大學老師是怎麼改英語作文
1.大學英語作文寫作技巧
1.認真審題立意
文章要有清晰的主題，必須具備四個條件：准確、清晰、深刻和集中。以作文「The English teacher I Admire Most」為例，文章的主題是關於記敘我最欣賞的一位英語老師，因而就不能泛泛談論老師這一職業或自己的幾位老師。
2. 起草大綱
文章布局有三件事要做：安排好層次段落，鋪設好過渡，處理好開頭和結尾。如果命題作文中有提示句，還要從提示句的關鍵詞開始，圍繞關鍵詞展開思維，發揮聯想，記錄想到的東西。提示句的關鍵詞可以是一個句子或一個單詞短語，也可以是英語或漢語。
3.寫出主題句，理清文章脈絡
一篇短文的段落一般分為引導段、主題段和結尾段，每段的主題句都很重要。主題句是作者思考的出發點，是切題的准繩，也是論述的對象。當看到主題句時，讀者就會對這段話所講的內容有所了解。
段落的主題句通常是語法結構完整、內容概括、用詞簡潔明了的單句，通常放在段落的開頭，這樣可以使文章的結構更清晰，更有說服力。
4.參考提綱，緊扣主題句
有了段落主題句之後，還需要跟隨段落主題句的方向，參考提綱中的思路，從而完成每個段落。引導段要能夠吸引讀者的注意力和興趣，為主題段鋪路架橋。主題段應該圍繞文章和段落的主題展開。展開方法包括順序法、舉例法、比較法、對比悄埋中法、說明法、因果法、推導法、歸納法，和下定義等。
2.大學英語作文寫作技巧
一、審題
我們拿到作文後第一件事要做的是審題。審題的作用在於寫作不跑題( 如果跑題, 條理和語言再好, 也得不到及格分, 甚至0 分。) 審題就是要審作文的體裁和題材。因為什麼樣的體裁就會用什麼樣的題材去寫。就四級而言,它包括議論文、說明文和描述文。從近些年來看, 四級作文不是單一的體裁, 而是幾種體裁的雜合體。
二、組織結構
通過審題, 我們知道了寫作的思路, 下邊就是怎樣組織文章。文章的結構一般包括開頭、正文、結尾3 部分。就四級作文而言, 多為三段式論說文: 第一段為開頭, 點題開篇; 第二段為正文, 展開論述; 第三段為結尾, 總結全文,作出結論。一般的, 開頭、結尾部分應見解明確, 主體部分論證應全面、充分。總之, 開頭、正文、結尾是一篇文章的有機組成部分, 切忌結構不完整或不合理。段落內部的結構通常也分為3 部分: 提出觀點( 主題句) , 論證觀點( 擴展啟山句) , 得出結論( 結論句) 。
三、開頭
文章開頭的方法有很多, 如引語法、主題句法、數字統計法、提問法、舉例法等。就四級短文寫作而言, 最重要的不是採用什麼方法, 而是要做到以簡潔的筆墨引入正題,切忌寫成一個 獅子頭! 。如以On Automobiles 為題的文章, 有的同學這樣開頭: Automobile is a means of transportation. In Jinan alone there are over 100, 000 cars. It. s estimated that there are at least 50 million ones in the world. It is a large number. From this, we can see that automobiles have become major kind of useful vehicle in the world.
120 字的短文, 開頭就佔用了40 多字, 留給正文和結論段的篇液仔幅和時間就很少了。何況, 這段內容與汽車帶來的利弊這一主題關系並不直接, 其中的數字也不見得准確。因此, 這樣的開頭不可取。事實上, 上段開頭完全可以寫得簡潔直接一些, 如: As an important means of transportation, automobiles are enjoying growing popularity all over the world.
四、主題句
主題句是全段的核心句, 可以幫助讀者了解段落的中心思想, 限制話題范圍, 並表明段落展開的方向。它可置於段首, 段中或段尾。對於四級寫作而言, 把主題句置於段首更易於扣住中心展開論述。對主題句的運用有以下幾點要求:
1. 主題句應具有高度概括性, 換言之就是整個段落應緊緊圍繞主題句來寫, 不能出現與之無關的內容。
2. 主題句應是個完整的句子。
3. 主題句不應過於籠統, 否則就失去了對整段的統帥作用。
4. 主題句不應太具體, 否則會沒有進一步展開的空間。如: The dictionary is small 這樣的句子。
近年來常見的作文題型是提綱式作文, 這些提綱句如果是漢語, 往往可以被翻譯成英語來充當段落主題句, 如果是英語就可以把它擴充成主題句。例如有一年四級題目Good Health , 提綱有三條, 分別是:
1. Importance of good health
2.Ways to keep fit
3. My own practice
這樣的作文要求句就可以擴展成主題句。擴展後三段的主題句分別為:
* It is very important to have good health. ( 把名詞importance 變成形容詞important)
* There are four ways to keep fit for me. ( 用there be 句型)
* My own practices are the following.
