美國夢英語閱讀是哪年的試卷

❶ 有沒有關於美國夢的英語故事

One Friday morning, a teacher came up.She started with "This was England's finest hour."
Little Suzy instantly jumped up and said, "Winston Churchill."
"Congratulations!" Said the teacher, "You may go home."
The teacher then said, "Ask not what your country can do for you."
Before she could finish this quote, another young lady belts out, "John F.Kennedy".
"Very good," says the teacher, "you may go."
Irritated that he has missed two golden opportunities, Little Johnny said,"I wish those girls would just shut up."
Upon overhearing this comment, the outraged teacher demanded to know who said it.
Johnny instantly rose to his feet and said,"Bill Clinton. I'll see you Monday."

http://www.thjy.e.cn/linyun/column/632831395801093750.aspx

Words in red are in the glossary. Click to see them.

Every August. Every August for twelve years. Every August for twelve years we went to the same small town on holiday. Every August for twelve years we went to the same beach. Every August for twelve years my parents rented the same small house in the same small town near the same beach, so every morning of every August for twelve years I woke up and walked down to the same beach and sat under the same umbrella or on the same towel in front of the same sea.

There was a small café on the beach where we sat every day, and every day Mr. Morelli in the café said 「Good morning!」 to my parents, and then always patted me on the head like a dog. Every day we walked down to our red and white umbrella, every day my father sat on his deckchair and read the newspaper then went to sleep, every day my mother went for a swim in the sea and then went to sleep. Every lunch time we ate the same cheese sandwiches which my mother made, and then every afternoon we went up to the café and ate an ice cream while my parents talked to Mr Morelli about the weather. Every summer for twelve years I sat there and read books and sometimes played volleyball with some of the other boys and girls who were there, but I never made any friends.

It was so boring.

Every August for twelve years the same family sat next to us. They were called the Hamiltons. We had a red and white umbrella, they had a green one. Every morning my parents said 「Good morning!」 to Mr and Mrs Hamilton, and Mr and Mrs Hamilton said 「Good morning!」 to my parents. Sometimes they talked about the weather.
Mr and Mrs Hamilton had two sons. Richard was the same age as me, and his brother Philip was two years older than me. Richard and Philip were both taller than me. Richard and Philip were very friendly, and both very handsome. They were much friendlier and more handsome than me. They made friends with everyone, and organised the games of volleyball on the beach or swimming races in the sea with the other children. They always won the games of volleyball and the swimming races. My parents liked Richard and Philip a lot. 「Why can』 you be more like Richard and Philip?」 they said to me. 「Look at them! They make friends with everyone! They are polite, good boys! You just sit here reading books and doing nothing!」

I, of course, hated them.

Richard and Philip, Richard and Philip, Richard and Philip – it was all I ever heard from my parents every August for twelve years. Richard and Philip were perfect. Everything about them was better than anything about me. Even their green beach umbrella was better than our red and white one.

I was sixteen years old the last summer we went there. Perfect Richard and perfect Philip came to the beach one day and said that they were going to have a barbecue at lunch time. They were going to cook for everyone! 「Forget your cheese sandwiches」, they laughed, 「Come and have some hamburgers or barbecue chicken with us! We』re going to cook!」
My parents, of course, thought this was wonderful. 「Look at how good Richard and Philip are! They』re going to do a barbecue and they』ve invited everybody! You couldn』t organise a barbecue!」

Every summer for twelve years, on the other side of my family, sat Mrs Moffat. Mrs Moffat was a very large woman who came to the same beach every summer for twelve years on her own. Nobody knew if she had a husband or a family, but my parents said that she was very rich. Mrs Moffat always came to the beach wearing a large hat, a pair of sunglasses and a gold necklace. She always carried a big bag with her. She never went swimming, but sat under her umbrella reading magazines until lunchtime when she went home.

Richard and Philip, of course, also invited Mrs Moffat to their barbecue.

Richard and Philip』s barbecue was, of course, a great success. About twenty people came and Richard and Philip cooked lots of hamburgers and chicken and made a big salad and brought big pieces of watermelon and everyone laughed and joked and told Mr and Mrs Hamilton how wonderful their sons were. I ate one hamburger and didn』t talk to anybody. After a while, I left, and made sure that nobody saw me leave.
Mrs Moffat ate three plates of chicken and two hamburgers. After that she said she was very tired and was going to go and have a sleep. She walked over to her umbrella and sat down on her deckchair and went to sleep. When she woke up later, everybody on the beach was surprised to hear her screaming and shouting.

