人类有机体英语怎么说及英文翻译

『壹』 急求英文翻译高手

The Sixth Extinction By Niles Eldredge

About 30,000 species go extinct annually.
大约每年有30000种物种走向灭绝。

There is little doubt left in the minds of professional biologists that Earth is

currently faced with a mounting loss of species that threatens to rival the five

great mass extinctions of the geological past.
在生物学专家心中都有一个小小的疑问，地球是否在面临着可能媲美过去五大物种灭绝的另

一次不断增加的物种灭绝。
As long ago as 1993, Harvard biologist E.O. Wilson estimated that Earth is

currently losing something on the order of 30,000 species per year -- which

breaks down to the even more daunting statistic of some three species per hour.
早在1993年，哈佛一名生物学家，E.O. Wilson就预测地球物种正在以每年30000种的速度消

失, 而这种令人心悸的预测则被更为恐怖的每小时3种的统计结果结束了.
Some biologists have begun to feel that this biodiversity crisis -- this "Sixth

Extinction" -- is even more severe, and more imminent, than Wilson had supposed.
The previous mass extinctions were e to natural causes.
一些生物学家已经开始察觉到生物多样性的危机了. Wilson预测说这次的第六次物种灭绝,

比以往五次更为严重,更为紧迫。前几次大量物种灭绝的发生，只是因为自然原因。

Extinction in the past
过去的几次大量物种灭绝

The major global biotic turnovers were all caused by physical events that lay

outside the normal climatic and other physical disturbances which species, and

entire ecosystems, experience and survive. What caused them?
过去的几次生物界翻天覆地的变化，原因都不外乎正常的天气还有其他的物理因素干扰这些

物理因素，而整个生态系统都安然度过了。这些都是怎样发生的呢？

* First major extinction (c. 440 mya): Climate change (relatively severe and

sudden global cooling) seems to have been at work at the first of these-the end

-Ordovician mass extinction that caused such pronounced change in marine life

(little or no life existed on land at that time). 25% of families lost (a family

may consist of a few to thousands of species).
第一次大量物种灭绝（c.440 mya）:较为严重的突然全球变冷似乎先发生，然后就有了

引起海洋物种显著变化的后奥陶纪的大量物种灭绝（当时很少或者根本没有生物在大路上生

存），大约25%的物种科目消失了（一个物种科目可能含有几十到上千的物种）。
* Second major extinction (c. 370 mya): The next such event, near the end of

the Devonian Period, may or may not have been the result of global climate

change. 19% of families lost.
第二次大量物种灭绝（c. 370 mya）：第二次类似的事件发生在大概泥盆纪结束的时候

，尚未清楚是否由于全球气候的变化。这次有19%的物种科目消失了。
* Third major Extinction (c. 245 mya): Scenarios explaining what happened at

the greatest mass extinction event of them all (so far, at least!) at the end of

the Permian Period have been complex amalgams of climate change perhaps rooted

in plate tectonics movements. Very recently, however, evidence suggests that a

bolide impact similar to the end-Cretaceous event may have been the cause. 54%

of families lost.
第三次大量物种灭绝（c. 245 mya）:地质构造论中二迭纪发生的大范围地壳运动和气

候的复杂多变可以解释这次起码到现在为止是最大规模的大量物种灭绝。但在最近，又有证

据说类似于后白垩纪的流星事件可能是这次物种灭绝的主要原因。这次54%的物种科目被灭

绝了。
* Fourth major extinction (c. 210 mya): The event at the end of the Triassic

Period, shortly after dinosaurs and mammals had first evolved, also remains

difficult to pin down in terms of precise causes. 23% of families lost.
第四次大量物种灭绝（c.210 mya）:这次大量物种灭绝发生在发生在三叠纪后期，在进

化出恐龙和哺乳动物之后不久。这次物种灭绝很难精确确定出原因。23%的物种科目消失了

。
* Fifth major extinction (c. 65 mya): Most famous, perhaps, was the most

recent of these events at the end-Cretaceous. It wiped out the remaining

terrestrial dinosaurs and marine ammonites, as well as many other species across

the phylogenetic spectrum, in all habitats sampled from the fossil record.

Consensus has emerged in the past decade that this event was caused by one

(possibly multiple) collisions between Earth and an extraterrestrial bolide

(probably cometary). Some geologists, however, point to the great volcanic event

that proced the Deccan traps of India as part of the chain of physical events

that disrupted ecosystems so severely that many species on land and sea rapidly

succumbed to extinction. 17% of families lost.
第五次大量物种灭绝(c. 65 mya):物种灭绝中最为著名的可能莫过于距离现在最近的

在白垩纪末发生的第五次物种灭绝. 根据对化石的研究发现,在这次物种灭绝中,陆地恐龙和

鹦鹉螺都完全消失. 有着同样命运的还有许多物种谱中的生物. 在过去十年中,大家都认为

这次物种灭绝的原因在于一次(也有可能是多次)地球与宇宙流星(很有可能是彗星)的相撞.

