大学四级英语作文步骤
英语四级是一件很重要的事情,而在英语四级中英语作文也是很重要的,下面我就给大家整理了英语的写作的方法,大家有时间可以阅读一下
一. 邀请信
开头段:表明写作意图,向某人发出邀请。
主体段:说明邀请的具体原因,邀请的内容。
结尾段:表示强烈的期盼,并希望尽快得到答复。
常用句型
1.I am please to invite you to participate in to be held fromto in我很高兴邀请你参加从到在举行的活动。
2.It is my pleasure/a great honor for me to invite you to如能邀请你参加是我莫大的荣幸。
3.It is my pleasure to extend an invitation to you to go traveling with me. 我很高兴邀请你和我一起去旅游。
4.I hope that you won't decline my invitation.我希望你不会拒绝我的邀请。
5.I will cover all the expenses involved.我会负责有关费用。
6.We were wondering if the session could consist of...我们想知道会议是否可以包括
7.Would you please let me know as soon as possible if you can accept my invitation?你能否早日告诉我是否能接受我的邀请?
范文
June 23, 2008
Dear sir/madam:
We would like to invite you to an exclusive presentation of our new [proct]. The presentation will take place at [location], at [time] on [date]. There will also be a reception at [time]. We hope you and your colleagues will be able to attend.
[company] is a leading procer of high-quality . As you well know, recent technological advances have made increasingly affordable to the public. Our new models offer superb quality and sophistication with economy, and their new features give them distinct advantages over similar procts from other manufacturers.
We look forward to seeing you on [date]. Just call our office at [phone number] and we will be glad to secure a place for you.
Sincerely yours,
(name)
二. 英文求职信范文
范文
April 7, 2002
Mr. Ray Hanks
Manager of Human Resources
Wayne Investments, Inc.
1023 Central Avenue
Tempa, FL 19122
Dear Mr. Hanks:
I am writing to apply for the Client Account Coordinator, which was advertised May 4th with the Career Services Center at Florida State University. I have enclosed a of my resume for your review. I believe that I have the training, experience and qualities that you are looking for.
According to the advertisement, your position requires excellent communication skills, computer literacy, and a B.S. degree in Finance. My studies have included courses in computer science, management information systems, speech communications, and business writing. I understand the position also requires a candidate who is team and detail-oriented, works well under pressure, and is able to deal with people in departments throughout the firm. These are skills I developed both in my course work and in my recent internship at Liberty Mutual, Inc. in Orlando, Florida.
Your job description suggests that our relationship could be mutually beneficial. I am confident that I can perform the job effectively, and I am excited about the idea of working for a dynamic, nationally recognized investment management firm.
I look forward to discussing my background and qualifications with you. If you would like to schele an interview or otherwise discuss my interest in the position, I can be reached at (218) 365-3333.
Sincerely, Tom Sherman
三. 投诉信
开头段:说明与收信人的相关性,并表明写作意图。
主体段:写明投诉的原因,要展开说明,可以说具体的理由,也可以说问题的具体体现方式,比如,表达你对此事所带来 不便的感受、心情。此外,提出你对如何改进或者解决问题的建议,清楚表明你希望问题如何得到解决。
结尾段:表达你希望所述问题得到迅速解决的强烈愿望,并对有关人员做出的努力表示感谢,希望尽快得到满意的答复。
常用句型
1. I am writing to you to complain about... 我现写信向你投诉有关
2. I am afraid that I have to inform you that... 我很遗憾地告诉你
3. I am completely disappointed/upset to find... 当我发现,我感到非常的失望(伤心)。
4. There are some problems with.., that I wish to bring to attention. In the lust place .... in the second place .... 我希望你注意到在方面的一些问题。一方面,;另一方面,
5. To improve the situation, it is advisable to take the following measures. For one thing .... For another .... 为了改善局面,建议采取以下措施。其一,;其二,
6. I sincerely hope that it win review its management system, with the view to (doing) ... 找真诚地希望能检讨自已的管理方式,以便
7. I look forward to a day when we could... 我期盼着有天我们能够
8. I do hope that the problems will be solved as soon as possible. 我希望问题可以尽早得以解决。
9. I hope my suggestions will be taken into consideration to improve the situation. 我希望你们能够考虑一下我的建议以便改善局面。
10. We believe that you will take this matter seriously from now on and make every effort to prevent its recurrence. 我们相信你们从现在起会认真对待这件事情的,并努力避免此事的再次发生。
四. 求学信
开头段:简单自我介绍,并说明写作意图。
主体段:介绍相关工作经历、学习经历以及个人本性。
结尾段:表示强烈的期盼,并希望尽快得到答复。
常用句型
1.I wish to pursue my Master's degree in your prestigious university. 我希望到贵校攻读硕士学位。
2.I wish to apply to admission to your department as a post-graate student. 我现申请攻读贵系研究生。
3.I am greatly Interested in your graate program in College of Law and wish to apply for admission.我对贵校法学院的研究生课程非常感兴趣,并申请到贵系攻读硕士学位。
4.Would you be so kind as to provide me with some relevant in formation?您能否为我提供些相关信息呢?
