隧道挖凿机英语怎么说及英文翻译
Ⅰ 求关于隧道方面的外文翻译需有中英文对照翻译,谢谢!
隧道勘测:为确定隧道位置、施工方法和支护、衬砌类型等技术方案,对隧道地处范围内的地形、地质状况,以及对地下水的分布和水量等水文情况要进行勘测。在隧道勘测和开挖过程中,须了解围岩的类别。围岩是隧道开挖后对隧道稳定性有影响的周边岩体。围岩分类是依次表明周围岩石的综合强度。中国在1975年制定的铁路隧道工程技术规范中将围岩分为 6类。关于岩石分类70年代以前常用泰沙基及普氏等岩石分类方法。70年代以后在国际上应用较广并为国际岩石力学学会推荐的为巴顿等各种分级系统。此外,还有日本以弹性波速为主的分类法。围岩的类别的确定,为隧道工程设计合理和施工顺利提供了依据。
隧道设计:包括隧道选线、纵断面设计、横断面设计、辅助坑道设计等。
选线:根据线路标准、地形、地质等条件选定隧道位置和长度。选线应作多种方案的比较。长隧道要考虑辅助坑道和运营通风的设置。洞口位置的选择要依据地质情况。考虑边坡和仰坡的稳定,避免塌方。
纵断面设计:沿隧道中线的纵向坡度要服从线路设计的限制坡度。因隧道内湿度大,轮轨间粘着系数减小,列车空气阻力增大,因此在较长隧道内纵向坡度应加以折减。纵坡形状以单坡和人字坡居多,单坡有利于争取高程,人字坡便于施工排水和出碴。为利于排水,最小纵坡一般为2‰~3‰。 横断面设计:隧道横断面即衬砌内轮廓,是根据不侵入隧道建筑限界而制定的。中国隧道建筑限界分为蒸汽及内燃机车牵引区段、电力机车牵引区段两种,这两种又各分为单线断面和双线断面。衬砌内轮廓一般由单心圆或三心圆形成的拱部和直边墙或曲边墙所组成。在地质松软地带另加仰拱。单线隧道轨面以上内轮廓面积约为27~32平方米,双线约为58~67平方米。在曲线地段由于外轨超高车辆倾斜等因素,断面须适当加大。电气化铁路隧道因悬挂接触网等应提高内轮廓高度。中、美、苏三国所用轮廓尺寸为:单线隧道高度约为 6.6~7.0米、宽度约为4.9~5.6米;双线隧道高度约为7.2~8.0米,宽度约为8.8~10.6米。在双线铁路修建两座单线隧道时,其中线间距离须考虑地层压力分布的影响,石质隧道约为20~25米,土质隧道应适当加宽。
辅助坑道设计:辅助坑道有斜井、竖井、平行导坑及横洞四种。斜井是在中线附近的山上有利地点开凿的斜向正洞的坑道。斜井倾角一般在18°~27°之间,采用卷扬机提升。斜井断面一般为长方形,面积约为8~14平方米。竖井是由山顶中线附近垂直开挖的坑道,通向正洞。其平面位置可在铁路中线上或在中线的一侧(距中线约20米)。竖井断面多为圆形,内径约为4.5~6.0米。平行导坑是距隧道中线17~25米开挖的平行小坑道,以斜向通道与隧道连接,亦可作将来扩建为第二线的导洞。中国自1957年修建川黔铁路凉风垭铁路隧道采用平行导坑以来,在58座长3公里以上的隧道中约有80%修建了平行导坑。横洞是在傍山隧道靠河谷一侧地形有利之处开辟的小断面坑道。此外,隧道设计还包括洞门设计,以及开挖方法和衬砌类型的选择等。
隧道贯通控制测量:隧道测量是为了保证测量的中线和高程在隧道贯通面处的偏差不超出规定的限值。
中线平面控制:长隧道以往多用三角网,短隧道多用导线法,借以控制中线的偏差。自50年代以来,中国在 1公里以上长度的隧道测量中采用导线法也能控制隧道的贯通误差。光电测距仪的出现和发展,解决了量距的困难。山岭隧道洞外及洞内都采用主副闭合导线法,即在主导线上测角并用光电测距仪量距,在副导线上只测角不量距。由主副导线所组成的多边形,只平差其角度,不平差其长度。这样主副导线法比三角网法简单实用,比单一导线法可靠。中国大瑶山双线隧道即采用主副闭合导线法作为中线平面控制在隧道进行中线测量以前,就要考虑将来隧道打通后的偏差数值。根据隧道的长度和平面形状,在地形图上先行布置测点的位置和预计的贯通点,并在平面图上量出必要的尺寸,再根据规范规定的极限误差试算出测角和量距的必要精度,然后进行测量。这个过程叫做测量设计或叫做隧道贯通误差的预计4公里以下的隧道中线贯通极限误差为±100毫米;4~8公里的隧道中线贯通极限误差为±150毫米。
高程控制:短隧道应用普通水平仪,长隧道应用精密水平仪即能保证需要达到的精度。高程贯通极限误差为±50毫米。 隧道开挖开挖方法分为明挖法和暗挖法。明挖法多用于浅埋隧道或城市铁路隧道,而山岭铁路隧道多用暗挖法。按开挖断面大小、位置分,有分部开挖法和全断面开挖法。在石质岩层中采用钻爆法最为广泛,采用掘进机直接开挖也逐渐推广。在松软地质中采用盾构法开挖较多。
Tunnel survey: to determine location, construction methods and tunnel lining type support, and technical solution to the tunnel, which is located in the range of terrain, geological condition, and the distribution of the underground water and hydrological conditions such as water to survey. In the tunnel survey and excavation process, must understand the categories of the surrounding rock. Surrounding rock tunnel excavation is to have influence on the stability of the tunnel surrounding rock mass. Classification of surrounding rocks is that in turn around the comprehensive strength of rock. In 1975, China railway tunnel project for technical specification of surrounding rock is divided into 6 will. About rock classification before the 70 s commonly used the field commander and the classification method such as pullman's rock. Since the 70 s are widely used in the world and for international rock mechanics society recommendation of various classification system for patton. In addition, and Japan with elastic wave velocity as the classification. The category of the surrounding rock of tunnel engineering, the determination of reasonable design and construction smoothly to provide the basis.
