斷面設計英語怎麼說及英文翻譯

『壹』 求關於隧道方面的外文翻譯需有中英文對照翻譯，謝謝！

隧道勘測：為確定隧道位置、施工方法和支護、襯砌類型等技術方案，對隧道地處范圍內的地形、地質狀況，以及對地下水的分布和水量等水文情況要進行勘測。在隧道勘測和開挖過程中，須了解圍岩的類別。圍岩是隧道開挖後對隧道穩定性有影響的周邊岩體。圍岩分類是依次表明周圍岩石的綜合強度。中國在1975年制定的鐵路隧道工程技術規范中將圍岩分為 6類。關於岩石分類70年代以前常用泰沙基及普氏等岩石分類方法。70年代以後在國際上應用較廣並為國際岩石力學學會推薦的為巴頓等各種分級系統。此外，還有日本以彈性波速為主的分類法。圍岩的類別的確定，為隧道工程設計合理和施工順利提供了依據。
隧道設計：包括隧道選線、縱斷面設計、橫斷面設計、輔助坑道設計等。
選線：根據線路標准、地形、地質等條件選定隧道位置和長度。選線應作多種方案的比較。長隧道要考慮輔助坑道和運營通風的設置。洞口位置的選擇要依據地質情況。考慮邊坡和仰坡的穩定，避免塌方。
縱斷面設計：沿隧道中線的縱向坡度要服從線路設計的限制坡度。因隧道內濕度大，輪軌間粘著系數減小，列車空氣阻力增大，因此在較長隧道內縱向坡度應加以折減。縱坡形狀以單坡和人字坡居多，單坡有利於爭取高程，人字坡便於施工排水和出碴。為利於排水，最小縱坡一般為2‰～3‰。 橫斷面設計：隧道橫斷面即襯砌內輪廓，是根據不侵入隧道建築限界而制定的。中國隧道建築限界分為蒸汽及內燃機車牽引區段、電力機車牽引區段兩種，這兩種又各分為單線斷面和雙線斷面。襯砌內輪廓一般由單心圓或三心圓形成的拱部和直邊牆或曲邊牆所組成。在地質松軟地帶另加仰拱。單線隧道軌面以上內輪廓面積約為27～32平方米，雙線約為58～67平方米。在曲線地段由於外軌超高車輛傾斜等因素，斷面須適當加大。電氣化鐵路隧道因懸掛接觸網等應提高內輪廓高度。中、美、蘇三國所用輪廓尺寸為：單線隧道高度約為 6.6～7.0米、寬度約為4.9～5.6米；雙線隧道高度約為7.2～8.0米，寬度約為8.8～10.6米。在雙線鐵路修建兩座單線隧道時,其中線間距離須考慮地層壓力分布的影響,石質隧道約為20～25米，土質隧道應適當加寬。
輔助坑道設計：輔助坑道有斜井、豎井、平行導坑及橫洞四種。斜井是在中線附近的山上有利地點開鑿的斜向正洞的坑道。斜井傾角一般在18°～27°之間，採用卷揚機提升。斜井斷面一般為長方形,面積約為8～14平方米。豎井是由山頂中線附近垂直開挖的坑道，通向正洞。其平面位置可在鐵路中線上或在中線的一側（距中線約20米）。豎井斷面多為圓形，內徑約為4.5～6.0米。平行導坑是距隧道中線17～25米開挖的平行小坑道，以斜向通道與隧道連接，亦可作將來擴建為第二線的導洞。中國自1957年修建川黔鐵路涼風埡鐵路隧道採用平行導坑以來,在58座長3公里以上的隧道中約有80%修建了平行導坑。橫洞是在傍山隧道靠河谷一側地形有利之處開辟的小斷面坑道。此外，隧道設計還包括洞門設計，以及開挖方法和襯砌類型的選擇等。
隧道貫通控制測量：隧道測量是為了保證測量的中線和高程在隧道貫通面處的偏差不超出規定的限值。
中線平面控制：長隧道以往多用三角網，短隧道多用導線法，藉以控制中線的偏差。自50年代以來，中國在 1公里以上長度的隧道測量中採用導線法也能控制隧道的貫通誤差。光電測距儀的出現和發展，解決了量距的困難。山嶺隧道洞外及洞內都採用主副閉合導線法，即在主導線上測角並用光電測距儀量距，在副導線上只測角不量距。由主副導線所組成的多邊形，只平差其角度，不平差其長度。這樣主副導線法比三角網法簡單實用，比單一導線法可靠。中國大瑤山雙線隧道即採用主副閉合導線法作為中線平面控制在隧道進行中線測量以前，就要考慮將來隧道打通後的偏差數值。根據隧道的長度和平面形狀，在地形圖上先行布置測點的位置和預計的貫通點，並在平面圖上量出必要的尺寸，再根據規范規定的極限誤差試算出測角和量距的必要精度，然後進行測量。這個過程叫做測量設計或叫做隧道貫通誤差的預計4公里以下的隧道中線貫通極限誤差為±100毫米;4～8公里的隧道中線貫通極限誤差為±150毫米。
高程式控制制：短隧道應用普通水平儀，長隧道應用精密水平儀即能保證需要達到的精度。高程貫通極限誤差為±50毫米。 隧道開挖開挖方法分為明挖法和暗挖法。明挖法多用於淺埋隧道或城市鐵路隧道，而山嶺鐵路隧道多用暗挖法。按開挖斷面大小、位置分，有分部開挖法和全斷面開挖法。在石質岩層中採用鑽爆法最為廣泛，採用掘進機直接開挖也逐漸推廣。在松軟地質中採用盾構法開挖較多。