但一些地质学家持不同意见。他们把原因归结于产生了印度德干traps（陷阱？）的火山运

动而造成的生态系统的剧烈变动，最终使陆地上和海里的许多生物迅速走向灭绝。

The current mass extinction is caused by humans.
现在我们面临的大量物种灭绝是人为因素造成的。
How is the Sixth Extinction different from previous events?
第六次大量物种灭绝与之前有什么不同呢？

At first glance, the physically caused extinction events of the past might seem

to have little or nothing to tell us about the current Sixth Extinction, which

is a patently human-caused event. For there is little doubt that humans are the

direct cause of ecosystem stress and species destruction in the modern world

through such activities as:
初步来看，过去五次大量物种灭绝对现在第六次认为造成的物种灭绝没有任何可借鉴意义，

因为毫无疑问人类造成了如下几种情况，给生态系统造成了很大压力，给物种带来了灭绝：

* transformation of the landscape
地貌的改变
* overexploitation of species
物种资源的过度开发
* pollution
污染
* the introction of alien species
带来了外来物种

And because Homo sapiens is clearly a species of animal (however behaviorally

and ecologically peculiar an animal), the Sixth Extinction would seem to be the

first recorded global extinction event that has a biotic, rather than a

physical, cause.
同样由于智人很明显是动物的一员（虽然行为和外貌上不很像动物），第六次物种灭绝似乎

是有史以来第一次由生物而不是物理环境变化引起的。

We are bringing about massive changes in the environment.
我们给环境带来了剧烈的变化。
Yet, upon further reflection, human impact on the planet is a direct analogue of

the Cretaceous cometary collision. Sixty-five million years ago that

extraterrestrial impact -- through its sheer explosive power, followed

immediately by its injections of so much debris into the upper reaches of the

atmosphere that global temperatures plummeted and, most critically,

photosynthesis was severely inhibited -- wreaked havoc on the living systems of

Earth. That is precisely what human beings are doing to the planet right now:

humans are causing vast physical changes on the planet.
Humans began disrupting the environment as soon as they appeared on Earth.
然而进一步的说，人类对于地球的影响，完全相当于白垩纪的彗星撞击。彗星带来了爆炸性

的力量，紧接着把碎片带到大气上层，引起了全球气候降低，还有最重要的，极大地降低了

光合作用，就像是对地球生态系统的愤怒轰炸一样。这完全和现在人类正在对这颗行星做的

一样：人类正在给这颗行星的物理环境带来巨大的改变，而这种改变，自从人类出现便已经

开始了。
What is the Sixth Extinction?
什么是第六次大量物种灭绝？

We can divide the Sixth Extinction into two discrete phases:
我们可以把第六次大量物种灭绝分为两段

* Phase One began when the first modern humans began to disperse to

different parts of the world about 100,000 years ago.
第一阶段开始于100，000年前现代人类分散到世界各地
* Phase Two began about 10,000 years ago when humans turned to agriculture.
第二阶段开始与10，000年前人类开始了农业劳动
先翻译到这里。。。有空我会接着翻。。。

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『贰』 翻译有机物的英文名称

4-(1.3-
苯并恶唑
-2-基)
苯甲醛
http://www.chemyq.com/xz.htm
可以查英文的化学物，CAS号查询支持

『叁』 英文中对“人类”这个词的翻译有很多种，mankind /human/ humanbeing 等等。 请分别解释一下这些词的用法

mankind前不可加任何限定词，但可用形容词修饰。它是集合名词，可作单数或复数使用。作单数概念时，谓语要用单数，其相应的代词一般为it, its, itself(也有人用he ,him, his, himself);作复数概念时，谓语要用复数，其相应的代词是they, them, their, themselves。例如：Mankind is much cleverer than it was one thousand years ago. 人类比一千年前是聪明多了。All progressive mankind love peace. 所有进步人类都热爱和平。That is one small step for a man, but one giant leap for mankind. 对于个人来说那是小小的一步，但对于整个人类来说却是一次巨大的飞越。

human being也可表示“人类”，它是可数名词，有单复数之分。其意义比较具体，它一般用来区别人以外的事物，特别是动物或者是“神”，“鬼”之类。例如：Without its light and warmth there would be neither plants nor animals nor human beings. 没有光和热，就不可能有植物，动物，也不可能有人类。Although the Negroes were human beings just like the whites, they were not treated as humanbeing. 尽管黑人和白人一样都是属于人类，但是他们并没有被当作人对待。

human 和human being有什么区别?

有以下区别：

（一）human强调“人群”，human being强调“个人”，
基本上 human = human beings ，但不可以说 human = human being

（二）在一些惯用的表达，两者不能互换，例如疾病的“人传人”叫human to human transmission，但不可以说 human being to human being transmission.