Tunnel design: including tunnel line longitudinal, design, the cross-sectional design, auxiliary tunnel design, etc.
Route: according to the standard, line topography and geology condition such as position and the length of the selected tunnel. Route shall be the comparison of the DuoZhong scheme. Long tunnel to consider auxiliary tunnel and operation ventilation Settings. The mouth of the cave location choice must be based on the geological conditions. Consider the slope and the scope of slope stability, prevent landslide.
Longitudinal design: along the tunnel to the centerline of the vertical slope line design limit slope. Because humidity is big, the wheel/rail tunnel between adhesion coefficient decreases, and train the air resistance increases, so in a long tunnel vertical slope should be rection. ZongPo shape to ChanPo and person word majority, to fight for slope ChanPo elevation, person word for construction drainage and slope of ballastless out. In order to facilitate drainage, ZongPo minimum general for 2 ‰ ~ 3 ‰. Cross-sectional design: tunnel lining in outline, namely cross into the tunnel construction is on the gauge and work. China tunnel structure gauge is divided into steam and diesel locomotives traction sections, electric locomotives traction sections two kinds, the two and every single divided into sections and double section. In general, the outline lining single round or three heart heart of the formation of the round arch department and straight or curved sidewall of the side-wall composed. In the geological soft zone plus Yang arch. Singleline tunnel rail surface outline area within the above about 27 ~ 32 square meters, al for 58 to 67 square metre about. Because the area in the curve track vehicles factors such as high tilt, shall be appropriately enlarging section. Electrified railway tunnel for suspension overhead contact system should be improved and in high profile. And the United States, Susan countries size is used outline: singleline tunnel height about 6.6 ~ 7.0 m, width is about 4.9 ~ 5.6 meters; Two-lane tunnel height about 7.2 ~ 8.0 meters, width is about 8.8 ~ 10.6 m. The two-lane railway building two seat singleline tunnel, including the distance between the line must be considered formation pressure on the distribution of the rock tunnel, about 20 to 25 m, soil tunnel should appropriate widened.