「My bag!!!! My bag!!!」 she shouted. 「It』s gone!!! It』s GONE!!!」 Everybody on the beach ran over to Mrs Moffat to see what the problem was. 「Someone has taken my bag!!!」 she screamed, 「Someone has stolen my bag!!!」
「Impossible!」 said everybody else. 「This is a very safe, friendly beach! There are no thieves here!」 But it was true. Mrs Moffat』s big bag wasn』t there anymore.
Nobody had seen any strangers on the beach ring the barbecue, so they thought that Mrs Moffat had perhaps taken her bag somewhere and forgotten it. Mr Morelli from the café organised a search of the beach. Everybody looked everywhere for Mrs Moffat』s big bag.

Eventually, they found it. My father saw it hidden in the sand under a deckchair. A green deckchair. Richard and Philip』s deckchair. My father took it and gave it back to Mrs Moffat. Everybody looked at Richard and Philip. Richard and Philip, the golden boys, stood there looking surprised. Of course, they didn』t know what to say.
Mrs Moffat looked in her bag. She started screaming again. Her purse with her money in it wasn』t in the big bag. 「My purse!」 she shouted, 「My purse has gone! Those boys have stolen it! They organised a barbecue so they could steal my purse!」
Everybody tried to explain to Mrs Moffat that this couldn』t possibly be true, but Mrs Moffat called the police. The police arrived and asked golden Richard and golden Philip lots of questions. Richard and Philip couldn』t answer the questions. Eventually, they all got into a police car and drove away to the police station.

I sat there, pretending to read my book and trying to hide a big, fat purse under the sand on the beach.

That was the last summer we went to the beach. My parents never talked about Richard and Philip again.

Glossary

barbecue (n): when you cook meat, fish or vegetables outside over a fire, or make a meal in this way and eat outside, often ring a party.
deckchair (n): a light, folding chair to use outside, especially on the beach, on a ship or in a park.
handsome (adj): describes a man who is physically attractive in a traditional, masculine way.
hide (v): to put something or someone in a place where they cannot be seen or found, or to put yourself somewhere where you cannot be seen or found.
invite (v): to ask or request someone to go to an event.joke (v): to say funny things.
necklace (n): a piece of jewellery worn around the neck, such as a chain or a string of decorative stones.
pat (v): to touch someone or something gently and usually repeatedly with the hand flat.

❷ 美國夢哪位總統提出來的

奧巴馬在2008年美國總統競選獲勝後的演講中闡述了美國夢。

❸ 我有一個美國夢 英語作文 一百字左右

Some say, that the American Dream has become the pursuit of material prosperity—thatpeople work more hours to get bigger cars, fancier homes, the fruits of prosperity for theirfamilies—but have less time to enjoy their prosperity. Others say that the American Dream isbeyond the reach of the working poor who must work two jobs for their family's survival. Yet others look toward a new American Dream with less focus on financial gain and moreemphasis on living a simple, fulfilling life.
有人說，美國夢已經演變成對物質繁榮的追求——為了買更高級的車，住更豪華的住宅，改善家庭經濟狀況，人們工作時間增長——卻沒有足夠時間來享受他們的勞動成果。也有人說是美國夢是那些努力工作，為了養家一人兼兩職，但是報酬卻很低的窮人無法實現的。然而，還有一部分人開始追求新的美國夢，即注重簡單而充實的生活，更少地關注經濟利益。

❹ 英語閱讀理解,有兩道題. 英語高手來吧~~

第一題選
B
。因為第一個選項是說生命中沒有消遣或娛樂，第三個選項內是說容鍾意於此，第四個選項是說比今日之人技巧更高。實際上，初期人們只是為了活下去，並找到富庶的土地或黃金。並將之稱為「美國夢」，當時的土地政策是相當寬松的，因為大片的土地有待開發，而政府允許只要你定居並開墾土地，都可以屬於你。
第二題選
C
。因為第一個選項是說這是浪費時間，第二個選項說是偉大的冒險，第四個選項是實現「美國夢」的途徑。根據第三自然段的口吻，我們能看出作者對於此項活動過是持贊許的態度的，所以不選1，而如今的裝備及條件要明顯好於以往，所以也不能是冒險【危險固然存在】不選2，最後「美國夢」早就是過去式了，不選4.
選項
C
是說這是有回報的經歷，是的，第三段中
lift
the
spirit
and
nourish
the
soul
意思是能振奮精神、滌盪靈魂。因此選
C。
我英語不是很好，如果有其他回答，請一並參考。
最好的方法是自己把上下文全部讀懂，不會的地方可以拉到網路翻譯或谷歌翻譯里去找解釋。

❺ 英語閱讀理解

1B 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.B

Q.Why do psychiatrists regard maturity as an asset in child rearing? （為什麼精神病專家認為父母的成熟度對於養育子女是一種資產？）
A:Older parents are usually more experienced in bringing up their children.）指的是大齡父母通常在養育子女方面更有經驗