五、結尾
如前所述, 文章的結論應緊扣主題, 呼應文章開頭。這種呼應不是對開頭的簡單重復, 而是主題的升華或深入。從篇幅來看, 結尾應該短小精悍。常見結尾寫法有:
1. 總結文章主要內容, 這是最常見的方法。
2. 提出希望或展望未來。
3. 對文章提出的觀點進行反問, 啟發讀者思考。如:An open China has realized the importance of business. Why should we give up this opportunity and rely on agriculture?
4. 引用諺語或名人名言印證自己觀點。
六、條理
保證不跑題是寫作中第一重要任務, 第二個重要任務是條理清楚。對於議論文來說, 正反面要清楚, 對於說明文來說, 1、2、3條要清楚。對於描述文來說, 誰干什麼要清楚。舉Good Health 一例。第一段保持正反面要清楚就應該這樣寫: 主題句( It is very important to have good health) , 正面(With good health, we can. . . . ) , 反面(Without good health,we can do nothing. We can. t do . . . . . )
第二段應這樣寫: 主題句( There are four ways to keep fit) , 從幾方面說明: Firstly ,we should have our breakfast in the morning. Secondly, we should have a nap at noon, Thirdly,sports exercises are necessary in the afternoon. And fourth, we could have a pleasant feeling in the evening by listening to the music. . . .為了使文章更具條理性, 我們可以用first ( ly) , second( ly) , third( ly) 等副詞, 使文章的條理性突出, 作文是主觀性題, 要想得高分我們必須把評卷老師考慮進去。評卷老師時間很短( 每份卷子的作文只有一兩分鍾就要閱完) 。
所以我們在列條條時不用: To begin with, after that,and then , the next , the following , at last, 因為這樣的詞語不利於閱卷老師看出你作文的條理性。第三段應這樣寫: 主題句(My own practice are the fol..lowing) , 具體情況( 主語為第一人稱代詞I, 與第二段呼應)In the morning , I have my breakfast. At noon, I have a nap.And in the afternoon, I always play football . In the evening, I usually listen to the classic music.
寫作是英語學習者語言綜合運用能力的體現，它需要日積月累，反復練習才能有所提高。寫作本身就是一種再創作，一種思想升華，不同的人會有不同的理解和看法。學習者只要悉心揣摩，細心觀察，不斷總結，做一個英語學習中的有心人，勢必可以熟能生巧，妙筆生花。
3.大學英語作文寫作技巧
「沒有規矩，不成方圓。」對於一般英語學習者而言，寫出優秀的文章有賴於後天習得，但並不意味著機械背誦、生吞活剝，或者照搬照抄、人雲亦雲。所謂研習，需要有獨立思考和個人的判斷，本著「他山之石，可以攻玉」的精神，汲取文章的精華部分加以研究。研習主要側重兩個方面，包括文章章法和語言表達。文章章法指文章的行文思路、布局謀篇、結構安排、邏輯順序。許多學習者面對一個話題，可能存在兩種不同的困惑，一是下筆千言，但離題萬里;二是思緒萬千，卻無從落筆。導致兩種困惑的根源皆在於欠缺思考問題、組織思路的恰當方式，以至於文章不得要領、章法紊亂。這就要求我們從全篇脈絡角度多研習範文，之後領悟如何以演繹法行文、怎樣用歸納法謀篇以及如何圍繞特定話題拓展思路等等。此外，研習還要側重於語言表達，包括遣詞造句和句子、段落之間的各種銜接手段，以期在自己日後的寫作中派上用場，因為英文寫作皆通一理。只有善於借鑒，勤加研究，才會借他人的優勢和長處，提高自己的寫作水平。
4.大學英語作文寫作技巧
背誦是提高寫作的又一有效途徑。要學好寫作文，首先要處理好語言輸入與輸出之間的關系。前者是後者的前提條件。如果頭腦空空如也，就根本談不上寫出像模像樣的文章。只有讀過大量東西，並且有意識地將其中精彩部分儲存於記憶之中(commit the highlights to memory)，才能保證下筆流暢、文通字順。因此，背誦對於寫作極為重要。但背誦不是機械記憶，而是有選擇性的背誦，是有意義的記憶。因為機械背誦的結果要麼是記憶很快就盪然無存、了無痕跡，要麼是無法活學活用、付諸實踐。背誦包括五個方面：重點詞彙、常用套語、精彩句子、優秀段落、經典篇章。
5.大學英語作文寫作技巧
美妙的用詞及搭配皆在此列，像fall victim(受害)，stand a fair chance(大有希望)這種地道的動賓搭配要勤加記憶。為了積累寫作詞彙，應將文中同屬一個話題的用詞彙總歸納，組成主題詞族(topic family)。歸類記憶可以使自己日後即寫即用，得心應手。下文是一篇闡釋愛心的優秀文章，多處用詞精巧，現將文中關於愛心這一主題的詞彙總結如下：
emotional strength 情感的力量
the noblest of human emotions人類尚的情感
no thought of gain不計得失
the lamp of love愛心之燈
help the victims of natural disasters支援自然災害受害者
donate whatever they can傾囊相助
help their needy fellow citizens 幫助有需要的同胞
be ready to give a helping hand 隨時准備伸出援手
When we use the word "love", we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex, which is a very narrow definition of the word. Love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes. In fact, throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the noblest of human emotions.
