高中英語非謂語動詞怎麼講
『壹』 高中英語非謂語動詞講解-(整理)
非謂語考點大揭秘
老師叮嚀:李輝老師說,想要提高語法,攻破非謂語是第一步!下面的知識點都是歷年真題中最常出現的、最值得同學們優先理解的非謂語考點!經過了全網首席高考英語名師李輝老師團隊高度認真地整理校對,無錯、可信!可供全國各省高中生列印、學習、背誦!
一、非謂語
非謂語形式為以下7種,對應7種意思。
1.做:doing
2.被做:done
3.要做/去做:to do
4.要被做:to be done
5.之前做:having done
6.之前被做:having been done(只能作狀語)
7.正在被做:being done
(前三種考的頻率較高)
二、不定式
不定式是指在句中無人稱和數的限制,並在句中起著名詞、形容詞或副詞作用 的語法成分。動詞不定式有兩種形式,一種帶不定式符號to,一種不帶不定式符號to。
1.動詞不定式可以放在謂語前句子作主語。但是通常將作主語的動詞不定式或不定式短語放在謂語後面,而在主語位置用「it」作形式主語(有時在不定式的前面還會用for sb.表示不定式的邏輯主語)。
如:To help animals is helping people. 幫助動物就是幫助人。
It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well. (對於我們而言)學好漢語是非常的困難。
It took me half an hour to work out this problem. 解出這道題花了我一個小時的時間。
2.動詞不定式可以作謂語動詞(及物動詞)的賓語。
如:I would like to have a rest at the moment. 我現在想休息一下。
They began to search the room for the thief. 他們開始在屋子裡搜尋小偷。
[補充說明]
常用不定式作賓語的動詞:
want 想要 wish 希望 hope 希望 offer 主動提出
decide 決定 help 幫助 long 盼望 arrange 安排
learn 學會 ask 要求 refuse 拒絕 promise 答應
pretend 假裝 expect 期望 dare 敢 afford 承擔得起
plan 計劃 manage 成功 agree 同意 prepare 准備
determine 決定 desire 渴望 demand 強烈要求
3.動詞不定式可以在句子中用作定語,放在名詞或代詞後面。
如:a key to lock the door 鎖門的鑰匙 a box to hold these things 裝這些東西的箱子
但如果不定式動詞是不及物動詞,那麼後面需要加介詞。
They could not find a place to live in. 他們找不到住的地方。
Please give me a chair to sit on. 請給我一張椅子坐坐。
4. 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作狀語,有下列幾種情況:
[A] 放在不及物動詞come, go, stop, finish, wait 等詞的後面。
如:He came to see her yesterday. 他昨天來看望她。(表示來的目的)
I stopped to have a rest. 我停下來休息一會兒。(表示停下來的目的)
[B]放在完整的謂語之後(即「謂語+賓語」、「謂語+賓語+補語」、「動詞+表語」之後)。
如:We cleaned the room to let him play in it. 我們打掃了房間以便讓他在裡面玩。
I opened the window to see more clearly. 我打開窗子以便看得更清楚點兒。
[C]有時表示目的的不定式短語可以放在句首。
如:To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.
為了按時到達,我們比平時早起了一個小時。(表示早起的目的)
[注意]
A.stop to do 與 stop doing的不同。
如:They stopped to have a look.
他們停下來看看。(不定式作「停下來」的目的狀語)
They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teacher.
他們停止向窗外望,開始聽老師講課。(動名詞作賓語,表示「停止」的內容)
B.不定式作目的狀語也常用在in order (not) to do或so as (not) to do結構中,但so as (not) to do結構不用在句首。
In order to fetch wood,villagers had to walk many kilometers.
為了砍柴,村民們得走好幾千米的路程。
She swung the pork in her hand so as to attract the lion』s attention.
