观点论证型英语四级范文
英语四级作文模板
一、问题解决型
其基本结构是：首先引出要解决的问题及其严重性或必要性，并简要分析其产生的原因；然后提出解决问题的办法或措施；最后表明自己态度，提出建议并展望前景。
结构模板
1 Nowadays it is generally accepted that 总述问题.②表现一.③表现二.
④ There are many reasons accounting for 该问题./Special attention should be paid to the face that 该问题 is bringing great damage.⑤On one hand/For one thing,原因一/危害一.⑥On the other hand/For another,原因二/危害二.⑦Therefore, it is high time that 解决该问题.
⑧Many a way can be adopted to 解决该问题./Many a factor plays an important role in 解决该问题.⑨Firstly/first of all,方法一/因素一.⑩Secondly/In addition,方法二/因素二. 11 Thirdly/Besides/Moreover,方法三/因素三.12 Only through these ways/Only in this way 该问题才能够解决.
最后一段还可以用以下模板：
It is no doubt that 解决该问题的意义.As for me, 我的建议或看法.In a word,总结观点.
或可用
As for me,/As for I am concerned, 我的建议或看法.我的理由一.Besides/In addition, 我的理由二.In a ward,总结观点.
二、对比选择型
结构模板一：
When it comes to 事物或问题, there is no complete agreement among people. Some people take it for granted that 一种观点.However , others maintain that 另一种观点.
Those people who hold the former opinion believe 观点一理由一. In addition , 观点一理由二. Therefore , 总结观点一.
However, still others advocate the latter opinion because they hold 观点二理由一. Besides, they argue that 观点二理由二.So, 总结观点二.
Weighing up there two arguments, 我的看法.For one ting , 个人看法的依据一. For another , 个人看法依据二. Taking above-mentioned factors into consideration , we / I may reasonably conclude that 重申观点.
结构模板二：
Different people have different views on 看法或问题.Some prefer 一种看法或观点. Others tend to 另一种的看法或观点.As to me, I agree to the first / second opinion.
Of course, 我不赞同观点的合理性. For example, 支持其合理性的理由.But in my opinion ,我赞同观点的不足.The following reasons can account for my argument.
Firstly, 支持观点的理由一. A good example to illustrate is 支持观点的理由一的例子. In addition / Moreover / What’s more, 支持观点的理由二. To conclude / From the foregoing , 重申观点.
三、观点论证型
It is well known that 论点.The truth is deep and profound . / The truth of it is self-evident. 正确性表现. 总结论点.
Many remarkable factors / reasons contribute to this argument. First of all , 论据一.What’s more / Moreover , 论据二. For example , 支持论据二的事例. In addition / Besides , 论据三.
All mentioned above tell us that 重申观点 . There is no denying that 正确态度或做法. In short , 总结全文.
英语四级作文模板
一、问题解决型
其基本结构是：首先引出要解决的问题及其严重性或必要性，并简要分析其产生的原因；然后提出解决问题的办法或措施；最后表明自己态度，提出建议并展望前景。
结构模板
1 Nowadays it is generally accepted that 总述问题.②表现一.③表现二.
④ There are many reasons accounting for 该问题./Special attention should be paid to the face that 该问题 is bringing great damage.⑤On one hand/For one thing,原因一/危害一.⑥On the other hand/For another,原因二/危害二.⑦Therefore, it is high time that 解决该问题.
⑧Many a way can be adopted to 解决该问题./Many a factor plays an important role in 解决该问题.⑨Firstly/first of all,方法一/因素一.⑩Secondly/In addition,方法二/因素二. 11 Thirdly/Besides/Moreover,方法三/因素三.12 Only through these ways/Only in this way 该问题才能够解决.
最后一段还可以用以下模板：
It is no doubt that 解决该问题的意义.As for me, 我的建议或看法.In a word,总结观点.
或可用
As for me,/As for I am concerned, 我的建议或看法.我的理由一.Besides/In addition, 我的理由二.In a ward,总结观点.
二、对比选择型
结构模板一：
When it comes to 事物或问题, there is no complete agreement among people. Some people take it for granted that 一种观点.However , others maintain that 另一种观点.