5.I am writing to ask for admission to your department. It's my long-cherished dream to pursue my study in your honored department. 我申请就读于贵系,这是我长久以来的愿望。
6.It would be appreciative of you if you could send me Some relevant information at your earliest convenience. 如果您能够尽快寄给我一些相关信息,我将不胜感激。
7.Could you send me an application form as wet/as some detailed information regarding... ?您能否寄给我申请表和有关的资料?
8.If further materials are required, I am only too willing to forward them to you.如需其他材料,我非常乐意寄上。
9.I will certainly feel honored if I could be admitted to your university, which, renowned for its long history and a fine tradition of scholarship, enjoys a worldwide fame.贵校历史悠久,治学严谨,享有世界声望,如果有幸能够成为贵校的学生,我将感到无比的荣幸。
10.Would you please let me know the proceres for admission at your earliest convenience?能够尽快告知我入学的有关程序。
11.I shah be glad to furnish you with any further information concerning my ecation and work experience. 我很乐意为您提供我个人学习和工作经历的有关资料。
B. 英语作文四六级
四六级作文主要有以下四个类型:
1.现象阐释型
这类作文多为提纲式作文或图表式作文。这类命题要求考生对某一社会现象进行解释,分析产生该现象的原因并加以评论。
写作模式
第一段描述现象;
第二段解释这种现象产生或存在的原因;
第三段提出解决问题的建议或总结观点。
2.对比选择型
这类作文多为提纲式作文,议论文体裁。通常首先论述相反的两种观点,或分析某一社会现象的优缺点,然后提出自己的看法。
写作模式
第一段提出要讨论的主题,说明人们对此看法不一;
第二段分别论述人们对此事物或现象的看法及原因;
第三段表明自己的观点并给出理由。
C. 四级英语作文怎么写拿高分
四级英语作文怎么写,写作高分技巧是什么?不清楚的小伙伴看过来,下面由我为你精心准备了“四级英语作文怎么写拿高分”仅供参考,持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的内容!
四级英语作文怎么写拿高分
①英语基础薄弱,不会用语法,建议练真题,在真题语境中补语法。
②词汇量太小,词写不出来,建议记重点单词,背诵+按时复习同步。
③作文结构不完整,总是乱序,建议你多看看真题范文,自己平常也多练练,熟悉下四级英语作文的大体框架。
英语四级作文怎么审题
我们审题的目的就是根据不同体裁确定不同的写作方法。通过审题,我们可以看出四级作文大都是三段式。如上例第一段为议论体,第二段为说明体,第三段为描述体。而各种文体又有不同的写作方式:议论文:要有论点和论据,而且往往从正反两方面来论述。例如上面第一段的思路是:做合格大学生,会怎么样(这是从正面论述);不能做合格的大学生,又会怎么样(从反面论述);所以我们要做合格的大学生(结论)。说明文:可以从几方面来说明一个问题,可以从德智体三方面来说明合格大学生的必要性。描述文:以“人”为中心描述一个“做”的过程。与上两段相比,本段的主语多为人称代词,他要与第二段相呼应进行描述。
拓展阅读:英语四级如何自学
首先我们要拿出三个月左右的时间备考英语四级,最少也不能低于两个月。第一、背单词。单词的重要性不再过多的陈述,如果单词量太低,对考试题目的理解就会差,影响做题。一个月的时间背完英语四级词汇。全部掌握英语四级词汇的话,需要每天花两个小时左右记单词。
第二、听力。每天坚持听两个小时左右,可以是历年的真题、模拟试题、练习题等等,累了就听听BBC、VOA类的内容,实在枯燥的话就听听英文歌曲,时刻把自己置身于英文的环境中。
第三、阅读。刚开始做阅读的时候正确率肯定是不会太高,阅读的备考只能是通过长期的大量的练习,慢慢的就会掌握一些做题技巧。每天至少要做二至三篇的练习题,然后找一些阅读的做题技巧提高正确率。
第四、作文和翻译。这两部分放在一起说。前一个月的备考可以不重视作文和翻译,在平时练习阅读和背单词的同时看到好的句子顺便一起背。好的句式、好的谚语等等要进行背诵。然后多看一些作文的格式,多读一些经典范文,可以拿历年真题的作文范文当素材。翻译同理。翻译和作文都是需要连词的,连词用的好会得高分,所以还需要掌握一些连词的用法。
D. 大学四级英语作文写作攻略
首先,审题,条理清楚