她把豬肉在手中搖晃著,以吸引獅子的注意力。
5.動詞不定式可以在句子中用作表語,限用於連系動詞之後。
如:My job is to keep the goal. 我的工作就是守住球門。
6.動詞不定式可以在句子中用作復合賓語中的賓語補足語。
如:Mum asked me to help her with the cooking. 媽媽叫我幫助她做飯。
[注意] help 之後做賓補的不定式符號 to 可以省略;
要求跟不定式作賓補的動詞:
勸教命請叫advise, teach, order, command, ask, tell
允許又警告allow, permit, warn
使役表意向cause, let, have, make, lead, set, leave, get, wish, want, expect
知覺動詞妙feel, hear, watch, see, observe, notice(感官動詞省略to)
感官動詞之後的賓補用不定式與現在分詞時, 含義不同,需特別注意(參見現在分詞部分)。
試比較:
I heard her crying when I walked past. 我路過時聽到她正在哭。(指當時瞬間的情況)
I sat near her and heard her sing the new song. 我坐在她附近聽她唱新歌。(指整個過程)
不定式的時態
用 法
意 義
示 例
一般式
to do
表示與謂語動詞的動作同時
(我幾乎同時)發生的動作或狀況。
He seems to be tired
=It seems that he is tired.
他似乎累了。
表示發生在謂語動詞的動作之
後的動作.這種用法的動詢常用
有promise, wish, hope, expect, plan, want, mean, intend 等。
We expect him to come.
=We expect that he will come.
我們希望他回來。
She promises to write to me once a week =She says (that) she will write to me once a week.
她答應每周給我寫封信。
進行式
to be doing
表示不定式的動作與謂語
動詞的動作同時進行。
Don't pretend to be work hard. Just do what you should.不要假裝努力工作.做你該做的事。
I discovered him to be eating in the room.我發現他在房間里吃東西。
用 法
意義
示 例
完成式
表示不定式的動作
或狀態發生在謂語
動詞的動作之前。
He seems to have been ill.
=It seems that he was
/ has been ill.
他似乎剛病過。
He seemed to have been ill.
=It seemed that he
had been ill.
他似乎過去病過。
to have done
表過去沒有實現的願望、期待或計劃。謂語動詞常為下列動詞: wished, hoped, intended, meant, expected,
planned, promised, wanted,
thought, desired, were,
was, would like, should like等。
I wished to have bought a
car,but I had no money.
我希望買部車,但我
(當時)沒有錢。
完成進行式
to have been doing
不定式的動作或狀態在
謂語動詞的動作或
狀態前一直在進行,
並可能存在下去。
He is said to have been teaching there for more than thirty years.
據說他在那兒教書有30多年了。
三、動名詞
1.動名詞由動詞原形加詞尾「ing」構成。
動名詞有動詞的特徵,可以跟賓語,可以被狀語修飾;它也有名詞的特徵,在句子中可以作主語、賓語(包括介詞賓語)等。動名詞加相關詞語(賓語或狀語等)構成動名詞短語。
2.動名詞可以作主語。一般可用 it 作形式主語而將動名詞短語後移。
如:Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.
(自學好英語不那麼容易)
3.動名詞可以作賓語。
[A]want / need 之後用動名詞時,含有被動意思。
如:Your car needs repairing badly. 你的車急需修理。被修)
My hair needs cutting. 我要理發。(頭發被理)
[B]remember / forget / stop / finish 之後用動名詞時,與用不定式含義不同。
如:I forgot to write a letter to him. 我忘了給他寫封信。(根本沒寫)
I forgot writing a letter to him. 我忘了給他寫過信。(寫了卻忘了)
They stopped to look back. 他們停下來向後看。(停下的目的是向後看)
They stopped looking back. 他們停止向後看。(不向後看了)
[C]enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go 等詞一般用動名詞作賓語。
如:Do you mind my closing the door? 把門關上你介意嗎?