Those people who hold the former opinion believe 观点一理由一. In addition , 观点一理由二. Therefore , 总结观点一.
However, still others advocate the latter opinion because they hold 观点二理由一. Besides, they argue that 观点二理由二.So, 总结观点二.
Weighing up there two arguments, 我的看法.For one ting , 个人看法的依据一. For another , 个人看法依据二. Taking above-mentioned factors into consideration , we / I may reasonably conclude that 重申观点.
结构模板二：
Different people have different views on 看法或问题.Some prefer 一种看法或观点. Others tend to 另一种的看法或观点.As to me, I agree to the first / second opinion.
Of course, 我不赞同观点的合理性. For example, 支持其合理性的理由.But in my opinion ,我赞同观点的不足.The following reasons can account for my argument.
Firstly, 支持观点的理由一. A good example to illustrate is 支持观点的理由一的例子. In addition / Moreover / What’s more, 支持观点的理由二. To conclude / From the foregoing , 重申观点.
三、观点论证型
It is well known that 论点.The truth is deep and profound . / The truth of it is self-evident. 正确性表现. 总结论点.
Many remarkable factors / reasons contribute to this argument. First of all , 论据一.What’s more / Moreover , 论据二. For example , 支持论据二的事例. In addition / Besides , 论据三.
All mentioned above tell us that 重申观点 . There is no denying that 正确态度或做法. In short , 总结全文.
这是我手头所有的资料了~！
希望能帮到你~！
❷ 求观点论述型英语四级作文范文
范文来自《2010年6月英语四级作文考前预测范文》
预测作文（一）
My View on Double BA Degree
1. 现在大学生读双学位的现象很常见
2. 我对这一现象的看法
【范文】
Recently it has become a common phenomenon for college students to have two majors at the same time. In this way, they can get double BA degrees when they graate from the university several years later.
Although it may bring unfavorable consequences, we can be sure to conclude that this practice is favorable on the whole. To begin with, most students will become more hardworking and efficient in order to finish the learning tasks satisfactorily. Moreover, with two degrees at hand after graation, they will stand a better chance in the job market full of fierce competition. In the third place, as for today's university students, tuition and fees are becoming more and more expensive. If they can make achievements in study at school and find a satisfactory job afterwards, it will not be a big problem.
Weighing the pros and cons of such a new trend, we can naturally arrive at the conclusion that it is beneficial and rewarding. This system not only compels students to work hard, but also prepares them for the coming competition.
【点评】
首段直接点题，说明现象；第二段分述三个优点，其中首句为让步状语从句，意思是“虽然可能带来负面的后果，但总体上是有益的”；第三段呼应第二段，得出结论。
范文首段提出大学生读双学位这一普遍现象；第二段分三点进行论述，其中前两点是优点，即学生会更加勤奋，并且有利于他们在激烈的求职市场中找到工作，最后一点是解释可能带来的学费问题并不严重；第三段下结论，呼应第二段。
第二段第三句中的stand a better chance(of)表示“大有希望”；第三段末句中的compel sb．to do sth．表示“迫使某人做某事”。
❸ 求现象分析型英语四级作文范文
范文来自《2010年6月英语四级作文考前预测范文》
预测作文（四）
Teenagers' Studying Abroad
1. 现在有很多青少年出国留学
2. 有些人认为这种做法是有益的
3. 我认为这种观点是不对的
【范文】
Recently it seems that among the students who choose to study abroad, there are more and more-teenagers who study in high schools or even elementary schools. Many people, especially the parents, think it will certainly do good to their chidren because the independent life will make them learn confidence and perseverance. Moreover, the quality of overseas ecation is often higher, thus the child stands a better chance of entering a better university and getting a better job in the future.
After careful consideration, I have to say the above view is more than biased. On the one hand, early independent life is not necessarily good, if the child cannot receive proper guidance and tender care from both teachers and parents. On the other hand, the ecational quality is also a question—too many foreign schools aim at earning money. When the children come back, who can guarantee that they can adapt to the fierce competition here?