保证不跑提示写作当中第一任务,第二个重要任务就回是要做到条理清楚。答对于议论文来说,正反面要清楚,对于说明文来说条理要清楚,对于描述文来说,谁干什么要清楚。
写主题句
主题句是确保不跑题的前提,只有不跑题才有可得及格分。写主题句嘴保险的方法就是把中文提纲的各句译成英语。
问题阐述
适当用被动替换主动,这样能更客观地反映事实。
一句话用不同的句式来表达
为了加强同学们对语法知识在写作中的灵活应用
尽量复杂作文中的句式
长句采用的特殊语法包括:宾语从句+分词结构做插入语+分词作后置定语(issued)+被动语态+原因短语+定语从句。
保证作文符合字数要求的十二句作文法
作文120-150个字,考生一般都希望作文达到字数而又不至于写得太多,因为写得太多一方面暴露自己语言上的弱点,另一方面又会占用过多的时间。写得太多还易跑题,一个有效的方法就是十二句作文法。
E. 四六级英语作文写作技巧-提纲作文的写作方法
一.提纲作文的写作方法
根据给出的提纲写作文与段首句作文有很大的相似性。事实上,根据每段的提纲,就可以得出每段的main idea,再根据main idea写出每段段首的topic sentence,由此就可以按照写段首句作文的方法来写提纲作文了。
二.写作提纲顷拍槐作文的注意事项
通常提纲作文都是给出三个提纲,每个提纲即是一段,正好符合四级作文“三段论”的布局。但赵文通老师在此提醒同学们需要注意的是:当给出的提纲小于三个时,比如只给出了两个提纲,那么其中的一个提纲就要分成两段来写。
写作范文1
1.运动的积极因素
2.运动的消极因素
3.你的体会
Sports benefit us in many respects.(根据main idea 写出topic sentence。)When taking part in sports, we get the chance to train almost all parts of our bodies. There is no doubt that proper sports activities keep our physical fitness. Furthermore, sports can enrich our life and maintain our psychological health. Through participation, everyone can learn that on the playground he not only struggles for himself but also fights for his team. Sports teach us about consideration, cooperation and optimism to failure.(关键词的并列往往可以给阅卷人留下深刻雀友的印象。)
But sports can do some harm to those who cannot plan their activities properly. Too hard training may hurt their bodies, exhaust their vigor, and even cause them to become sick.
In general, I love sports. I enjoy sports. For sports not only help me to live a well-balanced life, but also provide me with opportunities to get closer to nature. Sports add happiness to my everyday life when I perform in a decent way.(decent这个词用得恰到好处,在这里也正是“恰到好处”的意思。)
写作范文2
Advertisement
1.广告给人们带来的益处
2.广告给人们带来的烦恼
3.如何正确利用广贺饥告的作用
Advertisement can be a service to people. First, it is informative, and can help people buy and sell goods. Second, it can widen people's knowledge, and make people more experienced. Lastly, people can enjoy themselves through those programs which advertisements have been put into.(分条举例说明广告的益处。)
Some advertisements, however, are not very useful to people, sometimes even harmful. An advertisement like this, for example, may put thousands of women and girls into trouble. "Disillusioned with life, love, marriage? You need help. Phone me." And the Savior gives his phone number to his sheep.
