非蛋白氮英语怎么说及英文翻译
❶ 在血常规中BUN和cr表示的是什么意思
BUN是英文血blood urea nitrogen 的缩写,翻译为血尿素氮,通常简称为尿素氮。尿素氮—肾功能主要指标之一。 尿素氮是人体蛋白质代谢的主要终末产物。氨基酸脱氨基产生NH3,和C02,两者在肝脏中合成尿素,每克蛋白质代谢产生尿素0.3g。尿素中氮含量为28/60,几乎达一半。通常肾脏为排泄尿素的主要器官,尿素从肾小球滤过后在各段小管均可重吸收,但肾小管内尿流速越快重吸收越少,也即达到了最大清除率。和血肌酐一样,在肾功能损害早期,血尿素氮可在正常范围。当肾小球滤过率下降到正常的50%以下时,血尿素氮的浓度才迅速升高。 正常情况下,血尿素氮与肌酐之比(BUN/Scr)值约为10,高蛋白饮食、高分解代谢状态、缺水、肾缺血、血容量不足及某些急性肾小球肾炎,均可使比值增高,甚至可达20~30;而低蛋白饮食,肝疾病常使比值降低,此时可称为低氮质血症。 正常成人空腹BUN为3.2-7.1mmol/L(9-20mg/dl)。各种肾实质性病变,如肾小球肾炎、间质性肾炎、急慢性肾功能衰竭、肾内占位性和破坏性病变均可使血尿素氮增高。多肾外因素也可引起血尿素氮升高,如能排除肾外因素,BUN≥21.4mmol/L(60mg/dl)即为尿毒症诊断指标之一。
CR是血液肌酐 临床上检测血肌酐是常用的了解肾功能的主要方法之一。那么肌酐是怎么一回事呢?内生肌酐是人体肌肉代谢的产物。在肌肉中,肌酸主要通过不可逆的非酶脱水反应缓缓地形成肌酐,再释放到血液中,随尿排泄。因此血肌酐与体内肌肉总量关系密切,不易受饮食影响。肌酐是小分子物质,可通过肾小球滤过,在肾小管内很少吸收,每日体内产生的肌酐,几乎全部随尿排出,一般不受尿量影响。肾功能不全时,肌酐在体内蓄积成为对人体有害的毒素。血浆肌酐的正常上限值为100微摩尔/升左右。
肾单位时间内,把若干毫升血浆中的内生肌酐全部清除出去,称为内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)。内生肌酐清除率试验,可反映肾小球滤过功能和粗略估计有效肾单位的数量,故为测定肾损害的定量试验。因其操作方法简便,干扰因素较少,敏感性较高,为目前临床常用的较好的肾功能试验之一。
临床意义
(1)当急、慢性肾小球肾炎等使肾小球滤过功能减退时,血肌酐可升高。同时应在已知内生肌酐清降率的基础上穿插着测定血肌酐作为追踪观察的指标。
(2)尿素氮与肌酐同时测定更有意义,如二者同时升高,说明肾脏有严重损害。
内生肌酐清除率公式为Ccr=(140-年龄)×体重(kg)/72×Scr(mg/dl) 或Ccr=[(140-年龄)×体重(kg)]/[0.818×Scr(umol/L)] 内生肌酐清楚率计算过程中应注意肌酐的单位 女性按计算结果×0.85。
❷ 一氧化二氮用英语怎么说
一氧化氮 Nitrogen monoxide
一氧化二氮 Nitrous oxide
❸ 请求帮忙英文翻译!!
Complications of hypertension 【】
Patients with essential hypertension as a result of sustained increased arterial pressure, lead to systemic small artery, thus affecting the blood supply to tissues and organs, resulting in a variety of serious consequences, as a complication of hypertension. Common complication of high blood pressure have coronary heart disease, diabetes, heart failure, high blood lipids, kidney disease, peripheral arterial disease, stroke, such as left ventricular hypertrophy. In the various complications of high blood pressure to heart, brain and kidney damage to the most significant.
Heart failure. Heart (mainly the left ventricle) to overcome the body e to small artery caused by increased peripheral resistance and strengthen the work, the occurrence of compensatory myocardial hypertrophy. Progressive left ventricular wall muscle hypertrophy, the heart cavity is also a significant expansion, increase in heart weight, when the lack of compensatory function, they become hypertensive heart disease, myocardial contractility of heart failure caused a serious decline. Often accompanied by hypertensive patients e to have coronary atherosclerosis, so that increasing the burden on the heart in ischemia, hypoxia, and thus more susceptible to heart failure.
Cerebral hemorrhage. Myometrial small arteries of the brain and the outer membrane are developed, the wall is weak, hardening of the brain occur if accompanied by a small artery spasm, it will be the occurrence of bleeding or rupture of hemorrhage (ie, cerebral hemorrhage). Cerebral hemorrhage is the most serious late complications of hypertension. Bleeding, including multi-site near the capsule and basal ganglia, clinically manifested as hemiplegia, aphasia, etc..