（三）human可以做形容词，human being不可以。

human
adj.（形容词）
(1)Of, relating to, or characteristic of human beings:
人的，人类的：关于或属于人的或有其特征的：
the course of human events; the human race.
人类活动的过程；人类
(2)Having or showing those positive aspects of nature and character that distinguish human beings from the lower animals:
有人性的，通人情的：具有人的本性或特征中积极方面的或表现出这些方面的，这些积极方面将人类与低等动物区分开来：
an act of human kindness.
一个表现出人类善良本性的行动
(3)Subject to or indicative of the weaknesses, imperfections, and fragility associated with human beings:
人性的缺点，人性的脆弱面：属于或表现出与人类相关联的软弱、缺陷和脆弱的：
a mistake that shows he's only human; human frailty.
这个错误证明他也是个凡人；人的脆弱
(4)Having the form of a human being.
具有人类外表的
(5)Made up of human beings:
用人构成的：
formed a human bridge across the ice.
在冰上搭起一座人桥
n.（名词）
A human being; a person.
人类；人

human being
n.（名词）
(1)A member of the genus Homo and especially of the species H. sapiens.
人：人 属的一员，尤指 智人 种的一员
(2)A person:
人：
a fine human being.
一个好人

humankind

人类 可以用其他词的替换
Humankind in general; humanity.
人类人类的统称；人性
The human race; humankind.
人种；人类
Hatred or mistrust of humankind.
憎恨世人或不信任人类
Love of humankind in general.
博爱对全人类的爱
of humankind as a species.
指作为一个物种的人类。

『肆』 有机体的英语翻译 有机体用英语怎么说

organism
英 [ˈɔ:gənɪzəm] 美 [ˈɔ:rgənɪzəm]
n.
有机体;生物体;微生物;有机体系，有机组织
复数： organisms

『伍』 英语翻译....

绝对手译，先分译后总译，感觉还行就加分吧。

Germ, microbe, bacterium, bacillus, virus:
病原体、微生物、细菌、杆状菌和病毒：

Though not strict synonyms, are comparable because all denote organisms invisible to the naked eye, including organisms that are the causative agents of various diseases.
它们虽然不是很严格的同义词，但它们都是肉眼看不到的有机体，都是各种疾病的起因。

Germ and microbe are the ordinary nonscientific names for such an organism and especially for one that causes disease.
病原体和微生物是此类有机体、尤其是致病有机体的不很科学的常用名。

Bacteria, the plural of bacterium and the form commonly in general use, is often employed as the equivalent of designation of a large group of prokaryotic microbes which are found widely distributed in water, air, soil, living things, and dead organic matter, which have structural and biological characteristics distinguishing them from other unicellular microorganisms (as protozoans), and only some of which are instrumental in procing disease in man, animals, and plants.
细菌这个词常用复数形式，是一些原核微生物的统称，它们广泛分布于水中、空气中、户外、各种活的和死的有机物上面。细菌的结构特性、生物特性和其他的单细胞微生物（原生物）是不同的，并且只有其中的一部分才会让人、动物和植物生病。

In addition to the pathogenic or disease-causing bacteria there are the saprophytic bacteria which live upon dead or decaying organic matter and which, for the most part, are beneficial in their effects which include many natural chemical processes (as fermentation, oxidation, and nitrification).
细菌中除了致病菌，还有腐生菌。腐生菌或存于死尸之上、或分解有机物，就这一点来讲，大多数腐生菌是有益的，因为这涉及到很多自然界的化学反应（比如发酵、氧化和硝化等）。

From Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of synonyms
摘自韦氏同义词词典

病原体、微生物、细菌、杆状菌和病毒：

它们虽然不是严格的同义词，但它们都是肉眼看不到的有机体，都是各种疾病的起因。

病原体和微生物是此类有机体、尤其是致病有机体的不很科学的常用名。

细菌这个词常用复数形式，是一些原核微生物的统称，它们广泛分布于水中、空气中、户外、各种活的和死的有机物上面。细菌的结构特性、生物特性和其他的单细胞微生物（原生物）是不同的，并且只有其中的一部分才会让人、动物和植物生病。

细菌中除了致病菌，还有腐生菌。腐生菌或存于死尸之上、或分解有机物，就这一点来讲，大多数腐生菌是有益的，因为这涉及到很多自然界的化学反应（比如发酵、氧化和硝化等）。

摘自韦氏同义词词典

『陆』 人类有英语怎么说

human
human being
mankind

『柒』 人类的英语怎么说

在英语中根据语境，下列几个词或词组都表达人类的意思：
mankind
human
human beings
the human race

『捌』 有机用英语怎么说

【organic】有机的

比如【organic fruits and vegetables】有机水果和蔬菜

已为你写好，请查收，满意敬请采纳，O(∩_∩)O谢谢~~

『玖』 有机的的英语翻译 有机的用英语怎么说

有机的
[词典] organic;
[例句]城市规划将城市视为一个单位，一个有机的整体。
City planning treats the city as a unit, as an organic whole.

『拾』 英语翻译

你拼错了两个单词：
sene改为sense，意义
exinction改为extinction，灭绝

No one is 'selecting' organisms for survival in the benign sense of pigeon breeders selecting for desirable traits in show breeds or for extinction in the malignant sense of Nazis selecting prisoners at death camps.

翻译是：
没有人在”选择“哪些有机体该生存，有良性含义的行为，就像鸽子养殖人选择展示品种中的理想特性一样；也没有人在”选择“哪些有机体该死亡，有恶性含义的行为，就像死亡营里纳粹选择囚犯一样。