英语四级考试甘肃人民出版社写作

A. 英语四级的题型

英语四级考试包括四个部分：写作，听力理解，阅读理解，翻译。全部题目按顺序统一编号。

英语四级考试题型第一部分：写作(Part Ⅴ：Writing)：共1题，考试时间30分钟。要求考生写出一篇100-120词的短文，试卷上可能给出题目，或规定情景，或要求看图作文，或给出段首句要求续写;或给出关键词要求写成短文。

要求能够正确表达思想，意义连贯，无重大语法错误。写作的内容包括日常生活和一般常识。短文写作部分的目的是测试学生运用英语书面表达思想的初步能力。

第二部分：听力理解(Part 1：Listening Comprehension)：共30题，考试时间30分钟。 听力部分的每个问句后有约15秒的间隙，要求考生从试卷所给出的每题四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。录音的语速为每分钟约120词，念一遍。

第三部分：阅读理解(Part Ⅱ：Reading Comprehension)：共20题，考试时间40分。包含三个部分:

SectionA词汇理解,有10题，根据文章后面给出的15个单词填补文章里的10个空格，不能使用给出的单词超过一次。

SectionB长篇阅读，有10题，篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。每句所含 的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。有的段落可能对应两题，有的段 落可能不对应任何一题。

SectionC仔细阅读，有10题，两篇文章，每篇文章后有5个问题或者未完成的声明。题材广泛，可以包括人物传记、社会、文化、日常知识、科普常识等，但是所涉及的背景知识应能为学生所理解。阅读理解部分的目的是测试学生通过阅读获取信息的能力，既要求准确，也要求有一定速度。

第四部分：翻译(Part Ⅲ：Vocabulary and Structure)：共1题，考试时间30分钟。段落汉译英，翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。长度为140~160个 汉字。2英语四级各题型分值分布情况英语四级总分是710分。

B. 大学英语四级各作文类型写作技巧

作文整体分类，不同作文类型不同对待

英语考试作文看起来每年都会出不同的题型，毫无章法可言，而事实上这其中却是有共性的，通过总结归类，我们发现英语考试的作文大体可以分为问题解决型、正反论型、图表作文和书信作文这几类。其中所谓的书信作文，无非就是在前三类的基础上，套用信件的格式而已。而其他几类作文也有自己固定的模式和套路，老师会再针对每种作文类型给出意见。

问题解决型作文三步曲

由字面意思来看，问题解决型顾名思义就是宽猛询问考生针对这个问题或现象，你有什么好的方式解决它，这类作文在写作的时候要围绕三个步骤来展开，首先是根据题目提出文章要讨论的问题；其次，针对这个问题考生要分析它出现的原因以及带来的后果；最后一步就是考生要提出解决问题的措施。这样一篇问题解决型的作文就大功告成了。

正反论型作文由争论得出自己的观点

正反论型的作文在英语考试中是考查可能性的一种，这种作文写作起来模式基本固定，通常是考生首先要提出题目给出的争论，然后阐述针对这个争论一方观点是什么；其次是阐述另一方不同的观点；最后是要考生提出自己的慎亩桥观点，然后全文就算完成了。

图表作文提出问题或者预测趋势

图标类的作文一般是要考生看图根据提示写作文，并且要有自己的观点，这类作文要注意不要偏离主题，考生在写作时首先要简单描述一下图表给我们的直观内容；其次要分析这个问题或现象出现的原因以及存在的后果；最后要提出一些解决措施或预测趋势、影响也或者自己的观点耐态等等。

C. 英语4级作文

12月四级考前秘押作文一：给老师打分 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Students’ Rating of Their Teachers。You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese.

1. 学生给老师打分已经普遍 2. 人们对其持不同态度 3. 我的看法

Students’ Rating of Their Teachers Nowadays, it has become as common in colleges and universities for students to grade teachers as for teachers to grade students. In some universities students’ rating has even become the only source of information on teaching effectiveness.. This, however, has caused great controversy. Some are in favor of the rating system, They hold that since students attend the teachers’ classes every day, they should have their opinion about their teachers’ effectiveness. Others, on the contrary, are strongly against it. They believe that there is much more to teaching than what is shown on students’ rating forms. Students should not be expected to judge whether the materials they use are up to date or how well the teacher knows about the subject. These judgments require professional knowledge, which is best left for the teachers’ colleagues. I think students’ rating of their teachers is necessary, but it should be concted in a way that can really shed meaningful light on teachers’ performance. Instead of rating the teachers’ knowledge on the subject, students should be asked to estimate what they have learned in a course, and to report on such things as a teacher’s ability to communicate with students, his or her relationship with students, and his or her ability to arouse students’ interest in the subject. 点评：越来越多的高校采取让学生给老师打分的形式来了解教学反馈，并以此作为促进教学质量的有效手段。对此做法，管理部门及教学双方褒贬不一，看法迥异。本预测题为校园生活热议话题，值得关注。

