大學英語課文結構分析怎麼寫
Ⅰ 大學英語課文summary應該怎麼寫
寫一個關於課文的總體概括,摘要,就是summary
Ⅱ 大學英語八大語法寫作結構
大學英語必備八大語法寫作結構
導語:在大學英語寫作中,如何打造一篇高分文章,詞彙多變且句型豐富是重點。前者比較容易做到,後者需要扎實的語法基礎。接下來我為大家總結了豐富句子的八大語法結構,希望對各位同學有所幫助。
▶1. 主動句變被動句
“英文多被動,漢語多主動”,還需要警惕名詞與動詞之間暗含的“主被動”關系。
Eg1: It is said that …據說/相傳
Eg2:I suggest that … It is suggested that …
Eg3:Effective measures should be taken before things get worse.表建議
Eg4: your prompt attention to my enquiry would be highly appreciated. 表感激
Eg5:Students should study hard.
Students are expected / well-advised to study hard.
▶2. 簡單句變從句
名詞性從句,含主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句四種;定語從句;狀語從句
A. 主語從句:
Eg1:What worries many parents is that Internet or computer games may impact kids’ study.
Eg2:It is said that an emperor of ancient China discovered Tea 5,000 years ago. (it為形式主語;that從句為真正主語)
B.賓語從句:
Eg1:Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life is measured by how much they can borrow, not by how much they can earn.
Eg2: I am convinced that it is of great necessity for youngsters to study hard.
Eg3:明智的人不為別人的想法所影響。The sensible man is not influenced by what other people think.
C. 表語從句:
Eg1:That is why China is called the “Kingdom of Bicycles”.
Eg3:In team games, practice is what improves our sense of cooperation.
D. 同位語從句
Eg1:(Martin Luther King) I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." (該句中a dream = that 從句,)
Eg2:Others hold the different idea that online shopping brings us some problems.
E. 含同位語句式
A.人 身份
Eg. I am convinced that …
As a college student, I am convinced that …
I, as a college student, am convinced that …
B. 物 性質
Eg. A strong will brings us power …
As a vital quality, a strong will brings us power…
A strong will, as a vital quality, brings us power…
插入語
Eg1:As I see, the causes of this phenomenon are diverse.
The causes of this phenomenon, as I see, are diverse.
Eg2:All of a sudden, the silence of the lake was broken by a scream.
The silence of the lake, all of a sudden, was broken by a scream.
Eg3:Even so, others hold a different view.
Others, even so, hold a different view.
Eg4:Like anything else, automobiles have more than one side. (汽車跟很多其他事物一樣,具有兩面性)
Automobiles, like anything else, have more than one side.
F. 定語從句:
步驟:1)先寫出正確簡單句,確定被修飾成分(中心名詞)
2)在中心名詞後加入定從,關系詞who, whose, whom, where, which, when
Eg1:Taobao is a particularly popular website. ? Taobao is a particularly popular website, where/in which customers can purchase various goods.
Eg2:I will advice my foreign friend to visit Great Wall, where he or she can acquire knowledge of Chinese history.?
▶3. it 句式
A. 形式主語 it is +被動/形容詞/名詞+that從句/to do …
Eg1:It is suggested/ well-advised / supposed / proposed that sb. should (not) do …
Eg2:It is essential / necessary / advisable / convenient/ difficult/ hard/ comfortable for sb. (not) to do
Eg3:It is essential / necessary that sb. should (not) do …
Eg4:It is useless/useful doing sth.
B. 形式賓語
Eg1:An increasing number of students find it difficult to spell common words correctly.
Eg2:An increasing number of parents find it hard to have opportunities to chat with kids, who spend too much time on computers.
Eg3:A host of youngsters find it rather boring and hard to understand literature.
▶4. 強調句
A. 強調謂語:
Eg1:I love you. /I do love you. / I did love you.
Eg2:Cell phone/ Internet/ computer brings us convenience.
Cell phone/ Internet/ computer does bring us convenience.
B. 強調句式:It is/was +被強調成分+that/who+句子其他成分。
【步驟】
a. 先寫出正確的簡單句、並列句或復合句,明確單句的各個成分。
b. 在被強調成分(除謂語和補語外)兩邊添加it is/was 和that/who, 其他成分不變,必要時調整順序。
【強調句式特徵】去掉it is/was…that/who結構,整個句子無冗餘或成分殘缺。
Eg1:My mother always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study.
It is my mother who/that always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study.
It is when I have difficulties in study that my mother always encourages me not to lose heart.
Eg2:Parents’ protection does not enable kids to build up adequate ability to face social competition.
(強調句式否定形式)It is parents’ protection that does not enable kids to build up adequate ability to face social competition.
Eg3:The Internet does not enable some youngsters to spend adequate time in chatting with others face to face.
It is the Internet that does not enable some youngsters to spend adequate time in chatting with others face to face.
