樁式橋英語怎麼說及英文翻譯

A. 公路、橋梁工程專業英語翻譯

Research is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. He or she is often employed in a laboratory that is financed by government or instry. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and also the development and testing of new structural materials.
調查研究是科學技術其中最重要的一個方面。一名研究人員通常作為團隊的一員，與其他科學家和工程師共同研究。他或她往往是受雇於某個實驗室或研究所，其經費通常由政府或某個行業提供。研究領域涉及土木工程，包括土力學及土壤加固技術等，並涉及到結構新材料的開發和試驗。
Civil engineering projects are almost always unique; that is, each has its own problems and design features. Therefore, careful study is given to each project even before design work begins. The study includes a survey both of topography and subsoil features of the proposed site. It also includes a consideration of possible alternatives, such as a concrete gravity dam or an earth-fill embankment dam. The economic factors involved in each of the possible alternatives must also be weighed. Today, a study usually includes a consideration of the environmental impact of the project. Many engineers, usually working as a team that includes surveyors, specialists in soil mechanics, and experts in design and construction, are involved in making these feasibility studies.
土木工程項目幾乎都是獨一無二的，也就是說，每一個都有其自身存在的問題和設計特點。因此，要認真研究每個特定的項目，甚至在設計工作開始前就開始研究。研究內容包括調查、測量擬定項目現場的地形和地下土質。還要考慮到可能的備選方案，比如是選擇混凝土重力壩還是選擇填土築堤大壩。對於每個可選的方案都要衡量其牽涉到的經濟因素。當前在研究中還要充分考慮該項目的建設對環境的影響。在做項目的可行性研究時，一個團隊通常由許多專業的工程師組成，包括測量工程師，土力學專家，設計和施工專家等等。
Many civil engineers, among them the top people in the field, work in design. As we have seen, civil engineers work on many different kinds of structures, so it is normal practice for an engineer to specialize in just one kind. In designing buildings, engineers often work as consultants to architectural or construction firms. Dams, bridges, water supply systems, and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by a systems engineer who is in charge of the entire project. In many cases, engineers from other disciplines are involved. In a dam project, for example, electrical and mechanical engineers work on the design of the powerhouse and its equipment. In other cases, civil engineers are assigned to work on a project in another field; in the space program, for instance, civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads and rocket storage facilities.
許多土木工程師參與設計工作，他們中間不乏行業內的頂尖專家。正如我們所看到的，土木工程師的工作牽涉到很多不同種類的建築物，所以各行如隔山，每個領域都有其精通的專家，專門從事某一類研究。在建築物的設計中，這些工程師往往擔任某個建築或安裝公司的顧問。大壩，橋梁，供水系統，以及其他大型工程項目通常聘請一些工程師，他們的工作由一個負責整個項目的系統工程師統一協調管理。在很多情況下，其他專業領域的工程師也會參與到項目中。例如，在大壩項目中，電氣及機械工程師會參與到發電廠房及動力設備的設計中去。另外土木工程師還會被安排到另一些領域區工作，如太空開發計劃，在設計和建造一些結構如火箭發射架和儲存設施時，土木工程師就有必要參與其中的設計和建設。
Construction is a complicated process on almost all engineering projects, it involves scheling the work and utilizing the equipment and the materials so that costs are kept as low as possible. Safety factors must also be taken into account, since construction can be very dangerous. Many civil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase.
對於幾乎所有的工程項目來說，施工都是一個極其復雜的過程，它涉及到工期的組織計劃，設備和材料的合理使用，目的使建設成本越低越好。還必須考慮到安全因素，由於施工是很危險的。因此許多土木工程師專門深入研究施工階段。
Much of the work of civil engineers is carried on outdoors, often in rugged and difficult terrain or under dangerous conditions. Surveying is an outdoor occupation, for example, and dams are often built in wild river valleys or gorges. Bridges, tunnels, and skyscrapers under construction can also be dangerous places to work. In addition, the work must also progress under all kinds of weather conditions.
土木工程師的許多工作在戶外進行的，他們常常在崎嶇不平的復雜地形甚至危險情況下。測量也是一個室外專業，例如，大壩往往是建於激流河谷活峽谷中。橋梁，隧道，以及摩天大廈的施工場所也充滿危險。此外，工程必須在不可避免的各種氣候條件下進行。
The prospective civil engineer should be aware of the physical demands that will be made on him or her **.
未來的土木工程師們應該清醒意識到這種工作對他們（或她們）的體質要求。

