桁架形體系英語怎麼說及英文翻譯

① truss架 桁架有什麼區別

Truss架也稱為桁架。

Truss架：由的平面或空間結構架，一般為方柱型，多用於揚聲器吊掛、戶外臨時展棚和背景的骨架搭建。又稱為桁架。

桁架（truss）:常用的有鋼桁架、鋼筋混凝土桁架、預應力混凝土桁架、木桁架、鋼與木組合桁架、鋼與混凝土組合桁架。桁架按外形分有三角形桁架、梯形桁架、多邊形桁架、平行弦桁架，及空腹桁架。在選擇桁架形式時，應綜合考慮桁架的用途、材料、支承方式和施工條件，在滿足使用要求的前提下，力求製造和安裝所用的材料和勞動量為最小。

② 鍦熸湪宸ョ▼甯哥敤鏈璇鑻辮緲昏瘧鍙婂悕璇嶈В閲(鍥)

絎鍥涜妭 妗ャ佹兜媧炲拰闅ч亾鏈璇
1. 妗 bridge
涓哄叕璺銆侀搧璺銆佸煄甯傞亾璺銆佺＄嚎銆佽屼漢絳夎法瓚婃渤嫻併佸北璋楓侀亾璺絳夊ぉ鐒舵垨浜哄伐闅滅嶈屽緩閫犵殑鏋剁┖寤虹瓚鐗┿
2. 綆鏀姊佹ˉ simple supported girder bridge
浠ョ畝鏀姊佷綔涓烘ˉ璺ㄧ粨鏋勭殑涓昏佹壙閲嶆瀯浠剁殑姊佸紡妗ャ
3. 榪炵畫姊佹ˉ continuous girder bridge
浠ユ垚鍒楃殑榪炵畫姊佷綔涓烘ˉ璺ㄧ粨鏋勪富瑕佹壙閲嶆瀯浠剁殑姊佸紡妗ャ
4. 鎮鑷傛佹ˉ cantilever girder bridge
浠ユ偓鑷備綔涓烘ˉ璺ㄧ粨鏋勪富瑕佹壙閲嶆瀯浠剁殑姊佸紡妗ャ
5. 鏂滄媺錛堟枩寮狅級妗 cable stayed bridge
浠ユ枩鎷夛紙鏂滃紶錛夌儲榪炴帴緔㈠斿拰涓繪佷綔涓烘ˉ璺ㄧ粨鏋勪富瑕佹壙閲嶆瀯浠剁殑妗ャ
6. 鎮緔錛堝悐錛夋ˉ suspension bridge
浠ラ氳繃涓ょ儲濉旀偓鍨傚苟閿氬滻浜庝袱宀革紙鎴栨ˉ涓ょ錛夌殑緙嗙儲錛堟垨閽㈤摼錛変綔涓烘ˉ璺ㄧ粨鏋勪富瑕佹壙閲嶆瀯浠剁殑妗ャ
7. 妗佹灦妗 trussed bridge
浠ユ佹灦浣滀負妗ヨ法緇撴瀯涓昏佹壙閲嶆瀯浠剁殑妗ワ紝鏈夋佹灦姊佹ˉ銆佹佹灦鎷辨ˉ絳夈傛潵婧愶細www.examda.com
8錛庢嗘灦妗 frame bridge
妗ヨ法緇撴瀯涓烘暣浣撶卞艦妗嗘灦鐨勬ˉ銆
9錛庡垰鏋勶紙鍒氭灦錛夋ˉ rigid frame bridge
妗ヨ法緇撴瀯涓庢ˉ澧╋紙鍙幫級鍒氭ц繛鎺ョ殑妗ワ紝鏈夎繛緇銆佹枩鑵垮垰鏋勬ˉ絳夈
10錛庢嫳妗 arch bridge
浠ユ嫳鍦堟垨鎷辮倠浣滀負妗ヨ法緇撴瀯涓昏佹壙閲嶆瀯浠剁殑妗ワ紝鏈夊弻鏇層佺卞艦鎷辨ˉ絳夈
11錛庢極姘存ˉ submersible bridge
瀹硅告椽姘存極榪囨ˉ闈㈢殑妗ャ
12錛庢誕妗 pontoon bridge
涓婇儴緇撴瀯鏋墮珮鍙傛按涓嫻鍔ㄦ敮鎵匡紙濡傝埞銆佺瓘銆佹誕綆辯瓑錛変笂鐨勬ˉ銆
13錛庢ｄ氦妗 right bridge
妗ョ殑綰佃醬綰誇笌鍏惰法瓚婄殑娌蟲祦嫻佸悜鎴栧叕璺銆侀搧璺絳夎礬綰胯醬鍚戠浉鍨傜洿鐨勬ˉ銆
14錛庢枩浜ゆˉ skew bridge
妗ョ殑綰佃醬綰挎鍏惰法瓚婄殑娌蟲祦嫻佸悜鎴栧叕璺銆侀搧璺絳夎礬綰胯醬鍚戜笉鐩稿瀭鐩寸殑妗
15錛庤法綰匡紙絝嬩氦錛夋ˉ grade separated bridge; overpass bridge
璺ㄨ秺鍏璺銆侀搧璺鎴栧煄甯傞亾璺絳変氦閫氱嚎璺鍜屾ˉ銆
16錛庨珮鏋舵ˉ viact
浠ｆ浛楂樿礬鍫よ法瓚婃繁璋楓佹醇鍦版垨浜哄伐璁炬柦鐨勬ˉ銆
17錛庢ｏ紙涓伙級妗 main span
璺ㄨ秺娌抽亾涓繪Ы閮ㄥ垎鎴栨繁璋楓佷漢宸ヨ炬柦涓昏侀儴鍒嗙殑妗ャ
18錛庡紩妗 approach span
榪炴帴璺鍫ゅ拰姝ｏ紙涓伙級妗ョ殑妗ャ
19錛庡集妗 curved bridge
妗ラ潰涓蹇冪嚎鍦ㄥ鉤闈涓婁負鏇茬嚎鐨勬ˉ錛屾湁涓繪佷負鐩寸嚎鑰屾ˉ闈涓烘洸綰垮拰涓繪佷笌妗ラ潰鍧囦負鏇茬嚎涓ょ嶆儏鍐點
20錛庡潯妗 Ramp bridge
璁劇疆鍦ㄧ旱鍧¤礬孌典笂鐨勬ˉ銆