As an example of the power of love, we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of natural disasters every year. Although their incomes are still low by international standards, people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can — be it money or goods — to help their needy fellow citizens. Moreover, they do this with no thought of gain for themselves.
In my opinion, the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are. We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble, no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers. In this way, we can help to make the world a better place, for the darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines.
當我們用「愛」這個詞時，我們不僅僅指異性對一個人的吸引，這只是對這個詞非常狹隘的解釋。愛心是一種情感的力量，不論我們周圍的世界多麼黑暗，愛心都能支撐我們。事實上，縱觀歷史，不同文化背景的人都把愛看成是人類尚的情感。
說到愛心的力量，我們馬上就會想起每年中國各族人民是如何響應號召支援自然災害受害者的。盡管按照國際標准他們的收入還處於低水平，全國人民毫不猶豫地傾囊相助——不管是錢還是物——幫助那些有需要的同胞。而且，他們這么做並不考慮自己的得失。
我認為，表達愛心的方式是幫助比我們更加不幸的人。我們應該隨時准備向有困難的人伸出援助之手，無論他們是家庭成員還是素昧平生。這樣，我們就能夠助一臂之力把世界變成一個更美好的地方，因為，悲傷的陰影越黑暗，愛心之燈的光芒就越閃亮。
Ⅱ 想成為一個大學老師該做什麼樣的努力的英語作文
How to Become a College Professor
Two Methods:Becoming a ProfessorAdditional Resources
Teaching at a university is a rewarding career path, but with a declining number of available positions and and over supply of qualified applicants, becoming a college professor isn't easy. If you want to work your way towards that career, preparing yourself with the right background, experience, and expectations can help, but beware that the available options make getting a job in this field a challenge.
Ad
Becoming a Professor
1
Complete your compulsory ecation. In the United States, this is finishing 12th grade and obtaining a high school diploma, or receiving a General Equivalency Diploma (GED). Strive to attend the most academically rigorous college/university you can. It doesn't have to be an Ivy League school, but following the advice in How to Get Into an Ivy League School will help you get into any institution.
Ad
Keep in mind that you should never pay for graate school out of pocket. If the institution does not offer you a graate assistantship, then go somewhere else that does. Minimize the amount of student loans you need to take with scholarships and grants. Accumulating significant student loans ring your undergraate years will add to the loan payments you'll need to make when you're finished with grad school and ready to move on to the professional world. With this in mind, you'll need to weigh a school's academic reputation and its cost.
2
Get a bachelor's degree in the discipline you'd like to teach. Follow the steps in How to Prepare for a PhD as an Undergraate. Do your best to learn the material thoroughly, without concern for grades or honors. Universities want to hire professors who love learning, the ecational environment, and who excel at scholarship. Please note, however, that your Undergraate degree counts the least once you finish your PhD.
3
Apply for PhD programs. If you want to teach in a two year college, you will need a master's degree (and often a PhD) in the subject you want to teach. If you want to teach at a university (four year institution), you definitely need a terminal degree in that discipline, usually the doctorate.
Doctoral programs take at least 6 years to complete after obtaining a bachelor's degree. This may be in addition to earning a master's degree and completing a dissertation. Some programs, such as those in the humanities, may take longer to complete; others, such as those in engineering, may be 5 years.