God，終於搞完了！

B. 船舶配件英語

你買《航海英語詞典》（雙向詞典），這裡面有通用的備件，但是比較專用的備件，呵呵，你只有看廠家的說明書，一個廠家用一種叫法，不過可能其他廠家也不生產這個東西，比如日本IHI公司生產的TURBIN中有 DISTANCE PIECE 這個備件，我們翻譯成間隙塊。你到其他廠家，人家也沒有這個東西啊。所以沒有專用備件的書，只有通用備件的書。

C. 誰知道有哪些國貿英語詞彙啊

Just for your imformation:

1 C&F(cost&freight)成本加運費價

2 T/T(telegraphic transfer)電匯

3 D/P(document against payment)付款交單

4 D/A (document against acceptance)承兌交單

5 C.O (certificate of origin)一般原產地證

6 G.S.P.(generalized system of preferences)普惠制

7 CTN/CTNS(carton/cartons)紙箱

8 PCE/PCS(piece/pieces)只、個、支等

9 DL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元

10 DOZ/DZ(dozen)一打

11 PKG(package)一包，一捆，一紮，一件等

12 WT(weight)重量

13 G.W.(gross weight)毛重

14 N.W.(net weight)凈重

15 C/D (customs declaration)報關單

16 EA(each)每個，各

17 W (with)具有

18 w/o(without)沒有

19 FAC(facsimile)傳真

20 IMP(import)進口

21 EXP（export)出口

22 MAX (maximum)最大的、最大限度的

23 MIN (minimum)最小的，最低限度

24 M 或MED (medium)中等，中級的

25 M/V（merchant vessel)商船

26 S.S(steamship)船運

27 MT或M/T(metric ton)公噸

28 DOC (document)文件、單據

29 INT（international)國際的

30 P/L (packing list)裝箱單、明細表

31 INV (invoice)發票

32 PCT (percent)百分比

33 REF （reference)參考、查價

34 EMS （express mail special)特快傳遞

35 STL.(style)式樣、款式、類型

36 T或LTX或TX(telex)電傳

37 RMB（renminbi)人民幣

38 S/M （shipping marks)裝船標記

39 PR或PRC(price) 價格

40 PUR (purchase)購買、購貨

41 S/C（sales contract)銷售確認書

42 L/C （letter of credit)信用證

43 B/L （bill of lading)提單

44 FOB （free on board)離岸價

45 CIF （cost,insurance&freight)成本、保險加運費價

補充：

CR=credit貸方，債主

DR=debt借貸方

（注意：國外常說的debt card，就是銀行卡，credit card就是信譽卡。這里都是指銀行和財務公司說的，你的銀行卡，是你將錢放入銀行，銀行是「借貸方」，所以叫做debt卡。用credit卡，是你從銀行或者財政公司借錢，銀行或公司是「貸方」，所就叫credit.）

Exp=Expense花費，費用

O/H=overhead常用開支

TC=total cost總費用

FC=fixed cost常設費用

VC=variable cost變動費用

P=profit竟利潤

S=sales銷售總額

Rev=revenue利潤

MC=marginal cost費用差額

GM=gross margin毛利

MR=marginal revenue利潤差額

A/R=acount receivable待收款（銷售後，記賬以後收取。）

A/P=account payable代付費（花費後記賬，以後付費。）

PMT=payment支付款

N/I=net income純收入

AMT=amount數額

DCT=discount打折

ceiling price 最高價，頂價

maximum price 最高價

minimum price 最低價

average price 平均價格

base price 底價

rockbottom price 最低價

bedrock price 最低價

price 價格，定價，開價

priced 已標價的，有定價的

pricing 定價，標價

priced catalogue 定價目錄

price of commodities 物價

pricing cost 定價成本

price card 價格目錄

pricing method 定價方法

price list 定價政策，價格目錄，價格單

pricing policy 定價政策

price format 價格目錄，價格表

price tag 價格標簽，標價條

price current (p.c.) 市價表

Price is high(low). 價格高（低）。

Price is rising (falling). 價格上升（下降）。

Price is up (down). 價格上漲（下跌）。

Price is looking up. 價格看漲。

Price has skyrocketed.價格猛漲.

Price has shot up. 價格飛漲。

Price has risen perpendicularly. 價格直線上升。

Price has risen in a spiral. 價格螺旋上升。

Price has hiked. 價格急劇抬高。

so on and so on ^

最後聲明一下，這答案不是我一個個寫出來的，是從我常去的外貿網站復制的。