牛假狂犬病英语怎么说及英文翻译

『壹』 急需一篇关于医学检验方面的专业医语的文章和中文翻译

Immunology is the graate student object resist original material immunity should answer and its method of living creature- medical science science.Immunity should the answer is the reaction that the machine body resists the original incitement, also is resist the original material to carry on identifying and expeling of a kind of biology process.
As early as more than 1000 year agos, the people discovered the immunity phenomenon, and develop the immunity prevention toward the infectious disease from here.The Chinese invented to use the person first the 痘痂 skin inoculates with the prevention smallpox, and at 15 centuries in the in the late Ming Dynasty 隆 celebrates the year have to compare to improve greatly, and get the extensive application.Afterwards, this great invention spreads Japan North Korea, Russia, Turkey and many nations of British etc..Empress British doctor the piano 纳 studies to use the method that the cowpox germ prevent°froms the smallpox on these grounds, developping the vast foreground to the prevention of the infectious disease for the immunology.The whole world ability exterminates the smallpox in the end of 70's in 20 centuries, connecting to get smallpox vaccination the germ to develop the huge function.

End of 19 centuries, the French chemist, the microbiology a 巴斯 is virtuous in study the person and the infectious disease of the animal, analyzed the immunity phenomenon.Combine to inspire in the piano 纳 under, he invents to use to rece the poisonous anthrax rod bacteria seedling stub to make into the vaccine, the anthrax disease of the prevention animal;Use to rece the poisonous stub of poisonous rabies to make into the vaccine, prevent°from the mankind's rabies.

A zoologist of 著 plum 契 尼 section man is after long-term research insect gobble up the phenomenon of the foreign body with the animal cell, pointing out the white cell and liver, the 脾 organizations in the bodies in 1883 in of gobble up the cell to have to gobble up and digest the ability of the germs.German bacteriology house, immunology house shell the wood discovers that the immunity has the antitoxin of the anti- diphtheria toxin in the serum in 1890, Japanese bacteriology house north in firewood three the 郎s also discover the anti- tetanus infection the antitoxin of the toxin, two people common research serum therapy success, to the treatment diphtheria and tetanus infection the sufferer obtains the good result.

From now on, the people start inquiry into the immunity mechanism, seeing the neutralization that the cell gobbles up the function and antitoxin is the basis of the particularity immunity, and open the exhibition cell immunity and the body fluid immunity two universitieses to send graally of contend for the 鸣 .

The leader of the cell immunity school of thought is the plum 契 尼 section man, the leader of the body fluid immunity school of thought is a 埃 of German bacteriology 尔 benefit rare.The benefit of 埃尔 is rare to use the biochemistry method research immunity phenomenon, being the foundation with the protein chemistry and the sugar chemistry especially, the study antigen and essence and its interactions of the antibody, put forward the side chain theory of the antibody formation in 1896, this ory is down to date to still have the actual meaning.Two universities send of contend for 鸣's promoting immunology develop.

To the 60's in 20 centuries, have already attained the level of the molecular biology to the research of the body fluid immunity, have already made the member structure and functions of the pure antibody.At the same time, also made the obvious progress to the research of the cell immunity, think that the small lymphoid cell is to be placed in the decrepitude in the past eventually in last phase, but already affirmative it is the lymphoid cell that a major type of the immune system has the immunity activity now, rising to emphasize to want the function in develop the immunity function.

Henceforth the people further clarified the structure of the small lymphoid cell, and the occurrence of the indivial and divide the process, especially at miscellaneous handed over the lump technique to obtain the achievement of the breakthrough, this not only enriched the knowledge of the general cytology, and for acquire the single gram 隆 antibody or lay the quality material to develop a new road.

