胸腺固定术英语怎么说及英文翻译

A. 帮忙翻译以下摘要（英文）

Comparative analysis of expression in mouse thymocytes and thymic epithelial cells in 11 species of microRNA
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a kind of length 18~25ntendogenous small non coding RNA, generated by ahairpin structure about the size of 70~90nt single strand RNA precursor by Dicer enzyme processing. The expression of miRNA has species conservation, temporaland tissue-specific. Several miRNA can regulate the samegenes, through the combination of several miRNA to express the fine regulation of a gene. Presumably, miRNA regulates human 1/3 gene. In the research on the role of miRNA in mice, as the ideal model has been widely applied.
Previous studies in this laboratory, we compare the expression profiles analysis of thymic tissue in mice of different months old miRNA. With the aging of the expression level of thymus gland, thymus in differentmouse miRNA will have their development trends, relative to January October at the age of thymus of mice, miceand 19 month old mice thymus miRNA expression levelswere 40% and 35% lower, while 60% and 65% increase.But because of the expression of miRNA is tissue and cell specificity, and thymus tissue containing a variety of cell types, including mainly in thymocytes and thymic epithelialcells. So it is necessary for the expression of miRNA inthese two kinds of cells in the amount of comparative analysis. Based on the analysis of previous researchfindings in the chip, screening of differentially expressed in monthly aging analysis of 11 mice with miRNA larger(mmu-miR-125b-5p, mmu-miR-181b-5p, mmu-miR-let-7c-5p, mmu-miR-195a-5p, mmu-miR-128-3p, mmu-miR-148a-3p, mmu-miR-29b-3p, mmu-miR-181a-5p, mmu-miR-142-5p, mmu-miR-205-5p, mmu-miR-451a) as the object of observation, using the January old mouse thymiccell lines and mouse thymic epithelial cells as theexperimental material, the initial concentration of the 11mouse miRNA in thymocytes and thymic mella epithelial cells using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR to docomparative analysis.
Fluorescence quantitative PCR results show that theobserved 11 mice in miRNA: mmu-miR-195a-5p, mmu-miR-29b-3p, mmu-miR-let-7c-5p, mmu-miR-125b-5p and mmu-miR-148a-3p were highly expressed in thymic epithelial cells; mmu-miR-451a in thymocytes and thymic mellary epithelial cells expressed very low or no expression; mmu-miR-205-5p is only expressed in thymic epithelial cells in the thymus, expression is very low or no expression.

B. 英语翻译

话说楼主确定是主人公和潜意识幻想出来的人对话么？ 那按理说，sweetbread应该就是潜回意识了（不太确定，因答为sweetbread真的没找到其他意思了），因为cook up 有虚造的意思。
第四句，我也不是很懂，但是我猜测： 首先last minute subsitution有临场替换的意思
至于nogging我也查了有好几种意思，但我找到一个比较合乎该句子的意思，就是“消耗时间（尤指做毫无意义的事）”
那么最后一句的意思：我想大概就是， 看来你的潜意识幻想要召唤下一个人了
以上纯属个人观点，仅供参考

C. 人体的八大系统分别用英语怎么说

运动系统locomotor system、神经系统nervous system、内分泌系统hormonal system、循环系统circulatory system、呼吸系统respiratory system、消化系统digestive system、泌尿系统urinary system、生殖系统reproctive system。

一、运动系统

由骨、关节和肌肉组成，约占成人体重的60%。全身各骨借关节相连形成骨骼，起支持体重、保护内脏和维持人体基本形态的作用。

骨骼肌附着于骨，在神经系统支配下收缩和舒张，收缩时，以关节为支点牵引骨改变位置，产生运动。骨和关节是运动系统的被动部分，骨骼肌是运动系统的主动部分。

It consists of bones, joints and muscles, accounting for about 60% of alt body weight. Bones and joints of the whole body are connected to form bones, which can support weight, protect viscera and maintain the basic shape of the human body.

Skeletal muscle adheres to bone, contracting and relaxing under the control of nervous system. When contracting, the joint is used as the fulcrum to pull the bone to change its position and proce movement.

Bone and joint are the passive parts of the motor system, while skeletal muscle is the active part of the motor system.

二、神经系统

神经系统是人体内起主导作用的系统。内、外环境的各种信息，由感受器接受后，通过周围神经传递到脑和脊髓的各级中枢进行整合，再经周围神经控制和调节机体各系统器官的活动，以维持机体与内、外界环境的相对平衡。

神经系统是由脑、脊髓、脑神经、脊神经、和植物性神经，以及各种神经节组成。能协调体内各器官、各系统的活动，使之成为完整的一体，并与外界环境发生相互作用。

The nervous system is the dominant system in the human body. All kinds of information in the internal and external environment are received by the receptor, integrated through the peripheral nerve to all levels of the brain and spinal cord.

and then controlled and regulated by the peripheral nerve to maintain the relative balance between the body and the internal and external environment.

