胸腺固定術英語怎麼說及英文翻譯

A. 幫忙翻譯以下摘要（英文）

Comparative analysis of expression in mouse thymocytes and thymic epithelial cells in 11 species of microRNA
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a kind of length 18~25ntendogenous small non coding RNA, generated by ahairpin structure about the size of 70~90nt single strand RNA precursor by Dicer enzyme processing. The expression of miRNA has species conservation, temporaland tissue-specific. Several miRNA can regulate the samegenes, through the combination of several miRNA to express the fine regulation of a gene. Presumably, miRNA regulates human 1/3 gene. In the research on the role of miRNA in mice, as the ideal model has been widely applied.
Previous studies in this laboratory, we compare the expression profiles analysis of thymic tissue in mice of different months old miRNA. With the aging of the expression level of thymus gland, thymus in differentmouse miRNA will have their development trends, relative to January October at the age of thymus of mice, miceand 19 month old mice thymus miRNA expression levelswere 40% and 35% lower, while 60% and 65% increase.But because of the expression of miRNA is tissue and cell specificity, and thymus tissue containing a variety of cell types, including mainly in thymocytes and thymic epithelialcells. So it is necessary for the expression of miRNA inthese two kinds of cells in the amount of comparative analysis. Based on the analysis of previous researchfindings in the chip, screening of differentially expressed in monthly aging analysis of 11 mice with miRNA larger(mmu-miR-125b-5p, mmu-miR-181b-5p, mmu-miR-let-7c-5p, mmu-miR-195a-5p, mmu-miR-128-3p, mmu-miR-148a-3p, mmu-miR-29b-3p, mmu-miR-181a-5p, mmu-miR-142-5p, mmu-miR-205-5p, mmu-miR-451a) as the object of observation, using the January old mouse thymiccell lines and mouse thymic epithelial cells as theexperimental material, the initial concentration of the 11mouse miRNA in thymocytes and thymic mella epithelial cells using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR to docomparative analysis.
Fluorescence quantitative PCR results show that theobserved 11 mice in miRNA: mmu-miR-195a-5p, mmu-miR-29b-3p, mmu-miR-let-7c-5p, mmu-miR-125b-5p and mmu-miR-148a-3p were highly expressed in thymic epithelial cells; mmu-miR-451a in thymocytes and thymic mellary epithelial cells expressed very low or no expression; mmu-miR-205-5p is only expressed in thymic epithelial cells in the thymus, expression is very low or no expression.

B. 英語翻譯

話說樓主確定是主人公和潛意識幻想出來的人對話么？ 那按理說，sweetbread應該就是潛回意識了（不太確定，因答為sweetbread真的沒找到其他意思了），因為cook up 有虛造的意思。
第四句，我也不是很懂，但是我猜測： 首先last minute subsitution有臨場替換的意思
至於nogging我也查了有好幾種意思，但我找到一個比較合乎該句子的意思，就是「消耗時間（尤指做毫無意義的事）」
那麼最後一句的意思：我想大概就是， 看來你的潛意識幻想要召喚下一個人了
以上純屬個人觀點，僅供參考

C. 人體的八大系統分別用英語怎麼說

運動系統locomotor system、神經系統nervous system、內分泌系統hormonal system、循環系統circulatory system、呼吸系統respiratory system、消化系統digestive system、泌尿系統urinary system、生殖系統reproctive system。

一、運動系統

由骨、關節和肌肉組成，約占成人體重的60%。全身各骨借關節相連形成骨骼，起支持體重、保護內臟和維持人體基本形態的作用。

骨骼肌附著於骨，在神經系統支配下收縮和舒張，收縮時，以關節為支點牽引骨改變位置，產生運動。骨和關節是運動系統的被動部分，骨骼肌是運動系統的主動部分。

It consists of bones, joints and muscles, accounting for about 60% of alt body weight. Bones and joints of the whole body are connected to form bones, which can support weight, protect viscera and maintain the basic shape of the human body.

Skeletal muscle adheres to bone, contracting and relaxing under the control of nervous system. When contracting, the joint is used as the fulcrum to pull the bone to change its position and proce movement.

Bone and joint are the passive parts of the motor system, while skeletal muscle is the active part of the motor system.

二、神經系統

神經系統是人體內起主導作用的系統。內、外環境的各種信息，由感受器接受後，通過周圍神經傳遞到腦和脊髓的各級中樞進行整合，再經周圍神經控制和調節機體各系統器官的活動，以維持機體與內、外界環境的相對平衡。

神經系統是由腦、脊髓、腦神經、脊神經、和植物性神經，以及各種神經節組成。能協調體內各器官、各系統的活動，使之成為完整的一體，並與外界環境發生相互作用。

The nervous system is the dominant system in the human body. All kinds of information in the internal and external environment are received by the receptor, integrated through the peripheral nerve to all levels of the brain and spinal cord.

and then controlled and regulated by the peripheral nerve to maintain the relative balance between the body and the internal and external environment.