Many scholars still notice:When the cause microorganism invade, the machine body can acquire the particularity immunity on the other hand, on the other hand also will appear the machine body immunity to injure.Since the late hair style that a section of German bacteriology 赫 research tubercle rod bacteria cause changed the reaction of 态 , the people discover graally not only germs and its outcomes can cause the machine body immunity to injure, connect the different race serum egg white even many easy chemistry materials enter the machine body again, also will make the machine body the organization encounters the breakage.

Middle of 20 centuries, transplant along with the organization organ of open the exhibition, to transplant the thing to reject, the immunity bear to is repress by sex, immunity, immunity blemish, oneself immunity, the tumor immunity etc. carried on the thorough research, the important meaning that know that the thymus gland, the method surname bag and spleens are in the machine body immunity function, know past the unilateral that the immunity process limits at the anti- infection immunity, also know immunity should answer is since can defendoof infect and protect the machine body and can result in immunity injure and cause a biology process of paroxysm again.Also is to say, immunity is the living creature body to everything not the personal member carries on identify with expel of process, is to maintain a physiology of machine to respond, is the machine body identifies by one's own of a kind of widespread biology phenomenon.

The modern immunology think that the immunity function of the machine body is to resist the original incitement of should answer, but immunity should the answer express again identifies the oneself and expels for the immune system not personal of ability.The immunity function identifies to proce result according to the immunity.This kind of function has mostly:Outward the immunity defense of the source foreign body( is mainly the contagion factor);Do away with the immunity of decline or hurt cell, to keep the oneself stability;Cancellation mutation the immunity surveillance of the cell.

Only the immune system develops the homologous function and keeps the opposite balance under the condition of normal, the machine body then can maintain the existence.If the immunity function take place unusually, by all means cause the machine body balance maladjustment, appear the immunity pathology variety.

The immune system identifies in the process of exertive immunity function is an important premise.The whole living creatures all have this kind of ability.The unicellular living creature has the food of distinguish, invades the microorganism only and oneself the cell composition etc. the low class identifies the function.The machine body immune system of the vertebrates is graally perfect, not only having the immunity organ anding the immunity cells of the integrity, and living cell of immunity canning but also procing the particularity antibody and the factor of 琳巴s, identifying the oneself thus and accurately, expeling the foreign body to attain the machine body inside the opposite stability of the environment, this all has the great significance towards protecting the oneself and continuing the race and living creatures evolutions.Full development of the immune system of high etc. living creature, it to inside various antigen foreign body of the outside environment stimulate since express a diverse sex and adaptabilities, and then express a particularity and recall sex, this to living creature of evolution process, living creature grow the existence and orientations of the department to have the important influence.

New China was established, the immunology has already very greatly have to make progress in the application on the medical science.The living creature of the prevention and cure infectious disease procts to not only satisfy the local demand, but also support a little bit other nations.The new vaccine,such as chemistry vaccine, B a hepatitis vaccine...etc., that recent years research to manufacture, have already neared to advanced level in world.China has already exterminated the smallpox, and exterminate and control the human life plague and true sex choleras basically, waiting the violent infectious disease.The spinal cord ash quality 炎 , measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus infection...etc. outbreak rate of the familiar infectious disease has already lowered consumedly.

The modern immunology develops the theories system of become the current oneself graally and has independent course of special research method again.It provided some new meanses for the research of the biology.

As early as the beginning of 20 centuries, the people have already made use of the immunology to distinguish analyse the mankind's blood type.The plant classification learn very early application the method of the immunology.Also adopted the immunology technique while study the toxin of the plant and animal.For example,1889-1890 years, the people studies the diphtheria toxin and the tetanus infection toxins with the immunology technique, using it again later on to study the plant toxin, such as the castor toxin, the croton toxin and snake poison, spider poison within the animal toxins.Moreover, the people make use of to precipitate to respond to discriminate the blood stain of the animal early very much.Some new techniques that recent years develop, such as project the immunity, the immunity fluorescence and the 酶 immunity etc., all provided the practical research means for the biology.