We can see clearly that although teenagers' studying abroad may bring favorable results, there are still a lot to worry about. It seems necessary for young students to make a careful investigation before going abroad.
【点评】
第一段指出当前某种普遍的做法，之后分两点阐述人们支持这种做法的原因；第二段首句鲜明地指出自己反驳的意见，然后分两点来阐述理由；最后一段进行总结，并请当事人在做出决定前多加斟酌。
范文首句点题，指出青少年留学这一现象，并给出支持者的理由，即独立的生活会教会他们自信和坚持不懈，而且国外的教学水平会让学生进入更好的大学、找到更好的工作。第二段给出反对理由。首先，早期独立不一定是件好事。另外，太多的国外学校的目标是挣钱，所以它们的教学质量是令人质疑的。末段总结说青少年留学可能会带来好处，但令人担忧的问题也很多。
第一段第三句中的stand a better chance of表示“有更好的机会做某事”。第二段首句中的biased表示“偏激的，存有偏见的”；第三句中的aim at表示“目的在于”；第四句中的guarantee表示“保证”，adapt to表示“适应”，fierce表示“激烈的”，修饰competition(竞争)。
❹ 英语四级作文不同类型如何写
1. 现象阐述类：
这类话题的写作多半是提纲式或图标式，考生需要从描述现象、现象产生的原因、提出解决方案及总结最后的观点为写作模板，三段式或四段式都可以。
2. 对比选择类:
这类文章通常需要论述两种相反的观点，具体要从讨论的主题、人们对此事的看法、两种不同看法的原因、表面自身表达并解释，还要学会浅析该现象所反应的社会优缺点。
3. 观点论证类：
论证类的文章结构会比较单一，主要有三个步骤：引出论点，发表自己的观点;得出结构，表明理由;提出建议，复述自己的观点。
4. 问题解决类：
通常这一类型的写作都是围绕着问题进行的，首先第一段要描述当今现象，提出提问;第二段开始分析该问题所带来的严重后果;第三段则给出正确解决问题的方法。
❺ 求问题解决型英语四级作文范文
范文来自《2010年6月英语四级作文考前预测范文》
预测作文（五）
How to Eliminate Cheating on Campus
1. 当前校园中存在许多作弊现象
2. 解决这一问题的办法是……
【范文】
Nowadays. instead of listening attentively in class and working hard after class, a number of students adopt all kinds of dishonest methods to get high scores in examinations. It has become such a serious problem that it has aroused the concern from the whole society.
To put an end to such a serious problem, in my mind., it calls for the efforts from all sides. First of all, the university authority should make it clear that any cheating behaviors in the examinations, from whispering and ing, receiving answers via mobile phones to asking ringers for help, will be severely punished with no exception. Moreover, teachers of all subjects should go all the way to restore honesty by setting an example for the youth through speaking sincerely and behaving truthfully. Last but not least, young students, the future of our nation, should view integrity as the prerequisite to an upright and responsible citizen so as to learn to despise and fight dishonest behaviors throughout the society.
How can anybody expect to lead a meaningful life until he is far from any kind of cheating behaviors? Only when all of us join in the efforts of eliminating cheating at all levels can we expect to have a cleaner society and a more beautiful future.