▶5. 倒裝
A. 表否定的副詞、短語或狀語位於主語之前或句首,主句半倒裝(一般疑問句語序);如never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, little, on no account, by mo means, in no case,
Eg1:I will never agree. Never will I agree.
B. Only +狀語位於句首,主句半倒裝。
Eg1:When my beloved is beside myself, I can feel the true happiness.
Only when my beloved is beside myself, can I feel the true happiness.
Eg2:When his computer crashes, he will come down-stairs for something to eat.
Only when his computer crashes, will he come down-stairs for something to eat.
Eg3:By doing small things, teenagers can accumulate ability and experience for something big.
Only doing small thing, can teenagers accumulate ability and experience for something big.
C.As/though倒裝形式
Eg1:Although she is a girl, Zeng Yike is called Brother Zeng.
Girl as she is, Zeng Yike is called Brother Zeng.
Eg2:Though it is convenient, online shopping leads to some problems.
Convenient as/though it is, online shopping leads to some problems.
Eg3:Although it is simple, what the picture conveys is thought-provoking.
Simple as it is, what the picture conveys is thought-provoking.
▶6.雙重否定
Eg1:no ____ is / are more _____ than ________.
In contemporary society, no means of communication is more popular and common than cell phones.
Eg2:A strong will is very important.
The importance of a strong will cannot be too emphasized.
Eg3:Ecation helps people to acquire knowledge, skills and new visions.
Without ecation, it is impossible for people to acquire knowledge, skills and new visions.
▶7. Ving/ved 狀語
A. 兩個動作同時發生且主語一致,將次要動作寫成v-ing或v-ed形式做狀語,即動作與邏輯主語之間為主動關系時寫成v-ing形式、為被動關系是寫成V-ed形式。
Eg1:I climbed the stairs. I took a suitcase.
I climbed the stairs, taking a suitcase.
Climbing the stairs, I took a suitcase.
Eg2:When they are compared with cars, bicycles are superior in several ways.
Compared with cars, bicycles are superior in several ways.
Bicycles, compared with cars, are superior in several ways.
B.兩個動作主語一致,但前後發生,則可將先發生的.動作寫成Having +ved形式。
Eg1:He had lived in this city for years. He had no difficulty finding the way home.
Having lived in this city for years, he had no difficulty finding the way home.
▶8. 排比結構
Eg1:Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. (Bacon)
Eg2:We shall fight on the hills. We shall fight in the streets. We shall fight blood and sweet and tears. (Churchill)
Eg3:作為一種重要素質,自信帶給我們力量、喚起我們對生活的熱愛、幫助我們戰勝困難。
As a vital quality, confidence brings us power, arouses our enthusiasm for life, and helps us to conquer difficulties.
大學英語中應用文寫作,通過模板句型,經典的例句完全可以得到比較理想的分數,因為“言簡意賅”就是它的特點。而大作文對於語言表達上的要求要高幾個level,只是模式化的文字已經不足以打動老師,需要在原有的結構上進一步創新,讓老師看的跌宕起伏,還是昏昏欲睡才是高低分的關鍵所在。
;Ⅲ 怎樣講解英語課文的文章結構
第一步從宏抄觀結構上
首先:分析課文的背景知識比如作者的生平該文章的寫作背景歷史社會環境背景,接著是分析課文的體裁比如記敘文說明文議論文不同的體裁必然有不同的重點,這個要視情況而定,這里就不一一贅述了,不過建議您可以借鑒一些好的教育論文,看看有經驗的英語教師是怎麼說的第二部從細節上 ,畢竟英語不是母語,這部分要比較著重的看詞彙句法,可以從這幾個方面:語篇的連貫與銜接,語法銜接以及分析課文的詞彙銜接,最後可以利用課後習題或是口頭的復述來檢驗學生是否掌握其知識點
Ⅳ 幫忙分析講解兩句英文,大學綜合英語4課文里的兩句話
1, For what is a year but a thin sliver of history,a beat of a hummingbird's wing?
此處的 for 是起承上啟下的連詞,表示前面說過意思是 「因為」 後面要提到的理由。其他部分的結構如下:
主要成分:what is a year 一年是什麼【可變通為「一年時間所代表的東西」】
後置定語(介詞短語):buta thin sliver of history 除了是薄薄的一條歷史外並不代表什麼的(東西)【可以變通為「只不過是薄薄的一頁歷史」】
定語的同位語:a beatof a hummingbird's wing 即蜂鳥翅膀的一次拍打【可以變通為「蜂鳥的一次振翅」】
在不改變上述意思的前提下,完全可以意譯如下:
因為一年的時間不就是歷史薄薄的一頁、蜂鳥振翅拍打的一瞬間嗎?
因為一年時間僅僅是歷史書頁上所記載的短短的一條,不就是蜂鳥的一次振翅嗎?。
因為一年時間只不過是滄海一粟,不就是彈指一揮嗎?。
2. As the boy brought them a man passed alongthe street outside and seeing me waved his hand.
整句結構分析
時間狀語從句:As the boy brought them
主句:a man passed along the streetoutside and seeing me waved his hand.