12月四级考前秘押作文二：上课出勤率

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Attend Your Classes Regularly。You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese.

现在大学校园里，迟到、早退、旷课是常见的现象

保证学生的出勤率对大学教育的重要性

作为一个大学生应该怎样做

Attend Your Classes Regularly

Nowadays it is a very common phenomenon that some university students are late for or even absent from classes. And still there are some students who slip out of the classroom before the class is over. Class attendance has become a thorny problem to both the students and teachers.

In fact, it is very important for the students to attend their classes regularly. First, it will ensure you to catch up with the teachers in your learning. That is very helpful to you if you want to do a good job in your study. Second, attending classes regularly is a way of showing respect to your teachers ,too. Your teachers will feel bad if the students do not attend their classes, which, in turn, will affect their teaching and be no good for the students. Third, attending classes regularly will help to form a good habit of punctuality, which is of great importance for the students to do a good job in the future.

Therefore, we university students should form the good habit of attending our classes regularly from now on. And some day we’ll benefit from it.

点评：2008年元月三日，中山大学博士发帖称遭导师虐待;2008年元月四日，中国政法大学爆“杨帆门”事件;近几年，中小学老师或打学生或猥亵学生、体罚学生等各类新闻不断曝光，进而引发了师生关系的大讨论。本预测题为四级考试传统的问题解决型的写作，与校园生活密切相关。

12月四级考前秘押作文三：和谐宿舍生活

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic On a Harmonious Dormitory Life. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1. 宿舍生活有时会出现不和谐的情况;

2. 一个和谐宿舍生活的必要性;

3. 如何创造和谐的宿舍生活。

On a Harmonious Dormitory Life

Dormitory life is an indispensable part of college life. But sometimes the harmony in the dormitory be disturbed in one way or another.

As is known to all, a harmonious dormitory life is important to college students and benefits all the members. On one hand, we can have a good rest and put our heart into study. On the other hand, we will have a good mood and enjoy being together.

There are several ways to create and maintain a harmonious dormitory life. Firstly, you have to evaluate your life-style and try to get rid of your dirty habits, if there are any. Secondly, when an annoying situation arises, you’ll just have to learn to tolerate each other and co-exist. Thirdly, you’ll have to share with each other and make good friends.

In conclusion, we should try our best to build a harmonious dormitory life for the sake of good study and good life.

点评：“和谐”成为我们当今社会词频概率最高用词，就社会而言，倡导建立和谐社会;就家庭而言，提倡建设和谐家庭;就校园来讲，则要建立和谐校园;和谐两字似乎无所不在，大学生宿舍生活同样需要和谐。本预测题与四级考试热点密切相关，又为典型的校园生活主题，值得关注。

12月四级考前秘押作文四：大学的简短介绍

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write A Brief Introction to the University. You should write at least 120 words according to the following guidelines:

假设你是一名学生志愿者，要给来你们学校参观的外国朋友介绍学校情况。内容应包括学校历史、规模、教学现状以及未来目标等。

A Brief Introction to the University

Distinguished guests,

Welcome to our university. Before you start to look around, allow me to give you a brief account of the school.

Founded in 1927, our university is one of this city’s earliest universities of liberal arts. It is staffed with an excellent faculty, and has a total enrollment of over 10,000 students. In the past years, it has turned out numerous well-qualified students and found its graates active in professions of all walks of life.

Since its establishment, the university has always steered itself toward the objective that its students have an overall healthy development. Not only does it provide the students with basic academic courses, but it manages to expose them to the up-to-date knowledge. Besides, students are free to participate in colorful campus activities and social practice, which are intended for broadening their mind and developing their potential talent.

Currently, both our faculty and students are making every effort to improve the quality of our ecation in the direction of a first-rate university. Thank you.