The nervous system is composed of brain, spinal cord, brain nerve, spinal nerve, vegetative nerve and various ganglia. It can coordinate the activities of organs and systems in the body, make them a whole body, and interact with the external environment.

三、內分泌系統

內分泌腺是人體內一些無輸出導管的腺體。它的分泌物稱激素。對整個機體的生長、發育、代謝和生殖起著調節作用。

人體主要的內分泌腺有：下丘腦、垂體、甲狀腺、腎上腺、胰島、胸腺和性腺等。

Endocrine glands are some glands without output cts in human body. Its secretion is called hormone. It regulates the growth, development, metabolism and reproction of the whole body.

The main endocrine glands are hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, islet, thymus and gonad.

四、循環系統

血液循環系統是生物體的體液（包括細胞內液、血漿、淋巴和組織液）及其藉以循環流動的管道組成的系統。從動物形成心臟以後血液循環系統分為心臟和血管兩大部分，叫做心血管系統。

循環系統是生物體內的運輸系統，它將消化道吸收的營養物質和由鰓或肺吸進的氧輸送到各組織器官並將各組織器官的代謝產物通過同樣的途徑輸入血液，經肺、腎排出體外。

The blood circulation system is a system of body fluids (including intracellular fluids, plasma, lymph and tissue fluids) and the pipes through which they circulate.

The blood circulation system is divided into two parts, the heart and the blood vessel, which is called the cardiovascular system. Circulation system is the transportation system in organisms.

It transports nutrients absorbed by digestive tract and oxygen absorbed by gill or lung to various tissues and organs, and transfuses metabolites of various tissues and organs into blood through the same way, and discharges them through lung and kidney.

五、呼吸系統

呼吸系統包括呼吸道（鼻腔、咽、喉、氣管、支氣管）和肺。

動物體在新陳代謝過程中要不斷消耗氧氣，產生二氧化碳。機體與外界環境進行氣體交換的過程稱為呼吸。氣體交換地有兩處，一處是由外界與呼吸器官（如肺、腮）的氣體交換，稱肺呼吸或腮呼吸（或外呼吸）；另一處由血液和組織液與機體組織、細胞之間進行氣體交換（稱內呼吸）。

The respiratory system includes the respiratory tract (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus) and lungs.

Animals need to consume oxygen and proce carbon dioxide in the process of metabolism. The process of gas exchange between organism and environment is called breathing.

There are two places for gas exchange, one is the exchange of gas between the outside and respiratory organs (such as lung and parotid), called pulmonary or parotid breathing (or external breathing).

the other is the exchange of gas between blood and tissue fluid and organism tissues and cells (called internal breathing).

六、消化系統

人體內與消化攝食有關的器官包括：口腔、咽、食道、胃、小腸、大腸、肛門、以及唾液腺、胃腺、腸腺、胰腺、肝臟等，因此稱它們為消化器官。這些消化器官協同工作，共同完成對食物的消化和對營養物質的吸收。所有的消化器官的總和稱為消化系統。

The organs related to digestion and feeding in human body include oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus, salivary gland, gastric gland, intestinal gland, pancreas and liver, so they are called digestive organs.

These digestive organs work together to digest food and absorb nutrients. The sum of all digestive organs is called the digestive system.

七、泌尿系統

泌尿系統由腎、輸尿管、膀胱及尿道組成。其主要功能為排泄。排泄是指機體代謝過程中所產生的各種不為機體所利用或者有害的物質向體外輸送的生理過程。

被排出的物質一部分是營養物質的代謝產物；另一部分是衰老的細胞破壞時所形成的產物。此外，排泄物中還包括一些隨食物攝入的多餘物質，如多餘的水和無機鹽類。

The urinary system consists of kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra. Its main function is excretion.

Excretion refers to the physiological process in which all kinds of substances proced in the metabolic process of the body are not utilized by the body or are transported to the outside world by harmful substances.

The excreted substances are part of the metabolites of nutrients, and part of the procts formed when aging cells are destroyed. In addition, excreta also contains some superfluous substances that are ingested with food, such as superfluous water and inorganic salts.

八、生殖系統

生殖系統是生物體內的和生殖密切相關的器官成分的總稱。生殖系統的功能是產生生殖細胞，繁殖新個體，分泌性激素和維持第二性徵。人體生殖系統有男性和女性兩類。按生殖器所在部位，又分為內生殖器和外生殖器兩部分。

Reproctive system is a general term for organ components closely related to reproction in organisms.

The function of the reproctive system is to proce germ cells, reproce new indivials, secrete sex hormones and maintain secondary sexual characteristics.

There are two types of human reproctive system: male and female. According to the location of genitalia, it can be divided into two parts: internal genitalia and external genitalia.

