斷口形狀英語怎麼說及英文翻譯

① 【懸賞50分】求碧璽的英文簡介

Today, gem and specimen tourmaline is mined chiefly in Brazil and Africa. Some placer material suitable for gem use comes from Sri Lanka. Some fine gem and specimen material has been proced in the US, with the first discoveries having been made in 1822, in the state of Maine. California became a large procer of tourmaline in the early 1900s. The Maine deposits tend to proce crystals in raspberry pink-red as well as minty greens. The California deposits are known for bright pinks, as well as interesting bicolors. During the early 1900s, Maine and California were the worlds largest procers of gem tourmalines. The Empress Dowager Tz'u Hsi, the last Empress of China, loved pink tourmaline and bought large quantities for gemstones and carvings from the then new Himalaya Mine, located in San Diego County, California. [4]

Almost every color of tourmaline can be found in Brazil, especially in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. In 1989, miners discovered a unique and brightly colored variety of tourmaline in the state of Paraíba. The new type of tourmaline, which soon became known as paraiba tourmaline, came in unusually vivid blues and greens. These colors were often described as "neon" since they appeared to glow. Brazilian paraiba tourmaline is usually heavily included. Much of the paraiba tourmaline from Brazil actually comes from the neighboring state of Rio Grande do Norte. Material from Rio Grande do Norte is often somewhat less intense in color, but many fine gems are found there. It was determined that the element copper was important in the coloration of the stone. The demand and excitement for this new material, which has fetched more than $50,000 per carat, earned more respect for the other colors of tourmaline. In the late 90s, copper-containing tourmaline was found in Nigeria. The material was generally paler and less saturated than the Brazilian materials, although the material generally was much less included. A more recent African discovery from Mozambique has also proced beautiful tourmaline colored by copper, similar to the Brazilian paraiba. While its colors are somewhat less bright than top Brazilian material, Mozambique paraiba is often less included and has been found in larger sizes. The Mozambique paraiba material usually is more intensely colored than the Nigerian. There is a significant overlap in color and clarity with Mozambique paraiba and Brazilian paraiba, especially with the material from Rio Grande do Norte. While less expensive than top quality Brazilian paraiba, some Mozambique material sells for well over $5,000 per carat, which still is extremely high compared to other tourmalines.
Tourmaline mineral (~ 10 cm tall)Another unique variety that is also highly valued is chrome tourmaline, a rare type of dravite tourmaline from Tanzania which occurs in a very rich green color caused by chromium, the same element which causes the green in emerald. Of the standard Elte colors, generally blue indicolite gems are the most expensive, followed by green verdelite and pink to red rubellite. There are also yellow tourmalines, sometimes known as canary tourmaline. Ironically the rarest variety, colorless achroite, is not appreciated and is the least expensive of the transparent tourmalines. In addition to Brazil, significant amounts of tourmaline are also mined in Tanzania, Nigeria, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, and Malawi.[5]

Some tourmaline gems, especially pink to red colored stones, are altered by irradiation to improve their color. Irradiation is almost impossible to detect in tourmalines, and does not impact the value. Heavily-included tourmalines, such as rubellite and Brazilian paraiba are sometimes clarity enhanced, which must be disclosed to the buyer. A clarity-enhanced tourmaline (especially paraiba) is worth much less than a non-treated gem。

② 英語silky skin怎麼翻譯

silky skin可以翻譯成「柔滑的肌膚」。

重點單詞：silky：英[ˈsɪlki]美[ˈsɪlki]

• adj. 絲制的，絲綢的；絲綢一樣的，柔軟光潔的；（聲音）柔和的，輕柔的；（食物）口感軟滑的；（行動）平穩的，流暢的

• adv. 光潔地，光滑地

詞性變換： 比較級 silkier或more silky； 最高級 silkiest或most silky 。

相關短語：

Silky fowl烏骨雞 ; 竹絲雞 ; 烏雞 ; 武山雞

silky fracture[冶]絲光斷口 ; 絹狀破面 ; 絲狀斷口 ; 絲狀斷裂面

silky heart堀江由衣 ; 柔弱少女心 ; 絲般的心 ; 柔滑的心臟

雙語例句：

Use everywhere - onhands,overroughheelsandelbowareas-forsilkyskinthat neverfeelsgreasy. Apply whenever you need torestoreskinto a glowing, healthy look and velvet-smooth vitality.