Tunnel survey: to determine location, construction methods and tunnel lining type support, and technical solution to the tunnel, which is located in the range of terrain, geological condition, and the distribution of the underground water and hydrological conditions such as water to survey. In the tunnel survey and excavation process, must understand the categories of the surrounding rock. Surrounding rock tunnel excavation is to have influence on the stability of the tunnel surrounding rock mass. Classification of surrounding rocks is that in turn around the comprehensive strength of rock. In 1975, China railway tunnel project for technical specification of surrounding rock is divided into 6 will. About rock classification before the 70 s commonly used the field commander and the classification method such as pullman's rock. Since the 70 s are widely used in the world and for international rock mechanics society recommendation of various classification system for patton. In addition, and Japan with elastic wave velocity as the classification. The category of the surrounding rock of tunnel engineering, the determination of reasonable design and construction smoothly to provide the basis.

Tunnel design: including tunnel line longitudinal, design, the cross-sectional design, auxiliary tunnel design, etc.

Route: according to the standard, line topography and geology condition such as position and the length of the selected tunnel. Route shall be the comparison of the DuoZhong scheme. Long tunnel to consider auxiliary tunnel and operation ventilation Settings. The mouth of the cave location choice must be based on the geological conditions. Consider the slope and the scope of slope stability, prevent landslide.

Longitudinal design: along the tunnel to the centerline of the vertical slope line design limit slope. Because humidity is big, the wheel/rail tunnel between adhesion coefficient decreases, and train the air resistance increases, so in a long tunnel vertical slope should be rection. ZongPo shape to ChanPo and person word majority, to fight for slope ChanPo elevation, person word for construction drainage and slope of ballastless out. In order to facilitate drainage, ZongPo minimum general for 2 ‰ ~ 3 ‰. Cross-sectional design: tunnel lining in outline, namely cross into the tunnel construction is on the gauge and work. China tunnel structure gauge is divided into steam and diesel locomotives traction sections, electric locomotives traction sections two kinds, the two and every single divided into sections and double section. In general, the outline lining single round or three heart heart of the formation of the round arch department and straight or curved sidewall of the side-wall composed. In the geological soft zone plus Yang arch. Singleline tunnel rail surface outline area within the above about 27 ~ 32 square meters, al for 58 to 67 square metre about. Because the area in the curve track vehicles factors such as high tilt, shall be appropriately enlarging section. Electrified railway tunnel for suspension overhead contact system should be improved and in high profile. And the United States, Susan countries size is used outline: singleline tunnel height about 6.6 ~ 7.0 m, width is about 4.9 ~ 5.6 meters; Two-lane tunnel height about 7.2 ~ 8.0 meters, width is about 8.8 ~ 10.6 m. The two-lane railway building two seat singleline tunnel, including the distance between the line must be considered formation pressure on the distribution of the rock tunnel, about 20 to 25 m, soil tunnel should appropriate widened.

