在於軍事上,在戰國時期,行軍布陣就有「前朱雀後玄武,左青龍右白虎」。
在中國,龍是神物,也是皇帝的象徵,而青龍則是東方的代表、五行中是屬木的,也因青色是屬木的,有左青龍、右白虎的說法。龍是中華民族所敬奉的神獸,是吉祥雄偉的象徵,由於崇拜意識,後演變為祈求豐收、祈求平安的傳統民俗活動。
在中國古代神話中,白虎是西方保護神、戰神、殺伐之神。虎具有避邪、禳災、祈豐及懲惡揚善、發財致富、喜結良緣等多種神力。所以白虎主殺,被認為是殺伐之神所以有多位的猛將被說成為白虎星充轉世的,例如:唐代大將羅成、薛仁貴父子等人。
很多與軍事有關的地方和事物都以白虎命名,例如:象徵軍隊指揮權的虎符,象徵威勢的白虎旗,水滸傳中林沖誤入的軍機要地白虎節堂等。
從殷商時代開始,朱雀就是代表炎帝與南方七宿的神獸,井、鬼、柳、星、張、翼、軫,聯為鳥形,朱為赤色,像火,南方屬火,故名朱雀,而五行學說開始興起之後,它的象徵含義又多了丙丁與夏季。
玄武是一種由龜和蛇組合成的一種靈物。玄武的本意就是玄冥,武、冥古音是相通的。根據五行學說,它是代表北方的靈獸,形象是黑色的龜與蛇(或龜蛇),代表的季節是冬季。