—主語:a man
—並列謂語:passed along the street outside and seeing me waved his hand.
可見, seeing me waved his hand 其實就是 he, seeing me, waved his hand,其中的seeing me 是現在分詞短語充當的時間狀語,因此也可以改寫為「when he saw me, he waved his hand.」,意思是 「他看到我的時候,揮了揮手」
Ⅳ 大學英語四級考試作文的要點
用word上傳的 自己下載吧
大學英語四級考試作文的要點——文章結構
四級寫作一般以三段式展開,題目要求中通常包含三個要點,每個要點為一段(記住,一定要分段),第一段提出問題,第二段分析問題,第三段解決問題。
以歷年的真題為例,2006年12月的題目為Spring Festival Gala on CCTV,要求:1。許多人喜歡看春節晚會;2。但有些人提出取消春節晚會;3。我的看法。「喜歡看春節晚會」是正常現象,應該作為問題的開端進行簡短介紹,「有些人提出取消春節晚會」才是重點,必須給出相應的篇幅做詳細闡述。最後表明我的觀點,其實就是問作者的態度及解決這個矛盾的方法。又如2006年6月的題目:AnAnnouncement for a Voluntary Program, 要求:1。校學生會組織一次暑假志願活動現招募志願者;2。本次志願活動的目的、內容及安排;3。報名條件和聯系方式。這仍是三段式的結構,第一段提出問題——告之大家會舉辦一次暑假志願活動,第二段描述問題——介紹志願活動的相關信息,第三段解決問題——怎樣加入志願活動(報名信息)。往年還考過寫簡歷,寫演講稿,論述社會現象等題目,總是跳不出三段式,因此學生們必須掌握如何寫三段式作文。
總的來說有三點要注意:1。開篇就得點題。文章字數有限,必須採取開門見山的方法,但開篇點題並不是說第一段第一句話就得提出問題,在這之前可以有所修飾,有導入的成分,但不要太長,一般第三句就得清楚、突出地把問題點出來。2。中間段闡述必須清楚。中間段是全文的核心部分,要做到闡述清楚,論證充分,要有一致性、連貫性和條理性。一般由主題句和擴展句組成,主題句是觀點的高度濃縮,應該言簡意賅;擴展句是對主題句的詳細闡述,應該做到理由充分,內容一致。3。結尾段進行總結,並提出解決問題的方法。最後的總結在觀點上可以重申但不可以重復,另外結尾一定要有所升華,不能仍停留在對問題的描述上,既然存在問題,就必須想辦法解決。
寫作能力無法一口氣提高,大家必須在平時勤修苦練。
Ⅵ 新視野大學英語第二版 unit3文章結構分析
查看文章 新視野大學英語第二冊課後翻譯答案(U1-U7)漢譯英2008-05-29 18:29Unit 11. 在有些人眼裡,畢加索(Picasso)的繪畫會顯得十分荒謬。In the eyes of some people, Picasso』s paintings would seem rather foolish.2. 他們利潤增長部分的原因是由於採用了新的市場策略。The increase in their profits is e partly to their new market strategy.3. 那個男人告訴妻子把葯放在最上面的擱架上,這樣孩子們就夠不著了。The man told his wife to keep the medicine on the top shelf so that it would be beyond the children』s reach.4. 有錢不一定幸福。Happiness doesn』t always go with money.5. 那輛小汽車從我買來以後盡給我添麻煩。That car has given me nothing but trouble ever since I bought it.Unit 21.自今年夏初起, 海爾公司 (Haier) 展開了空調促銷的廣告大戰。Since the beginning of this summer, Haier has waged a massive ad campaign to promote its air-conditioner sales.2.瑪麗的父母不同意她去美國,因此她最終能否實現自己的願望尚不可知。Mary』s parents frown on the idea of her going to America, so it remains to be seen whether she will realize her dream.3. 羅斯明白約翰源源不斷的來信,連同無數的玫瑰花,目的是為了贏得她的心。Rose knows that continuous letters from John, together with countless roses, are aimed at winning her heart.4. 政府通過資助種植果樹以使荒地重新變綠,成功地改善了生態環境。Through sponsoring the growing of fruit trees to regenerate waste land, the government succeeded in improving the ecological environment.5.政府已採取了一系列新的環保措施,由此在全國多地出現了許多公園和公共綠地。 The government has undertaken a series of new environmental initiatives. As a result, many parks and green belts have sprung up all over the country.Unit 31. 人生充滿了歡樂與痛苦。Life is full of ups and downs. be full of / be filled with2. 我始終知道他會以優異的成績畢業。I knew all along that he would graate with distinction.3. 工作人員對這一說法的真實性有些保留看法。The working staff had some reservations about the truth of the claim.4. 當地政府將毫不猶豫地採取最嚴厲的措施對付犯罪分子。 The local government will not hesitate to take the severest measures against criminals.5. 他企圖以滔滔不絕的談話來拖延時間。He tried to buy time by doing a lot of talking.Unit 41. 