In modern times, many advertisements are subjective rather than objective, persuasive rather than informative.(说理客观。)The only purpose of these advertisements is to persuade people to buy their poorly made procts. Therefore, it is wise for people to make sure the advertisements are telling the truth.(根据提纲中第三段的主旨来写如何正确利用广告。)
F. #英语四六级#四级英语作文该怎么写
1.审题:作文评分的第来一个源要求就是内容切题,因此审题特别关键。四级作文都是命题作文,而且多有中文提示或提纲,所以你首先应了解命题的基本要求,理解题目的真正意图,然后确定提纲中的关键词及各要点间的逻辑,整理自己的思路,对自己所想到的内容进行组织和全面安排。尤其对要讨论的问题,该涉及的内容,所需的事实、例证、阐述、说明和总结等,在头脑中形成一个整体的构思。
2.组织段落:构思好之后,根据构思的提纲,运用选好的材料,恰当地运用连词,合理安排段落,使文章条理清楚、内容连贯。段落的组织主要是通过扩展句对主题句的支持或说明来进行的。各段的主题句在审题构思时就应基本形成,主题句确定下来,接着就是通过一系列的扩展句,来说明、论证或阐述主题句的思想。常见的段落展开方法有列举、举例、比较和对比、因果、叙述、归类、下定义等,考试时应灵活运用。
3.修改:也就是说要删除与主题不相干的内容,检查句子时态、语态等。特别应注意单词的正确拼写;字母大小写和标点符号;数的一致性(包括主语与谓语以及名词与其限定语的单复数一致性);指代关系(包括指代的一致性和代词的选用);动词形式(时态、语态、语气)等方面。
G. 求四级英语作文框架
各类体裁英语考试作文框架
第一段一般只写三句
第一句: is widely believed that by many people for some time that ...
第二句:One reason they think is that...
第三句:The other reason they hold is that...
第二段一般只写三句
第一句:While others argue that ...
第二句:They maintain that...
第三句:They also claim that...
第三段写四句
第一句:From what has been discussed above, we may come to the conclusion that ...
第二句:On the one hand, ...
第三句:On the other hand, ...
第四句:Only in this way can we ...
图表作文
第一段只写三句
第一句:As is shown in the graph above, we can see clearly that great changes have taken place in … from…to…
第二句:The first … years saw…
第三句:The last … years witnessed …
第二段只写四句
第一句:What has caused this problem? It seems to me that there are … reasons.
第二句:Firstly, …
第三句:Secondly,…
第四句:Finally,…
第三段只写四句
第一句:How to solve the problem has become a hot issue among many people.
第二句:For one thing, …
第三句:For another, …
第四句:Only in this way can we successfully solve the problem.
现象作文
第一段只写两句
第一句:In recent years, there has been…
第二句:How to solve the problem has become a hot issue among many people.
第二段只写四句
第一句:What has caused this problem? It seems to me that there are … reasons.
第二句:Firstly, …
第三句:Secondly,…
第四句:Finally,…
第三段只写四句
第一句:How to solve the problem has become a hot issue among many people.
第二句:For one thing, …
第三句:For another, …
第四句:Only in this way can we successfully solve the problem.
书信作文
第一段只写两句
第一句:I am writing this letter today to …
第二句:My name is … and I am …
第二段按照题目要求写:
第三段只写三句
第一句:I sincerely hope you can take my letter seriously.
第二句:Your prompt response will be highly appreciated.
第三句:Thanks a lot for your time and consideration.
谚语作文
第一段只写四句
第一句:It is … that …
第二句:You cannot … until you …
第三句:The more you …, the more …
第四句:If you …, you …
第二段举例写
第一句:Examples can be easily found to make a case for this proverb.
第二句:Let’s take … for instance.