点评：近几年，随着我国顺利加入世贸组织以及经济全球化步伐的加快，许多国内高校纷纷与国外大学合作办学，教育走向国际化成为人们关注的热点，也是大学生门比较关心的热点问题。本预测题为热议校园生活话题，与2004年旅游景点介绍2006年考查的名校校园开放如出一辙。

12月四级考前秘押作文四：大学的简短介绍

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write A Brief Introction to the University. You should write at least 120 words according to the following guidelines:

假设你是一名学生志愿者，要给来你们学校参观的外国朋友介绍学校情况。内容应包括学校历史、规模、教学现状以及未来目标等。

A Brief Introction to the University

Distinguished guests,

Welcome to our university. Before you start to look around, allow me to give you a brief account of the school.

Founded in 1927, our university is one of this city’s earliest universities of liberal arts. It is staffed with an excellent faculty, and has a total enrollment of over 10,000 students. In the past years, it has turned out numerous well-qualified students and found its graates active in professions of all walks of life.

Since its establishment, the university has always steered itself toward the objective that its students have an overall healthy development. Not only does it provide the students with basic academic courses, but it manages to expose them to the up-to-date knowledge. Besides, students are free to participate in colorful campus activities and social practice, which are intended for broadening their mind and developing their potential talent.

Currently, both our faculty and students are making every effort to improve the quality of our ecation in the direction of a first-rate university. Thank you.

点评：近几年，随着我国顺利加入世贸组织以及经济全球化步伐的加快，许多国内高校纷纷与国外大学合作办学，教育走向国际化成为人们关注的热点，也是大学生门比较关心的热点问题。本预测题为热议校园生活话题，与2004年旅游景点介绍2006年考查的名校校园开放如出一辙。

12月四级考前秘押作文六：大学里的生活

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Living alone or Living with Roommates? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese.

1. 有人认为大学里应独自生活

2. 另一些认为大学里应与别人同住

3. 你的看法

Living alone or Living with Roommates

Nowadays, there has appeared a heated discussion among the college students as to whether they should live alone outside the campus or live together with other roommates in the students’ dormitory. Opinions are divided over the matter.

Those who are in favor of Living alone maintain that it is very convenient to live by themselves. They can enjoy absolute freedom in a room of their own. They can have their own timetable without disturbing others. They are also free to equip the room with a personal computer so that they can have easy access to the Internet.

But others argue that living with roommates has attractions of its own. With several students sharing the same room, each person’s experiences can be greatly enriched. They can learn a lot from talking to one another. By learning to tolerate the differences between indivials, they can become more mature.

As far as I’m concerned, I prefer to live with roommates because I love the feeling of belonging. Besides, it is a lot cheaper to live in a dorm than to rent a apartment outside the campus.

点评：本文与校园生活密切相关，也是近年来出现的现象，人们对此的看法各异，2003年后，四级作文考查加大了学校生活类题目的考查，因为这类题材不存在地域的差异，不同地域的同学都有话可说。本预测题即为校园生活类话题，与刚考完的四级作文话题类似，符合命题者出题思路，值得引起重视。

12月四级考前秘押作文七：手机用户图表

Direction: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic :Cell Phones .You should write no less than 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:

1. 描述上图所示的手机用户数的变化情况

2. 出现这种情况的原因

3. 对此现象作出评价

Cell Phones

As is shown in the chart, cell phones are becoming increasingly popular within China. In 1999, the number of cell phones in use was only 2 million, but in 2002, the number reaches 5 million. And in the year 2005, the number has suddenly soared to 9 million.

There are many factors contributing to this development. Firstly, a cell phone has no wires and can be carried everywhere easily. Secondly, a cell phone is something wonderful that we can have fun with news, games, music and chat through sending short messages. Thirdly, the drop in price and the simultaneous improvement in the functions have made it possible for an average person to make use of cell phone.

The wide use of cell phones has make them more and more indispensable in people’s daily life. The many functions of the cell phone have made certain people reluctant to separate themselves from their cell phone.