對大多數父母來說,送孩子出國學習的決定是經過仔細考慮後做出的。 他們會盡力在孩子離開之前安排好一切。For most parents, the decision to send children abroad for study is made after careful thinking. They will try to have everything worked out before their children leave.2. 傑克才開始工作了三個月,經驗尚不足,所以讓他獨立完成這項任務是有困難的。Jack has only been working for three months, so, for lack of experience, he will have difficulty finishing the task alone.3. 只要你詳細說明要我們做些什麼,我們就會盡力幫你做好一切准備的。As long as you specify what we are expected to do, we』ll try our best to help you get everything ready.4. 蘇珊以為自己會很快適應那兒的生活,可後來發現事情沒那麼容易,於是她開始想家(homesick)。Susan had thought she would adapt to life there soon, but she found later things were not so easy, and she began to feel homesick.5. 當離別時刻到來時,這些孩子忐忑不安起來,因為他們不知道自己是否能適應沒有父母在身邊的生活。Tension descended on these children when it was time for departure, since they didn』t know whether they could adapt to the life without parents.Unit 51. 我父親太忘事,老是在找鑰匙。My father is so forgetful that he is always looking for his keys.2. 再沒有收到過他的信,於是我們開始懷疑他是否還活著。Nothing more was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he was still alive.3. 對於這位科學家來說,凌晨兩、三點鍾上床睡覺是很平常的事。It is not unusual for the scientist to go to bed at two or three in the morning.4. 那人彎腰從地上把書撿起來。The man bent down and picked up the book from the floor.5. 麗貝卡(Rebecca)把頭靠在丈夫的肩頭哭起來了。Leaning her head on her husband』s shoulder, Rebecca began to cry.Unit 61. 她誤解了自己最好的朋友,感到非常內疚。 She was very guilty about not having understood/having misunderstood her best friend.2. 她容貌秀美, 舉止優雅,很吸引人。 Her good looks and elegant manners are very attractive.3. 顯然,他總以為自己的學歷和工作經歷肯定會給人深刻的印象, 但實際並非如此。Obviously, he takes it for granted that his ecational background and work experience are surely impressive. But actually they are not.4. 他引用一位著名藝術評論家的話,為自己的繪畫才能增加一點自信心。 By quoting from a well-known art critic, he tried to add a bit of self-confidence to his talents.5.每個學生都有自己的不同特點,友善或拘謹,長相平平或漂亮嫵媚。老師不應該歧視中間任何人。Every student has his or her characteristic qualities, such as friendliness or reserve, plainness or charm. A teacher should not be prejudiced against any of them.Unit 71. 醫生建議說, 有壓力的人要學會做一些新鮮有趣、富有挑戰性的事情, 來發泄負面情緒。The doctor recommends that those stressed people should try some new, interesting and challenging things in order to give their negative feelings an outlet.2. 那個學生的成績差,老師給他布置了更多的作業,而不是減少作業量。The teacher gives more homework to the students who has bad grades, instead of allowing him to cut that down.3. 盡管我已經把許多任務分派給其他人去做,我依然擔心這項計劃無法趕在4月1日截止期前完成。Although I』ve delegated many tasks to other people, I』m still afraid that I won』t be able to finish the plan before the April 1 deadline.4. 從醫生的角度看,脾氣越急躁的人越易於失控。因此他們往往容易患心臟病。From a doctor』s viewpoint, the hotter-tempered people get, the more likely they are to lose control. Consequently, they tend to suffer from heart diseases.5. 教師首先要考慮的事情之一是喚起學生的興趣,激發他們的創造性。A teacher』s priorities include exciting students』 interests and stimulating their creativity.