The nervous system is composed of brain, spinal cord, brain nerve, spinal nerve, vegetative nerve and various ganglia. It can coordinate the activities of organs and systems in the body, make them a whole body, and interact with the external environment.

三、内分泌系统

内分泌腺是人体内一些无输出导管的腺体。它的分泌物称激素。对整个机体的生长、发育、代谢和生殖起着调节作用。

人体主要的内分泌腺有：下丘脑、垂体、甲状腺、肾上腺、胰岛、胸腺和性腺等。

Endocrine glands are some glands without output cts in human body. Its secretion is called hormone. It regulates the growth, development, metabolism and reproction of the whole body.

The main endocrine glands are hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, islet, thymus and gonad.

四、循环系统

血液循环系统是生物体的体液（包括细胞内液、血浆、淋巴和组织液）及其借以循环流动的管道组成的系统。从动物形成心脏以后血液循环系统分为心脏和血管两大部分，叫做心血管系统。

循环系统是生物体内的运输系统，它将消化道吸收的营养物质和由鳃或肺吸进的氧输送到各组织器官并将各组织器官的代谢产物通过同样的途径输入血液，经肺、肾排出体外。

The blood circulation system is a system of body fluids (including intracellular fluids, plasma, lymph and tissue fluids) and the pipes through which they circulate.

The blood circulation system is divided into two parts, the heart and the blood vessel, which is called the cardiovascular system. Circulation system is the transportation system in organisms.

It transports nutrients absorbed by digestive tract and oxygen absorbed by gill or lung to various tissues and organs, and transfuses metabolites of various tissues and organs into blood through the same way, and discharges them through lung and kidney.

五、呼吸系统

呼吸系统包括呼吸道（鼻腔、咽、喉、气管、支气管）和肺。

动物体在新陈代谢过程中要不断消耗氧气，产生二氧化碳。机体与外界环境进行气体交换的过程称为呼吸。气体交换地有两处，一处是由外界与呼吸器官（如肺、腮）的气体交换，称肺呼吸或腮呼吸（或外呼吸）；另一处由血液和组织液与机体组织、细胞之间进行气体交换（称内呼吸）。

The respiratory system includes the respiratory tract (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus) and lungs.

Animals need to consume oxygen and proce carbon dioxide in the process of metabolism. The process of gas exchange between organism and environment is called breathing.

There are two places for gas exchange, one is the exchange of gas between the outside and respiratory organs (such as lung and parotid), called pulmonary or parotid breathing (or external breathing).

the other is the exchange of gas between blood and tissue fluid and organism tissues and cells (called internal breathing).

六、消化系统

人体内与消化摄食有关的器官包括：口腔、咽、食道、胃、小肠、大肠、肛门、以及唾液腺、胃腺、肠腺、胰腺、肝脏等，因此称它们为消化器官。这些消化器官协同工作，共同完成对食物的消化和对营养物质的吸收。所有的消化器官的总和称为消化系统。

The organs related to digestion and feeding in human body include oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus, salivary gland, gastric gland, intestinal gland, pancreas and liver, so they are called digestive organs.

These digestive organs work together to digest food and absorb nutrients. The sum of all digestive organs is called the digestive system.

七、泌尿系统

泌尿系统由肾、输尿管、膀胱及尿道组成。其主要功能为排泄。排泄是指机体代谢过程中所产生的各种不为机体所利用或者有害的物质向体外输送的生理过程。

被排出的物质一部分是营养物质的代谢产物；另一部分是衰老的细胞破坏时所形成的产物。此外，排泄物中还包括一些随食物摄入的多余物质，如多余的水和无机盐类。

The urinary system consists of kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra. Its main function is excretion.

Excretion refers to the physiological process in which all kinds of substances proced in the metabolic process of the body are not utilized by the body or are transported to the outside world by harmful substances.

The excreted substances are part of the metabolites of nutrients, and part of the procts formed when aging cells are destroyed. In addition, excreta also contains some superfluous substances that are ingested with food, such as superfluous water and inorganic salts.

八、生殖系统

生殖系统是生物体内的和生殖密切相关的器官成分的总称。生殖系统的功能是产生生殖细胞，繁殖新个体，分泌性激素和维持第二性征。人体生殖系统有男性和女性两类。按生殖器所在部位，又分为内生殖器和外生殖器两部分。

Reproctive system is a general term for organ components closely related to reproction in organisms.

The function of the reproctive system is to proce germ cells, reproce new indivials, secrete sex hormones and maintain secondary sexual characteristics.

There are two types of human reproctive system: male and female. According to the location of genitalia, it can be divided into two parts: internal genitalia and external genitalia.

