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体细胞交换英语怎么说及英文翻译

发布时间: 2025-06-04 09:31:56

⑴ 连锁和交换的各种形式的交换和重组

体细胞交换于1936年首先由C.斯特恩在黑腹果蝇中发现。黄体(yellow body,y)和焦刚毛(singed,sn)这两个X连锁基因都呈杂合状态的雌性果蝇+y/sn+的表型是野生型。可是在少数果蝇身上可以观察到孪生斑,即两小块邻接的组织:一块上显示突变型黄体性状,但上面的刚毛是正常的;旁边一块组织上的刚毛弯曲,但体色却是正常的。这一现象不能用基因突变,而只能用体细胞交换来解释(图2)。
构巢曲霉是一种产生有性孢子的子囊菌,它的营养体是单倍体。两个单倍体的菌丝联接以后产生异核体。在异核体菌丝体中的个别细胞核融合成为二倍体核,由二倍体分生孢子萌发产生二倍体菌丝体。如果这一个二倍体菌株来自两个分别具有不同基因标记的单倍体菌株,那么就可以看到它的菌落上会出现通过体细胞交换而产生的扇形变异部分。这一全部过程称为准性生殖过程。准性生殖过程中所发生的体细胞交换,可以用来进行基因定位和杂交育种。
不等交换 交换一般是对等的,即两个同源染色体在对应的位置上发生交换,发生了交换的两个染色体都不增加或减少任何基因。如果同源染色体联会时不是准确地配对,那么交换发生在不对应的位置上,结果所得到的两个染色体中就有一个染色体缺少了一小部分,而另一染色体多了一小部分。这种交换称不等交换(见位置效应)。通过不等交换所出现的这种多余的或重复的基因如果发生突变也不会影响细胞的生存,因为原有的基因可以执行正常的功能。这样,新的基因便可以通过多余基因的一再突变而形成。因此,不等交换被认为是进化过程中新基因的主要来源之一。
细菌的重组 大肠杆菌和枯草杆菌都只有一个呈环状的染色体,即一个连锁群。在细菌染色体的重组过程中既不出现交叉,也没有联会线复合体,也不通过减数分裂而产生四分体。而且交换只发生在以单链形式进入受体的脱氧核糖核酸 (DNA)片段中。尽管重组机制有所不同,但是真核生物和细菌染色体的重组都是以整段染色体的联会作为前提,这种重组方式称为同源重组或一般重组。
非同源重组,是发生重组的两个部分中,它们只有极小一部分同源结构。它们在发生重组以前,不像减数分裂中的同源染色体那样整段染色体进行联会,而是联会仅发生在少到十几对核苷酸之间,而且重组的结果是一段DNA插入到另一DNA分子中。
λ噬菌体整合到大肠杆菌染色体上的过程便是一种非同源重组(见转导),它只整合在半乳糖基因 (galac-tose,gal)和生物素基因(biotin,bio)之间,所以又称为位点专一重组。转座因子的整合也属于非同源重组,可是它们的位置专一程度不一。大肠杆菌中的插入顺序IS4是绝对专一的,Mu-1噬菌体则是绝对不专一的,多数转座子的专一性介于两者之间。
λ噬菌体的整合过程中并不进行复制,所以这种重组又称为保守性重组;转座子的整合过程包括它本身的复制,所以这种重组又称为复制式重组(见转座因子)。

⑵ 跪求~各位大哥大姐 帮我用下列的词列一个英文或者中文的句子 小的感激不尽~~!!! Diploid 双倍体

You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time.
你从父母那儿获得优良的基因, 所以能够活得很长

An organism that has the same alleles at a particular gene locus on homologous chromosomes.
纯合子在同源染色体上某一特定基因座有相同等位基因的生物体

Mononucleated haploid cells join to proce binucleate cells.
单核的单培体细胞连接在一起产生双核细胞。

A male gamete proced by an antheridium.
游动精子孢子囊产生的雄蕊

The point of contact between paired chromatids ring meiosis, resulting in a cross-shaped configuration and representing the cytological manifestation of crossing over.
染色体交叉在减数分裂过程中成对的染色体之间的接触点产生一种交叉形状的构造,代表着基因互相交换的细胞表现形式