Ⅶ 21世紀大學英語聽說教程第四冊課文summary
一、說 明
適用專業 除文通學院以外的所有非英語專業
先修課程 高中英語
總 學 時 272 總 學 分 15
(一)本課程的目的、要求
通過該課程的教學,要培養學生具有較強的閱讀能力和一定的聽、說、讀、譯的能力,使學生能用英語交流信息。同時幫助學生打下扎實的語言基礎,掌握良好的語言學習方法。
該教材同步提供課本,光碟與網路課程,其特有的編寫體系,有助於拓寬教學內容,使教學內容可以從課本開始,通過網際網路這一媒介,延伸到多元化的信息世界;課本、光碟與網路的有機結合,有助於廣大教師對教與學的思維轉化和手段的更新,使傳統的「灌注式教學」能逐步演化到自主選擇,參與式的教學;此外,它從根本上帶動了教學模式的轉變,既可以實現由教師現場指導的實時同步學習,也可以實現在教學計劃指導下的非實時自學,還可以實現通過使用電子郵件,網上討論區,網路通話等手段的小組合作型學習等。
《新視野大學英語》的《讀寫教程》以題材為中心組織單元,但每個單元的三篇課文的體裁形式不盡相同。《聽說教程》配合《讀寫教程》的中心話題開展並組織聽,說訓練,《綜合訓練》則配合《讀寫教程》對詞彙,語法,結構,翻譯,閱讀等多方面提供進一步操練的內容。《新視野大學英語》通過《讀寫教程》這一主線,以培養讀、寫、譯的能力為主,同時結合《聽說教程》與《綜合訓練》,全面培養聽、說、讀、寫、譯的能力。
(二)內容選取和實施中注意的問題
結構分析(Test Structure Analysis)和寫作(Structured Writing)兩者相輔相成,互為補充。在結構分析部分,《新視野大學英語:讀寫教程3》與一、二級有所不同。我們在教師用書中分析了整篇課文的篇章結構,指出了寫作特點。在學生用書中則從課文中選取幾個段落進行分析,集中剖析某一種寫作手段,然而再從課文中選出結構相仿的段落,讓學生進行分析。在寫作部分,根據已分析認定的篇章結構的特點,先提供一篇示範短文供學生參考。在此基礎上讓學生依據提綱(outline)寫作。《新視野大學英語:讀寫教程3》的任務是短文寫作,寫作的題目往往同已學的課文內容相關。
閱讀技能(Reading Skills)部分也是利用課本上的閱讀材料,對某一閱讀技能進行講解和介紹,用例全部選自課文A或課文B。在介紹某一閱讀技能之後,在課文B中即出現相關的練習。通常課文C的整篇課文都用於閱讀技能的訓練。由此可見,閱讀技能的訓練貫穿於課文A、B、C三篇。
搭配(Collocation)是語言學習中最大的難點之一。由於受母語的影響,學生往往會說「receive telephone」,「open a check」,「receive an operation」,「crowded traffic」,而不會使用正確的表達方法,即「answer the telephone」,「write out/make out a check」,「have/undergo an operation」,「busy/heavy traffic」。這種現象已成為阻礙提高學生綜合應用能力的瓶頸。《新視野大學英語:讀寫教程3》利用本套教材的配套語料庫,在每單元設有詞彙搭配練習。所操練的不僅都是核心詞彙,而且各種搭配均在本套教材前幾冊書中出現過。
內容概要(Story/Essay Summary)的語言素材建立在課文A之上,往往是課文A的總結或續寫,從而使該項練習同已學內容緊密相連。
《新視野大學英語:讀寫教程3》精讀量為9,000詞左右,與《大學英語教學大綱》[修訂版] 規定精讀量8,000詞相比,超1,000詞;泛讀量為37,000詞左右,與大綱修訂版規定的35,000詞左右,超2,000詞。從總閱讀量上比較,《新視野大學英語》第三級達到了大綱的規定。
《新視野大學英語:讀寫教程3》的詞彙起點為1,800單詞家上讀寫一、二級已出現的詞彙(1,352單詞),共3,150單詞左右。《新視野大學英語:讀寫教程3》全書出現的生詞總數為769個,其中四級詞彙725個(本套教材一、二、三級已累計出現四級詞彙2,077個),六級詞彙29個,六級後詞彙5個,超綱詞彙10個(詞彙的統計僅限於A、B二篇課文,不包括練習,C篇不列入統計)。每篇課文的單詞量與課文總詞量之比為3.7%—6%,平均比4.37%左右,單詞的分布比較均勻,完全符合第二語言/外語習得有關理論的描述。
(三)教學模式/方法
建立以學生為主體的教學模式,培養學生個性化的學習方法和自主學習能力,體現英語教學的實用性、文化性和趣味性相融合的原則,充分調動教師和學生兩個方面的積極性,注重實效,培養學生的綜合能力。
利用多媒體和網路平台,多渠道,寬口徑地保證英語教學中的輸入和輸出,實現師生真正意義上的全面互動。
教學應根據教學對象,教學的不同階段,採用靈活機動、切合實際的教學方法,從而做到因材施教。
(四)考核方式
形成性評價和終結性評價相結合的方式。
(五)教學內容與學時分配
教學章節 教學內容 學時安排 備注
第一學期 Book 1 56
第二學期 Book 2 72
第三學期 Book 3 72
第四學期 Book 4 72
二、大 綱 內 容
第一學期: (56學時)
1. 初步糾正語音、語調;
2. 辨別語流中的因素;
3.了解基本的閱讀技巧;
4.了解基本的學作技巧;
5.了解基本的翻譯技巧;
6.了解常用的構詞方法;
7.了解基本的語言文化特徵;
8.掌握多媒體網路資料查詢方法;
第二學期:(72學期)
1.矯正語音、語調;
2.理解語調類型;
3.進行英語自由演講
4.了解基本的閱讀技巧;
5.了解基本的學作技巧;
6.掌握基本的翻譯技巧;
7.了解常用的構詞方法;
8.了解基本的語言文化特徵;
9.掌握多媒體網路資料查詢方法;
第三學期:(72學期)
1. 進一步矯正語音語調;
2. 進行簡短的對話;
3. 理解語調類型;
4. 熟悉不同人物間不同場合的日常對話;
5. 掌握基本的閱讀技巧;
6. 理解基本的寫作技巧;
7. 掌握基本的翻譯理論和技巧;
8. 進行四、六級相關訓練;
第四學期:(72學期)
1. 根據語調判斷語義;
2. 介紹常用構詞法,培養學生的識詞能力;
3. 了解英語常用的固定搭配;
4. 理解語篇的大意和重要信息;
5. 領會說話人的觀點、態度 或目的;
6. 進一步掌握閱讀技巧並加強寫作方面的訓練;
7. 利用翻譯技巧進行翻譯方面的訓練;
8. 進行四、六級方面的專項訓練,了解有關應試技巧;
三、教材和主要參考書
1.鄭樹棠等. 新視野大學英語讀寫教程.北京:外語教學與研究出版社,2003.6.