【点评】
首段描述一个引起全社会关注的社会现象或问题，并在第二段中给出三个解决办法；末段使用反问句和only引导的倒装句回应主题，效果强烈。
范文首先指出，当前校园中存在的严重的作弊问题已经引起全社会的广泛关注；第二段阐述解决办法。首先，大学应明确任何形式的作弊都会受到惩罚。其次，老师要以身作则，为学生树立榜样。另外，学生应该把诚实作为当一个好公民的必要条件。末段指出，只有同心协力，才能解决校园作弊问题。
第二段第一句中的put an end to表示“结束，终止”，call for表示“要求，需要”；第一点中via指“通过”，with no exception指“没有例外”。第二点中的go all the way to表示“全力以赴”，restore在文中指“重塑”，set an example for表示“为……做榜样”，speaking sincerely and behaving truthfully表示“说话真诚，行为诚实”。第三点中的integrity指“诚实，诚信”，prerequisite指“先决条件”，后接介词 for或to；despise表示“蔑视”。
❻ 英语四级作文看什么范文
星火的黄金模板也是不错的选择。
其实四级的写作真的版不难，你只要掌握了基本的写作结构，表明自己的权观点，思路清晰，基本都能拿下一定分数的。如果要争取拿高分，还可以多背诵几个经典的句型，多选用一些高级的词汇，争取使自己的文章熠熠生辉。
❼ 英语四级作文范文
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic On a Harmonious Dormitory Life. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 宿舍生活有时会出现不和谐的情况; 2. 一个和谐宿舍生活的必要性; 3. 如何创造和谐的宿舍生活。 On a Harmonious Dormitory Life Dormitory life is an indispensable part of college life. But sometimes the harmony in the dormitory be disturbed in one way or another. As is known to all, a harmonious dormitory life is important to college students and benefits all the members. On one hand, we can have a good rest and put our heart into study. On the other hand, we will have a good mood and enjoy being together. There are several ways to create and maintain a harmonious dormitory life. Firstly, you have to evaluate your life-style and try to get rid of your dirty habits, if there are any. Secondly, when an annoying situation arises, you’ll just have to learn to tolerate each other and co-exist. Thirdly, you’ll have to share with each other and make good friends. In conclusion, we should try our best to build a harmonious dormitory life for the sake of good study and good life. 点评：“和谐”成为我们当今社会词频概率最高用词，就社会而言，倡导建立和谐社会；就家庭而言，提倡建设和谐家庭；就校园来讲，则要建立和谐校园；和谐两字似乎无所不在，大学生宿舍生活同样需要和谐。本预测题与四级考试热点密切相关，又为典型的校园生活主题，值得关注。 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic College Students’ Job Hunting. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 1. 近几年出现了大学生就业难的现象 2. 产生这种现象的原因（如大学生追求的目标过高，专业不对口等） 3. 如何解决这一问题（改变就业观念，大学生再培训等） College Students’ Job Hunting In recent years, college students find it increasingly difficult to get a job. It sounds strange since young college students are usually intelligent, well-ecated phenomenon, aspirant and eager to bring their talent into full play. Then what underlies the strange phenomenon? There are several reasons for this. To begin with, nowadays college students aim too high. All they want are “good” jobs which could offer good salary, comfortable working conditions, high social status among others. Consequently, most college students are unwilling to accept vacant jobs they consider not “good” enough. Another reason is that there is a big gap between the majors some students study in school and the demands of vacant jobs. So companies think some students are not fit for the jobs. Solution to the problem requires efforts on both the society and the students. The companies should value the students, talent and knowledge while the latter should not merely aim at material gains. They should be down-to–earth in building up their career. Furthermore, they should face their weak points so as to improve themselves and be more competent. 点评：本预测题为社会热点话题。近年来大学生就业难日益成为各级政府及社会各方面关注的焦点，媒体也广泛报道了大学生就业形势严峻，呼吁全社会共同努力；此外，该预测题也与大学生就业密切相关，也是四级作文选题重点之一。 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Credit Cards. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 越来越多的人使用信用卡， 信用卡有哪些好处 2. 信用卡的弊端 3. 你自己的观点 Credit Cards Personal credit cards are becoming more common in China. Banks and other financial institutions are encouraging their customers to change the way they buy things. Credit cards, otherwise known as “plastic money”, are being offered on very good terms to encourage the change. Consumers will be able to “buy now, pay later”, and many see this as an advantage. But people need to be careful. There are dangers associated with credit cards. Some people find it very easy to exceed their budget. They are tempted to purchase goods that they do not really need, and can become quickly overburdened by debt. The credit cards often charge a high rate of interest, which exacerbates the problems for these people. However, used wisely credit cards can improve the quality of people’s lives. They can give people access to money to meet sudden unplanned expenses. Properly handled, they can let people control their expenditure and the monthly statements provide a record of where their money has gone. 点评：这是一篇议论文， 关于信用卡的利弊。可以分成三部分： 第一部分，信用卡的好处，比如说应急等；第二部分，信用卡的一些弊端，比如说鼓励一些无用的消费；第三部分：你自己的观点，理性使用。 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic : How to Keep Psychologically Healthy? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese. 1． 心理健康问题往往是导致疾病的原因 2． 分析人们产生心理健康问题的原因(可从失业、压力过重、缺乏支持、缺乏人际交往能力等方面分析) 3． 