Auxiliary tunnel design: auxiliary tunnel have, well, DaoKeng parallel shafts and horizontal hole four. Tilt in the mountains of Central Line is near the site of the favorable oblique are g the hole in the tunnel. Tilt Angle in the 18 ° ~ 27 general °, the hoisting between ascension. Inclined section is rectangle commonly, an area of about eight to 14 square meters. By the top of the hill near the midline of the shaft is perpendicular to the tunnels of the excavation, is hole. Its plane position on the central railway line or the side of about 20 meters) from the center line. Shaft section for more rounded, inner diameter is about 4.5 ~ 6.0 m. Parallel DaoKeng is apart from 17 to 25 m midline tunnel excavation of the parallel tunnel, with little inclined to channel tunnel, can also be connected with future expansion for the second line of drift. China since 1957-built railway cool wind railway tunnel adopts parallel DaoKeng stelae since a long 3, in all 58 km above the tunnel around 80% of the parallel DaoKeng built. The hole is the waterfront in mountain tunnel river valley side on the benefits of open terrain small cross-section tunnel. In addition, the tunnel also includes DongMen design, design and excavation method and lining type of selection.

Tunnel breakthrough control measurement: the tunnel is to ensure that the measurement and elevation measurement line in tunnel breakthrough face the deviation of the place not beyond the prescribed limits.

Central Line plane control: long tunnel before the triangulation short tunnel, multi-purpose multi-purpose the wire act to control the midline deviation. Since the s, China has in the 1 km above the length measurement of the wire act for the tunnel can also control the tunnel breakthrough error. Photoelectric ranger's appearance and development, to solve the difficulties of distance. Mountain tunnel hole hole and all the main and auxiliary closed to the wire act, that in leading online measuring Angle and photoelectric rangefinder quantity in the distance, vice wires Angle measuring only not measure distance. By the vice wire of polygons, only the Angle adjustment of the length of the poor, uneven. So the Lord vice wire method is better than the triangle nets method is simple, practical, and the wire act than single reliable. China is the principal tunnel data to double the wire act as deputy closed midline plane control tunnel in the midline measurement, be about to consider the future before tunnel through the deviation of the numerical. After According to the length of the tunnel face shape in peace, topographic map decorate the measuring point position and advance the breakthrough point, and is expected to in the quantity on the floor plan of the necessary size, again according to the provisions of the code limit error try calculate measuring Angle and quantity of precision, and then from the necessary measure. This process is called measure design or called tunnel breakthrough error of 4 km of the tunnel is expected to line breakthrough limit error for + 100 mm; 4 to 8 kilometers of tunnels through Central Line limit error for + 150 mm.

Elevation control: short tunnel application ordinary level, long tunnel precision level that can ensure application needs to achieve the precision. Elevation breakthrough limit error for + 50 mm. Tunnel excavation excavation method into the Ming WaFa and type of method. Ming WaFa more for shallow buried tunnel or city railway tunnel, and mountains railway tunnel multi-purpose type of method. According to section size and location excavation points, excavation method and the whole section division excavation method. In stone in the rock drill blasting method, the most widely used roadheader direct excavation also graally promotion. In the loose in the geological shield excavation method is more.