2.鄭樹棠等. 新視野大學英語聽說教程.北京:外語教學與研究出版社,2003.6.
3.鄭樹棠等. 新視野大學英語綜合訓練.北京:外語教學與研究出版社,2003.6.
4.鄭樹棠等.21世紀大學英語聽說教程.北京:高等教育出版社.上海:復旦大學出版社
Ⅷ 大學大一英語精讀上冊第六單元第11段課文分析
大學英語精讀1 Unit6 課文分析
New words and phrases
1. happen to: chance; take place
¨ 你是怎麼成為導游的?How did you happen to be a tourist guide?
¨ I happened to be out when she called.
2. neat: adj.
1) clean and tidy, orderly
¨ Zola always keeps her kitchen neat and tidy.
2) economical with time and effort; skilful; efficient
¨ In the end we found a very neat solution to the problem.
CF: neat, tidy, & orderly
這些形容詞均含「整齊的,整潔的」之意。
neat 指人或物外表既清潔又整齊。
¨ His clothes were always neat and clean. 他穿的衣服總是又整潔又干凈。
tidy 強調整齊,井然有序。
¨ Andrew』s apartment is always so tidy. 安德魯的房間總是整整齊齊的。
orderly 語義比上述幾個詞強,最常用。指把復雜細微的東西按其內在聯系安排整齊,強調井井有條。
¨ She needs to organize her ideas in a more orderly way. 她需要以更有條理的方法組織自己的思想。
3. efficiency expert: a very efficient person
NB: 本片語是一個「名詞+名詞」的名詞定語結構。在這種結構中,兩個名詞無所屬關系;並且第一個名詞通常起相當於邏輯賓語作用,而主體名詞通常起相當於邏輯主語的作用。例如:a book case (= a case that holds books)。本課中,作者用了很多這種結構,例如:kitchen utensils,shirt factory,quality control,work flow,assembly line,machine operators,background music,coffee break,math class等。
4. foundation: n. basis
¨ The earthquake shook the foundations of the house.
¨ 工人們正在給房子打地基。The workers are building the foundation of a house.
Collocation:
be without foundation (or have no foundation) 毫無根據
lay the foundations of 為…奠定基礎
shake/rock the foundations of sth. 動搖…的基礎
(or shake/rock sth. to its foundations)
CF: foundation, basis, base, & ground
這些名詞均含有「基礎」之意。
foundation 用於具體意義時,指堅固結實的建築物的基礎或地基;用作比喻意義時,與basis基本相同。
base 指構成或支撐某一具體物體的基礎,也可指軍事基地或用作比喻意義。
basis 主要用作抽象或引申意義。
ground 含義與basis和foundation接近。一般指某種決定、論點或關系的基礎,也可指某種原因的基礎。
1). The basis of his opinion is something he read in the paper.
2). The earthquake shook the foundations of the house.
3). Then I went to work at the Alameda naval air base , as a machinist's helper.
4). The grounds for his decision were never clearly stated.
5. come in : have or find a place; have a part to play
¨ 她在一百米賽跑中獲第二。She came in second in the hundred-meter dash.
6. look around/round: walk round a place and examine it; examine the state of affairs
¨ 他到處跑,要找一個出租房。He looked around for a house to rent
7. be amazed at / by: be greatly surprised at / by
¨ 她對你告訴她的事感到吃驚。She is amazed by what you have told her.
8. whatsoever:
¨ Whatsoever she does is ridiculous.
adv. at all
¨ 我沒有任何理由懷疑他說的一切。I have no reason whatsoever to doubt what he says.
9. inspect: vt. examine
¨ 海關官員頗為懷疑地檢查了我的護照。The customs officer inspected my passport suspiciously.
CF: inspect, examine & investigate
這些動詞都有「調查、檢查」之意。
inspect 側重按一定質量標准檢查某物,找出不足或不同之處。
examine 最普通用詞,可指粗略地查看,也可指仔細觀察或調查以確定事物的性質、功能、特點等。
investigate 指為發現事實真相或了解掌握情況而進行深入細致的現場考察。
1). The study investigates the impact of violent TV programming on children.
2). I got out of the car to inspect the damage.