She hates travelling by air. 她討厭坐飛機旅行。
They went swimming every afternoon. 他們每天下午去游泳。
I enjoy walking around the town. 我喜歡在鎮上轉悠。
[D]like / love / start / begin / learn 後面用動名詞時,與用不定式意思相近或相同。
如:We began to study English when we were at primary school. 我們在小學時就開始學英語了。
We began studying English when we were at primary school. 我們在小學時就開始學英語了。
4.動名詞可以作表語,此時特別注意不要與現在進行時混淆。
如:My job is putting these parts together. 我的事情是把這些部件拼起來。
I am putting these parts together. 我正在把這些部件拼起來。
5.動名詞與現在分詞構成相同,但是含義不同,動名詞主要表示事情,而現在分詞則主要表示進行著的動作。
如:Eating too much is not good for your health. (動名詞短語,作主語)
Seeing is believing. (動名詞短語,分別作主語和表語)
He ran after a moving bus and got onto it. (現在分詞,作定語)
His father saw him sitting on some eggs. (現在分詞,作賓補)
四、分詞: 包含現在分詞和過去分詞。(高中學習重點)
主要區別:現在分詞一般有主動的意思或表示動作正在進行的意思;過去分詞有被動或動作已經完成的意思。分詞可以有自己的賓語或狀語。
1.作定語:分詞作定語時,一般要放在修飾的名詞之前,分詞短語作定語時,則要放在所修飾的名詞之後。
如:I have got a running nose.
我流鼻涕了。
The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,「Stop the thief!」
跟著小偷追的婦女大喊:捉小偷!
Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.
昨天我遇見了一個名叫布萊克先生的人。
He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.
他只給了我一個壞玻璃杯,所以我很生他的氣。
2.現在分詞可以作下列動詞的賓語補足語。(參考不定式作賓語補足語)
keep(保持) / see(看到) / hear(聽到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感覺到)
如:In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.
黑暗之中我感到有個冷的東西在我的腳上移動。
3.現在分詞可以作狀語,表示伴隨情況。
如:She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.
他走進教室,手上抓著一沓紙。
I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.
這些日子我正忙著准備即將來到的口語考試。
4. 過去分詞可以作表語,放在連系動詞後面,但要注意不要與被動語態混淆,「主系表」主要表示狀態,而被動語態則表示動作。
常用過去分詞作表語的結構有:be worried (焦慮) / be pleased (高興) / be tired (疲勞) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / become frustrated (沮喪) / become interested in (對…興趣)等等
5. 過去分詞可以作賓語補足語。
如:I had my hair cut this morning.
今天早上我讓人給我理了發。
(注意:have sth. done 表示動作由別人來做,而 have done sth.則為
現在完成時的結構,兩個結構不可以混淆。)
『貳』 高中英語如何學習非謂語動詞非謂語動詞都要掌握哪些
學習非謂語其實很簡單,第一點,也是最重要的一點,就是你要學會劃分句子成分,這樣才不專會把非謂語屬和謂語混為一談。第二,要記住非謂語的三種形式,並了解它們的形式所表達的含義:doing表示主動和進行,done表示被動和完成,to do 表示將來。第三,就是要認清非謂語的邏輯主語,這決定你應該用非謂語的哪種形式。
eg。The girl talking to the teacher is my deskmate. 這個句子中,先劃分成分,主語是the girl;非謂語(talking to the teacher)作定語,修飾主語,在這里,非謂語的邏輯主語和句子的真正主語一致,女孩和老師談話,表主動,所以用doing;句子的真正謂語是is;my deskmate做句子的表語。
『叄』 高中英語非謂語動詞翻譯!
1, He preferred reading books to watching TV. 2, Einstein was a man without any interest in money. He never cared for his salary. 3, Shaoguan is famous for its long history, attracting many tourists every year.
4, Fascinated by the beautiful scenery of the Danxia Mountain, they cheered happily.
5, I insisted that he should take action to deal with the problem right away.