Q.What does the author mean by saying 「For many, retirement becomes an unobtainable dream」?（作者說「對於大部分的大齡父母來說，尤其是大齡的父親，退休成了不可企及的夢想」這句話是什麼意思？）
A.「They have to go on working beyond their retirement age.」指他們在過了退休年齡後不得不繼續工作。

Q.「The author gives the example of Henry Metcalf to show that」（作者舉了Henry Metcalf的例子是為了說明什麼）
A.older parents tend to be concerned about their aging bodies」表示大齡父母需要考慮到他們逐漸衰老的身體

Q.「What』s the biggest fear of older parents according to New York psychologist Joan Galst?」（根據紐約心理學家John Galst的說法，大齡父母最擔心的是什麼？）
A.「Approaching of death.」的意思是走向死亡。

Q.「What do we learn about Marilyn and Randy Nolen?」（從Nolen夫婦的例子上，我們知道了什麼？）
A.「Not until they had the twins did they feel they had formed a family.」的意思是他們有了雙胞胎之後，才感覺真正組成了一個家。

From: http://www.hxen.com/CET46/CET4/yue/2011-10-29/158792_3.html

❻ 英語閱讀理解 求高手

學生在學校里修習GC主義。他們知道了GC主義是由馬克思和恩格斯提出和推廣的。他們知道，GC主義主張國家利益高於個人利益。他們也了解了許多俄國領導人——例如斯大林、赫魯曉夫和戈爾巴喬夫。他們同樣得知，在很多人眼裡，GC主義是失敗的理論。不出意外的話，人民因為太過自私而無法成功施行這個以利他主義為基礎的主義。

但他們未曾理解的是，在十九世紀九十年代時，西方許多偉大的思想家都鼓吹GC主義。這是一個階級被認為分化的年代。在此期間，人們被粗暴而簡單地分到兩個陣營里：富人階級，正在奮鬥成為富人的階級，或者乾脆是窮人階級。窮人想發家致富，而富人卻沒有任何意願去幫助或者聯系這些窮人。GC主義卻以犧牲財富的手段為窮人指明了道路，一個人人平等、沒有階級差異的美麗幻想讓他們對未來的展望更加光明。

舉例來說，英國作家赫伯特·喬治·威爾斯，一位科幻作家，內心堅定地寫下了GC主義信條的《時間機器》，《時間機器》這本書預測了粗暴簡單分成兩個陣營這件事可能帶來的可怕後果——窮人與富人們——社會將導致分裂。這本書寫道，極度貧困階層將會激化而對富人階層進行可怕的打擊報復。相反地是，很多人認為GC主義卻能給人類帶來充滿希望與光明的未來。

另一位作家，美國人約翰·斯坦貝克，積極支持GC主義。他的名著《憤怒的葡萄》寫道，極度貧困的人被賦予的希望——「美國夢」——永遠不會實現。他認為，資本主義應該對世界上已然存在的貧困和絕望的情緒負責。他把這一主張闡釋於JOAD家族背井離鄉去加州打工這一文章主要內容。他們的車壞了，而銷售員們卻對他們不管不顧。JOAD家族無法在加州找到工作，因為總有人以更低廉的工資搶了他們的飯碗。作者暗示，這些悲慘事件歸根到底是由資本主義導致的。斯坦貝克只描寫了JOAD家族一件美好的事情：一個建立在GC主義制度上的兵營。

（純手工翻譯，希望被採納=]）

❼ 美國夢的實質英語

美國夢 （詮釋美國人生活理想的專有名詞）
美國夢（英文：American Dream）自1776年以來，世世代代的美國人都深信不疑，只要經過努力不懈的奮斗便能獲得更好的生活，即人們必須通過自己的勤奮、勇氣、創意和決心邁向繁榮，而非依賴於特定的社會階級和他人的援助。
與其他大多數國家不同的是，在美國擁有的經濟自由相當多，政府扮演的角色相當有限，這使得美國的社會流動性極大，任何人都有可能通過自己的努力邁向巔峰。
兩百多年來，「美國夢」一直激勵著世界各地無數懷揣夢想的年輕人，或移民或求學，他們放棄故土，歷經千辛萬苦，只為來到這片土地創造自己的價值，美國也因此成為全球眾多成功人士的搖籃。
所謂的美國夢（American Dream），有廣義和狹義之分，廣義上指美國的平等、自由、民主；狹義上指一種相信只要在美國經過努力不懈的奮斗便能獲得更好生活的理想，亦即人們必須通過自己的勤奮工作、勇氣、創意、和決心邁向繁榮，而非依賴於特定的社會階級和他人的援助。通常這代表了人們在經濟上的成功或是企業家的精神。許多歐洲移民都是抱持著美國夢的理想前往美國的。
Since 1776, generations of Americans have been convinced that a better life can be achieved through unremitting efforts, that is, people must move towards prosperity through their own diligence, courage, creativity and determination, rather than relying on the assistance of specific social classes and others.
Unlike most other countries, the United States has a lot of economic freedom, and the role of the government is very limited, which makes the social mobility of the United States very large, and it is possible for anyone to reach the peak through their own efforts.
For more than two hundred years, the "American Dream" has been inspiring countless young people around the world who have dreams, or immigrate or go to school. They give up their hometown and go through many hardships to create their own value in this land. Therefore, the United States has become the cradle of many successful people in the world.
The so-called American dream In a broad sense, dream refers to the equality, freedom and democracy of the United States in a broad sense; in a narrow sense, it refers to an ideal that a better life can be achieved through unremitting efforts in the United States, that is, people must move towards prosperity through their own hard work, courage, creativity, and determination, rather than relying on the assistance of specific social classes and others. Usually it's about economic success or entrepreneurship. Many European immigrants came to the United States with the dream of the American dream.