③ 橋式起重機英文資料，5000字左右，帶翻譯，麻煩了

Overhead crane bridge crane can be divided into ordinary, simple beam bridge crane and metallurgical three special crane. Generally common crane lifting trolley, bridge run institutions, the bridge crane metal structure diagram into a group. Crab and the hoisting mechanism, trolley traveling agencies and small frame of three parts. Lifting bodies, including the motor, brake, recer, drum and pulleys. Motor through recer, driving drum rotation, so that rope around the drum or from the roll down to lift heavy objects. Is supporting for small frame and installation of lifting mechanism and the car bodies and other parts of the machine running

④ 跪求土木工程專業英語（段兵延）LESSON4 原文

Lesson 4 Tall Building

Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general, spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings．
雖然在建築施工技術中，總的來說已經有了許多進步，但是在超高層建築的設計和施工中也取得了驚人的成就。
The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing．
高層建築的早期發展始於結構的鋼框架。
Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes．
從那以後，鋼筋混凝土和薄殼筒體體系就被競相經濟地用在了許多民用和商用結構中。
The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structural systems．
美國各地正在修建的50～110層的高層建築是新的結構體系改革和發展的結果。
Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit．
更大的高度需要增加柱和梁的尺寸來使建築物的剛性更大，以便於它們在風荷載作用下不會傾斜到允許的范圍之外。
Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural details．
過分的水平傾斜將導致隔板、天花板和其他建築物細部的嚴重的復發性破壞。
In addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of their perception of such motion．
此外，過分的傾斜還可能導致建築物內部居住者的不適，因為他們感覺到了這種運動。
Structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore do not require additional stiffening to limit the sway．
鋼筋混凝土和鋼結構系統充分利用了整個建築的固有的潛在的剛度，因此不需要額外的加強板來限制傾斜。
In a steel structure, for example, the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building.
比如，在鋼結構中，可以根據建築物的每平方英尺樓板面積所需要鋼材的總平均數量來限定經濟。
Curve A in Fig.1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories．
圖1中的曲線A描繪的是傳統框架隨著增加的樓層數的平均單位重量。
Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads．
曲線B描繪的是在框架不受任何橫向荷載時平均鋼材重量。
The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame．
上下邊界之間的間隙描繪的是傳統柱樑框架由高度帶來的額外費用。
Structural engineers have developed structural systems with a view to eliminating this premium．
為了消除這種額外費用，結構工程師們已經發展了一些結構體系。
Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations.
用鋼材修建的高層建築是作為幾種類型的結構的創新的結果而發展起來的。
The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings．
這種創新已經被用在辦公樓和公寓大樓的施工當中。
In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses, a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used.
為了把框架結構的外柱連接到內部垂直桁架上，可以在建築的中部和頂部設置剛性帶狀桁架系統。
A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin Bank Building (1974) in Milwaukee．
這種體系的一個好的例子就是密爾沃基市的威斯康星第一銀行大樓。
The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building，for both strength and stiffness, to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column elements can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground．
只有當所有的柱子以這樣一種方式（即整個建築作為一個中空的筒體或剛性的盒子突出於地面上）互相連接在一起時，才能獲得高層建築的整體結構對於抵抗風荷載的強度和剛度的最大功效。
This particular structural system was probably used for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago．The most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 1l0-story World Trade Center building in New York．
這種特殊的結構體系第一次使用可能是在芝加哥的這幢43層鋼筋混凝土公寓大樓中。這種體系的最有意義的使用是在紐約的110層世貿中心大廈的結構鋼雙塔中。
The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with diagonal members intersecting at the center line of the columns and beams．
建築的外柱可相隔適當遠的距離，它們還能被作成一個筒體一起起作用，通過把它們和對角的構件在柱和梁的中線上交叉而連接在一起。
This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Center in Chicago，using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional 40-story building．