Many forest tree species have multiple archegonia which, after fertilization proce a number of proembryos.
许多林木树种都有颈卵器,受精以后便产生许多原胚

The point of contact between paired chromatids ring meiosis, resulting in a cross-shaped configuration and representing the cytological manifestation of crossing over.
染色体交叉在减数分裂过程中成对的染色体之间的接触点产生一种交叉形状的构造,代表着基因互相交换的细胞表现形式

⑶ 我开始换发型,减重,换风格,开始往前走,不好意思啊这一次,我一定要赢翻译成英文

I start to change my hairstyle, lose weight, change my style, and move on. Sorry, this time, I have to win。

start to

词义:词组:开始。

固定搭配:start to do sth开始做某事。

用法:带动宾短语。The cells will promptly start to soak up moisture.细胞会很快开始吸收水份。

change

词义:动词:改变,转变,(使)不同;(使)变换;替代,更换;交换;货币兑换;将……换成零钱;退还。名词:变化,改变;替代物;换洗衣物;零钱,硬币;换乘;全新体验;新月相的出现。

固定搭配:climate change气候变化。

用法:带宾语。She has now changed into a happy, self-confident woman.她现在已经变成了一个快乐、自信的女人。

hairstyle

词义:名词:发型。

固定搭配:short hairstyle 短发。

用法:被修饰。I think her new short hairstyle looks simply great.我觉得她新剪的短发看上去简直棒极了。

lose

词义:动词:浪费;使沉溺于;使迷路;遗失;错过。

固定搭配:lose heart 丧失勇气。

用法:带宾语。The Golden Bears have lost three games this season.金熊队本赛季已输了3场比赛。

weight

词义:名词:重量,重力;负担;砝码;重要性。

固定搭配:body weight 体重。

用法:被修饰。His weight was harming his health.他沉重的体重正危害着他的健康。

win

词义:名词:赢;胜利。动词:赢;获胜;成功。

固定搭配:WIN-WIN 双赢。

用法:被修饰。The top four teams all won.排名最靠前的4支队伍都赢了。

⑷ 人体的八大系统分别用英语怎么说

运动系统locomotor system、神经系统nervous system、内分泌系统hormonal system、循环系统circulatory system、呼吸系统respiratory system、消化系统digestive system、泌尿系统urinary system、生殖系统reproctive system。

一、运动系统

由骨、关节和肌肉组成,约占成人体重的60%。全身各骨借关节相连形成骨骼,起支持体重、保护内脏和维持人体基本形态的作用。

骨骼肌附着于骨,在神经系统支配下收缩和舒张,收缩时,以关节为支点牵引骨改变位置,产生运动。骨和关节是运动系统的被动部分,骨骼肌是运动系统的主动部分。

It consists of bones, joints and muscles, accounting for about 60% of alt body weight. Bones and joints of the whole body are connected to form bones, which can support weight, protect viscera and maintain the basic shape of the human body.

Skeletal muscle adheres to bone, contracting and relaxing under the control of nervous system. When contracting, the joint is used as the fulcrum to pull the bone to change its position and proce movement.

Bone and joint are the passive parts of the motor system, while skeletal muscle is the active part of the motor system.

二、神经系统

神经系统是人体内起主导作用的系统。内、外环境的各种信息,由感受器接受后,通过周围神经传递到脑和脊髓的各级中枢进行整合,再经周围神经控制和调节机体各系统器官的活动,以维持机体与内、外界环境的相对平衡。

神经系统是由脑、脊髓、脑神经、脊神经、和植物性神经,以及各种神经节组成。能协调体内各器官、各系统的活动,使之成为完整的一体,并与外界环境发生相互作用。

The nervous system is the dominant system in the human body. All kinds of information in the internal and external environment are received by the receptor, integrated through the peripheral nerve to all levels of the brain and spinal cord.

and then controlled and regulated by the peripheral nerve to maintain the relative balance between the body and the internal and external environment.

The nervous system is composed of brain, spinal cord, brain nerve, spinal nerve, vegetative nerve and various ganglia. It can coordinate the activities of organs and systems in the body, make them a whole body, and interact with the external environment.