Auxiliary tunnel design: auxiliary tunnel have, well, DaoKeng parallel shafts and horizontal hole four. Tilt in the mountains of Central Line is near the site of the favorable oblique are g the hole in the tunnel. Tilt Angle in the 18 ° ~ 27 general °, the hoisting between ascension. Inclined section is rectangle commonly, an area of about eight to 14 square meters. By the top of the hill near the midline of the shaft is perpendicular to the tunnels of the excavation, is hole. Its plane position on the central railway line or the side of about 20 meters) from the center line. Shaft section for more rounded, inner diameter is about 4.5 ~ 6.0 m. Parallel DaoKeng is apart from 17 to 25 m midline tunnel excavation of the parallel tunnel, with little inclined to channel tunnel, can also be connected with future expansion for the second line of drift. China since 1957-built railway cool wind railway tunnel adopts parallel DaoKeng stelae since a long 3, in all 58 km above the tunnel around 80% of the parallel DaoKeng built. The hole is the waterfront in mountain tunnel river valley side on the benefits of open terrain small cross-section tunnel. In addition, the tunnel also includes DongMen design, design and excavation method and lining type of selection.
Tunnel breakthrough control measurement: the tunnel is to ensure that the measurement and elevation measurement line in tunnel breakthrough face the deviation of the place not beyond the prescribed limits.
Central Line plane control: long tunnel before the triangulation short tunnel, multi-purpose multi-purpose the wire act to control the midline deviation. Since the s, China has in the 1 km above the length measurement of the wire act for the tunnel can also control the tunnel breakthrough error. Photoelectric ranger's appearance and development, to solve the difficulties of distance. Mountain tunnel hole hole and all the main and auxiliary closed to the wire act, that in leading online measuring Angle and photoelectric rangefinder quantity in the distance, vice wires Angle measuring only not measure distance. By the vice wire of polygons, only the Angle adjustment of the length of the poor, uneven. So the Lord vice wire method is better than the triangle nets method is simple, practical, and the wire act than single reliable. China is the principal tunnel data to double the wire act as deputy closed midline plane control tunnel in the midline measurement, be about to consider the future before tunnel through the deviation of the numerical. After According to the length of the tunnel face shape in peace, topographic map decorate the measuring point position and advance the breakthrough point, and is expected to in the quantity on the floor plan of the necessary size, again according to the provisions of the code limit error try calculate measuring Angle and quantity of precision, and then from the necessary measure. This process is called measure design or called tunnel breakthrough error of 4 km of the tunnel is expected to line breakthrough limit error for + 100 mm; 4 to 8 kilometers of tunnels through Central Line limit error for + 150 mm.
Elevation control: short tunnel application ordinary level, long tunnel precision level that can ensure application needs to achieve the precision. Elevation breakthrough limit error for + 50 mm. Tunnel excavation excavation method into the Ming WaFa and type of method. Ming WaFa more for shallow buried tunnel or city railway tunnel, and mountains railway tunnel multi-purpose type of method. According to section size and location excavation points, excavation method and the whole section division excavation method. In stone in the rock drill blasting method, the most widely used roadheader direct excavation also graally promotion. In the loose in the geological shield excavation method is more.
Ⅱ 凿的英语翻译 凿用英语怎么说
1、单词
凿[záo]
名 (凿子) chisel
动 chisel; (打孔; 挖掘) cut a hole; dig
凿[zuò]
形 [书](明确; 真实) certain; accurate; true; authentic
名 (卯眼) mortise; socket
2、例句
1)他们必须在山中凿一条隧道。
They will have to tunnel right through the mountain.
2)我们必须凿穿那坚实的墙壁才能与囚犯们联络。
We had to break through the solid wall to reach the prisoners.
3)雕刻家把大理石块凿成优美的雕像。
The sculptor chiselled the lump of marble into a fine statue.
4)他一生气就往孩子头上凿栗暴。
He hit his child on the head whenever he was angry.
Ⅲ 开凿隧道用英语怎么说
开凿隧道
digging a tunnel
Ⅳ 土压平衡盾构机用英语怎么说
earth pressure balance shield 土压平衡盾构
土压平衡盾构施工机..EPBM
土压平衡盾构施工机..EPBM
貌似都是这么翻译的
例句与用法
1. 该文叙述土压平衡盾构掘进机的工作机理和适用地层。
The working mechanism and applicable ground for earth pressure balance shield entry-driving machine are described here.
2. 土压平衡式盾构机是盾构法施工中应用最为广泛的盾构机。
2.Earth pressure balance (EPB) shield is used most extensively in shield construction.