這種簡單但非常有效的體系第一次使用是在芝加哥的John Hancock中心大樓中，它用了和傳統40層樓所正常需要的一樣多的鋼筋。
With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency．
隨著對更大更高的建築的不斷需要，框筒或對頂柱桁架筒體可能被用在捆綁的形式中以形成更大的筒體外殼，同時又保持了高效力。
The 110-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tubes, bundled at the base of the building in three rows．
芝加哥的110層Sears Roebuck Headquarters大樓有9個筒體，在大樓的基礎部位被捆成了三排。
Some of these indivial tubes terminate at different heights of the building，demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept．
這些獨立的筒體中的一些在大樓的不同高度處中止，這是最新的結構概念的不受限制的建築上的可能性的一個例證。
The Sears tower，at a height of 1450 ft (442 m) ，is the world』s tallest building．
The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces (wind or earthquake) and the control of drift (1ateral building movement) in high-rise building．
筒體結構體系被發展起來是為了提高高層建築對側向荷載（風和地震）的抵抗，以及對建築的側向位移的控制。
The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further．
薄殼筒體使筒體體系又向前邁進了一步。
The development of the stressed-skin tube utilizes the facade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings，and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor area．
薄殼筒體的進步是利用建築的正面（牆或板）作為與框筒共同起作用的結構構件，為高層建築抵抗側向荷載提供了一個有效的途徑，而且可獲得節省成本、不設柱子、使用面積與建築面積之比很高的室內空間。
Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin facade，the framed members of the tube require 1ess mass，and are thus lighter and less expensive．
因為薄殼立面的作用，筒體的框架構件需要量就更少，因此就更輕更便宜。
All the typical columns and spandrel beams are standard rolled shapes，minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members．
所有代表性的柱和窗下牆的牆托梁都是標準的軋制形式，這可以使特殊的組合構件的用量和成本降到最低。
The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space，is minimized．
周圍窗下牆托梁的厚度要求也就降低了，將侵佔有用空間的樓板上的梁的需求也減到了最少。
The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittsburgh．
While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start，development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive challenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings．
當早期有了用鋼筋修建的高層建築的時候，鋼筋混凝土的高層建築也在以一個很快的速度發展，從而形成了對鋼結構系統的激烈挑戰，不論是在辦公大樓還是在公寓大樓的使用中。
Framed tube 框筒
As discussed above，the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building．
如前所討論的，框筒的概念第一次被用於高層建築是在43層的DeWitt Chestnut 公寓大樓中。
In this building，exterior columns were spaced at 5.5-ft (1.68-m) centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-in. -thick (20-cm) flat-plate concrete slabs．
在這幢建築中，外柱中線間隔了1.68m，內柱被用來支撐20cm厚的混凝土平板。
Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube．
辦公大樓中用鋼筋混凝土的另一種系統是把傳統的剪力牆結構和一個外部的框筒結合起來。
The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area．
該體系由間距很小的柱子構成的外框筒和圍繞中心設備區的剛性剪力牆內筒組成。
The system (Fig.2), known as the tube-in-tube system，made it possible to design the world』s present tallest (714 ft or 218m) lightweight concrete building (the 52-story One Shell Plaza Building in Houston) for the unit price of a traditional shear wall structure of only 35 stories．
被稱為筒中筒的這種系統，使設計出目前世界上最高的輕質混凝土大樓成為可能，並且這幢大樓的單位價格僅是傳統的35層剪力牆結構的單位價格。
Systems combining both concrete and steel have also been developed，an example of which is the composite system developed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing, thereby combining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural steel systems．The 52-story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system．
混凝土和鋼筋組合使用的系統也已經被發展起來，這種系統的一個例子就是由Skidmore，Owings和Merrill共同發展的復合體系，在該體系中，一個間隔很近的混凝土外框筒包裹著一個內鋼框架，因此它結合了鋼筋混凝土和鋼結構系統的優點。52層的新奧爾良廣場大樓就是建立在這種系統的基礎之上。
This text mainly introced some structural types of high-rise building, such as systems in steel, frames with rigid belt trusses, framed tube, stressed-skin tube system, tube in tube, etc. In addition, it gives us some examples which are representational.
這篇文章主要介紹了高層建築的一些結構類型，比如鋼筋體系、剛性帶狀桁架框架、框筒、薄殼筒體體系、筒中筒等等。此外，文章還給我們舉了一些具有代表性的實例。