『肆』 高中英語非謂語動詞怎麼學習
非謂語動詞是英語來學習中比源較復雜但比較大的一塊。很難簡短回答。以下是本人在學習過程中經常用到的方法,僅供參考。
1. 非謂語動詞的三種基本形式:to do; doing; done. 其他變體形式可根據具體語態時態而相應變化。
2. 三種基本形式的基本理解和用法:
從時態上來說:to do表將來;doing即指現在;而done則已經完成。
從語態上說:to do表主動,to be done表被動;doing表主動,done表被動。
當然,如果能搞清楚非謂語動詞在句子中充當的成分以及各種時態語態下的變體將有助於整體分析。相信參閱相關的語法書籍都會有詳細介紹。
3. 關於問題中的如何區分主謂和動賓關系,非謂語動詞雖然不能直接充當謂語,也是表示動作,只要看這個動作跟其關系最密切的句子主語之間的關系就可以了。如果主語是這個動作的執行者,那就是主謂關系,如果是這個動作的承受者,當然就是動賓關系了。
很久沒有碰語法了,解釋的不是很詳細,建議還是多看看語法書籍及相關例子,用以上1,2點細細體會下,希望會有所幫助
『伍』 英語非謂語動詞怎麼理解
簡單來說,動詞的主要作用是在句子中作謂語,表示動作。但有一些動詞的形式,如不定式、動名詞、分詞,它們是動詞,但是正好不能做謂語。所以稱為非謂語動詞。
『陸』 高中英語非謂語動詞
1. 句意:當那個男孩看見媽媽來了時,就裝出正在看書的樣子。Pretend接動詞不定式做賓語,pretend to do sth.;因此排除A、D兩個選項;C選項動詞不定式的一般式無法表現出正在進行的意思。
2. 本題的答案你是不是看錯了?應該選B。句意:工程能夠按計劃完成嗎?當然。為了按時完成。我們每天會多工作兩個小時。本題是考察動詞不定式做目的狀語。B與C的區別在於,C表示抽象的或進行的,B表示一次性的或將來的,很明顯,根據題目中的will應該選擇B。
3. SORRY本題的答案你貌似又沒找對。選D。句意:為一個面試做好准備是很有必要的。把答案准備好會有很大的幫助。考察現在分詞做主語。A表示將來的或一次性的,但是本題旨在陳述一個普遍的道理,無刻意指明時間;B是現在分詞完成式,表示此動作先與謂語發生,同樣本題並無刻意指明時間;C是動詞的原形,應該是第一個被排除掉的答案。因為本句的真正謂語是will be,如果你在選出個動詞原形就造成了兩個謂語的局面,在簡單句中只能有一個謂語,這也是我們為什麼有非謂語動詞這一說法的原因。
4. 句意:現在不是到了你應該去給卷紙評分的時間嗎?考察get down to後接非謂語的什麼形式,此片語意為「開始(認真)做某事」,to是介詞,後接現在分詞。
5. 句意:我不想被人聽起來像在說別人的不是,但是經歷的計劃真是不公平。考察點:1)want後接動詞不定式,因此排除C;2)sound一詞一般來講主動表被動,因此即使意思是被動的,也用主動形式,因此排除B;D選項的錯誤在於它表示明確強調發生在謂語之前,本題無此強調,因此不對。
6. 句意:孩子們的父母建議住在賓館,但是孩子們非常渴望在履行期間能夠露營。考察suggest用法:1)suggest doing 2)suggest sb. to do sth.;因此排除A與B;D選項表示明確強調發生在謂語之前,本題無此強調,因此不對。
7. 句意:突然一個駕著金色馬車的高大男人抓住女孩並帶走了她,消失在樹林中。考察1)並列句,第一空中的動詞應該與took her away 是並列關系,因此選擇過去式,排除A與C;2)狀語,本句第二空到最後為時間狀語,由於整個句子主語是a tall man,與disappear是主動關系,因此選擇現在分詞;B選項的過去分詞表示被動,因此排除B。
非謂語是英語語法一大塊,如果你學完了不是很懂,建議你趕快趙老師惡補一下,千萬別似懂非懂過去了,因為非謂語在英語中幾乎可以算得上是無孔不入。
『柒』 高中英語非謂語動詞講解
一、非謂語動詞種類及句法功能
(一)概述:
在英語中,不作句子謂語,而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞,叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞有動詞不定式(the Infinitive);動名詞(the Gerund);現在分詞(the Present Participle);過去分詞(the Past Participle)。
1.非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的相同點有:
(1)如果是及物動詞都可與賓語連用,例如:
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
(2)都可以被狀語修飾:
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
(3)都有主動與被動, 「體」式(一般式;進行式;完成式)的變化。例如:
He was punished by his parents.(謂語動詞被動語態)
He avoided being punished by his parents.(動名詞的被動式)
We have written the composition.(謂語動詞的完成時)
Having written the composition, we handed it in.(現在分詞的完成式)
(4)都可以有邏輯主語
They started the work at once.(謂語動詞的邏輯主語)
The boss ordered them to start the work.(動詞不定式的邏輯主語)
We are League members.(謂語動詞的主語)
We being League member, the work was well done.
