断口形状英语怎么说及英文翻译

① 【悬赏50分】求碧玺的英文简介

Today, gem and specimen tourmaline is mined chiefly in Brazil and Africa. Some placer material suitable for gem use comes from Sri Lanka. Some fine gem and specimen material has been proced in the US, with the first discoveries having been made in 1822, in the state of Maine. California became a large procer of tourmaline in the early 1900s. The Maine deposits tend to proce crystals in raspberry pink-red as well as minty greens. The California deposits are known for bright pinks, as well as interesting bicolors. During the early 1900s, Maine and California were the worlds largest procers of gem tourmalines. The Empress Dowager Tz'u Hsi, the last Empress of China, loved pink tourmaline and bought large quantities for gemstones and carvings from the then new Himalaya Mine, located in San Diego County, California. [4]

Almost every color of tourmaline can be found in Brazil, especially in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. In 1989, miners discovered a unique and brightly colored variety of tourmaline in the state of Paraíba. The new type of tourmaline, which soon became known as paraiba tourmaline, came in unusually vivid blues and greens. These colors were often described as "neon" since they appeared to glow. Brazilian paraiba tourmaline is usually heavily included. Much of the paraiba tourmaline from Brazil actually comes from the neighboring state of Rio Grande do Norte. Material from Rio Grande do Norte is often somewhat less intense in color, but many fine gems are found there. It was determined that the element copper was important in the coloration of the stone. The demand and excitement for this new material, which has fetched more than $50,000 per carat, earned more respect for the other colors of tourmaline. In the late 90s, copper-containing tourmaline was found in Nigeria. The material was generally paler and less saturated than the Brazilian materials, although the material generally was much less included. A more recent African discovery from Mozambique has also proced beautiful tourmaline colored by copper, similar to the Brazilian paraiba. While its colors are somewhat less bright than top Brazilian material, Mozambique paraiba is often less included and has been found in larger sizes. The Mozambique paraiba material usually is more intensely colored than the Nigerian. There is a significant overlap in color and clarity with Mozambique paraiba and Brazilian paraiba, especially with the material from Rio Grande do Norte. While less expensive than top quality Brazilian paraiba, some Mozambique material sells for well over $5,000 per carat, which still is extremely high compared to other tourmalines.
Tourmaline mineral (~ 10 cm tall)Another unique variety that is also highly valued is chrome tourmaline, a rare type of dravite tourmaline from Tanzania which occurs in a very rich green color caused by chromium, the same element which causes the green in emerald. Of the standard Elte colors, generally blue indicolite gems are the most expensive, followed by green verdelite and pink to red rubellite. There are also yellow tourmalines, sometimes known as canary tourmaline. Ironically the rarest variety, colorless achroite, is not appreciated and is the least expensive of the transparent tourmalines. In addition to Brazil, significant amounts of tourmaline are also mined in Tanzania, Nigeria, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, and Malawi.[5]

Some tourmaline gems, especially pink to red colored stones, are altered by irradiation to improve their color. Irradiation is almost impossible to detect in tourmalines, and does not impact the value. Heavily-included tourmalines, such as rubellite and Brazilian paraiba are sometimes clarity enhanced, which must be disclosed to the buyer. A clarity-enhanced tourmaline (especially paraiba) is worth much less than a non-treated gem。

② 英语silky skin怎么翻译

silky skin可以翻译成“柔滑的肌肤”。

重点单词：silky：英[ˈsɪlki]美[ˈsɪlki]

• adj. 丝制的，丝绸的；丝绸一样的，柔软光洁的；（声音）柔和的，轻柔的；（食物）口感软滑的；（行动）平稳的，流畅的

• adv. 光洁地，光滑地

词性变换： 比较级 silkier或more silky； 最高级 silkiest或most silky 。

相关短语：

Silky fowl乌骨鸡 ; 竹丝鸡 ; 乌鸡 ; 武山鸡

silky fracture[冶]丝光断口 ; 绢状破面 ; 丝状断口 ; 丝状断裂面

silky heart堀江由衣 ; 柔弱少女心 ; 丝般的心 ; 柔滑的心脏

双语例句：

Use everywhere - onhands,overroughheelsandelbowareas-forsilkyskinthat neverfeelsgreasy. Apply whenever you need torestoreskinto a glowing, healthy look and velvet-smooth vitality.