希望幫到你。

⑤ 求一篇施工方面文章及英文翻譯 謝

高層建築
大體上建築施工工藝學方面已經有許多進步, 在超高層的設計和施工上已經取得了驚人的成就。
高層建築早期的發展開始於鋼結構。鋼筋混凝土和薄殼筒系統已經經濟而競爭性地被用於大量的住宅和商業目的的結構。由於新型結構系統的創新和發展，現在從50到100層的高層建築遍布全美國。
更大高度的要求增加了樑柱的尺寸以使建築物剛性更強，以便在風荷載作用下建築物將不會產生超過一個可接受限度的擺動。過度的側移可能導致隔牆，天花板和其他建築細部的重復性損害。此外，過度側傾可能使建築物的居住者因為對擺動的知覺而導致不便。鋼筋混凝土和鋼結構系統，能充分利用整個建築物固有潛在的勁性，因而不需要額外加勁以限制側傾。
例如，在一個鋼結構中，經濟性由建築物房屋面積每平方英尺鋼的全部平均數量來定義。圖一中的曲線A採用層逐漸增加的數量表現傳統框架的平均單位重。曲線B則表現框架受到所有橫向荷載保護下的平均鋼重量。上下邊界之間的間隙則表現傳統樑柱框架為高度付出的額外費用。結構工程師已經發展了可消除這一額外費用的結構系統。
鋼結構體系。因為一些類型的結構改革，鋼高層建築物得到了發展。此改革被用於辦公大樓和公寓的建造。
帶有剛性帶式桁架的框架。為了將一個框架結構的外柱約束於內部的垂直梁架,可能在建築物中部和頂部採用一個剛性帶式桁架的系統。這一系統的最好例證是在密爾瓦基的威斯康辛州第一銀行建築物 (1974)。
框架筒體。只有當建築物突出地面的所有的柱構件能夠彼此連接使整個建築物成為一個空心筒體或一個勁性箱體時，一幢高層建築的整個結構才能最有效。這種特殊的結構體系第一次大概是用於芝加哥的43層樓高的德威特栗木鋼筋混凝土公寓。而這一系統最重要的應用是紐約的110層樓高的世界貿易中心的鋼結構雙塔。
對角柱桁架支撐筒體。建築物的外柱可以被適當的分隔卻仍能通過在樑柱中線處交叉對角構件連接使之作為一個筒體而共同工作。這種簡單而又極其有用的系統最早被用於芝加哥的約翰漢考克中心，其僅僅使用了傳統的40層樓高建築的用鋼量
組合筒體（束筒）。由於對更大更高的建築物的持續需求，框架筒和對角柱桁架支撐筒可能採用組合使用的形式以創造更大的筒，並仍可以保持高功效。芝加哥110層樓高的西爾斯瑞巴克總部有9個筒，由三排建築物組合而成。一些個別筒體終止在建築物不同的高度，證明了無限建築可能性的結構觀念。西爾斯塔高1450英尺（442m），是世界上最高的建築。
薄殼筒體系。筒結構體系的發展提高了高層建築抵抗側向力（風和地震作用）和飄移（建築物的側向運動）的能力。薄殼筒使筒結構體系有了進一步的發展。薄殼筒的進步是利用（高層）建築的外表面（牆和板）作為與框筒共同作用的結構構件，為高層建築抵抗側向荷載提供了一個有效的途徑，而且可獲得不設柱子，節省成本，使用面積與建築面積之比很高的室內空間。
由於薄殼表面的作用，筒體的框架構件數量減少，使得結構更輕，費用更少。所有標准柱和外牆托梁都採用標准型鋼，使得組合構件的使用和花費最小化。四周外牆托梁的深度要求也被減少，而且樓板上的頂梁對有用空間的佔用會達到最小。這種結構系統已經被使用於 54 層樓高的匹茲堡的梅隆銀行中心。
混凝土體系。雖然採用鋼結構建造的高層建築開始很早，但是鋼筋混凝土高層建築的快速發展在辦公大樓和公寓方面對鋼結構體系產生了很大的挑戰。
框架筒體。由上面討論到的，高層建築最早的框架筒體概念應用於43層樓高的德威特栗木公寓。在這一建築物中，外柱以中心距為5.5英尺（168米）的間隔排列，內柱則用於支撐8英寸厚的混凝土平板。
筒中筒。另一個用於辦公大樓的鋼筋混凝土結構體系是將內部框架筒體與傳統的剪力牆工藝相結合。這種體系由間距很小的柱子構成的外框架筒與圍繞中心設備區的剛性剪力牆內筒組成。這種被稱為筒中筒的體系使設計目前世界上最高（714英尺或218米），總費用只相當於傳統35層樓高的剪力牆結構體系的輕型混凝土建築（52層樓高的休斯頓的殼廣場建築）成為可能。
結合混凝土和鋼的體系也得到發展，這方面的一個例子是由Skidmore, Owings 和 Merrill發展的復合體系。它是採用間距很小的混凝土外框架筒包圍鋼框架內筒組成，因此兼有鋼筋混凝土和鋼結構體系的優點。在新奧爾良的一個 52 層樓高的殼廣場建築便是以這一體系為基礎。

