引水渠英語怎麼說及英文翻譯

⑴ 幫忙翻譯成英語，不要用翻譯器，錯的太多了，謝謝

Hydropower station building
Hydropower station is generating using water resources, is water, place a complex of machine, electricity. Among them in order to achieve the hydroelectric power, is used to control the flow of buildings called hydropower station buildings. This mainly discuss the layout, hydropower diversion system structure design and hydraulic calculation; Hydropower plant layout design and hub of the structure characteristics.
The basic development mode and hydropower decorate a form
η by N = 9.81 QH knowable, to power must flow and head, the key is to form a head.
Take full advantage of the river's water resources of hydropower station, the first to make, downstream formed certain gap, constitute power head. So for the river water hydropower development, according to the different ways of centralized head into dam type, diversion type and hybrid three basic forms.
Pumped-storage power station and the tides of hydropower station is an important type using.
The way -- formed head hydropower development mode.
A, dam type hydropower station
In river canyon place dammed rivers, in front of the dam harmony water, the dam site, form concentrated gap, this development way as the dam type development. In reservoir upstream dam site of the led take, through the workshop in hydropower station turbine generating tail water, after which leads to the river downstream, upstream and downstream water level difference is obtained that the head hydropower. With the centralized head hydropower dam called dam type hydropower station.
(a) hydropower dam type characteristic
(1) the head hydropower dam type depends on the dam is high. At present the biggest head hydropower dam type does not exceed the correlation between 300m.
(2) dam type of hydropower station is larger, the power station quoted flow water use, scale is fully. (because the reservoir formation DAMS, upstream, can be used to adjust flow) in the world at present more than two 000MW installed capacity of large scale hydropower station is mostly dam type hydropower station. Besides dam type the comprehensive utilization of hydropower reservoir with high benefit, but at the same time satisfy the flood control, power generation, and water demand bringing.
(3) hydropower dam type, attentions investment. Reason: engineering with large size, caused by the large range of reservoir, migrants flooded.
Application: slower, flow channel slope, and a large DAMS built libraries conditions.
(2) hydropower dam type of form
1. The riverbed type power station (power in river now any)
- general built in the middle ZongPo gentle river channel, to avoid massive river flooded low dam or sluice gate, built.
For large and medium-sized: head: -- 25 meters below, small: 8 ~ 10 meters below.
-- plant and block dam built on the riverbed side-by-side, common retaining water, reason workshop also have sliding stability problem;
- building height depends on the discretion of the head.
-- quote large flow, head low.
-- mainly includes: block DAMS, xiang-jia-ba dam, workshops, lock, the fishway etc.
2. Type of hydropower station dam at dam toe staion (power)
-- when head is bigger, workshop itself can not withstand the water thrust, will plant moved to dam by retaining water after the dam.
- general dam type hydropower station built on the upper-middle river.
-- is larger, the capacity of the regulation performance.
- such as can be built for volumetric, Banks type power station.
The three gorges hydropower station -- high-profile dam type hydropower station is, its an installed capacity of 200MW for eighteen.
Second, water diversion type power of hydropower station (now)
In rivers on the slope steep river build one low dam (or no dam) water, through the man-made YinShuiDao (channel, tunnel, pipeline) river diversion to downstream, and centralized divide pressure pipeline, then after water diversion to turbine to conct electricity. YinShuiDao concentrated with the power station called water head of hydropower station.
Characteristics: (1) head is relative taller, and the biggest head has reached 2,000 meters above.
(2) quoted flow small, no reservoir water runoff regulation, lower utilization rate, comprehensive utilization value is poorer.
(3) power station capacity is very small, basic no reservoir submerged loss, quantity is lesser, unit cost is low.
Type: (1) no pressure water type (free) : YinShuiDao is blunt without pressure (such as channel)
(2) there is pressure water type (pressure YinShuiDao blunt) : there is pressure (pressure tunnel)
Applicable condition: suitable for river channel slope steep, flow of smaller mountain OuXing inlets.
1. No pressure water type power station
Water diversion buildings is without pressure: any open channel (open), blunt free-flow tunnel (how)
Main buildings: low dam, inlet, settling basin, pont gard (hole), daily regulation pool, pressure, pressure conit previous pool, plant, water discharge canals.
2. Have pressure water type power station
The building is a pressure diversion tunnel (pressure stress how)
Main buildings: low dam, diversion tunnel (pressure), surge chamber pressure conit, factory, and ash
水電站建築物
水電站是利用水能資源發電的場所，是水、機、電的綜合體。其中為了實現水力發電，用來控制水流的建築物稱為水電站建築物。本篇主要討論水電站引水系統的布置、結構設計和水力計算；水電站廠區樞紐的布置設計和結構特點。
水電站的基本開發方式及其布置形式
由N = 9.81ηQH可知，要發電必須有流量和水頭，關鍵是形成水頭。
要充分利用河流的水能資源，首先要使水電站的上、下游形成一定的落差，構成發電水頭。因此就開發河流水能的水電站而言，按其集中水頭的方式不同分為壩式、引水式和混合式三種基本方式。
抽水蓄能電站和潮汐電站也是水能利用的重要型式。
形成水頭方式——水電站的開發方式。
一、壩式水電站
在河流峽谷處攔河築壩，壩前雍水，在壩址處形成集中落差，這種開發方式為壩式開發。在壩址處引取上游水庫中水流，通過設在水電站廠房內的水輪機，發電後將尾水引至下游原河道，上下游的水位差即是水電站所獲取的水頭。用壩集中水頭的水電站稱為壩式水電站。
(一) 壩式水電站特點
(1) 壩式水電站的水頭取決於壩高。目前壩式水電站的最大水頭不超過300m。
(2) 壩式水電站的引用流量較大，電站的規模也大，水能利用較充分。(由於築壩，上游形成的水庫，可以用來調節流量）目前世界上裝機容量超過2 000MW的巨型水電站大都是壩式水電站。此外壩式水電站水庫的綜合利用效益高，可同時滿足防洪、發電、供水等興利要求。
(3) 壩式水電站的投資大，工期長。原因：工程規模大，水庫造成的淹沒范圍大，遷移人口多。
適用：河道坡降較緩，流量較大，並有築壩建庫的條件。
(二) 壩式水電站的形式
1．河床式電站(power station in river channel)
—— 一般修建在河道中下遊河道縱坡平緩的河段上，為避免大量淹沒，建低壩或閘。
—— 適用水頭：大中型：25米以下，小型：8~10米以下。
——廠房和擋水壩並排建在河床中，共同擋水，故廠房也有抗滑穩定問題；
——廠房高度取決於水頭的高低。
——引用流量大、水頭低。
——主要包括：擋水壩、泄水壩、廠房、船閘、魚道等。
2．壩後式水電站(power staion at dam toe)
——當水頭較大時，廠房本身抵抗不了水的推力，將廠房移到壩後，由大壩擋水。
——壩後式水電站一般修建在河流的中上游。
——庫容較大，調節性能好。
——如為土壩，可修建河岸式電站。
——舉世矚目的三峽水電站就是壩後式水電站，其裝機容量為18 200MW。
二、引水式水電站(diversion type power station)
在河流坡降陡的河段上築一低壩(或無壩)取水，通過人工修建的引水道(渠道、隧洞、管道)引水到河段下游，集中落差，再經壓力管道引水到水輪機進行發電。用引水道集中水頭的電站稱為引水式水電站。
特點：(1) 水頭相對較高，目前最大水頭已達2000米以上。
(2) 引用流量較小，沒有水庫調節徑流，水量利用率較低，綜合利用價值較差。
(3) 電站庫容很小，基本無水庫淹沒損失，工程量較小，單位造價較低。
類型：(1) 無壓引水式(free flow)：引水道是無壓的(如明渠)
(2) 有壓引水式(pressure flow)：引水道是有壓的(壓力隧洞)
適用條件： 適合河道坡降較陡，流量較小的山區性河段。
1． 無壓引水式電站
引水建築物是無壓的：明渠(open channel)、無壓隧洞(free flow tunnel)
主要建築物：低壩，進水口，沉沙池，引水渠(洞)，日調節池，壓力前池，壓力水管，廠房，尾水渠。
2．有壓引水式電站
引水建築物是有壓的：壓力隧洞(pressure tunnel)
主要建築物：低壩，引水隧洞(有壓)，調壓室，壓力水管，廠房，尾水渠