Say from the substance, modern immunology however is a branch of the living creature- medical science.But, along with the technical development of science, it sends to living a many independent branch course again, for example, with the modern biology germane member immunology, the immunity biology and the immunity geneticses, learn with germane immunity hematology, the immunity pharmacology of medical science, immunity pathology, grow the immunology and transplant the immunology, tumor immunology, anti- infection immunology, clinical immunology etc..

Now, have already attained the cell level and the member levels to the research of the immunology, the people are work hard the basic physiology regulation of the study living creature- immunity of oneself stability mechanism.Many important problems within medical science, respond such as the oneself immunity, super 敏 , tumor immunity, transplant the immunity, the immunity heredity...etc., will get necessarily better resolve.

免疫学是研究生物体对抗原物质免疫应答性及其方法的生物-医学科学。免疫应答是机体对抗原刺激的反应，也是对抗原物质进行识别和排除的一种生物学过程。
早在1000多年前，人们就发现了免疫现象，并由此发展起来对传染病的免疫预防。中国人首先发明了用人痘痂皮接种以预防天花，并且在十五世纪中后期的明朝隆庆年间有较大改进，并得到广泛的应用。后来，这一伟大发明传播到日本朝鲜、俄国、土耳其和英国等许多国家。后英国医生琴纳据此研究出用牛痘菌预防天花的方法，为免疫学对传染病的预防开辟了广阔的前景。全世界能在20世纪70年代末消灭天花，接种牛痘菌发挥了巨大作用。

19世纪末，法国化学家、微生物学家巴斯德于研究人和动物的传染病时，分析了免疫现象。并在琴纳的启发下，他发明用减毒炭疽杆菌苗株制成疫苗，预防动物的炭疽病；用减毒狂犬病毒株制成疫苗，预防人类的狂犬病。

著名动物学家梅契尼科夫在长期研究昆虫和动物细胞吞噬异物的现象后，于1883年指出体内的白细胞和肝、脾组织中的吞噬细胞具有吞噬和消化细菌的能力。德国细菌学家、免疫学家贝林于1890年发现免疫血清中有抗白喉毒素的抗毒素存在，日本细菌学家北里柴三郎也发现抗破伤风毒素的抗毒素，两人共同研究血清疗法成功，对治疗白喉和破伤风患者取得良好效果。

从此，人们开始探讨免疫机制，把细胞的吞噬作用和抗毒素的中和作用看成是特异性免疫的根据，并逐步开展细胞免疫和体液免疫两大学派的争鸣。

细胞免疫学派的首领是梅契尼科夫，体液免疫学派的首领是德国细菌学家埃尔利希。埃尔利希用生物化学方法研究免疫现象，特别是以蛋白质化学和糖化学作为基础，探讨抗原和抗体的本质及其相互作用，于1896年提出抗体形成的侧链学说，这一学说直到今天还具有实际意义。两大学派的争鸣促进了免疫学的发展。

到20世纪60年代，对体液免疫的研究已经达到分子生物学的水平，已经弄清抗体的分子结构和功能。同时，对细胞免疫的研究也取得了明显的进展，过去认为小淋巴细胞是处于衰老终末期，而现在已肯定它是免疫系统的一大类具有免疫活性的淋巴细胞，在发挥免疫功能中起着重要作用。

此后人们进一步阐明了小淋巴细胞的结构，以及个体的发生和分化过程，特别是在杂交瘤技术方面取得了突破性的成就，这不仅丰富了一般细胞学的知识，而且为获得单克隆抗体或介质物质开辟了一条新的道路。

许多学者还注意到：当病原微生物入侵的时候，机体一方面能够获得特异性免疫，另一方面也会出现机体免疫损害。自从德国细菌学家科赫研究结核杆菌所引起的迟发型变态反应以来，人们逐步发现不仅细菌及其产物可以引起机体免疫损害，就连异种血清蛋白甚至许多很简单的化学物质再次进入机体，也会使机体组织遭到破坏。