点评：随着我国经济的快速发展，人民的生活水平不断改善，通讯业的日新月异的发展，使得手机使用普及化，成为人们日常生活的必需品，对此的利弊人们看法各异。本预测题为热点话题，同样是年轻人较熟悉和经常讨论的话题，值得关注。

12月四级考前秘押作文八：广告

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic

Advertisement. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1. 广告的作用

2. 广告的形式多样

3. 广告的夸张性。

Advertisement

Advertisements are forcing their way into people’s lives. People refer to advertisements in their daily lives because they are consumers. The advertisers are usually manufacturers, retailers and salesmen. Their merchandise needs to be advertised to bring it to the attention to the customers. Thus nearly every proct is advertised in some way. To a large extent, good advertising leads to success while bad advertising can mean failure.

There are many ways to advertise and ‘ads’ come in different forms. Newspapers carry advertisements. Some procts are publicized on TV and radio which bring them into notice of a wide audience. Billboards also carry advertising. Advertising is a big instry now and many agencies have been set up to furnish a variety of forms..

However, advertising is not always truthful. A proct is often misrepresented. The advertiser exaggerates the benefits of the merchandise he wants to sell. Thus, he misrepresents the truth. The consumer falls victim to such advertising. Millions of people have bought advertised procts and have been dissatisfied with them。

点评：这是一篇说明文，用说明的表达方式来解说事物，阐明事理。写好说明文，不仅要抓住特征，注意条理，而且要巧妙运用说明方法，像下定义、举例子、作比较、分类别、列数字、打比方等

12月四级考前秘押作文九：写给校长的信

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: A Letter to the President of the University about Improving the Sports Facilities on Campus. You should write no more than 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given below in Chinese:

假设你是李明，请你写一封信给校长，建议改善本校体育设施状况，内容应涉及体育设施对大学生的重要性，对目前学校体育设施的状况可以表扬，可以提出批评建议，也可以兼而有之。

A Letter to the President of the University

Dear Mr. President,

I am writing this letter to you to express my concern about the sports facilities on campus. I have noticed that our university has very limited resources in terms of opportunities to participate in sports, especially given that the number of students on campus is increasing every year.

As we both know, sports are very important for the sound growth of young people. If they have access to quality sports facilities, young people are able to choose a healthier lifestyle, to boost self-esteem and confidence, and to build a positive outlook and sense of achievement.

My proposal is to build a new sports area. It should be designed with soccer players, basketball players, and ping-pong players in mind. It should have a different section for each activity and be available to students all year round. I believe such facilities will meet our sporting needs.

Thank you for your reading this letter.

Yours faithfully,

Li Ming

点评：本预测题仿真度颇高，为校园生活话题，与在校大学生日常生活密切相关，是最近几年侧重考查的题材。2002年1月考查了就本校食堂状况给校长写一封信。

12月四级考前秘押作文十：博客

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Blog. You should write at least 120 words based on the chart and outline given below:

下图是2007年1-10月中国博客服务人均月度有效浏览时间及增长率，描述变化，说明原因。

Blog

This histogram shows the number of people using blog services from January to October in 2007. From it we can see that the number of users increased monthly from January to August, except February. After two peak months, July and August, the number dropped slightly in September, while in October it picked up again.

Possible reasons for these changes are first, in February Chinese people celebrated the most important festival——Chinese New Year. This means more people spent more time with their families and friends, and therefore they didn’t have as much time for surfing online. Secondly, college students are the main users of blog services. While in July and August，they had summer holidays, which enabled them to have more spare time reading and writing blogs. Thirdly, with improvements of blog services and the influence of some “star bloggers”, most of whom are celebrities, blogs are becoming an important way for people to express themselves and communicate with others. So more and more people are starting to use these services, which help explain the overall increase shown here.

点评：这是一篇图表题。 可以看出，整体呈增长趋势。但是，二月和九月有所下降。所以，分析的时候要照顾各个方面。

D. 英语四级作文的写作步骤

英语四级作文的写作步骤

在平凡的学习、工作、生活中，大家都经常看到作文的身影吧，借助作文人们可以反映客观事物、表达思想感情、传递知识信息。那么，怎么去写作文呢？下面是我帮大家整理的英语四级作文的写作步骤，欢迎阅读与收藏。

一、审题立意（2—3分钟）

（1）理解题目的基本要求。确定文体（是议论文、应用文还是其他文体）和写作内容（是解释现象还是讲道理）。并确定题目所给要点之间的逻辑关系。

（2）确定文章的主题。分析题目所给大纲各项的关键词、中心词，把与主题相关的信息及事实排序，从不同角度采用不同方法进一步讨论主题。

例1[2011/06]

