中空鋼英語怎麼說及英文翻譯
A. 美國著名建築 英文
美國著名建築的英文如下：
美國金門大橋：（Golden Gate Bridge）
白宮：（The White House）
自由女神像：（Statue Of Liberty）
曼哈頓大橋：（Manhattan Bridge, USA）
聖路易斯拱門：（Gateway Arch）
五角大樓：（The Pentagon）
聯合國大廈：（United Nations Headquarters）
美國大都會體育場：（The met）
帝國大廈：（Empire State Building）
西爾斯大廈：（Willis Tower）
世界貿易中心：（World Trade Center）
雲霄塔：（Stratosphere Tower）
克萊斯勒大樓：（Chrysler Building）
一、白宮1902年被西奧多.羅斯福總統正式命名為「白宮」。白宮由美國國家公園管理局擁有，是「總統公園」的一部分。
白宮是一幢白色的新古典風格砂岩建築物，位於華盛頓哥倫比亞特區西北賓夕法尼亞大道1600號。白宮共佔地7.3萬多平方米，由主樓和東、西兩翼三部分組成。因為白宮是美國總統的居住和辦公的地點。
二、金門大橋（英文：Golden Gate Bridge），峙於美國加利福尼亞州舊金山金門海峽之上，是世界著名的橋梁，也是近代橋梁工程的一項奇跡。
橋身全長1900多米，歷時4年，利用10萬多噸鋼材，耗資達3550萬美元建成，由橋梁工程師約瑟夫·斯特勞斯（Joseph .Struss，1870—1938年）設計。因其歷史價值，英、美兩國於2007年合拍同名紀錄片。
三、在自由女神像這座銅雕像，是法國雕塑家弗雷德里克·奧古斯特·巴托迪（FrédéricAuguste Bartholdi）設計的，是法國人民送給美國人民的禮物，其金屬框架由古斯塔夫·埃菲爾（Gustave Eiffel）建造。該雕像於1886年10月28日奉獻。
參考資料：網路——白宮
網路——金門大橋
網路——自由女神像
B. 跪求土木工程專業英語（段兵延）LESSON4 原文
Lesson 4 Tall Building
Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general, spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings．
雖然在建築施工技術中，總的來說已經有了許多進步，但是在超高層建築的設計和施工中也取得了驚人的成就。
The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing．
高層建築的早期發展始於結構的鋼框架。
Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes．
從那以後，鋼筋混凝土和薄殼筒體體系就被競相經濟地用在了許多民用和商用結構中。
The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structural systems．
美國各地正在修建的50～110層的高層建築是新的結構體系改革和發展的結果。
Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit．
更大的高度需要增加柱和梁的尺寸來使建築物的剛性更大，以便於它們在風荷載作用下不會傾斜到允許的范圍之外。
Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural details．
過分的水平傾斜將導致隔板、天花板和其他建築物細部的嚴重的復發性破壞。
In addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of their perception of such motion．
此外，過分的傾斜還可能導致建築物內部居住者的不適，因為他們感覺到了這種運動。
Structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore do not require additional stiffening to limit the sway．
鋼筋混凝土和鋼結構系統充分利用了整個建築的固有的潛在的剛度，因此不需要額外的加強板來限制傾斜。
In a steel structure, for example, the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building.
比如，在鋼結構中，可以根據建築物的每平方英尺樓板面積所需要鋼材的總平均數量來限定經濟。
Curve A in Fig.1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories．
圖1中的曲線A描繪的是傳統框架隨著增加的樓層數的平均單位重量。
Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads．
曲線B描繪的是在框架不受任何橫向荷載時平均鋼材重量。
The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame．
上下邊界之間的間隙描繪的是傳統柱樑框架由高度帶來的額外費用。
Structural engineers have developed structural systems with a view to eliminating this premium．
為了消除這種額外費用，結構工程師們已經發展了一些結構體系。
Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations.
用鋼材修建的高層建築是作為幾種類型的結構的創新的結果而發展起來的。
The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings．
這種創新已經被用在辦公樓和公寓大樓的施工當中。
In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses, a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used.