20世纪中期，随着组织器官移植的开展，对移植物排斥、免疫耐受性、免疫抑制、免疫缺陷、自身免疫、肿瘤免疫等进行了深入的研究，认识到胸腺、法氏囊和脾脏在机体免疫功能中的重要意义，认识到过去把免疫过程局限于抗传染免疫的片面性，也认识到免疫应答是既可防御传染和保护机体、又可造成免疫损害和引起疾病的一个生物学过程。也就是说，免疫是生物体对一切非己分子进行识别与排除的过程，是维持机体相对稳定的一种生理反应，是机体自我识别的一种普遍生物学现象。

现代免疫学认为，机体的免疫功能是对抗原刺激的应答，而免疫应答又表现为免疫系统识别自己和排除非己的能力。免疫功能根据免疫识别发挥作用。这种功能大致有：对外源性异物(主要是传染性因子)的免疫防御；去除衰退或损伤细胞的免疫，以保持自身稳定；消除突变细胞的免疫监视。

只有免疫系统在正常条件下发挥相应的作用和保持相对的平衡，机体才能维持生存。如果免疫功能发生异常，必然导致机体平衡失调，出现免疫病理变化。

免疫系统在发挥免疫功能的过程中，识别是个重要的前提。一切生物都具有这种能力。单细胞生物只具有分辨食物、入侵微生物和本身细胞成分等低级的识别功能。脊椎动物的机体免疫系统逐渐完善，不仅具有完整的免疫器官和免疫细胞，而且免疫活性细胞还能产生特异性抗体和琳巴因子，从而准确地识别自己，排除异物以达到机体内环境的相对稳定，这对保护自己、延续种族和生物进化都有重大意义。高等生物的免疫系统充分发展，它对内外环境的各种抗原异物刺激既表现出多样性和适应性，又表现出特异性和回忆性，这对生物的进化过程、生物种系的生存和适应具有重大影响。

新中国成立以来，免疫学在医学上的应用已经有了很大进展。防治传染病的生物制品不仅满足国内的需要，而且支援其他一些国家。近年研制的新疫苗如化学疫苗、乙型肝炎疫苗等，已经接近世界先进水平。中国已经消灭天花，并且基本上消灭和控制了人间鼠疫和真性霍乱，等烈性传染病。脊髓灰质炎、麻疹、白喉、百日咳、破伤风等常见传染病的发病率已经大大降低。

现代免疫学逐步发展成为既有自身的理论体系、又有特殊研究方法的独立学科。它为生物学的研究提供了一些新的手段。

早在20世纪初，人们已经利用免疫学来区分人类的血型。植物分类学很早就应用免疫学的方法。在研究植物和动物的毒素时也采用了免疫学技术。例如，1889～1890年，人们用免疫学技术研究白喉毒素和破伤风毒素，随后又用它来研究植物毒素，如蓖麻毒素、巴豆毒素和动物毒素中的蛇毒、蜘蛛毒。另外，人们很早就利用沉淀反应鉴别动物的血迹。近年发展起来的一些新技术，如放射免疫、免疫荧光和酶免疫等，都为生物学提供了实用的研究手段。

从实质上说，现代免疫学不过是生物-医学的一个分支。但是，随着科学技术的发展，它本身又派生出许多独立的分支学科，例如，与现代生物学有密切关系的分子免疫学、免疫生物学和免疫遗传学，与医学有密切关系的免疫血液学、免疫药理学、免疫病理学、生殖免疫学、移植免疫学、肿瘤免疫学、抗感染免疫学、临床免疫学等。

现在，对免疫学的研究已经达到细胞水平和分子水平，人们正在努力探讨生物的基本生理规律——免疫的自身稳定机制。医学中的许多重要问题，如自身免疫、超敏反应、肿瘤免疫、移植免疫、免疫遗传等，必将得到更好的解决。

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『贰』 能把英语泛读教程第四册的第十单元text 1课文翻译发我下不上海外语教育出版社出版的,跪求啊，谢谢啦