⑵ 高分懸賞~~~水利水電專業英語翻譯，謝絕軟體翻譯

絕對人工翻譯 花了我好長時間的 樓主多施捨點吧

尾水渠是指水流經過水輪機後排出用的水渠。如果電站離河流比較近，流出的水就可以直接排進河流里去，但是在別的情況下，在廠房和河流之間可能會有一定長度的引水渠。在一些水電站的設計中，尾水管有一個被嚴重的忽視的重要作用。在很多低水頭電站，如果在尾水管設計上稍微注意，就可以在控製成本在很小的范圍內更大程度地利用電站的毛水頭。
無襯尾水渠容易被破壞，也就是說，尾水位會因為渠底被沖刷而降低。有時候，這種情況發生在尾水位下降到尾水管出口頂部位置以下時，會降低水輪機的效率。為了解決這個問題，必須在尾水渠建溢流壩以此來保證尾水位回到正常水位。有時候，當尾水位上升時會使河床升高，這樣就會導致電站的毛水頭減小。當溢洪道溢流很接近尾水渠，並且沒有適合的導流堤時，這種情況就可能會發生。如果沉積過多，就需要通過疏浚或者其他方法來清除這些沉澱物。在任何情況下，對尾水渠的水力設計，必須了解不同流速下的尾水位狀態。在某些情況下，對水力模型的研究將提供寶貴的資料。
尾水管應該帶有一個沒有水的排水溝，這樣就可以在檢修的時候作排水用。在尾水管的出口處應該安裝一個閘門，或者在尾水渠兩個墩之間安裝疊梁閘門或者組合式鋼閘門，以此來在排水期間切斷尾水管中的水流。必須給疊梁閘門或組合式鋼閘門提供起重機構。
地下廠房的尾水渠通常作為水力設計中一個單獨的課題來研究。在尾水管流出的水流有自由水平面流入水平渠道的情況下，不需要設置調壓井。如果不是這種情況，即尾水為有壓的情況時，則需要設置調壓室。通常導流隧道的下游部分可以作為尾水渠使用。加利福尼亞的奧羅維爾地下電站就是這種情況，該電站有兩個直徑為35英尺（10.7米），長2200英尺（670米）的隧道。