(現在分詞的邏輯主語)
2、非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的不同點有:
(1)非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用(如動詞不定式和動名詞),在句中做主語、賓語、表語。
(2)非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用(如動詞不定式和分詞),在句中做定語、表語或賓語補足語。
(3)非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用(如動詞不定式和分詞),在句中作狀語。
(二)非謂語動詞的句法功能:
二、非謂語動詞用法:
(一)動詞不定式:(to)+do,具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特徵。
1.不定式的形式:(以動詞write為例)
否定式:not + (to) do
(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生或發生在謂語動詞動作之後,
例如:
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
(2)進行式:不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生,例如:
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前,例如:
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2.不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
動詞不定式短語作主語時,常用it作形式主語,例如上面兩句可用如下形式:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
(2)作表語:
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
(3)作賓語:
常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(賓語)後面有賓語補足語,則用it作形式賓語,真正的賓語(不
定式)後置,放在賓語補足語後面,例如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語,如:
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用,如:
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
(4)作賓語補足語:
在復合賓語中,動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語,如下動詞常跟這種復合賓語:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外,介詞有時也與這種復合賓語連用,如:
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.
有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用,但改為被動語態時,不定式要加to, 如:
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
(5)作定語:
動詞不定式作定語,放在所修飾的名詞或代詞後。與所修飾名詞有如下關系:
①動賓關系:
I have a meeting to attend.
注意:不定式為不及物動詞時,所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等,應有必要的介詞,如:
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修飾time, place, way,可以省略介詞:
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者,不定式可用主動式也可用被動式:
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②說明所修飾名詞的內容:
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語:
He is the first to get here.
(6)作狀語:
①表目的:
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首時,邏輯主語與句子主語要一致:
wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.
right:To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表結果:
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示強調:
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因:
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度:
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
(7)作獨立成分:
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do動詞。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
(9)不定式的並列:第二個不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
(二)動名詞:
動名詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有名詞的句法功能。
1.動名詞的形式:
否定式:not + 動名詞
(1)一般式:
Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。
(2)被動式:
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請就來到了晚會。
(3)完成式:
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。
(4)完成被動式:
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。
(5)否定式:not + 動名詞
I regret not following his advice. 我後悔沒聽他的勸告。
(6)復合結構:物主代詞(或名詞所有格)+ 動名詞
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。
2.動名詞的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。
It's no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。
(2)作表語:
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在螞蟻王國,蟻後的工作是產卵。
(3)作賓語:
They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我們必須阻止空氣被污染。
注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語,如上面兩個例句。此外,動名詞作賓語時,若跟有賓語補足語,則常用形式賓語it,例如:
We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發現取笑他人不好。
要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承認),deny(否認), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒險), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
(4)作定語:
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學校有游泳池嗎?