[分析]这篇说明文围绕“网L购物”这一主题展开，包括好处和问题两个层面。每个层面都包括多个点。不可能涵盖全部，关键是选择最重要的两三个方面加以发挥。

二、拟写提纲（3——5分钟）

审题之后进入写作的第二步，拟写提纲，确定文章的段落结构。一般来说，四、六级作文题目通常会列出由二三个要点组成的中文提纲。如果题目给出三个要点，可直接按照题目所给要点将作文写成三段，每一个要点即是一个段落的主题句。如果题目只给出两个要点。要先将其适当扩充成三个要点，再拟写提纲。使文章结构完整。

确定主题句是保证文章不偏题不跑题得及格分8分的前提。写主题句最保险的方法就是把题目所给的中文提纲直接译成英语，如果给出的是英语提纲，也可以把它扩充成主题句。也可以把主题句假设为问句。然后列出要点作答。

例2[2012/06]

[分析]从表面E看。提纲有三点，第一段对现象进行描述，第二段分析产生现象的原因。第三段提出个人看法。因此，具体的段落结构应该如下：（1）（描述现象）提出问题。介绍许多商品存在过度包装的现象。

（2）（分析原因）从几个方面分析导致过度现象可能产生的原因。如厂家和商家认为过度包装可以吸引潜在顾客，刺激其消费欲望，缺乏相应的法律法规等等。

（3）（总结观点）提出自己的观点、建议或方法，如人们应意识到理性的消费观念和节约资源的重要性。

三、撰写文章（20分钟）

拟好提纲。接下来就是撰写文章。应以提纲为指导。整体布局，合理分配篇幅比例。一般而言，阅卷老师认可的比较好的比例大致是：

开头：3句以内，占全文篇幅的15%一20%；

中问：8—10句。占全文篇幅的60% 70%；

结尾：2—3句，占全文篇幅的15%一20%。

虽然四级作文要求至少120词，但最好能写到150个词左右，才能使文章显得充实，不单薄。也能基本把思想表达清楚，但不要超过180个词。一般而言，以每句平均10个词计算，一篇四级作文最好写出15个句子。按照以上篇幅分配，在写作的过程中不用停下来清点字数，只需写出至少12—15句就好了。

此外，还要注意语言表达的'正确性和流畅性，并利用句子、段落写作方面的技巧，力求文章切题达意，内容连贯。

四、修改润色（2—3分钟）

在实际考试中，由于时问关系，修改的重点主要集中在语法层面。如标点符号、大小写及单词拼写是否有误；人称、时态和数的一致；名词单复数、代词及指代关系是否一致；所用词的词性是否正确，句子是否完整，用词是否恰当等等。