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您要的英语泛读教程第四册的第十单元text 1课文翻译如下：

尸检和弦乐
安尼塔·昆茨
是什么最终导致了莫扎特的早逝？他死了数百年后，在马里兰州召开了一次不同寻常的临床病理学会议，以诊断这位天才的死因，会上，费思· 菲茨杰拉德教授提出了其独到的诊断意见。这次会议如何不同寻常？菲茨杰拉德教授又是如何进行尸检的？下面的文章将会澄清这些疑团。

在马里兰州立大学戴威基大厅里的砖铺地面上，一位著名的医学教授正准备进行一次最为不同寻常的尸检。虽然两百多年来，这座前后座椅间坡度很大的带圆顶的圆形剧场举办了各种医学讲座及演示，今天提供的 内容却不同一般，因为根本见不到死者的遗体。尸解结束时，一个弦乐四重奏乐队将奉献十八世纪的音乐节目。这儿正在举行的是该校第六次历史临床病理学年会。每年，该大学的医学院会邀请一位医生就一些历史人物——从艾德加·爱伦·坡到亚历山大大帝——所患的神秘疾病作出诊断。今年的病人是一位三十五岁的男性，患病两周后死于维也纳。他的遗体被安葬在一个普通的墓地里，但他那才华横溢的音乐至今仍在世界各地的音乐厅中回荡。
费思·菲茨杰拉德是内科医生，加利福尼亚大学戴维斯医学院教授。她首先提出：“当一些杰出人物死于普通疾病时，我们就会感到不安。”她的开场白给那些急于解释随后的研究的人提了个醒。当事人当时正处于创作的颠峰期，且那一阵健康状况很好，突然一病不起，发高烧、头疼、盗汗、手脚浮肿。几天之内，浮肿就扩散到了身体各处——也就是我们所说的全身性水肿。这位受害者卧病在床，胸部和腹部还出了疹子。病了一周时间之后，他诉说全身疼痛，遭受了阵阵呕吐和痢疾的折磨。他神智仍一直清醒和警觉，但到1791年12月4日晚，出现谵妄症状，陷入昏迷，午夜过后便病逝。
费思·菲茨杰拉德解释说，围绕着这一特殊病历的争议，是因为死者名人身份：沃尔夫冈·阿马戴乌斯·莫扎特的去世“一点儿都不会神秘至今，如果那个十二月的晚上死去的是沃尔夫冈·阿马戴乌斯·穆勒的话。”此后，被名人效应左右的医生们归结了一百多种使莫扎特死亡的病因。菲茨杰拉德指出，“这些[诊断]的每一种，争论时的热情要远大于对数据的关注。”“当然，莫扎特死于梅毒，死因怎么说都行——因为每个伟人都死于梅毒。”
曾给生病的作曲家看病的医生们同样也帮不上什么忙。他们的救助方法就是放血或用冷敷布降温。当时没有对尸体进行尸检。康奈尔大学音乐理论家尼尔·扎斯罗简述了莫扎特生平，据他所说，莫扎特死亡与安葬时，两座教堂载明的死因都是“严重的粟疹热”，在当时这是对出现籽状疹症候群的一种通用描述。报纸上登载的关于其死亡的诊断则有声有色，不怀好意，认为是一种有毒的性病，还有心脏浮肿——这在十八世纪用来指体液潴留及严重水肿。

甚至一些在莫扎特小时侯给他检查过身体、颇有学识的人士，对他最终的死因也形成自己的看法。扎斯罗说，“他们认为，每个个体生来就存储有限的生命要素，当这种生命要素以他们认为的在年轻的莫扎特体内的强度消耗时，这种要素就可能提前耗尽，导致早逝。”