Renal insufficiency. Since the goal of small renal arteries hardening, so that a large number of renal units (that is, glomerular and tubular), e to chronic ischemia and atrophy, and followed by fibrous tissue hyperplasia (such as high blood pressure and kidney disease hardening). Remnant nephron compensatory hypertrophy occurred, expansion. Sclerosis in the kidney, the urine can occur in patients with more protein and more red blood cells. Late in the disease, e to the destruction of a large number of renal units, resulting in excretion of renal dysfunction, metabolic end procts, such as non-protein nitrogen and so on, not all discharges and retention in the body, water and salt metabolism and acid-base balance disorder also occurred, caused by self-poisoning, there uremia.
Diagnosis of hypertension
Hypertensive patients should be the initial physical examination include the following:
1, blood pressure. Comparison of blood pressure on both sides of the verification,
Check the value the higher side. If both sides of the blood pressure difference greater than 20 mm Hg, the lower side of the brachial artery may be more than the great vessels especially the subclavian artery occurred in a narrow, narrow is the most common cause of atherosclerosis, obstruction.
2, height, weight and waist circumference. Obesity, obesity in particular to mind is the importance of hypertension risk factors, as the saying goes, the longer the belt, the shorter life expectancy.
3, observed by ophthalmos retinopathy. Changes in retinal arterial blood pressure may reflect the small peripheral artery disease, peripheral artery small extent the more serious, more serious heart load.
4, whether or not the neck vascular murmur, jugular vein or goiter怒张, abdominal vascular murmur and mass, such as peripheral arterial pulse in order to exclude secondary hypertension.
5, cardiopulmonary examination and inspection of the nervous system to understand whether the hypertension caused by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications.
Routine examination of hypertensive patients include the following:
1, conventional hematuria. If there is anemia, hematuria, protein, etc., should be considered for the renal hypertension, or hypertension has led to serious kidney damage.
2, blood biochemistry. Such as potassium, sodium, liver and kidney function, blood glucose, blood lipids, such as. Low serum potassium have the possibility of secondary hypertension. Check liver and kidney function in patients with help doctors choose based on antihypertensive drugs, blood glucose test lipid can understand there is no cardio-cerebral vascular diseases other risk factors.
3, electrocardiogram. Will help to understand whether patients with essential hypertension hypertension-inced cardiac hypertrophy, arrhythmia, or myocardial ischemia.
❹ 几个【生物化学】英文缩写!急急急!
FAD:黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸
HnRNAG :核内不均一RNA 为存在于真核生物细胞核中的不稳定、大小不均的一组高分子RNA(分子量约为105~2×107,沉降系数约为30—100S)之总称。占细胞全部RNA之百分之几,在核内主要存在于核仁的外侧。认为hnRNA多属信使RNA(messenger ribonucleic acid,mRNA)之先驱体,包括各种基因的转录产物及其成为mRNA前的各中间阶段的分子,在5’末端多附有间隙结构,而3’的末端附有多聚腺苷酸聚合酶分子。这些hn-RNA在受到加工之后,移至细胞质,作为mRNA而发挥其功能。大部分的hnRNA在核内与各种特异的蛋白质形成复合体而存在着。
参考资料:http://ke..com/view/299730.htm?fr=ala0
His:代表组氨酸(Histidine)
NADP:烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
TPP:三苯基膦
FMN:
英文全称为:flavin mononucleotide,中文名:黄素单核苷酸
是黄素蛋白(flavoprotein)的辅基。
生物氧化时,氧化呼吸链由4中具有传递电子能力的复合体组成,线粒体内膜蛋白质用胆酸等去污剂处理及离子交换层析分离,磕纯化出内膜的呼吸链成分,得到这4中仍具有传的电子功能的蛋白质-酶复合体(complex),分别为复合体Ⅰ,复合体Ⅱ,复合体Ⅲ,复合体Ⅳ,各含有不同的组分。其中复合体Ⅰ又称为NADH-泛醌还原酶,在三羧酸循环和脂酸β-氧化等过程的脱氢酶催化反应中,大部分代谢物脱下的2H是由氧化型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD+)接受,形成还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH+H+)。NADH+H+的电子经复合体Ⅰ继续传递氧化。复合体Ⅰ由三部分组成,成“L“形,其一臂突出线粒体基质,由两部分组成,其中之一就是黄素蛋白。而FMN即为黄素蛋白的辅基。
参考资料:http://ke..com/view/2117062.htm?fr=ala0
❺ 有谁可以帮我列出常见生化名词的缩写及中英文全称生物科学专业英语考试用!感谢,感谢!