Tall Buildings

Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general, spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings.

The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing. Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes. The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structural systems.

Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit. Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural details. In addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of their perception of such motion. Structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore do not require additional stiffening to limit the sway.

In a steel structure, for example, the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building. Curve A in Fig. 1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories. Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads. The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame; Structural engineers have developed structural systems with a view to eliminating this premium.

Systems in steel. Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations. The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings.

Frames with rigid belt trusses. In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses, a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used. A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin Bank Building (1974) in Milwaukee.

Framed tube. The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building, for both strength and stiffness, to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column elements can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground. This particular structural system was probably used for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago. The most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 110-story World Trade Center building in New York.

Column-diagonal truss tube. The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with. Diagonal members intersecting at the center line of the columns and beams. This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Center in Chicago, using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional story building.

Fig. 1. Graphical relationship between design quantities of steel and building heights for a typical building frame. Curves A and B correspond to the boundary conditions indicated in the two building diagrams. 1 psf = 0. 048kPa.

Bundled tube. With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency. The i10-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tubes, bundled at tile base of the building in three rows. Some of these indivial tubes terminate at different heights of the building, demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept. The Sears tower, at a height of 1450 ft (442 m), is the world's tallest building.

Stressed-skin tube system. The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces (wind or earthquake) and the control of drift (lateral building movement) in high-rise building. The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further. The development of the stressed-skin tube utilizes the facade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings, and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor area.

Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin facade, the framed members of the tube require less mass, and are thus lighter and less expensive. All the typical columns and spandrel beams are standard rolled shapes, minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members. The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space, is minimized. The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittsburgh.

Systems in concrete. While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive challenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings.

Framed tube. As discussed above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building. In this building, exterior columns were spaced at 5.5-ft (1.68-m) centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-in.-thick (20-cm) flat-plate concrete slabs.

Tube in tube. Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube. The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area. The system (Fig.2), known as the tube-in-tube system, made it possible to design the world's present tallest (714 ft or 218m) lightweight concrete Building in Houston)for structure of only 35 s oriel building the unit 52—story One Shell Plaza of a traditional shear wall

Systems compiling both concrete and steel have also been developed，an example of which is the composite system developed by Skidmore，Owings & Merrill in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing，thereby combining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural

steel systems．The 52—story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system．

NEW WORDS AND PHRASES
1．spectacular 壯觀的，驚人的，引人注意的
2．sway 搖動，搖擺，歪，使傾斜
3．residential 居住的，住宅的，作住家用的
4．commercial 商業的，商業上的，商務的
5．innovation 革新，創新，新方法，新事物
6．boundary 分界線，邊界
7．eliminate 排除，消除，除去
8．apartment 公寓住宅，單元住宅
9．column 柱，支柱，圓柱，柱狀物
10．demonstrate 示範，證明，演示，
11．project 凸出，投射，計劃，工程
12．stress 應力，壓力
13．truss 構架，桁架
14．bundle 捆，束，包
15．terminate 使終止，使結尾，結束
16．facade (房屋的)／E面，立面，表面
17．perimeter 周，周圍，周界，周長
18．encroach 侵犯，侵佔，蠶食
19．high•rise building 高層建築
20．reinforced concrete 鋼筋混凝土
21．spandrel beam 窗下牆的牆托梁
22．shear wall 剪力牆