就这样，过多的想象以及时间的流逝，使悲剧演变成一个亟待解决的医学之谜。对于该医学院副院长菲利普·迈考威艾克来说，这正是他所感兴趣的材料。六年前，他在一本马里兰州的历史杂志上读到一篇关于艾德加·爱伦·坡临终情况的叙述，然后便发起组织了这个会议。他雇了一个演员扮演坡，还邀请他的同事迈克尔·本尼特斯重新审查这位作家的病史。 用选自坡所著的故事《黑猫》中的一段独白，恰如其分地最终得出诊断结果：死于狂犬病。死于狂犬病的说法吸引了相当多的注意力，以致成为电视益智问答节目《危险》中的一个问题。

从那以后，参加会议的人探讨过亚历山大大帝、贝多芬以及雅典军事和政治领袖培里克利斯的死因。到目前为止，迈考威艾克的医学同行们所作出的诊断 ，要是不算平庸的话 ，也是比较常见的——这使得会议不仅有趣，而且对于与会的受训医生来说也很实用。医学博士保罗·萨赫戴夫正在传染病研究领域接受最后一年培训，他说，给历史人物会诊过程中体现一种 彻底性，而当前临床实践有时就缺乏这一点。“一旦你过了见习期及住院实习期，你就容易不假思索地作出一些诊断，而不仔细考虑所有的可能性。”

萨赫戴夫说，通过没有现代科技帮助的一个病例考察另一种医疗工作，也具有启发性。在莫扎特这个例子中，最显著的病症——全身水肿一般有三个成因：肝脏疾病、肾脏疾病以及充血性心力衰竭。没有现代的实验技术，菲茨杰拉德必须运用演绎推理。她第一步是排除肝脏疾病，因为并没有出现黄疸症状。
一些医学史家曾暗示是肾脏疾病，因为莫扎特的耳朵有些畸形。耳朵和肾脏几乎在人类胚胎阶段同时发育；因此，畸形的耳朵也可以表明肾脏有问题。但是菲茨杰拉德说，莫扎特并没有肾脏机能不良的病史。而且，严重的肾脏病在发病过程中产生谵妄症状时间要早。

因此，最后菲茨杰拉德转向了充血性心力衰竭。如果心脏不能泵压足够的血液通过肾脏以排出存在于体液中的盐分，也可能会导致全身水肿。用戴威基大厅配备的听诊器，在场的任何一位听众都会很容易确诊心脏疾病。“不幸的是，”菲茨杰拉德说，“在莫扎特死后二十五六年 才发明听诊检查。而且也没有记录表明，他的医生曾经把耳朵贴在胸部听心跳。如果我真得面对一个出疹、发烧、盗汗、浮肿的家伙，我大概也不会想要把耳朵靠在他的胸部。”
但是，菲茨杰拉德注意到，据说在莫扎特去世时，维也纳正遭受一场流行性风湿热的侵扰。风湿热的形成是由于某种细菌入侵诱发免疫系统产生抗体。抗体袭击细菌，但它们也可能会袭击体质虚弱的寄主的心脏、皮肤、关节和大脑。菲茨杰拉德指出，这种反会引发产生在莫扎特身上的其它病症，也会导致充血性心力衰竭。风湿热对神经系统造成的后果舞蹈病，可以用来解释莫扎特临终时的谵妄症状，也可以解释其令人困惑的性格变化——在去世前几天， 这种变化导致他把自己最宠爱的金丝雀从病房中赶了出去。

她说：“人们可以说那场流行病对他的死因并不重要，那只是巧合而已。但我认为，要是对此不加以考虑，则有些自大。”菲茨杰拉德运用奥卡姆剃刀原则——即对某一现象最简单的解释可能性最大——作出了诊断：由风湿热引起的充血性心力衰竭。
听众们显得平静，而且深感满意，就好象沉浸在对一位亡友的颂扬之中。人们分发着三明治，弦乐四重奏乐队正在做演出准备，当第一个音符奏响的时候，沃尔夫冈·阿马戴乌斯·莫扎特又重获生命。

希望能帮到您。
望采纳，谢谢！