關於介紹細胞的英語怎麼說

① 關於虛擬細胞的英文翻譯

虛擬細胞之旅-敘事
歡迎來到NDSU虛擬細胞。現在讓我們進入細胞內部進行一次虛擬的細胞風景旅程。躍入你的視野的是一個大的藍色的物體。這是細胞核，我們今天的第一站。細胞核很容易判斷，它的外膜上嵌著一系列的小孔。生物材料就是通過這些小孔進出細胞核與細胞質的。
另：你如果不著急的話我慢慢幫你翻譯吧
大多數的DNA位於細胞核中，而DNA則包含了所有遺傳信息，這些信息對於執行細胞以及細胞中的組織和器官的各種功能是必不可少的-，而且他們要首先經歷一個轉錄的過程。讓我們簡單地觀看一下這個過程吧。此過程以DNA為模板來產生核糖核酸-/。在這里，你可以看到整個過程。轉錄形成的物質經組合與修改修改後成為三種RNA分子：信使RNA ，轉移RNA ，或核糖體。這些是產生蛋白質的轉化過程所需要的重要成分。
如循著從細胞核中產生出的這些RNA，我們可以看到在接下來轉化過程中這些物質將會發生什麼變化。在這里您可以看到一個名為核糖體的細胞器。核糖體RNA是這種細胞器的組成部分。附著在它上面的便是信史RNA。在轉化過程中，轉移RNA用於傳遞正確的氨基酸，並隨著蛋白質的增加而傳遞更多的氨基酸。正確的轉移RNA是由三聯體密碼所決定的，而三聯體密碼則位於信史RNA當中。
轉化的結果便產生了蛋白質。雖然其中一些蛋白質留在細胞質中，其他則被運送到到細胞中的不同位置或者被輸送到細胞以外，而這種運送則要靠內質網與高爾基體來完成。
我現在我們來看看內質網吧。有些細胞的核糖體是附著在內質網上的，於是核糖體所產生的蛋白質便直接插入到內置網中。再把這些蛋白質裝入囊泡，運離內質-網到達高爾基體。
在這里，囊泡合並組建高爾基池，而蛋白質便位於池膜內。隨著池的成熟，池中的酶進一步使蛋白質發生改變，其結果便產生出一個分子標記，用於將蛋白質輸送到細胞中某個特定的位置。最後，池會成變成跨高爾基網路。
蛋白質經轉化後便可以傳送到細胞中的其他器官了，如線粒體和葉綠體。這種傳送的-/-過程則於此不同。一些蛋白質的生產過境肽。這些特殊的序列位於蛋白質的末端，能夠為線粒體膜上的毛孔所識別。/-在更多的專門蛋白幫助下，質，這種蛋白質是運到細胞器。運輸到葉綠體涉及一個類似的過程。
線粒體和葉綠體是細胞的兩個獨特的地方。我們-/首先來看一下線粒體，它產生三磷酸腺苷，一種其他的細胞活動所使用的/能源分子。三磷酸腺苷是由線粒體膜中的ATP合酶生成。生成三磷酸腺苷所需的能源來自於附著在膜的兩面的質子梯度（或氫離子）。當質子流從高濃度區域流向低濃度區域時，流經 ATP合成酶時三磷酸腺苷的產生。 -
這梯度行來自於電子傳輸系統的活動。隨著電子從一個載體轉移到另一個載體，質子也會從膜中穿過。由此產生了三磷酸腺苷所需的梯度。
最後，我們看到葉綠體，它只存在於植物當中。從中，光能轉化為化為三磷酸腺苷這這種化學能形式。與電子傳輸系統一樣，電子從一個載體轉移到另一個載體，質子也會從膜中穿過。由此產生了三磷酸腺苷所需的梯度，進而經ATP合酶形成三磷酸腺苷。過程伊始，光的質子使得電子從載體鏈中得以釋放，在此，你可以看到與ATP合酶產生的三磷酸腺苷一起，還有穿梭於載體之間的電子。
至此，我們的旅程就要告一段落了。虛擬細胞中還有許多其他的功能正在運行，此行只是精選少數的幾個主要職能。我們一直努力使之進一步豐富充實，新的內容有待您的再次光臨。
大致這樣吧，累挺了。第一段是最簡單的了。翻譯完直接咣當當。。。。。。