D. 胸腺是什麼

胸腺位於人體胸部胸骨柄後方，胸腺一般分為左、右兩葉，不對稱，質柔軟，呈扁長條狀，胸腺在人和各個年齡段有明顯的變化，新生兒及幼兒的胸腺相對較大，重約10～15g；青春期後最大，重約25～40g，繼而萎縮退化，被結締組織代替。 胸腺的實質主要由淋巴細胞和上皮網狀細胞構成。胸腺主要功能是培育、選擇和向周圍淋巴器官(淋巴結、脾和扁桃體)和淋巴織輸送T淋巴細胞，並在這些器官內增殖，參與機體的免疫反應，增強機體的抵抗力。胸腺除參與機體的免疫外，尚具有內分泌功能。 參考資料：教材

E. 腺嘌呤（A）鳥嘌呤（G）胞嘧啶（C）尿嘧啶（U）胸腺嘧啶（T）的英文全稱各是什麼

「腺嘌呤」的英文全稱為：adenIne

「鳥嘌呤」的英文全稱為：guanine

「胞嘧啶」的英文全稱為：cytosine

「尿嘧啶」的英文全稱為：uracil

「胸腺嘧啶」的英文全稱為：thymine

腺嘌呤、鳥嘌呤、胞嘧啶、尿嘧啶和胸腺嘧啶是核苷酸分子中的不同鹼基，由於構成核苷酸分子的戊糖和磷酸基是相同的，體現核苷酸差別的實際上只是它所帶的鹼基。核酸也稱為多核苷酸，是由數十個以至數千萬計的核苷酸分子構成的生物大分子，也即核酸的基本組成單位是核苷酸分子。

(5)胸腺固定術英語怎麼說及英文翻譯擴展閱讀

肝臟是從頭合成核苷酸的主要器官。嘧啶和嘌呤的從頭合成遵循兩個不同的途徑。

嘧啶首先從細胞質中的天冬氨酸和氨基甲醯-磷酸合成到共同的前體環結構乳清酸，其上磷酸化的核糖基單元共價連接。

嘌呤首先從發生環合成的糖模板合成。 作為參考，嘌呤和嘧啶核苷酸的合成由細胞的細胞質中的幾種酶進行，而不在特定的細胞器內。 核苷酸經歷分解，使得有用的部分可以在合成反應中重復使用以產生新的核苷酸。

F. 胸腺瘤手術步驟

切口選擇：突向一側較小的胸腺瘤多採用前外肋間部胸切口，突向雙側瘤體較大者，可採用前胸正中切口。近年來前胸正中切口應用增多，除摘除胸腺瘤外同時摘除對側胸腺，以防日後出現重症肌無力的可能。亦有春採用橫斷胸骨雙側胸部橫切口切除腫瘤。前胸正中切口不進入胸腔，減少了術後對病人呼吸功能的干擾，避免術後呼吸系統合並症。有人經頸部切口摘除胸腺瘤，其指征為年老患者，有開胸禁忌，腫瘤體積小且靠近頸部。
手術時應注意的問題：孤立無粘連的良性胸腺瘤，完整摘除無困難，手術可順利完成，但某些復雜病例手術時要充分估計困難。惡性胸腺瘤須先探查，搞清腫瘤與周圍鄰近器官的關系再行解剖。胸腺瘤位於膠上縱隔心底部，心臟與大血管交界處；惡性胸腺瘤可向周圍粘連浸潤；腫瘤增長時鄰近組織器官被推移，正常解剖關系改變；纖維結締組織粘連增厚，使之與血管不易辨別。這些均可造成術中誤傷血管而引起大出血。術者對於這引起應有警惕性腫瘤可切除性的判斷是手術時必須要考慮的問題。當腫瘤已經侵犯無名靜脈或上腔靜脈，或血管被包繞在在腫瘤之中，或腫瘤與周圍組織呈凍結狀態，此時應採取謹慎態度，中止手術，僅採取病理活檢，術後予放射治療。若腫瘤雖與大血管有粘連浸潤，但尚可分離，可逐步解剖，由淺入深，由易到難，先使其松動，再游離瘤體，最後在其蒂部鉗夾後摘除。
對於解剖過程中每纖維組織或索帶均應鉗夾後切斷，避免損傷血管增加手術困難。若意外地損傷血管，切忌驚慌失措盲目鉗夾止血。可先用紗布墊壓迫出敵國破口，備好吸引器，同時加快輸血，吸凈術野積血後，辨清損傷的部位和范圍，再決定是直接縫合還是修補

G. 胸腺的英語單詞怎麼寫

thymus

H. 「鹼基」的英文怎麼說

鹼基(base)：構成核苷酸的鹼基分為嘌呤（purine)和嘧啶 >（pyrimi-dine)二類。前者主要指腺嘌呤（adenine，A）和鳥嘌呤（guanine,G），DNA和RNA中均含有這二種鹼基。後者主要指胞嘧啶（cytosine,C）胸腺嘧啶（thymine，T）和尿嘧啶（uracil,U）。

I. 胸腺瘤患者

這種問題很嚴謹很嚴肅。不要在這里亂問，到正規的醫院去看看，聽聽醫生怎麼說，才不會害了你。