第三句:…
第四句:Another illustration of this is…
H. 四级作文应该怎么写
四级作文写法如下:
1、开头最好马上表明主题,要通过一些比较高级的句子来表达,这在考前要多背一些,还要背一些模板,考试的时候灵活运用,实在不会直接背上也可以。
2、使用模板时可以添加一些高级词汇,这在平时要多积累,考前临时多背几个也行,一旦忘了一定不要写,宁可用简单的词汇也不能写错单词,尽量减少出错,能不出错就不出错。
英语四级作文技巧
写英语作文前先构架好大致框架,一般都是现状、各方态度和自我观点,万变不离其中。多用定语从句、状语从句和连词增加文章的逻辑性。虽然内容很重要,但多用从句连词能给作为加分。
还有词义试着用相近的词组代替单词,既能凑字数又能给增加作文的阅读性,一举两得。一般现在写英语作文都是为了应试,如果上面这几点都搞定了可以试着连字体,美观简洁的作文不会打分太低。
I. 英语四级作文怎么写
大学英语作文是衡量学生英语综合水平和应用能力的一个重要指标,也是大学四级考试的一个重要内容。在整个四级卷面(满分为100分)中占15分,考生在这一部分的得分直接决定其四级成绩。近年来国家教委又明确规定,四级考试中,如果学生作文得零分,那么即使前面得了满分(即85分),其总成绩仍将视为不及格。因此写好一篇文章对参加四级考试的学生来说可谓至关重要,不容轻视。
第一、英语底子太薄。底子太薄主要表现为对语法知识掌握不牢及对基本词汇记忆不清。
第二、词汇量太小,且对已学词汇记忆不清。除了底子太薄这个历史原因之外,学生词汇量太小也是一个不容忽视的原因。有的学生汉语功底很好,用汉语作文,他们就会思如泉涌,下笔千言,但是一到用英语作文就好像被缚住了手脚,不知如何下手。
第三、缺乏思想,深度不够。
第四、缺乏应试技巧。缺乏应试技巧,主要表现为有些学生在篇首或篇尾有喊口号倾向
以上是四级英语考试中常见的几个问题,更是我们平时英语作文当中应该注意的几个方面。要写好一篇英语文章,关键要在平时下功夫,打好牢固的基础,但是如果这一功夫在使用的时候不讲技巧,不但不能事半功倍地发挥出最高技巧,取得最佳成绩,甚至可能出现与实际水平相去甚远的低成绩。因此,上面讲到的四个问题应该是相辅相成,缺一不可的,做到了这几点,写出一篇好的大学英语四级作文应该是不难的。
J. 英语四级文章写作基本理论与技巧
文章的写作
1. 文章的基本要求
2. 文章的基本结构
3. 文章正文的扩展方法
4. 文章开始段和结尾段的写法
5. 文章中的过渡本文来源:考试大网
1.2.1 文章的基本要求
文章是由段落组成的完整的语篇单位。虽然长度不一、字数不等。但文章一般具有以下共同的特点:
1) 论点明确一致;
2) 内容完整统一;
3) 论据详实慎禅具体;
英语四级段落写作基本理论与技巧
4) 衔接合理连贯;
5) 语言准确生动。
具体地说,一篇写得好的文章应该拥有一个贯穿全文的主题思想(theme or central idea),能用大量、具体的材料对主题作比较充分的论证;还应该有开头、发展部分和结尾,注重布局、衔接及文笔流畅恰当。
1.2.2 文章的基本结构
虽然段落和文章在长度上明显不同,但段落却素有“微型作文”之称,其结构及写作与文章有许多相似之处。请比较:
从上图可见,段落和文章都是由三个主要部分组成的:开头、扩展部分、结尾。只不过在段落中,作扩展句的部分在文章中成了正文部分各段落的主题句并得到了进一步充分的扩展和论述。无论是段落还是文章,所有的内容必须是围绕一个主题以求得全面、完整和统一,同时必须注重连贯性。
1.2.3 文章正文的扩展方法
文章正文的扩展方法与前面谈到的段落的展开方法相似,主要有列举法、举例法、因果法、比较对照法、分类法、定义法、时间顺序法和空间顺序法等。段落的结构和写作方法基本可以用于文章和写作之中,这里就不再一一赘述。
1.2.4 开始段的写法来源:考试大
大学英语作文通常由三个段落组成。由于字数有限,一篇文章基本上头、尾段短,中间段长。文章的开头虽短,但举足轻重,是文章成败的关键。开始段(Opening Paragraph)的目的在于提示主题,即引出文章要讨论的核心问题,从而起到统领全文的作用。因此,开始段要达到两个目的:一是抓住读者的兴趣及注意力;二是陈述文章主题、介绍相关背景并引导正文内容。
文章的开篇方法多种多样,大家必须根据文章的题材、体裁、读者等来加以选择。这里介绍四种常用的开篇方法:
1) 开门见山,直入主题
开始段可用简洁的语言直陈主题思想,既可以吸引读者的注意力,又可以避免跑题。例如:
主题:Euthanasia(安乐死)
It has been said that euthanasia is quietly being practiced in some urban areas of China, despite a lack of legal protection for the death option. In my opinion, it is right to exercise mercy killing.