② 怎麼用英語翻譯單細胞生物，單細胞生物用英語怎麼說

單細胞生物用英語翻譯是:
Unicellular organisms

③ 英語高手請幫忙翻譯一下．

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我頂肺啊，抄我！！！真缺德！！！依蝶幽戀是垃圾！！！

④ N急啊！！！用英語描述細胞有絲分裂和減數分裂的過程、意義！！

The process of mitosis is complex and highly regulated. The sequence of events is divided into phases, corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
The mitotic phase is a relatively short period of the cell cycle. It alternates with the much longer interphase, where the cell prepares itself for cell division. Interphase is therefore not part of mitosis.
Prophase: The two round objects above the nucleus are the centrosomes. The chromatin has condensed.Prometaphase: The nuclear membrane has degraded, and microtubules have invaded the nuclear space. These microtubules can attach to kinetochores or they can interact with opposing microtubules.
Metaphase: The chromosomes have aligned at the metaphase plate.
Early anaphase: The kinetochore microtubules shorten.
Telophase: The decondensing chromosomes are surrounded by nuclear membranes. Cytokinesis has already begun; the pinched area is known as the cleavage furrow.

Mitosis is important for the maintenance of the chromosomal set; each cell formed receives chromosomes that are alike in composition and equal in number to the chromosomes of the parent cell. Transcription is generally believed to cease ring mitosis, but epigenetic mechanisms such as bookmarking function ring this stage of the cell cycle to ensure that the "memory" of which genes were active prior to entry into mitosis are transmitted to the daughter cells.

Meiosis is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproction.In animals, meiosis proces gametes like sperm and egg cells, while in other organisms like fungi it generates spores. In many organisms, including humans, meiosis begins with one cell containing two copies of each .

Interphase: Before a dividing cell enters meiosis, it undergoes a period of growth called interphase.
* G1 phase: The period prior to the synthesis of DNA. In this phase, the cell increases in mass in preparation for cell division. Note that the G in G1 represents gap and the 1 represents first, so the G1 phase is the first gap phase.
* S phase: The period ring which DNA is synthesized. In most cells, there is a narrow window of time ring which DNA is synthesized. Note that the S represents synthesis.
* G2 phase: The period after DNA synthesis has occurred but prior to the start of prophase. The cell synthesizes proteins and continues to increase in size. Note that the G in G2 represents gap and the 2 represents second, so the G2 phase is the second gap phase.
* In the latter part of interphase, the cell still has nucleoli present.
* The nucleus is bounded by a nuclear envelope and the cell's chromosomes have plicated but are in the form of chromatin.
* In animal cells, two pair of centrioles formed from the replication of one pair are located outside of the nucleus.
Prophase I:
* Chromosomes condense and attach to the nuclear envelope.
* Synapsis occurs (a pair of homologous chromosomes lines up closely together) and a tetrad is formed. Each tetrad is composed of four chromatids.
* Crossing over may occur.
* Chromosomes thicken and detach from the nuclear envelope.
* Similar to mitosis, the centrioles migrate away from one another and both the nuclear envelope and nucleoli break down.

* Likewise, the chromosomes begin their migration to the metaphase plate.
Metaphase I:
* Tetrads align at the metaphase plate.
* Note that the centromeres of homologous chromosomes are oriented toward the opposite cell poles.
Anaphase I:
* Chromosomes move to the opposite cell poles. Similar to mitosis, the microtubules and the kinetochore fibers interact to cause the movement.
* Unlike in mitosis, the homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles yet the sister chromatids remain together.
Telophase I:
* The spindles continue to move the homologous chromosomes to the poles.
* Once movement is complete, each pole has a haploid number of chromosomes.
* In most cases, cytokinesis occurs at the same time as telophase I.
* At the end of telophase I and cytokinesis, two daughter cells are proced, each with one half the number of chromosomes of the original parent cell.
* Depending on the kind of cell, various processes occur in preparation for meiosis II. There is however a constant: The genetic material does not replicate again.
Prophase II:
* The nuclear membrane and nuclei break up while the spindle network appears.
* Chromosomes do not replicate any further in this phase of meiosis.
* The chromosomes begin migrating to the metaphase II plate (at the cell's equator).
Metaphase II:
* The chromosomes line up at the metaphase II plate at the cell's center.
* The kinetochores of the sister chromatids point toward opposite poles.
Anaphase II:
* The sister chromatids separate and move toward the opposite cell poles.
Telophase II:
* Distinct nuclei form at the opposite poles and cytokinesis occurs.
* At the end of meiosis II, there are four daughter cells each with one half the number of chromosomes of the original parent cell.