(5)作同位語:
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收聽收音機新聞節目的習慣仍未改變。
(三)現在分詞:
現在分詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
1、現在分詞的形式:
否定式:not + 現在分詞
(1)現在分詞的主動語態:現在分詞主動語態的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生,完成
式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生,常作狀語。例如:
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業,他開始打籃球。
(2)現在分詞的被動語態:一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發生的被動的動作,完成式表示發生在謂語動
詞之前的被動的動作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告訴了好幾遍,這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。
2.現在分詞的句法功能:
(1)作定語:現在分詞作定語,當分詞單獨做定語時,放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語做定語
放在名詞後。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在後來的幾年中,他學習更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。
現在分詞作定語相當於一個定語從句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher.
(2)現在分詞作表語:
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 當前的形勢鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示現在進行時,也可能是現在分詞做表語,它們的區別在於be + doing表示進行的動作是進行時,而表示特徵時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成系表結構。
(3)作賓語補足語:
如下動詞後可跟現在分詞作賓語補足語:
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。
(4)現在分詞作狀語:
①作時間狀語:
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工廠工作時,他是一名先進工人。
②作原因狀語:
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由於是共青團員,他經常幫助他人。
③作方式狀語,表示伴隨:
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家裡,又擦又洗。
④作條件狀語:
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩,你就會浪費寶貴的時間。
⑤作結果狀語:
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,結果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的狀語:
He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。
⑦作讓步狀語:
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
雖然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧與邏輯主語構成獨立主格:
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.
我等汽車時,一隻鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已經賣光了,他們失望地離開了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果時間允許,我們將做另兩個練習。
有時也可用with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。
⑨作獨立成分:
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
從外表看,他一定是個演員。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來,女孩子更細心。
(四)過去分詞:
過去分詞只有一種形式:規則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構成。不規則動詞的過去分詞沒有統一的規則要求,要一一記住。
過去分詞的句法功能:
1.過去分詞作定語:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當選為委員的人將出席這次會。
注意當過去分詞是單詞時,一般用於名詞前,如果是過去分詞短語,就放在名詞的後面。過去分詞做定語相當於一個被動語態的定語從句。
2.過去分詞作表語:
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be + 過去分詞,如果表示狀態是系表結構,如果表示被動的動作是被動語態。區別:
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被動)
有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構成的,不表示被動,只表示完成。如:
boiled water(開水) fallen leaves(落葉)
newly arrived goods(新到的貨) the risen sun(升起的太陽)
the changed world(變了的世界)
這類過去分詞有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3.過去分詞作賓語補足語:
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語:
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他們出去玩去了。
4.過去分詞作狀語:
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到鄰居們的表揚,他成為父母的驕傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看見,人們就忘不了。(表示時間)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果給予更多的時間,我能做得更好。(表示條件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life
『捌』 高中英語非謂語動詞用法
(一)動詞不定式:(to)+do,具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特徵。
否定式:not + (to) do
(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生或發生在謂語動詞動作之後,
例如:
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
(2)進行式:不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生,例如:
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前,例如:
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2.不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
動詞不定式短語作主語時,常用it作形式主語,真正的主語不定式置於句後,例如上面兩句可用如下形式:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
常用句式有:1、It+be+名詞+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容詞+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容詞+for sb.+to do。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示贊揚或批評的形容詞,不定式前的sb.可作其邏輯主語。
(2)作表語:
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
(3)作賓語:
常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(賓語)後面有賓語補足語,則用it作形式賓語,真正的賓語(不定式)後置,放在賓語補足語後面,例如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語,如:
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用,如:
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
(4)作賓語補足語:
在復合賓語中,動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語,如下動詞常跟這種復合賓語:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外,介詞有時也與這種復合賓語連用,如:
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.
有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用,但改為被動語態時,不定式要加to, 如:
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
(5)作定語:
動詞不定式作定語,放在所修飾的名詞或代詞後。與所修飾名詞有如下關系:
①動賓關系:
I have a meeting to attend.
注意:不定式為不及物動詞時,所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等,應有必要的介詞,如:
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修飾time, place, way,可以省略介詞:
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者,不定式可用主動式也可用被動式:
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②說明所修飾名詞的內容:
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語:
He is the first to get here.