你认为人们应如何保持心理健康 How to Keep Psychologically Healthy? One in four people will experience some kind of mental problem in the course of a year. When you fail to manage these problems, they are likely to cause various mental illnesses. The cause of mental health problems often vary a lot from one case to another. In today’s society, a good number of people are suffering from heavy pressure. Others lack communication skills. In addition, a lot of people are ignorant of psychological knowledge about how to keep mentally fit. There are a lot of ways to curb mental health problems and keep psychologically healthy. Firstly, find the real cause of your mental health problem and see whether you can do something about it. Secondly, learn to relax yourself and take exercises to release the pressure. Lastly, you may find it helpful to talk to your partner or friend about your problem, or seek support and advice form a psychological consultant 点评：据报道北京高校100多万名在校大学生中，已经有14名自杀身亡。而去年全年，北京自杀死亡的学生为19人。社会对于大学生心理健康问题越来越关注，如何保持心理健康成为社会关注话题。本预测题与校园生活联系紧密，是四级考试关注度较高的话题，值得重视。 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composi-tion on the topic Aid Ecation in China.You should write at least 120 words f-ollowing the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 每年，高校许多大学生受到鼓舞去贫困地区支教。 2. 支教活动的意义。 3. 我的看法。 Aid Ecation in China Each year, college students, encouraged to aid students in the poverty-stricken areas, volunteer themselves in poor villages for a year and try to improve ecation in poor areas. Aid-ecation has been beneficial in two aspects. On the one hand, college volunteers are really devoted to the cause. They have opened the eyes of students in underdeveloped regions to the outside world by bringing them new knowledge and thoughts. As a result, they are extremely well-received by the children there. On the other hand, college students have received a rigorous training by adapting to the harsh living conditions. They are enjoying the appreciation and no-distance friendship from the children. What’s more, they are greatly inspired by the moving and tireless spirit of the children. In my opinion, China’s ecational development can’t be isolated from each indivial and we college students should take the lead in response to the appeal for offering aid to children in poor areas. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1. 现在某些高校校园禁止车辆驶入， 2. 这种规定的考虑， 3. 谈谈你的看法。 Should cars be allowed into College Campus? With the rapid development of our national economy, private cars have become in large number; of course, quite a few cars are heavily driven into College Campus. In a significant way, these cars do not take up students’ places for study, but actually affect their daily life and study-- for instance, this crowd of cars may make noise and emit filthy gas to choke us to death. And the campus is jammed with lines of cars and seems to be parking lot instead of an academic institute. So cars have been strictly prohibited into many College Campuses. It seems that this is not convenience to some persons, indeed, but this is for the sake of our safety. Thus when someone enjoys convenience from modern tools, don't forget that it is dangerous to the students in the College Campus. Therefore, I agree that cars are not allowed into College Campus. By and large, with the price of cars falling significantly, cars will enter average families, and most Chinese will enjoy a luxurious lifestyle in their life. However, they are still prohibited to drive their cars into College Campus, which , I think, is a hard truth in the eyes of most people. 点评：随着人们物质生活的提高，私家车发展迅猛，越来越多的私家车停放在校园，由此产生了一些问题，如空间被占、噪音污染、环境污染等，为此许多学校禁止车辆驶入校园，本预测题与2006年1月名校校园是否对外开放相仿，值得关注。 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Choosing an Occupation. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 选择职业是一个人要面对的众多难题之一。 2. 需要花时间去选择职业。 3. 选择职业时可以向多人寻求建议和帮助。 Choosing an Occupation One of the most important problems a young person faces is deciding what to do. There are some people, of course, who from the time they are six years old “know” that they want to be doctors or pilots or fire fighters, but the majority of us do not get around to making a decision about an occupation or career until somebody or something forces us to face the problem. Choosing an occupation takes time, and there are a lot of things you have to think about as you try to decide what you would like to do. You may find that you will have to take special courses to qualify for a particular kind of work, or you may find out that you will need to get actual work experience to gain enough knowledge to qualify for a particular job. Fortunately, there are a lot of people you can turn to for advice and help in making your decision. At most schools, there are teachers who are professionally qualified to give you detailed information about job qualifications. And you can talk over your ideas with family members and friends who are always ready to listen and to offer suggestions.