As a requirement to obtain a PhD, you also will need -- in addition to years of graate courses -- to conct years of research, proposing a new hypothesis or establishing a new testable model. You then must write a dissertation, which often is a book-length manuscript of several hundred pages that describes your original research. You will do this in consultation and under the direction of a faculty advisor. You also will need to defend your work to a committee of faculty to earn approval of your dissertation and degree -- or not. While doing all of this, if you are going to get even an interview for a faculty position, you also ought to be publishing scholarly articles as well as teaching.
Apply for a Teaching Assistantship (TA), which will allow you to gain teaching experience under the supervision of a faculty member. You will be paid very little but gain valuable teaching experience. Try to teach a variety of courses.
4
Do postdoctoral research. If you want a faculty position at a research-oriented or PhD-granting university, typically you will need to do at least one postdoctoral fellowship after completing your PhD. During this time, typically 2-3 yrs, you will need to publish as many papers as you can in the top ranked journals of your discipline.
You will also need to develop an independent research plan that is first and foremost at the leading edge of your discipline, one that is funded by federal agencies such as the National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), and Department of Ection (DOE), etc., and will attract graate students as postdocs to your group.
5
As a graate student, apply to become a teaching assistant for a tenured professor. You will most likely TA for an undergraate course. This is the best opportunity for you to gain work experience before you apply for the actual professor positions, and it's also a good chance for you to make sure that teaching is what you want to do for the rest of your life.
Teaching Assistants help the professor prepare for class, lead laboratories or recitations, communicate with students, grade tests and assignments, and assist in data entry.
Professors who teach large classes of hundreds of students have need of TAs who break each lesson down with small groups of 10-30 students after class. These are great opportunities for you to basically teach your own class. However, state budget cuts make TA positions extremely scarce.
If you earn of these rare TA positions, work closely with your professor and stand out to him or her. Be as helpful as possible and make sure that the professor knows what you are responsible and have a strong work ethic. Your teaching supervisor will be a huge asset as a reference writer who can address your teaching qualifications.
6
Realize what becoming an adjunct professor involves. You may want to avoid it. These are contingent workers on whom universities rely to continue offering large numbers of course sections in times of shrinking state support for higher ecation. Unlike regular, tenured professors, an adjunct professor need not fulfill the same ecation requirements. As a contingent worker, Adjunct scheles are not guaranteed and can be canceled at the last minute. While you may have experience in a specialized field that the university lacks in its curriculum, the part time nature of the position pays very little, has no job security, and carries no insurance or benefits.
7
When searching for a full-fledged professor position, apply everywhere. The more places you apply, the better your chances of getting a job. This only works if you are willing to move anywhere (possibly cross country) with short notice.
Start by looking at advertisements for open positions that match your experience, field, and area of expertise. For background information you might also look for universities that are looking to expand the department you are interested in becoming a part of. This will help acquaint you with the challenges of beginning an academic career, since few universities have expanding programs e to state budget cuts and other economic factors. It is unlikely that there are openings at top research universities if the department isn't also increasing the number of professors it's hiring. Be aware that tenured faculty lines are increasingly being replaced by adjuncts.
8
Aim for earning tenure. Most colleges and universities allow professors to work full time and earn tenure. Tenure provides those in the academic profession with some benefits, including protection from termination without e process or without cause.
Tenure in any position that involves a research component requires demonstrable funding (especially in sciences and engineering disciplines) and a strong record of publications. There is a 6 to 7-year trial period to determine whether you will earn tenure. Being a good teacher with an undistinguished research record in a job that requires research will typically not get you tenure.
In sciences and engineering, starting assistant professors need "start up" funds from the institution to build a lab, buy specialized equipment and supplies, and get their projects off the ground. This would usually be thought of by the junior faculty members as an investment that their university has made in them. They should try very hard to make good on this investment through securing their own funding, typically 2-3x their startup, before coming up for tenure. However, not all universities provide this type of support.
9
Stay on top of the latest research in your field and attend business conferences. You should be reading publications in your field every day -- which shouldn't be too difficult if you have a true passion for that area. (And if you don't, you may want to reconsider becoming a professor for that subject.)
You need to continually expand your specialized knowledge in that field if you want to become a good professor. Things can change from what's printed in the textbooks, and you want to be able to share that information with your students. It's better not to be one step behind your students and peers.
Networking with the experts in your field will also bolster your own research endeavors.
.