3). The research examined the effects of alcohol on long-term memory.
4). She held the bank note up to the light and inspected it carefully.
10. miss: v.
1) lack
¨ 我們小隊少一個向導。Our team is missing a guard.
2) fail to see, hit, hold, catch, reach, etc.
¨ 子彈差一點打中她的心臟。The bullet narrowly missed her heart.
3) regret that a person or thing is not present
¨ 在她離開時,我真的很想念她。I really missed her when she went away.
11. except for: apart from; with the exception of
¨ 除了看門人以外,那房子空盪盪的。The house is deserted, except for the keeper.
CF: except, except for & besides
這些前置詞或短語均含「除…之外」之意。
except 側重於排除在外,從整體里減去。
except for 多用於說明基本情況或對主要部分加以肯定,還引出相反的原因或細節,從而部分地修正前面的主要意思,含惋惜意味。
besides 指在總體之外另加部分或個體,「除…外,還有…」。
1). Do you play any other sports besides football and basketball?
2). She felt fine except for being a little tired.
3). People choose jobs for other reasons besides money.
4). I finished all the questions except the second one.
5). Except for one or two cars, the street was empty.
12. relieve: v. make less or easier
這一針能止痛。The injection can relieve the pain.
¨ 醫生的解釋解除了我的擔心。The doctor』s explanation relieved me of my fears.
13. boring: adj. ll, uninteresting
¨ 那堂課很單調沉悶,學生們都無精打采。The lesson was boring and the students were bored by it.
14. ll: adj.
1) boring
¨ 會議開得死氣沉沉的。The conference was deadly ll.
2) not bright or clear
¨ Jane』s hair was a ll, darkish brown.
3) slow in understanding; stupid
¨ If you don』t understand then you』re ller than I thought.
CF: ll, boring & tedious
這幾個詞都是形容詞,都有「令人厭煩的」、「生厭的」之意。
ll 指因呆板,缺乏趣味性而令人感到厭煩,其內涵是千篇一律,無吸引力,死氣沉沉。
¨ The weekly meeting tends to be deadly ll.每周一次的例會往往是很乏味的。
boring 概念最廣泛,尤其指引人厭倦,枯燥無聊的談話、文章,也指令人生厭的人。
¨ He really is one of the most boring people I've ever met.他真是個我從未遇見過的最令人討厭的人。
tedious 指因對某人或某事的描寫太長太多而乏味,也指因反復做某事而乏味。強調因沉悶而引起的生理上的不適。
¨ We had to sit through several tedious speeches.我們只得坐在那裡聽幾個乏味的講演。
15. absent-minded: adj. not attentive, paying little attention to what one is doing; forgetful
¨ 這個心不在焉的男孩老是丟書。The absent-minded boy is always losing his books.
16. hold up: delay or cause to stop
¨ 由於交通事故,交通被迫中斷了幾個小時。Traffic was held up for several hours by the accident.
17. fire: v.
1) dismiss sb. from his / her job, sack (infml.)
¨ 薩姆因工作效率低而被資方解僱。Sam was fired by the management for his inefficiency.
2) discharge a gun; shoot
¨ 警察發射橡皮子彈以驅散人群。Policemen fired rubber bullets to disperse crowds.
CF: fire, dismiss & discharge
這些動詞都有「解僱,開除」之意。
fire 口語用詞,多指被斷然地突然解僱,其行動猶如開槍一樣干凈利落。
dismiss 正式用詞,是這組詞中語氣最輕的一個詞,一般只有從上文才能看出解僱的原因或理由。
discharge 語氣較重,指有理由的解僱,含不再復用的意味。
1). Bryant was unfairly dismissed from his post.
2). She was fired after she was caught stealing from her employer.
3). Several of the recruits(新兵)were discharged from the Army e to medical problems.
18. major:
adj. greater or more important
¨ 在世界上大多數城市裡,繁忙的交通是個大問題。Heavy traffic is a major problem in most cities all over the world.
n. specialty or a student specializing in a certain field of study
¨ 在大學里,她是英語專業的學生。She is an English major at college.
19. achieve: vt. get sth. by efforts; finish sth. successfully
¨ 我僅完成了我希望做到的一半。I』ve achieved only half of what I』d hoped to do.
20. management: n.
1) the people in charge of a factory or business
¨ 該公司正由新的管理人員領導。The business is under new management.
2) the act of managing a business
¨ 許多小公司的失敗是經營不善所致。The failure of many small businesses is caused by bad management.
21. proctive: adj. procing well or much
¨ 他們很努力, 但效率不太高。They work hard, but their efforts are not very proctive.
22. frequent: adj. happening often; habitual
¨ 他漸漸地不常登門了。His visits became less frequent as time passed.
23. promotion:n.
1) a rise in position
¨ 你只要做出成績, 就能指望獲得提升。If you are successful, you can expect promotion.