手，结束粗糙的脚后跟和手肘区域上，使肌肤如丝般柔滑而不曾觉得油腻。

Leavesyourskinsoft andsilkyfrom headto toe.

从头到脚，使你的皮肤柔滑。

③ 嘻嘻，小馒头继续发问英语翻译（请继续关注我）

2 。裂纹闭合模型
埃尔伯在1968年讨论了一些他的意见表明，裂纹闭合由于干扰对方的表面，可能会发生，即使在拉伸负荷周期的一部分。这一观察
导致的定义，一个新的推动力，裂纹扩展，将帐户的开放负荷高于最低负荷周期：

△ Keff = Kmax - Kopen （ 1 ）
基本的假设是僵硬的裂纹表面之间的接触，因此，对K “ Kopen裂纹尖端完全屏蔽。从实验的角度来看， Kopen是确定的偏差的线性负载与开放曲线（例如，见[ 43 ] 。 ）
预计接触表面的裂缝，主要是有关残余塑性变形（塑性诱发裂纹闭合，中保）在稳定状态（双） FCG制度，同时门槛关闭主要涉及微观结构粗糙的断口（粗糙度诱发裂纹闭合， RICC ）或氧化层（氧化物诱发裂纹闭合，伊斯兰国家首都和城市） ，可能发展的断裂面。不管怎么说，发生关闭，由于这种机制导致一些批评假设一个刚性的完整联系裂纹表面（ 44 ） ：
●疲劳裂纹表面不得干涉在很尖，但只能在一定距离落后;
●伊斯兰国家首都和城市几乎可以援引平面应变条件下，因为是比较有限的可塑性比平面应力，因此，很少有贴了材料的表面裂纹;
●裂纹闭合裂纹面对由于干扰，可能会发生的粗糙，氧化层等，但这些捐款裂纹尖端应力通常是小，重要的不仅在门槛区域。

如果认为不是相容打击后（ 44岁）之间的荷载传递裂纹面临逐步因此是一个地方株的贡献甚至低于Kopen
这就是说，价值Kopen ，并反过来对△ Keff不能简单地确定点偏离线性负载位移曲线。

④ 硫化铁的英文是啥

FeS2读作“二硫化亚铁”而不是“二硫化铁”，它的化合价只是一个平均值，而不是单个电子的得失数目，类似的还有“硫代硫酸钠Na2S2O3”，看上去好像硫的化合价是＋2，但是实际上一个硫＋6，一个硫原子－2。
它的结构可以认为是这样的：一个铁失去两个电子，每个硫得到一个电子，两个硫原子以一个共价键（即一个共用电子对）相连；亚铁离子再与两个硫原子形成的阴离子结合起来．每个铁原子失去了两个电子，化合价就为+2价；两个硫原子共得两个电子，平均每个硫原子得一个电子，硫的化合价就为-1价．以上对它的结构的说法是一种不严密的说法．实际上硫与铁的结合有很大的共价成分．
即在黄铁矿的晶体中存在着以下的结构：
Fe-S－S-Fe-S-S-Fe-S-S-...
在初中，一般就不考虑这点而采用以上的说法．
另外对黄铜矿：CuFeS2,可读成”硫化亚铁铜”

硫化亚铁Ferrous sulfide
硫化铁Ferric sulfide
硫酸亚铁 ferrous sulfate
黄铁矿Pyrite
Fool's gold 愚人金(还是黄铁矿FeS2，我在下面这个“材料科学专业英语词汇(F)”)的网站找到了它的对应翻译。
http://www.51ecation.net/Article/HTML/3680.html

其他含铁矿物的成分如下：
赤铁矿（主要成分是Fe2O3）
磁铁矿（主要成分是Fe3O4）
褐铁矿（主要成分是Fe2O3·3H2O）
菱铁矿（主要成分是FeCO3）
黄铁矿（主要成分是FeS2）
钛铁矿（主要成分是FeTiO3）