该段第一句引入安乐死这一讨论的主题,第二句接着直接陈述作者对安乐死的看法宽返尘。从这个开始段不难看出,全文将阐述“为什么实行安乐死是对的”。
2) 以问句形式开头,点明主题世液
文章的开头还可用设问的方式点明主题,提示全文内容,激发读者读下去,探个究竟。例如:
主题:Water Shortage
China, a country blessed with a great number of rivers, has abundant water resources. However, China’s many cities are going thirsty.What has caused the shortage?
本段第一句说中国水资源丰富,第二句指出中国许多城市却缺水,第三句提出了读者心中的疑问:是什么原因导致缺水呢?从而激发读者的兴趣,吸引读者读下去,寻找问题的答案。
3) 引用名言、谚语,点明主题
开始段还可以巧妙引用与主题相关的名言、常用习语、谚语、格言等,既可增强文章的感染力,也可点题或表明作者的观点。例如:
主题:Honor(荣誉)
“We mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor.”
So ends the Declaration of Independence. The men who founded the United States had many differences, but they agreed on one thing: Honor. Two hundred years later we seem to have lost it.
该段引用《独立宣言》的结束语(“我们谨以我们的生命、我们的命运和我们神圣的荣誉相互立誓”),很自然地引入“荣誉”这一讨论的主题,同时也增强了文章的感染力。
4) 描写共有经历,引起共鸣本文来源:考试大网
开始段还可通过描写与读者共有的经历,引起读者的共鸣,增强说服力。例如:
主题:Daydreaming
“Daydreaming again, Barb? You’ll never amount to anything if you spend your time that way! Can’t you find something useful to do?”
Many youngsters have heard words like those from their parents. And until recently this hostile attitude towards daydreaming was the most common one. Daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time. Or it was considered an unhealthy escape from real life and its ties. But now some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming. Some think it may be a very healthy thing to do.
本段通过许多年经人常常从他们父母那听到的话开头,引出“白日做梦”这一主题,很容易引起读者的共鸣,激发他们的兴趣,同时又能增强了文章的说服力。
1.2.5 结尾段的写法
结尾段(Concluding Paragraph)同开篇一样重要。结尾段对全文要点进行概括总结、表达作者的目的,以求留给读者一个深刻完整的印象,增强文章的效果。下面介绍四种常见的结尾方法:
1) 总结全文,得出结论本文来源:考试大网
结尾段可用总结全文的方式强调、概括全文的主要内容,加深读者对全文的深刻了解与认识。例如:
主题:Physical exercise
In a word, I benefit a lot from doing physical exercise. I seldom get sick but feel vigorous even after a whole day’s work. I shall keep up doing physical exercise so as to live happily and fruitfully.
本段总结了全文,加深读者对“体育锻炼有益于健康”这一主题的认识。
2) 提出建议,号召行动,表达决心或展望未来
结尾段还可以在总结全文要点的基础上,对文中所提的暂时无法解决或尚无定论的问题适当引申,或提出建议,号召别人采取行动,或展望未来。这种方法可以启发读者思考并予以鼓舞,有助于增强文章的感染力。例如:
主题:Generation gap来源:www.examda.com
In order to reconcile the differences, some forms of organization should be established to help the young and the old to exchange their ideas and strengthen their mutual understanding so as to bridge the gap.
该段就怎样弥补代沟方面提出一些建议。
3) 建议与结论
文章的结尾常结合两种写法。有的先提出建议或解决办法,再做结论。有的则先做出结论,再提出建议,例如:
主题:Shortage of natural resources(自然资源短缺)
The prolonged development of human society proves that population and economic and social progress eventually cannot be achieved without natural resources. To save the limited resources, we must take some measures to handle appropriately the relationship between the population and resources.
该段首先进行总结:人类社会持续的发展证明,如果没有自然资源,人口的繁衍、经济和社会的发展最终都是不可能的。
作者接着建议,为了节约有限的资源,我们必须采取一些措施,正确处理人口与资源的关系。
4) 提醒读者事物的两面性
文章的结尾还可以以转折的形式,提醒读者任何事物都有两面性,从而认识到其不足或负面的影响。例如:
主题:Solar Energy(太阳能)
However, solar energy has its disadvantages. One is that it is still very expensive for widespread practical use. Besides, solar systems would not work in cloudy or rainy days as well as at night. But in sunny areas, solar energy could help solve the energy crisis.