2) an activity intended to help sell a proct
¨ 他負責推銷工作。He is responsible for sales promotion.2) an activity intended to help sell a proct
Background knowledge
a. The American Ecational System
In the United States, ecation is the responsibility of indivial states, not of the federal government, so requirements may vary from one state to another. The following is a generalization:
Kindergarten: before 5 years old
Elementary school: 6-11 years old (Grades 1~6)
Junior middle school: 12-13 years old (Grades 7~8)
Senior middle school: 14-17 years old (Grades 9~12)
College: 4 years for a B.A. or B.S. degree
University: 2~3 years for an M.A. or M.S.; 2~8 years for an Ph.D.
b. What is instrial engineering?
Instrial engineering is the detailed analysis of the use and cost of men, materials and equipment in an organization, with a view to increasing its proctivity, profit and efficiency. Those who are involved in this kind of analysis are called instrial engineers.
Originally the analytical techniques of instrial engineering were used mainly in manufacturing instries to improve proction methods, establish proction control proceres, determine work standards, and develop wage payment plans. Graally, the use of instrial engineering techniques has been extended to non-manufacturing areas such as construction and transportation instries, farm management, and restaurant and hotel operations. Although the field of instrial engineering has continued to grow, its primary application is still in the manufacturing instries.
課文翻譯
薩姆著手提高襯衫廠的效率了,但正如我們將在本單元後半部分發現的,他的計劃實施結果跟他原先預料的並不完全一樣。
Sam Adams, Instrial Engineer
如果你問我母親,我怎麼偏偏會成為一名工業管理工程師的,她就會告訴你,我一直就是這樣一個人。
她的意思是說,我一貫希望把樣樣東西都安排得井井有條,整整齊齊。還在上小學時,我就喜歡把襪子放在衣櫃左上方的抽屜里,內衣放在右上方的抽屜里,襯衫放在當中的抽屜里,折得齊齊整整的褲子放在最下面的抽屜里。
事實上,我那時一直是全家人的效率專家。父親的工具、母親的廚房用具以及姐姐的男朋友全由我統一安排。
我需要講究效率。我希望有條不紊。對我來說,樣樣東西都有個固定的地方,樣樣東西總是放在適當的地方。這些素質為我日後從事工業管理打下了良好的基礎。
遺憾的是,我這個人也有一點專橫,不太善於聽取別人的意見。等我把在大學取得學士學位後承辦第一項工程的情況告訴你以後,你就會明白我這話是什麼意思了。
畢業後我回到家鄉——印第安納州的一個小鎮上。當時我還沒有找到工作。我父親的一位朋友霍布斯先生在鎮上有一家小型襯衫廠。在過去五年裡,廠里的工人從二十名增加到了八十名。霍布斯先生擔心他的工廠規模變得太大了,效率變得太低了,便請我進廠當了個短期顧問。
我來到廠里,花了一個星期左右的時間一邊到處查看,一邊做些筆記。說真的,我對看到的情況不勝驚訝。
最為奇怪的是,廠里竟然沒有任何質量控制。沒有人檢驗工廠生產的成品。結果,有些裝箱待運的襯衫不是缺了一兩粒鈕扣,就是少了衣領,有時甚至還會短只袖子。
工廠的生產條件很差。工作台很高,工人坐在旁邊很不舒服。除了吃中飯的半小時外,全天沒有別的休息時間來調劑一下令人厭倦的工作。廠里也不播放音樂。工場間的牆壁全是一片暗灰色。使我感到驚奇的是,工人們竟然沒有罷工。
此外,廠里的生產流程也時斷時續。在裝配線上有個縫鈕扣的年輕人特別心不在焉。沒有多久,我便認出了他,原來他就是在中學上數學課時坐在我後面的"大個子吉姆"。他動作很慢,所有的襯衫到了他這兒都被耽擱下來。裝配線上他後面的同班工人只好等在那兒無事可干;因此,在"大個子吉姆"一邊工作一邊胡思亂想的時候,大量時間便白白流逝了,勞動效率大受損失。整個禮拜我都在納悶,為什麼他沒有被解僱。
我觀察了一個星期後,霍布斯先生便要我就調查結果作一個口頭匯報。我把要點概括了一下向他匯報如下:
"如果實行質量檢驗,你們就會大大改進成品。"
"如果把裝配線重新設計一下,生產流程就會達到平穩,並能節省時間和精力。"
"如果降低工作台的高度,機器操作工作業時就會舒服一些。"
"如果廠方播放悅耳的背景音樂,美化一下單調的環境,工廠的生產率就可以大大提高。"
"如果工人們在上、下午各有一次十五分鍾的休息時間喝咖啡,他們的效率就會更高。"
"如果工作出色能經常得到加薪提拔,工人們就會有更大的生產積極性。"
霍布斯先生對我的匯報表示感謝,並告訴我說他將和他的兄弟——該廠的另一位廠主兼經理——討論我的建議。"我們關心工廠的發展,"他說。"我們要跟上時代的步伐。"
他還送給我一張一百美元的支票並贈送給我一盒襯衫。