為了把框架結構的外柱連接到內部垂直桁架上，可以在建築的中部和頂部設置剛性帶狀桁架系統。
A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin Bank Building (1974) in Milwaukee．
這種體系的一個好的例子就是密爾沃基市的威斯康星第一銀行大樓。
The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building，for both strength and stiffness, to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column elements can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground．
只有當所有的柱子以這樣一種方式（即整個建築作為一個中空的筒體或剛性的盒子突出於地面上）互相連接在一起時，才能獲得高層建築的整體結構對於抵抗風荷載的強度和剛度的最大功效。
This particular structural system was probably used for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago．The most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 1l0-story World Trade Center building in New York．
這種特殊的結構體系第一次使用可能是在芝加哥的這幢43層鋼筋混凝土公寓大樓中。這種體系的最有意義的使用是在紐約的110層世貿中心大廈的結構鋼雙塔中。
The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with diagonal members intersecting at the center line of the columns and beams．
建築的外柱可相隔適當遠的距離，它們還能被作成一個筒體一起起作用，通過把它們和對角的構件在柱和梁的中線上交叉而連接在一起。
This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Center in Chicago，using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional 40-story building．
這種簡單但非常有效的體系第一次使用是在芝加哥的John Hancock中心大樓中，它用了和傳統40層樓所正常需要的一樣多的鋼筋。
With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency．
隨著對更大更高的建築的不斷需要，框筒或對頂柱桁架筒體可能被用在捆綁的形式中以形成更大的筒體外殼，同時又保持了高效力。
The 110-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tubes, bundled at the base of the building in three rows．
芝加哥的110層Sears Roebuck Headquarters大樓有9個筒體，在大樓的基礎部位被捆成了三排。
Some of these indivial tubes terminate at different heights of the building，demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept．
這些獨立的筒體中的一些在大樓的不同高度處中止，這是最新的結構概念的不受限制的建築上的可能性的一個例證。
The Sears tower，at a height of 1450 ft (442 m) ，is the world』s tallest building．
The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces (wind or earthquake) and the control of drift (1ateral building movement) in high-rise building．
筒體結構體系被發展起來是為了提高高層建築對側向荷載（風和地震）的抵抗，以及對建築的側向位移的控制。
The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further．
薄殼筒體使筒體體系又向前邁進了一步。
The development of the stressed-skin tube utilizes the facade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings，and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor area．
薄殼筒體的進步是利用建築的正面（牆或板）作為與框筒共同起作用的結構構件，為高層建築抵抗側向荷載提供了一個有效的途徑，而且可獲得節省成本、不設柱子、使用面積與建築面積之比很高的室內空間。
Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin facade，the framed members of the tube require 1ess mass，and are thus lighter and less expensive．
因為薄殼立面的作用，筒體的框架構件需要量就更少，因此就更輕更便宜。
All the typical columns and spandrel beams are standard rolled shapes，minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members．
所有代表性的柱和窗下牆的牆托梁都是標準的軋制形式，這可以使特殊的組合構件的用量和成本降到最低。
The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space，is minimized．
周圍窗下牆托梁的厚度要求也就降低了，將侵佔有用空間的樓板上的梁的需求也減到了最少。
The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittsburgh．
While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start，development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive challenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings．
當早期有了用鋼筋修建的高層建築的時候，鋼筋混凝土的高層建築也在以一個很快的速度發展，從而形成了對鋼結構系統的激烈挑戰，不論是在辦公大樓還是在公寓大樓的使用中。
Framed tube 框筒
As discussed above，the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building．
如前所討論的，框筒的概念第一次被用於高層建築是在43層的DeWitt Chestnut 公寓大樓中。
In this building，exterior columns were spaced at 5.5-ft (1.68-m) centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-in. -thick (20-cm) flat-plate concrete slabs．
在這幢建築中，外柱中線間隔了1.68m，內柱被用來支撐20cm厚的混凝土平板。
Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube．
辦公大樓中用鋼筋混凝土的另一種系統是把傳統的剪力牆結構和一個外部的框筒結合起來。
The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area．
該體系由間距很小的柱子構成的外框筒和圍繞中心設備區的剛性剪力牆內筒組成。
The system (Fig.2), known as the tube-in-tube system，made it possible to design the world』s present tallest (714 ft or 218m) lightweight concrete building (the 52-story One Shell Plaza Building in Houston) for the unit price of a traditional shear wall structure of only 35 stories．
被稱為筒中筒的這種系統，使設計出目前世界上最高的輕質混凝土大樓成為可能，並且這幢大樓的單位價格僅是傳統的35層剪力牆結構的單位價格。
Systems combining both concrete and steel have also been developed，an example of which is the composite system developed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing, thereby combining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural steel systems．The 52-story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system．
混凝土和鋼筋組合使用的系統也已經被發展起來，這種系統的一個例子就是由Skidmore，Owings和Merrill共同發展的復合體系，在該體系中，一個間隔很近的混凝土外框筒包裹著一個內鋼框架，因此它結合了鋼筋混凝土和鋼結構系統的優點。52層的新奧爾良廣場大樓就是建立在這種系統的基礎之上。
This text mainly introced some structural types of high-rise building, such as systems in steel, frames with rigid belt trusses, framed tube, stressed-skin tube system, tube in tube, etc. In addition, it gives us some examples which are representational.
這篇文章主要介紹了高層建築的一些結構類型，比如鋼筋體系、剛性帶狀桁架框架、框筒、薄殼筒體體系、筒中筒等等。此外，文章還給我們舉了一些具有代表性的實例。
希望幫到你。
C. 趙洲橋英文簡介
The Zhaozhou Bridge is the world's oldest stone segmental arch bridge. Being located in Hebei Province, it is also the oldest standing bridge in China. (當今世界上跨徑最大、建造最早的單孔敞肩型石拱橋。)
The Zhaozhou Bridge is also known as the Safe Crossing Bridge (安濟橋)and the Great Stone Bridge (大石橋). It crosses the Xiao River (洨河) in Zhao County (趙縣) , which was formerly known as Zhaozhou (趙州). In total, the bridge is about 50 m long with a central span of about 37 m. It stands 7.3 m tall and has a width of 9 m. (橋在哪裡, 多高多長,等等)
The bridge has two small side arches on either side of the main arch. These side arches serve two important functions: First, they rece the total weight of the bridge by about 15.3% or approximately 700 tons. Second, when the bridge is submerged ring a flood, they allow water to pass through, thereby recing the forces on the structure of the bridge. (拱橋在洪水時讓水滿過去而不會倒塌, 橋的奇特之處)
The Zhaozhou Bridge was constructed in the years 595-605 ring the Sui Dynasty. It is credited to a craftsman named Li Chun (李春). Since it was built, it has withstood 10 floods, eight battles, and many earthquakes including a 7.2 degree earthquake in 1966. Yet, the support structure remains intact and the bridge is still in use. (何人建造; 經過無數次的風雨和地震，至今仍安然無恙)
二樓的是機器翻譯的.
D. 英文求助： 自帶料英文什麼說（就是買了一顆材料，會自帶螺絲等） 緊急 求幫忙，有追賞
With material （這個是自帶料）
Buy a material, will be bringing screw（這個是買了一顆材料，會自帶螺絲）