三、内分泌系统

内分泌腺是人体内一些无输出导管的腺体。它的分泌物称激素。对整个机体的生长、发育、代谢和生殖起着调节作用。

人体主要的内分泌腺有:下丘脑、垂体、甲状腺、肾上腺、胰岛、胸腺和性腺等。

Endocrine glands are some glands without output cts in human body. Its secretion is called hormone. It regulates the growth, development, metabolism and reproction of the whole body.

The main endocrine glands are hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, islet, thymus and gonad.

四、循环系统

血液循环系统是生物体的体液(包括细胞内液、血浆、淋巴和组织液)及其借以循环流动的管道组成的系统。从动物形成心脏以后血液循环系统分为心脏和血管两大部分,叫做心血管系统。

循环系统是生物体内的运输系统,它将消化道吸收的营养物质和由鳃或肺吸进的氧输送到各组织器官并将各组织器官的代谢产物通过同样的途径输入血液,经肺、肾排出体外。

The blood circulation system is a system of body fluids (including intracellular fluids, plasma, lymph and tissue fluids) and the pipes through which they circulate.

The blood circulation system is divided into two parts, the heart and the blood vessel, which is called the cardiovascular system. Circulation system is the transportation system in organisms.

It transports nutrients absorbed by digestive tract and oxygen absorbed by gill or lung to various tissues and organs, and transfuses metabolites of various tissues and organs into blood through the same way, and discharges them through lung and kidney.

五、呼吸系统

呼吸系统包括呼吸道(鼻腔、咽、喉、气管、支气管)和肺。

动物体在新陈代谢过程中要不断消耗氧气,产生二氧化碳。机体与外界环境进行气体交换的过程称为呼吸。气体交换地有两处,一处是由外界与呼吸器官(如肺、腮)的气体交换,称肺呼吸或腮呼吸(或外呼吸);另一处由血液和组织液与机体组织、细胞之间进行气体交换(称内呼吸)。

The respiratory system includes the respiratory tract (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus) and lungs.

Animals need to consume oxygen and proce carbon dioxide in the process of metabolism. The process of gas exchange between organism and environment is called breathing.

There are two places for gas exchange, one is the exchange of gas between the outside and respiratory organs (such as lung and parotid), called pulmonary or parotid breathing (or external breathing).

the other is the exchange of gas between blood and tissue fluid and organism tissues and cells (called internal breathing).

六、消化系统

人体内与消化摄食有关的器官包括:口腔、咽、食道、胃、小肠、大肠、肛门、以及唾液腺、胃腺、肠腺、胰腺、肝脏等,因此称它们为消化器官。这些消化器官协同工作,共同完成对食物的消化和对营养物质的吸收。所有的消化器官的总和称为消化系统。

The organs related to digestion and feeding in human body include oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus, salivary gland, gastric gland, intestinal gland, pancreas and liver, so they are called digestive organs.

These digestive organs work together to digest food and absorb nutrients. The sum of all digestive organs is called the digestive system.

七、泌尿系统

泌尿系统由肾、输尿管、膀胱及尿道组成。其主要功能为排泄。排泄是指机体代谢过程中所产生的各种不为机体所利用或者有害的物质向体外输送的生理过程。

被排出的物质一部分是营养物质的代谢产物;另一部分是衰老的细胞破坏时所形成的产物。此外,排泄物中还包括一些随食物摄入的多余物质,如多余的水和无机盐类。

The urinary system consists of kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra. Its main function is excretion.

Excretion refers to the physiological process in which all kinds of substances proced in the metabolic process of the body are not utilized by the body or are transported to the outside world by harmful substances.

The excreted substances are part of the metabolites of nutrients, and part of the procts formed when aging cells are destroyed. In addition, excreta also contains some superfluous substances that are ingested with food, such as superfluous water and inorganic salts.

八、生殖系统

生殖系统是生物体内的和生殖密切相关的器官成分的总称。生殖系统的功能是产生生殖细胞,繁殖新个体,分泌性激素和维持第二性征。人体生殖系统有男性和女性两类。按生殖器所在部位,又分为内生殖器和外生殖器两部分。

Reproctive system is a general term for organ components closely related to reproction in organisms.

The function of the reproctive system is to proce germ cells, reproce new indivials, secrete sex hormones and maintain secondary sexual characteristics.

There are two types of human reproctive system: male and female. According to the location of genitalia, it can be divided into two parts: internal genitalia and external genitalia.

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