生物化学英文缩写符号
二十种氨基酸 甘氨酸 Gly G 丙氨酸 Ala A 缬氨酸 Val V 亮氨酸 Leu L 异亮氨酸 Ile I
甲硫氨酸(蛋氨酸) Met M 脯氨酸 Pro P 苯丙氨酸 Phe F 酪氨酸 Tyr Y 色氨酸 Trp W
精氨酸 Arg R 赖氨酸 Lys K 组氨酸 His H
天门冬氨酸 Asp D 谷氨酸 Glu E
半胱氨酸 Cys C 丝氨酸 Ser S 苏氨酸 Thr T 天冬酰胺 Asn N 谷氨酰胺 Gln Q
1.NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide):烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸;辅酶Ⅰ。
2.FAD(flavin adenine dinucleotide):黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸。
3.THFA(tetrahydrofolic acid):四氢叶酸。 4.NADP+(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate):烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸;辅酶Ⅱ。
5.FMN(flavin mononucleotide):黄素单核苷酸。
6.CoA(coenzyme A):辅酶A。
7.ACP(acyl carrier protein):酰基载体蛋白。
8.BCCP(biotin carboxyl carrier protein):生物素羧基载体蛋白。
9.PLP(pyridoxal phosphate):磷酸吡哆醛。
10.UDPG:尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖,是合成蔗糖时葡萄糖的供体。
11.ADPG:腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖,是合成淀粉时葡萄糖的供体。
12.F-D-P:1,6-二磷酸果糖,由磷酸果糖激酶催化果糖-1-磷酸生成,属于高能磷酸化合物,在糖酵解过程生成。
13.F-1-P:果糖-1-磷酸,由果糖激酶催化果糖生成,不含高能磷酸键。
14.G-1-P:葡萄糖-1-磷酸。由葡萄糖激酶催化葡萄糖生成,不含高能键。
15.PEP:磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸,含高能磷酸键,属高能磷酸化合物,在糖酵解过程生成。 16.GOT(Glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase):谷草转氨酶, 17.GPT(Glutamate-pyruvate transaminase):谷丙转氨酶
57、DNP:2,4-二硝基苯酚,解偶联剂 58、TCA:三羧酸循环;柠檬酸循环;krebs途径
59、TPP:焦磷酸硫胺素 60、DHAP:磷酸二羟丙酮
61、EMP:糖酵解途径;Embden-Meyerhof Pathway途径
28.IF(initiation factor):原核生物蛋白质合成的起始因子。
29.EF(elongation factor):原核生物蛋白质合成的延伸因子。
30.RF(release factor):原核生物蛋白质合成的终止因子(释放因子)。
31.hnRNA(heterogeneous nuclear RNA):核不均一RNA。 32.fMet-tRNAf :原核生物蛋白质合成的第一个氨酰基转移RNA。
33.Met-tRNAi :真核生物蛋白质合成的第一个氨酰基转移RNA。 34、IP3:肌醇三磷酸 35、DAG:甘油二酯
36、NAN:N-乙酰神经氨糖酸 37、MVA:二羟甲基戊酸
38、HMGCoA合酶:β-羟甲基戊二酰CoA合酶 39、HMGCoA:β-羟基-β-甲基戊二酰CoA
40、IPP:异戊烯醇焦磷酸酯 41、DPP:二甲基丙烯焦磷酸酯
42、PCA循环:C4途径,C4二羧酸途径,C4光合碳同化循坏,Hatch-Slack途径 43、NADP-ME:具有高活性的依赖NADP的苹果酸酶的苹果酸型 44、NAD-ME:具有高活性的依赖NAD的苹果酸酶的天冬氨酸型
45、PEP-CK:具有高活性的PEP羧激酶的天冬氨酸
46、CAM:景天酸代谢途径
47、CATP:2-羧基阿拉伯糖醇-1-磷酸
48、PCR:卡尔文循环;C3途径;C3光合碳还原途径
49、C2光呼吸碳氧化循环
50、RuBP:核桐糖-1,5-二磷酸 51、PSⅠ:光系统Ⅰ 52、PSⅡ:光系统Ⅱ 53、CP:色素蛋白复合体 54、OEC:放氧复合体 55、LHC:捕光复合体 56、WSC:水裂解体
18.APS(Adenosine phosphosulfate):腺苷酰硫酸
19.PAL(Pheny-lalanine ammonia lyase):苯丙氨酸解氨酶
20.PRPP(Phosphoribosyl pyrophosate):5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸
21.SAM (S-adenoymethionine):S-腺苷蛋氨酸
22.GDH (Glutamate drhyddrogenase):谷氨酸脱氢酶
23.IMP(Inosinic acid):次黄嘌呤核苷酸 24. CAP(Catabolic gene activator protein):降解物基因活化蛋白
25. PKA(Protein kinase):蛋白激酶A 26. CaM(Calmklin):钙调蛋白
27. ORF(Open reading frame):开放阅读框架