【拓展内容】

英语四级作文常见短语

burn out 烧光，烧毁的内部；熄灭

burn up 烧掉，烧毁；烧起来，旺起来；发怒

by accident 偶然

on account of 因为，由于，为了的缘故

in addition 另外，加之

in addition to 除之外

on business 因公，因事

in any case 无论如何，不管怎样

in case of 假如，如果发生；防备

in case 假使，以防

in no case 决不，无论如何不

by chance 偶然，碰巧

in charge 负责，管理

round the clock 日夜不停地

in common 共用的，共有的

in conclusion 最后，总之

on condition 如果

in the air 流传中

on average 通常，按平均值

on the basis of 根据，在的基础上

at best 充其量，至多

for the better 好转，向好的方向发展

on board 在船上

out of breath 喘不过气来

in confidence 私下地，秘密地

in connection with 关于，与有关

E. 英语四级文章写作基本理论与技巧

文章的写作
1. 文章的基本要求
2. 文章的基本结构
3. 文章正文的扩展方法
4. 文章开始段和结尾段的写法
5. 文章中的过渡本文来源:考试大网
1.2.1 文章的基本要求
文章是由段落组成的完整的语篇单位。虽然长度不一、字数不等。但文章一般具有以下共同的特点：
1） 论点明确一致；
2） 内容完整统一；
3） 论据详实慎禅具体；
英语四级段落写作基本理论与技巧
4） 衔接合理连贯；
5） 语言准确生动。
具体地说，一篇写得好的文章应该拥有一个贯穿全文的主题思想（theme or central idea），能用大量、具体的材料对主题作比较充分的论证；还应该有开头、发展部分和结尾，注重布局、衔接及文笔流畅恰当。
1.2.2 文章的基本结构
虽然段落和文章在长度上明显不同,但段落却素有“微型作文”之称,其结构及写作与文章有许多相似之处。请比较:
从上图可见,段落和文章都是由三个主要部分组成的:开头、扩展部分、结尾。只不过在段落中，作扩展句的部分在文章中成了正文部分各段落的主题句并得到了进一步充分的扩展和论述。无论是段落还是文章,所有的内容必须是围绕一个主题以求得全面、完整和统一,同时必须注重连贯性。
1.2.3 文章正文的扩展方法
文章正文的扩展方法与前面谈到的段落的展开方法相似，主要有列举法、举例法、因果法、比较对照法、分类法、定义法、时间顺序法和空间顺序法等。段落的结构和写作方法基本可以用于文章和写作之中，这里就不再一一赘述。
1.2.4 开始段的写法来源：考试大
大学英语作文通常由三个段落组成。由于字数有限，一篇文章基本上头、尾段短，中间段长。文章的开头虽短，但举足轻重，是文章成败的关键。开始段（Opening Paragraph）的目的在于提示主题，即引出文章要讨论的核心问题，从而起到统领全文的作用。因此，开始段要达到两个目的：一是抓住读者的兴趣及注意力；二是陈述文章主题、介绍相关背景并引导正文内容。
文章的开篇方法多种多样，大家必须根据文章的题材、体裁、读者等来加以选择。这里介绍四种常用的开篇方法：
1） 开门见山,直入主题
开始段可用简洁的语言直陈主题思想，既可以吸引读者的注意力，又可以避免跑题。例如：
主题：Euthanasia（安乐死）
It has been said that euthanasia is quietly being practiced in some urban areas of China, despite a lack of legal protection for the death option. In my opinion, it is right to exercise mercy killing.
该段第一句引入安乐死这一讨论的主题，第二句接着直接陈述作者对安乐死的看法宽返尘。从这个开始段不难看出，全文将阐述“为什么实行安乐死是对的”。
2） 以问句形式开头,点明主题世液
文章的开头还可用设问的方式点明主题，提示全文内容，激发读者读下去，探个究竟。例如：
主题：Water Shortage
China, a country blessed with a great number of rivers, has abundant water resources. However, China’s many cities are going thirsty.What has caused the shortage?
本段第一句说中国水资源丰富，第二句指出中国许多城市却缺水，第三句提出了读者心中的疑问：是什么原因导致缺水呢？从而激发读者的兴趣，吸引读者读下去，寻找问题的答案。
3） 引用名言、谚语，点明主题
开始段还可以巧妙引用与主题相关的名言、常用习语、谚语、格言等，既可增强文章的感染力，也可点题或表明作者的观点。例如：
主题：Honor（荣誉）
“We mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor.”
So ends the Declaration of Independence. The men who founded the United States had many differences, but they agreed on one thing: Honor. Two hundred years later we seem to have lost it.
该段引用《独立宣言》的结束语（“我们谨以我们的生命、我们的命运和我们神圣的荣誉相互立誓”），很自然地引入“荣誉”这一讨论的主题，同时也增强了文章的感染力。
4） 描写共有经历，引起共鸣本文来源:考试大网
开始段还可通过描写与读者共有的经历，引起读者的共鸣，增强说服力。例如：
主题：Daydreaming
“Daydreaming again, Barb? You’ll never amount to anything if you spend your time that way! Can’t you find something useful to do?”
Many youngsters have heard words like those from their parents. And until recently this hostile attitude towards daydreaming was the most common one. Daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time. Or it was considered an unhealthy escape from real life and its ties. But now some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming. Some think it may be a very healthy thing to do.
本段通过许多年经人常常从他们父母那听到的话开头，引出“白日做梦”这一主题，很容易引起读者的共鸣，激发他们的兴趣，同时又能增强了文章的说服力。
1.2.5 结尾段的写法
结尾段（Concluding Paragraph）同开篇一样重要。结尾段对全文要点进行概括总结、表达作者的目的，以求留给读者一个深刻完整的印象，增强文章的效果。下面介绍四种常见的结尾方法：
1) 总结全文,得出结论本文来源:考试大网
结尾段可用总结全文的方式强调、概括全文的主要内容，加深读者对全文的深刻了解与认识。例如：
主题：Physical exercise
In a word, I benefit a lot from doing physical exercise. I seldom get sick but feel vigorous even after a whole day’s work. I shall keep up doing physical exercise so as to live happily and fruitfully.
本段总结了全文，加深读者对“体育锻炼有益于健康”这一主题的认识。
2) 提出建议,号召行动,表达决心或展望未来
结尾段还可以在总结全文要点的基础上，对文中所提的暂时无法解决或尚无定论的问题适当引申，或提出建议，号召别人采取行动，或展望未来。这种方法可以启发读者思考并予以鼓舞，有助于增强文章的感染力。例如：
主题：Generation gap来源：www.examda.com
In order to reconcile the differences, some forms of organization should be established to help the young and the old to exchange their ideas and strengthen their mutual understanding so as to bridge the gap.
该段就怎样弥补代沟方面提出一些建议。
3) 建议与结论
文章的结尾常结合两种写法。有的先提出建议或解决办法，再做结论。有的则先做出结论，再提出建议，例如：
主题：Shortage of natural resources（自然资源短缺）