❽ 英语四级作文范文（两篇）
Credit Cards
Personal credit cards are becoming more common in China. Banks and other financial institutions are encouraging their customers to change the way they buy things. Credit cards， otherwise known as “plastic money”， are being offered on very good terms to encourage the change. Consumers will be able to “buy now， pay later”， and many see this as an advantage.
But people need to be careful. There are dangers associated with credit cards. Some people find it very easy to exceed their budget. They are tempted to purchase goods that they do not really need， and can become quickly overburdened by debt. The credit cards often charge a high rate of interest， which exacerbates the problems for these people.
However， used wisely credit cards can improve the quality of people’s lives. They can give people access to money to meet sudden unplanned expenses. Properly handled， they can let people control their expenditure and the monthly statements provide a record of where their money has gone.
❾ 英语四级作文必背范文总结
英语四级作文必背范文：投诉信
Directions: Write a letter of complaint according to the following situation: You bought an air conditioner in Sun Appliance and had it installed the other day, but you found that the fan made too much noise when the machine operated.You demand the store to send a representative to check it up.
Write your letter in no less than 150 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use Li Ming instead.You do not need to write the address.
June 23, 2007
Dear Sir or Madam,
I’m writing to lodge the complaint about the poor quality of an air conditioner that I purchased from Sun Appliance Company.
Frankly speaking, Sun Appliance has always been my favorite.On April 4, 2007, I bought the air conditioner (serial number 12345) from one of your chain store located in Lang Fang.The machine operated well at first, but ten days later, there was a fault that bothered me, that is, the fan made so much noise that I could not sleep well at night.Worse still, the cooling system didn’t work well and the machine began to leak recently.Its poor quality ruined almost all my previous impression toward your procts.
I strongly suggest that a repairman or a service engineer should be sent to my home without delay.I wonder if you could pinpoint the exact cause of the malfunction as soon as possible.If you can’t, I am afraid that I will request for full amount of refund or a new air conditioner.
I would appreciate all your assistance in this matter.If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to contact me.Look forward to your reply.
Yours Sincerely,
Li Ming
英语四级作文必背范文：表比较
1.The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.
2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.
3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that...
4.It is reasonable to maintain that ...but it would be foolish to claim that...
5.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.
6.Like anything else, it has its faults.
7.A and B has several points in common.
8.A bears some resemblances to B.
9.However, the same is not applicable to B.
10.A and B differ in several ways.
11.Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.
英语四级作文必背范文：表原因
1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation.
A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon(problem).
2.The answer to this problem involves many factors.
3.The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that...
4.The factors that contribute to this situation include...
5.The change in ...largely results from the fact that...
6.We may blame ...,but the real causes are...
7.Part of the explanations for it is that ...
One of the most common factors (causes ) is that ...
Another contributing factor (cause ) is ...
Perhaps the primary factor is that …
But the fundamental cause is that
英语四级作文必背范文：表后果
1.It may give rise to a host of problems.
2.The immediate result it proces is ...
3.It will exercise a profound influence upon...
4.Its consequence can be so great that...
英语四级作文必背范文：表举例
1.A good case in point is ...
2.As an illustration, we may take ...
3.Such examples might be given easily.
4....is often cited as an example.
英语四级作文必背范文：表证明
1.No one can deny the fact that ...
2.The idea is hardly supported by facts.
3.Unfortunately, none of the available data shows ...
4.Recent studies indicate that ...
5.There is sufficient evidence to show that ...
6.According to statistics proved by ..., it can be seen that ...
12.People used to think ..., but things are different now.
13.The same is true of B.
14.Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks.
15.It is true that A ..., but the chief faults (obvious defects )are ...