(6)作狀語:
①表目的:
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首時,邏輯主語與句子主語要一致:
wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.
right:To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表結果:
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示強調:
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因:
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度:
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
(7)作獨立成分:
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do動詞。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
(9)不定式的並列:第二個不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
(二)動名詞:
動名詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有名詞的句法功能。
1.動名詞的形式: Ving
否定式:not + 動名詞
(1)一般式:
Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。
(2)被動式:
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請就來到了晚會。
(3)完成式:
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。
(4)完成被動式:
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。
(5)否定式:not + 動名詞
I regret not following his advice. 我後悔沒聽他的勸告。
(6)復合結構:物主代詞(或名詞所有格)+ 動名詞
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。
2.動名詞的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。
It's no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。
(2)作表語:
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在螞蟻王國,蟻後的工作是產卵。
(3)作賓語:
They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我們必須阻止空氣被污染。
注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語,如上面兩個例句。此外,動名詞作賓語時,若跟有賓語補足語,則常用形式賓語it,例如:
We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發現取笑他人不好。
要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承認),deny(否認), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒險), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
(4)作定語:
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學校有游泳池嗎?
(5)作同位語:
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收聽收音機新聞節目的習慣仍未改變。
(三)現在分詞:
現在分詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
1、現在分詞的形式:
否定式:not + 現在分詞
(1)現在分詞的主動語態:現在分詞主動語態的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生,完成
式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生,常作狀語。例如:
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業,他開始打籃球。
(2)現在分詞的被動語態:一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發生的被動的動作,完成式表示發生在謂語動
詞之前的被動的動作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告訴了好幾遍,這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。
2.現在分詞的句法功能:
(1)作定語:現在分詞作定語,當分詞單獨做定語時,放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語做定語
放在名詞後。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在後來的幾年中,他學習更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。
現在分詞作定語相當於一個定語從句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher.
(2)現在分詞作表語:
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 當前的形勢鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示現在進行時,也可能是現在分詞做表語,它們的區別在於be + doing表示進行的動作是進行時,而表示特徵時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成系表結構。
(3)作賓語補足語:
如下動詞後可跟現在分詞作賓語補足語:
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。
(4)現在分詞作狀語:
①作時間狀語:
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工廠工作時,他是一名先進工人。
②作原因狀語:
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由於是共青團員,他經常幫助他人。
③作方式狀語,表示伴隨:
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家裡,又擦又洗。
④作條件狀語:
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩,你就會浪費寶貴的時間。
⑤作結果狀語:
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,結果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的狀語:
He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。
⑦作讓步狀語:
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
雖然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧與邏輯主語構成獨立主格:
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.
我等汽車時,一隻鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已經賣光了,他們失望地離開了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果時間允許,我們將做另兩個練習。
有時也可用with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。
⑨作獨立成分:
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
從外表看,他一定是個演員。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來,女孩子更細心。
(四)過去分詞:
過去分詞只有一種形式:規則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構成。不規則動詞的過去分詞沒有統一的規則要求,要一一記住。
過去分詞的句法功能:
1.過去分詞作定語:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當選為委員的人將出席這次會。
注意當過去分詞是單詞時,一般用於名詞前,如果是過去分詞短語,就放在名詞的後面。過去分詞做定語相當於一個被動語態的定語從句。
2.過去分詞作表語:
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be + 過去分詞,如果表示狀態是系表結構,如果表示被動的動作是被動語態。區別:
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被動)
有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構成的,不表示被動,只表示完成。如:
boiled water(開水) fallen leaves(落葉)
newly arrived goods(新到的貨) the risen sun(升起的太陽)
the changed world(變了的世界)
這類過去分詞有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3.過去分詞作賓語補足語:
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語:
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他們出去玩去了。
4.過去分詞作狀語:
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到鄰居們的表揚,他成為父母的驕傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看見,人們就忘不了。(表示時間)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果給予更多的時間,我能做得更好。(表示條件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
雖然被告之有危險,他仍然冒生命危險去救那個孩子。(表示讓步)
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼,他走進山洞。