The prolonged development of human society proves that population and economic and social progress eventually cannot be achieved without natural resources. To save the limited resources, we must take some measures to handle appropriately the relationship between the population and resources.
该段首先进行总结：人类社会持续的发展证明，如果没有自然资源，人口的繁衍、经济和社会的发展最终都是不可能的。
作者接着建议，为了节约有限的资源，我们必须采取一些措施，正确处理人口与资源的关系。
4) 提醒读者事物的两面性
文章的结尾还可以以转折的形式，提醒读者任何事物都有两面性，从而认识到其不足或负面的影响。例如：
主题：Solar Energy（太阳能）
However, solar energy has its disadvantages. One is that it is still very expensive for widespread practical use. Besides, solar systems would not work in cloudy or rainy days as well as at night. But in sunny areas, solar energy could help solve the energy crisis.
该段指出了太阳能的两个缺点：一、太贵；二、太阳能系统在阴雨天和晚上无法工作，从而让人们更全面地了解太阳能。
值得注意的是，在指出某一事物的另一面时，不能用太多笔墨，否则会喧宾夺主，淡化主题思想。
1.2.6 文章中的过渡方法
一致性和连贯性是作文的两个基本原则。而过渡是保持文章的一致性和连贯性的重要手段。过渡是指上下文之间的衔接与转换，在写作中起承上启下的作用。过渡帮助读者了解文章的条理和层次，沿着文章的思路由一个层次转到另一个层次，由前一段过渡到下一段，以致感到全文连贯畅达，融会贯通。
文章中常用的过渡方法有三种：
（1） 用词语过渡来源：考试大的美女我们
从一个句子过渡到另一个句子可以恰当地使用表示过渡的词语。同样，段落之间的过渡也可通过使用表示过渡的词语。
例如：
To sum up, although undergoing risks can make you more experienced and enable you weather any crisis in life, it’s advisable to take only the rewarding risks whose opportunities far outweigh their risks.
作者用To sum up这一短语，从前面对冒险的讨论过渡到总结全文，表明自己对冒险的看法。
（2） 用句子过渡
文章由一段内容转入另一段内容，从一个层次转换到另一个层次需用过渡句。用句子过渡主要有三种情况：
a. 通过设问或提示导入正文
这种过渡句通常在第一段的末尾，或在第二段的开头。如Solutions to Test Anxiety 一文的第一段。
When taking an examination, many students tend to be worried and uneasy. Their minds cannot work as well as they usually do. As a result，they get low grades which do not show their real abilities. Then how to cope with such test anxiety?
最后一句是过渡句。作者用设问方式引导读者转入下一段的正题——“Solutions to test anxiety”。
b. 通过总结，引出结论本文来源:考试大网
这种过渡句通常位于最后一段的开头。如Why Shanghai Enjoy Long Life Expectancy 一文的最后一段。
Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people’s life. Given a better environment, Shanghai people’s life expectancy would extend beyond 80.
作者在前面的段落中分析了上海人长寿的原因之后，用“Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people’s life.”作为过渡句，总结全文，并展望未来的前景。
c. 通过提示，转入对比来源：考试大
说明文和议论文等从一个段落过渡到另一个段落，表示转入与前段内容所阐述的问题相反，或者形成对比时，常在段首使用过渡句。这种过渡句需在句前用一个表示对比的过渡词或者短语。如Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Abroad for Further studies一文中的一段：
Nevertheless, there will be some disadvantages of going abroad. For example, we have to suffer a lot from loneliness because of leaving family and friends, we must make great efforts to learn a new language, and we will spend a great deal of money.
作者用 “Nevertheless” 连接 “there will be some dis- advantages of going abroad.”这样一个表示明显转折的过渡句，把文章自然地由上述“advantages of going abroad”转到“dis- advantages”上，使文章上下文有机地联系起来。
（3） 用段落过渡本文来源:考试大网
文章内容由一层意思转入另一层意思的交接处，可以安排一个起承上启下作用的过渡段落。如下面“Nuclear Energy”一文的过渡段。
This is an important effect of the coming of nuclear energy; yet, to my mind, it is not the most important. What is most important is that energy will be more evenly distributed in the future.
在这一段落中，“This is an important effect of the coming of nuclear energy”起着承上段的作用；而“What is most important is that energy will be more evenly distributed in the future”起着启下段的作用。显然，下一段将阐述如何合理分配能量问题。
好，下面我对这一讲内容做一下小结。在这一讲里，我主要谈到了
1）段落的结构；2）段落的要求；3）段落的写作步骤和发展方法；4）文章的基本要求；5）文章的基本结构；6）文章正文的扩展方法；7）文章的开始段和结尾段的写法。
关于英语写作的基本理论和技巧就介绍到这里，下面我们进行写作练习。我将给大家一个作文题，请大家根据这一讲的内容，在30分钟内完成。大家在写作的过程中要注意审题，考虑文章的结构、采用的扩展方法、开头和结尾的方法及文章中的过渡方法等。下面，我们先来看一下题目要求。
练习一：大学英语四级考试写作指导四方谈
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic What Would Happen If There Were No Power in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence or part of the first sentence of each paragraph. Your part of the composition should be no less than 120 words, not including the words given.
What Would Happen If There Were No Power
1. Ever since early last century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life. ______________________________________________.
2. If there were no electric power，_________________________________, ____________________________________________________________.
3. Therefore, ___________________________________________________.
现在开始进行写作练习。