3. 2004年参与设计、制造的上海首台“863”土压平衡盾构掘进机。
In 2004, he participated in design and manufacture of the first in Shanghai EPBM under National Programme 863.
4. 硬岩盾构机,土压平衡盾构机,小型盾构机.HDD盾构机,和沉井设备。
HDD Rigs and Shaft sinking equiprment.
5. 合理设计土压平衡电液控制系统是提高盾构施工稳定性和施工效率的前提。
A reasonable design of electro-hydraulic control system of soil pressure balance is the precondition for raising the reliability of shield construction and performance efficiency.
6. 对土压平衡式盾构在复杂地质条件下的掘进中存在的问题及对策作了深入研究;
deeply studies existed problems and their countermeasures of EPB-type shield under complicated geological conditions ;
7. 摘要合理设计土压平衡电液控制系统是提高盾构施工稳定性和施工效率的前提。
A reasonable design of electro-hydraulic control system of soil pressure balance is the precondition for raising the reliability of shield construction and performance efficiency.
8. 其中土压平衡式盾构法又以其技术及经济上的优越性,成为地铁施工技术的主流。
Among the shield tunneling methods, Earth Pressure Balanced Shield tunneling (EPBS) is becoming the main tunneling technique with its technical and economical advantages.
9. 为保证开挖面稳定及控制地面沉降,土压平衡盾构掘进时必须合理匹配各施工参数。
Based on the data of a model test,three fundamental equations for EPB shields are derived,from which two general balance equations are developed,to form a mathematical model of EPB shield tunneling.
10. 螺旋输送机是土压平衡盾构的重要组件,对维持盾构开挖面土压平衡起着至关重要的作用。
Screw conveyor is an important tool of controlling earth pressure balance in EPB shield boring and plays a significant role in maintaining the earth pressure at the face of the shield.
11. 通过对土压平衡盾构掘进机刀盘切削土体进行理论分析,建立数学模型,得出相应计算公式。
Theoretical equations by analyzing earth pressure balance(EPB) shield cutterhead′s cutting the ground are deced and the numerical model is set up.
12. 在土压平衡盾构掘进过程中,如何合理设置和控制土压,对于控制地表沉降有着至关重要的意义。
How to reasonably set and control soil pressure ring shield excavation with balance of soil pressure is vital to control of surface settlement.
13. 土压平衡盾构施工通常会对周围土体产生挤压作用,导致地面隆起和深层土体向远离隧道方向移动。
It results in the surface upheaval and moving away of deep soil from
14. 应用数学和力学方法,从土压平衡盾构的掘削工作机理入手,研究顶进推力的计算方法及其影响因素。
The reasonable calculation method of thrust force and its influencing factors were studied by applying mathematics and mechanics based on the working mechanism of EPB shield machine.
Ⅳ 你真丑英语怎么说
问题一:“你很丑"怎么说用英语?拜托了!! you are very ugly
问题二:这男的真丑英文怎么说 This man is too ugly This man has a ugly look. This man looks terrible.
问题三:你好丑用英语怎么说 You are ugly / ill-looking .