Meiosis facilitates stable sexual reproction. Without the halving of ploidy, or chromosome count, fertilization would result in zygotes that have twice the number of chromosomes as the zygotes from the previous generation. Successive generations would have an exponential increase in chromosome count.Most importantly, recombination and independent assortment of homologous chromosomes allow for a greater diversity of genotypes in the offspring. This proces genetic variation in gametes that promote genetic and phenotypic variation in a population of offspring. Therefore a gene for meiosis will be favoured by natural selection over an allele for mitotic reproction, because any selection pressure which acts against any clone will act against all clones, whilst inevitably favoring some offspring which are the result of sexual reproction.

⑤ 細胞的英語單詞

cell

⑥ 關於生物類的英文翻譯，請高手。。

1 Results: rhubarb 6500mg/kg group and negative control group of mice bone marrow cells, the micronucleus rate, no statistically significant difference (P> 0.05), other treatment group were caused by single cells from mouse bone marrow micro - nucleation rate and sister chromatid exchange rates were significantly higher than the negative control group (P <0.05 or P <0.01). Conclusion: In this experimental condition, rhubarb, Polygonum multiflorum extract bone marrow cells in mice can cause damage to genetic material, leading to genotoxic effects.

2, rhubarb, Polygonum multiflorum extract on mouse bone marrow cells in genetic toxicity studies

⑦ 求翻譯英文文獻 關於細胞成像

由於[Pt(L3)Cl]+的主要目標是核仁，這是RNA合成的主要場所，[20] 所以我們試驗了[Pt(L3)Cl]+對細胞轉錄的影響。初期發生的RNA轉錄產物可以用氟尿苷來標志，它可用一種針對含鹵核苷的抗體免疫染色。[21] 在不存在[Pt(L3)Cl]+時，由氟尿標志的新合成的RNA在細胞核的點狀圖形中被檢測到（圖5D）。可是，在用[Pt(L3)Cl]+在0.1mM下培養15min後，新合成的RNA在大多數細胞中大大減少（圖5E）。在0.5mM下，所有RNA的合成都被廢止（圖5F）。因此，[Pt(L3)Cl]+是一種轉錄的有效抑制劑。
[Pt(L3)Cl]+調定自己轉錄抑製作用的機理還不清楚。它很可能是在與細胞的內生結構結合時，環金屬鉑II絡合物阻斷了轉錄相關反應。因此很重要的是識別與[Pt(L3)Cl]+相互作用的生物分子。因為大多數細胞的RNA累積在細胞核內，所以有可能[Pt(L3)Cl]+能與RNA結合。為了實驗這種假設，我們用RNase培養了甲醇固定的HeLa細胞，RNase的濃度足以去除細胞的RNA含量。[22] 經RNase處理的細胞隨後用[Pt(L3)Cl]+染色。如圖6A和B所示的那樣，經RNase消化細胞（圖6B）仍然被[Pt(L3)Cl]+所明亮地標志，而染色的強度和圖形與未處理過的細胞中的強度和圖形不能區分（圖6A）。因此，[Pt(L3)Cl]+與細胞結構的相互作用不太可能是取決於RNA的。為了確認這一數據，我們培養了整個細胞的溶胞產物，凈化了由[Pt(L3)Cl]+玷污在硝化纖維薄膜上的DNA、RNA和蛋白質。如在圖6C中所示的那樣，[Pt(L3)Cl]+有效地染色了在污斑上的整個細胞的溶胞產物，再現了其有顯微鏡術觀察到的細胞結合性質。令人感興趣的是，[Pt(L3)Cl]+不與DNA或RNA結合，但被強烈結合到蛋白質，表明了[Pt(L3)Cl]+的染色可以通過其與某些核蛋白質或核仁蛋白質的特異互作用來調定。

⑧ 細胞分裂英文介紹

彩虹六號維加斯有沒有直接一點的秘籍呢?彩虹六號維加斯有沒有直接一點的秘籍呢?