F. 英语四级作文大概得多少分才能及格

英语四级卷面总分为710分，作文及翻译各占15%，也就是各106.5分，一般能达到90分以上。作文能按照考试要求，用词准确，逻辑连贯，语法正确，那分值大概在满分的85%左右，也就是90.5分左右。

英语四级总分：710分，由以下几个部分组成：

一、英语四级作文：写作部分占整套试卷的15% =106.5分，在这部分你要达到63.9分为及格。

二、英语四级听力派孙部分＝248.5分，听力部分占整套试题的35%，除听力篇章外每个题都是7.1分。

三、英语四级阅读理解35% =248.5分，阅读部分占整套试题的35%，选词填空每题3.55分，其余每题都是7.1分。

四、英语四级翻译部分汉译英15% 30分钟＝106.5分。

四级考试的作文类型

1、中文提纲作文

通常提键羡弯纲作文都是给出三个提纲，每个提纲即是一段，正好符合四级作文“三段论”的布局，同学们可以根据提纲进行描述。例如：A、许多人考证书。B、其目的是什么。但这种作文由于比较简单，现在已经很少进行考查了。

2、素材评论作文

给出一段背景素材，让考生表达对该段素材的看法。素材未必一定是某个事件，也有可能是引语评论作文，引用的内容可能是名人名言，也可能是生活中的谚语，让考生评论其内在含义，并进行相应的文章写作。

3、图画评论作文

根据给定的漫画，通过观察漫画场景，对漫画内容发表评论。这类作文一定要先对漫画场景进行基本描述，然后通过其蕴含的哲理，对现象主旨进行提炼。

4、图表评论作文

根据给定的某事件相关数据，进行数据分析，并对图表中数据反映的直观现象和深层含义进行评论。这类题稿闷同图画评论作文一样，要先对图表进行描述，然后再对内容进行探讨和评论。

5、应用文

应用文考的比较多的是书信或电子邮件的书写。六级考试作文中有要求考生写求职信的题目，这类题目虽然考试几率较低，但是同学们也一定要了解书信的格式。