D. 胸腺是什么

胸腺位于人体胸部胸骨柄后方，胸腺一般分为左、右两叶，不对称，质柔软，呈扁长条状，胸腺在人和各个年龄段有明显的变化，新生儿及幼儿的胸腺相对较大，重约10～15g；青春期后最大，重约25～40g，继而萎缩退化，被结缔组织代替。 胸腺的实质主要由淋巴细胞和上皮网状细胞构成。胸腺主要功能是培育、选择和向周围淋巴器官(淋巴结、脾和扁桃体)和淋巴织输送T淋巴细胞，并在这些器官内增殖，参与机体的免疫反应，增强机体的抵抗力。胸腺除参与机体的免疫外，尚具有内分泌功能。 参考资料：教材

E. 腺嘌呤（A）鸟嘌呤（G）胞嘧啶（C）尿嘧啶（U）胸腺嘧啶（T）的英文全称各是什么

“腺嘌呤”的英文全称为：adenIne

“鸟嘌呤”的英文全称为：guanine

“胞嘧啶”的英文全称为：cytosine

“尿嘧啶”的英文全称为：uracil

“胸腺嘧啶”的英文全称为：thymine

腺嘌呤、鸟嘌呤、胞嘧啶、尿嘧啶和胸腺嘧啶是核苷酸分子中的不同碱基，由于构成核苷酸分子的戊糖和磷酸基是相同的，体现核苷酸差别的实际上只是它所带的碱基。核酸也称为多核苷酸，是由数十个以至数千万计的核苷酸分子构成的生物大分子，也即核酸的基本组成单位是核苷酸分子。

(5)胸腺固定术英语怎么说及英文翻译扩展阅读

肝脏是从头合成核苷酸的主要器官。嘧啶和嘌呤的从头合成遵循两个不同的途径。

嘧啶首先从细胞质中的天冬氨酸和氨基甲酰-磷酸合成到共同的前体环结构乳清酸，其上磷酸化的核糖基单元共价连接。

嘌呤首先从发生环合成的糖模板合成。 作为参考，嘌呤和嘧啶核苷酸的合成由细胞的细胞质中的几种酶进行，而不在特定的细胞器内。 核苷酸经历分解，使得有用的部分可以在合成反应中重复使用以产生新的核苷酸。

F. 胸腺瘤手术步骤

切口选择：突向一侧较小的胸腺瘤多采用前外肋间部胸切口，突向双侧瘤体较大者，可采用前胸正中切口。近年来前胸正中切口应用增多，除摘除胸腺瘤外同时摘除对侧胸腺，以防日后出现重症肌无力的可能。亦有春采用横断胸骨双侧胸部横切口切除肿瘤。前胸正中切口不进入胸腔，减少了术后对病人呼吸功能的干扰，避免术后呼吸系统合并症。有人经颈部切口摘除胸腺瘤，其指征为年老患者，有开胸禁忌，肿瘤体积小且靠近颈部。
手术时应注意的问题：孤立无粘连的良性胸腺瘤，完整摘除无困难，手术可顺利完成，但某些复杂病例手术时要充分估计困难。恶性胸腺瘤须先探查，搞清肿瘤与周围邻近器官的关系再行解剖。胸腺瘤位于胶上纵隔心底部，心脏与大血管交界处；恶性胸腺瘤可向周围粘连浸润；肿瘤增长时邻近组织器官被推移，正常解剖关系改变；纤维结缔组织粘连增厚，使之与血管不易辨别。这些均可造成术中误伤血管而引起大出血。术者对于这引起应有警惕性肿瘤可切除性的判断是手术时必须要考虑的问题。当肿瘤已经侵犯无名静脉或上腔静脉，或血管被包绕在在肿瘤之中，或肿瘤与周围组织呈冻结状态，此时应采取谨慎态度，中止手术，仅采取病理活检，术后予放射治疗。若肿瘤虽与大血管有粘连浸润，但尚可分离，可逐步解剖，由浅入深，由易到难，先使其松动，再游离瘤体，最后在其蒂部钳夹后摘除。
对于解剖过程中每纤维组织或索带均应钳夹后切断，避免损伤血管增加手术困难。若意外地损伤血管，切忌惊慌失措盲目钳夹止血。可先用纱布垫压迫出敌国破口，备好吸引器，同时加快输血，吸净术野积血后，辨清损伤的部位和范围，再决定是直接缝合还是修补

G. 胸腺的英语单词怎么写

thymus

H. “碱基”的英文怎么说

碱基(base)：构成核苷酸的碱基分为嘌呤（purine)和嘧啶 >（pyrimi-dine)二类。前者主要指腺嘌呤（adenine，A）和鸟嘌呤（guanine,G），DNA和RNA中均含有这二种碱基。后者主要指胞嘧啶（cytosine,C）胸腺嘧啶（thymine，T）和尿嘧啶（uracil,U）。

I. 胸腺瘤患者

这种问题很严谨很严肃。不要在这里乱问，到正规的医院去看看，听听医生怎么说，才不会害了你。