问题四:你这丑东西用英语怎么说 因题干不全,无法作答
问题五:其实你很丑英语怎么说 to be hoest, you look urgly
问题六:那个人真丑(指长相) 地道的英语怎么说 那个人真丑(指长相) 地道_有道翻译
翻译结果:
That man is really ugly tunnels (looks)
tunnels_有道词典
tunnels
n. [交] 隧道;地下道;洞群(tunnel的复数);v. 凿隧道;建筑隧道(tunnel的三单形式)更多释义>>
[网络短语]
Tunnels 隧道二人组,隧道,洞群
Dwarven Tunnels 秘密隧道,矮人隧道,机密地道
问题七:你是不是长的很丑用英语怎么说的 You Is it right? Long ugly
问题八:英文丑怎么说 not butiful
Ⅵ 道路桥梁专业英语翻译 谢谢谢谢 帮帮忙啊(急)。。。
硬岩隧道。短隧道通过硬摇滚驱动入口,但只有从长标题通常是驱动也从一个或多个中间轴心。已经建了一些长隧道与援助的一个小飞行员隧道驱动平行于主要隧道,跟它相连的crosscuts间隔的时间。飞行员不仅提供附加分隧道的访问,也是一种路线为消除粪和通风管道和排水线。
另一种方法是heading-and-bench系统,以前用于大多数的大型隧道,因为它需要允许少量的粉末及同步钻井等特点的挖出物料(去除),上部的隧道是驱动下部的前面称为a分开的机组人员在板凳上,而可以在较低的部份优胜劣汰的隧道而上部正在操练。
改进方法和机械掘进中,正面攻击的方法,以前只用于小型隧道、进常用在建造大型的部分。这变化所带来的巨无霸,一种可移动平台,众多的凿岩安装。通过这种装置,有很大一部分隧道的脸可以钻在同一时间,正面方法成为最常见、最快的方式,开一条隧道。
Ⅶ 道路工程专业英语第二版Text1Civil Engineering翻译
土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。
土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。
土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。
领域。因为包含范围太广,土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候,土木工程师要对场地进行测绘,定位有用的布置,如地下水水位,下水道,和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响,包括对空气和地下水的可能污染,对当地动植物生活的影响,以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时,结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划,设计和说明。从项目开始到结束,对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息,施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费,所有工作的进度表,订购工作所需要的材料和设备,雇佣承包商和分包商,还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。
贯穿任何给定项目,土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件(即计算机辅助设计,或者CAD)并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品,因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。
结构工程学。在这一专业领域,土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构,包括桥梁,大坝,发电厂,设备支撑,海面上的特殊结构,美国太空计划,发射塔,庞大的天文和无线电望远镜,以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力:自重,风荷载和飓风荷载,建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩,以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋,混凝土,塑料,石头,沥青,砖,铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。
水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害,提供城市用水和灌溉用水,管理控制河流和水流物,维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外,他们设计和维护海港,运河与水闸,建造大型水利大坝与小型坝,以及各种类型的围堰,帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。
岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降,并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。
环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中,土木工程师设计,建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水,同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计,建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂,设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外,工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。
交通工程学。从事这一专业领域的土木工程师建造可以确保人和货物安全高效运行的设施。他们专门研究各种类型运输设施的设计和维护,如公路和街道,公共交通系统,铁路和飞机场,港口和海港。交通工程师应用技术知识及考虑经济,政治和社会因素来设计每一个项目。他们的工作和城市规划者十分相似,因为交通运输系统的质量直接关系到社区的质量。
渠道工程学。在土木工程学的这一支链中,土木工程师建造渠道和运送从煤泥浆(混合的煤和水)和半流体废污,到水、石油和多种类型的高度可燃和不可燃的气体中分离出来的液体,气体和固体的相关设备。工程师决定渠道的设计,项目所处地区必须考虑到的经济性和环境因素,以及所使用材料的类型——钢、混凝土、塑料、或多种材料的复合——的安装技术,测试渠道强度的方法,和控制所运送流体材料保持适当的压力和流速。当流体中携带危险材料时,安全性因素也需要被考虑。
建筑工程学。土木工程师在这个领域中从开始到结束监督项目的建筑。他们,有时被称为项目工程师,应用技术和管理技能,包括建筑工艺,规划,组织,财务,和操作项目建设的知识。事实上,他们协调工程中每个人的活动:测量员,布置和建造临时道路和斜坡,开挖基础,支模板和浇注混凝土的工人,以及钢筋工人。这些工程师也向结构的业主提供进度计划报告。
社区和城市规划。从事土木工程这一方面的工程师可能规划和发展一个城市中的社区,或整个城市。此规划中所包括的远远不仅仅为工程因素,土地的开发使用和自然资源环境的,社会的和经济的因素也是主要的成分。这些土木工程师对公共建设工程的规划和私人建筑的发展进行协调。他们评估所需的设施,包括街道,公路,公共运输系统,机场,港口,给排水和污水处理系统,公共建筑,公园,和娱乐及其他设施以保证社会,经济和环境地协调发展。
摄影测量,测量学和地图绘制。在这一专业领域的土木工程师精确测量地球表面以获得可靠的信息来定位和设计工程项目。这一 方面包括高工艺学方法,如卫星成相,航拍,和计算机成相。来自人造卫星的无线电信号,通过激光和音波柱扫描被转换为地图,为隧道钻孔,建造高速公路和大坝,绘制洪水控制和灌溉方案,定位可能影响建筑项目的地下岩石构成,以及许多其他建筑用途提供更精准的测量