该段指出了太阳能的两个缺点:一、太贵;二、太阳能系统在阴雨天和晚上无法工作,从而让人们更全面地了解太阳能。
值得注意的是,在指出某一事物的另一面时,不能用太多笔墨,否则会喧宾夺主,淡化主题思想。
1.2.6 文章中的过渡方法
一致性和连贯性是作文的两个基本原则。而过渡是保持文章的一致性和连贯性的重要手段。过渡是指上下文之间的衔接与转换,在写作中起承上启下的作用。过渡帮助读者了解文章的条理和层次,沿着文章的思路由一个层次转到另一个层次,由前一段过渡到下一段,以致感到全文连贯畅达,融会贯通。
文章中常用的过渡方法有三种:
(1) 用词语过渡来源:考试大的美女我们
从一个句子过渡到另一个句子可以恰当地使用表示过渡的词语。同样,段落之间的过渡也可通过使用表示过渡的词语。
例如:
To sum up, although undergoing risks can make you more experienced and enable you weather any crisis in life, it’s advisable to take only the rewarding risks whose opportunities far outweigh their risks.
作者用To sum up这一短语,从前面对冒险的讨论过渡到总结全文,表明自己对冒险的看法。
(2) 用句子过渡
文章由一段内容转入另一段内容,从一个层次转换到另一个层次需用过渡句。用句子过渡主要有三种情况:
a. 通过设问或提示导入正文
这种过渡句通常在第一段的末尾,或在第二段的开头。如Solutions to Test Anxiety 一文的第一段。
When taking an examination, many students tend to be worried and uneasy. Their minds cannot work as well as they usually do. As a result,they get low grades which do not show their real abilities. Then how to cope with such test anxiety?
最后一句是过渡句。作者用设问方式引导读者转入下一段的正题——“Solutions to test anxiety”。
b. 通过总结,引出结论本文来源:考试大网
这种过渡句通常位于最后一段的开头。如Why Shanghai Enjoy Long Life Expectancy 一文的最后一段。
Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people’s life. Given a better environment, Shanghai people’s life expectancy would extend beyond 80.
作者在前面的段落中分析了上海人长寿的原因之后,用“Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people’s life.”作为过渡句,总结全文,并展望未来的前景。
c. 通过提示,转入对比来源:考试大
说明文和议论文等从一个段落过渡到另一个段落,表示转入与前段内容所阐述的问题相反,或者形成对比时,常在段首使用过渡句。这种过渡句需在句前用一个表示对比的过渡词或者短语。如Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Abroad for Further studies一文中的一段:
Nevertheless, there will be some disadvantages of going abroad. For example, we have to suffer a lot from loneliness because of leaving family and friends, we must make great efforts to learn a new language, and we will spend a great deal of money.
作者用 “Nevertheless” 连接 “there will be some dis- advantages of going abroad.”这样一个表示明显转折的过渡句,把文章自然地由上述“advantages of going abroad”转到“dis- advantages”上,使文章上下文有机地联系起来。
(3) 用段落过渡本文来源:考试大网
文章内容由一层意思转入另一层意思的交接处,可以安排一个起承上启下作用的过渡段落。如下面“Nuclear Energy”一文的过渡段。
This is an important effect of the coming of nuclear energy; yet, to my mind, it is not the most important. What is most important is that energy will be more evenly distributed in the future.
在这一段落中,“This is an important effect of the coming of nuclear energy”起着承上段的作用;而“What is most important is that energy will be more evenly distributed in the future”起着启下段的作用。显然,下一段将阐述如何合理分配能量问题。
好,下面我对这一讲内容做一下小结。在这一讲里,我主要谈到了
1)段落的结构;2)段落的要求;3)段落的写作步骤和发展方法;4)文章的基本要求;5)文章的基本结构;6)文章正文的扩展方法;7)文章的开始段和结尾段的写法。
关于英语写作的基本理论和技巧就介绍到这里,下面我们进行写作练习。我将给大家一个作文题,请大家根据这一讲的内容,在30分钟内完成。大家在写作的过程中要注意审题,考虑文章的结构、采用的扩展方法、开头和结尾的方法及文章中的过渡方法等。下面,我们先来看一下题目要求。
练习一:大学英语四级考试写作指导四方谈
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic What Would Happen If There Were No Power in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence or part of the first sentence of each paragraph. Your part of the composition should be no less than 120 words, not including the words given.
What Would Happen If There Were No Power
1. Ever since early last century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life. ______________________________________________.
2. If there were no electric power,_________________________________, ____________________________________________________________.
3. Therefore, ___________________________________________________.
现在开始进行写作练习。