手，結束粗糙的腳後跟和手肘區域上，使肌膚如絲般柔滑而不曾覺得油膩。

Leavesyourskinsoft andsilkyfrom headto toe.

從頭到腳，使你的皮膚柔滑。

③ 嘻嘻，小饅頭繼續發問英語翻譯（請繼續關注我）

2 。裂紋閉合模型
埃爾伯在1968年討論了一些他的意見表明，裂紋閉合由於干擾對方的表面，可能會發生，即使在拉伸負荷周期的一部分。這一觀察
導致的定義，一個新的推動力，裂紋擴展，將帳戶的開放負荷高於最低負荷周期：

△ Keff = Kmax - Kopen （ 1 ）
基本的假設是僵硬的裂紋表面之間的接觸，因此，對K 「 Kopen裂紋尖端完全屏蔽。從實驗的角度來看， Kopen是確定的偏差的線性負載與開放曲線（例如，見[ 43 ] 。 ）
預計接觸表面的裂縫，主要是有關殘余塑性變形（塑性誘發裂紋閉合，中保）在穩定狀態（雙） FCG制度，同時門檻關閉主要涉及微觀結構粗糙的斷口（粗糙度誘發裂紋閉合， RICC ）或氧化層（氧化物誘發裂紋閉合，伊斯蘭國家首都和城市） ，可能發展的斷裂面。不管怎麼說，發生關閉，由於這種機制導致一些批評假設一個剛性的完整聯系裂紋表面（ 44 ） ：
●疲勞裂紋表面不得干涉在很尖，但只能在一定距離落後;
●伊斯蘭國家首都和城市幾乎可以援引平面應變條件下，因為是比較有限的可塑性比平面應力，因此，很少有貼了材料的表面裂紋;
●裂紋閉合裂紋面對由於干擾，可能會發生的粗糙，氧化層等，但這些捐款裂紋尖端應力通常是小，重要的不僅在門檻區域。

如果認為不是相容打擊後（ 44歲）之間的荷載傳遞裂紋面臨逐步因此是一個地方株的貢獻甚至低於Kopen
這就是說，價值Kopen ，並反過來對△ Keff不能簡單地確定點偏離線性負載位移曲線。

④ 硫化鐵的英文是啥

FeS2讀作「二硫化亞鐵」而不是「二硫化鐵」，它的化合價只是一個平均值，而不是單個電子的得失數目，類似的還有「硫代硫酸鈉Na2S2O3」，看上去好像硫的化合價是＋2，但是實際上一個硫＋6，一個硫原子－2。
它的結構可以認為是這樣的：一個鐵失去兩個電子，每個硫得到一個電子，兩個硫原子以一個共價鍵（即一個共用電子對）相連；亞鐵離子再與兩個硫原子形成的陰離子結合起來．每個鐵原子失去了兩個電子，化合價就為+2價；兩個硫原子共得兩個電子，平均每個硫原子得一個電子，硫的化合價就為-1價．以上對它的結構的說法是一種不嚴密的說法．實際上硫與鐵的結合有很大的共價成分．
即在黃鐵礦的晶體中存在著以下的結構：
Fe-S－S-Fe-S-S-Fe-S-S-...
在初中，一般就不考慮這點而採用以上的說法．
另外對黃銅礦：CuFeS2,可讀成」硫化亞鐵銅」

硫化亞鐵Ferrous sulfide
硫化鐵Ferric sulfide
硫酸亞鐵 ferrous sulfate
黃鐵礦Pyrite
Fool's gold 愚人金(還是黃鐵礦FeS2，我在下面這個「材料科學專業英語詞彙(F)」)的網站找到了它的對應翻譯。
http://www.51ecation.net/Article/HTML/3680.html

其他含鐵礦物的成分如下：
赤鐵礦（主要成分是Fe2O3）
磁鐵礦（主要成分是Fe3O4）
褐鐵礦（主要成分是Fe2O3·3H2O）
菱鐵礦（主要成分是FeCO3）
黃鐵礦（主要成分是FeS2）
鈦鐵礦（主要成分是FeTiO3）