❽ 關於夢游的英語短文閱讀

s back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same

❾ 「美國夢」都包括什麼

廣義的美國夢包括：平等、自由、民主。狹義的美國夢包括：勤奮工作、勇氣、創意、決心邁向繁榮。

美國夢（英語：American Dream）源於英國對北美大陸的殖民時期，發展於19世紀，是一種相信只要經過努力不懈的奮斗便能在美國獲致更好生活的信仰。許多歐洲移民都是抱持著美國夢的理想前往美國的。

與其他大多數國家不同的是，在美國擁有的經濟自由相當多，政府扮演的角色相當有限，這使得美國的社會流動性極大，任何人都有可能透過自己的努力邁向巔峰。

(9)美國夢英語閱讀是哪年的試卷擴展閱讀

文學：

美國夢的概念常常被運用在不是很正式的言談中，所以學者就追朔到美國夢在美國文學的運用，范圍從《富蘭克林自傳》到馬克·吐溫的《頑童歷險記》（1884）、薇拉·凱瑟的《我的安東尼亞》、法蘭西斯·史考特·基·費茲傑羅的《大亨小傳》(1925)、西奧多·德萊賽的《美國的悲劇》（1925）以及托妮·莫里森的《雅哥》（1977）。

其他以美國夢為主題的作家有亨特·斯托克頓·湯普森、愛德華·阿爾比、約翰·史坦貝克、朗斯頓·休斯以及詹尼納·布拉斯基。亞瑟·米勒的推銷員之死也有提到美國夢，故事的的男主角韋利，就在追尋美國夢。正如蔡（1994）所說，美國夢也不斷出現在其它文學作品中，例如亞裔美國人寫的小說。

❿ 05年碩士研究生入學考試英語閱讀理解試題譯文

Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as 「all too human」, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of 「goods and services」 than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's; study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber . Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to rece resentment in a female capuchin.
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
人人都喜歡大幅加薪，但是當你知道一個同事薪水加得比你還要多的時候，那麼加薪帶給你的喜悅感就消失的無影無蹤了。如果他還以懶散出名的話，你甚至會變得怒不可遏。這種行為被看作是「人之長情」，其潛在的假定其他動物不可能具有如此高度發達的不公平意識。但是由喬治亞州亞特蘭大埃里莫大學的Sarah Brosnan 和Frans de Waal進行的一項研究表明，它也是「猴之常情」。這項研究成果剛剛發表在《自然》雜志上。
研究者們對雌性棕色卷尾猴的行為進行了研究。它們看起來很可愛，性格溫順，合作，樂於分享食物。最重要的是，就象女人們一樣，它們往往比雄性更關注「商品和服務」價值。這些特性使它們成為Brosnan 和 de Waal理想的研究對象。研究者們花了兩年的時間教這些猴子用代幣換取食物。正常情況下，猴子很願意用幾塊石頭換幾片黃瓜。但是，當兩個猴子被安置在隔開但相鄰的兩個房間里，能夠互相看見對方用石頭換回來什麼東西時，猴子的行為就會變的明顯不同。
在卷尾猴的世界裡，葡萄是奢侈品（比黃瓜受歡迎得多）。所以當一隻猴子用一個代幣換回一顆葡萄時，第二隻猴子就不願意用自己的代幣換回一片黃瓜。如果一隻猴子根本無需用代幣就能夠得到一顆葡萄的話，那麼另外一隻就會將代幣擲向研究人員或者扔出房間外，或者拒絕接受那片黃瓜。事實上，只要在另一房間里出現了葡萄（不管有沒有猴子吃它），都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。
研究人員指出，正如人類一樣，卷尾猴也受社會情感的影響。在野外，它們是相互合作的群居動物。只有當每隻猴子感到自己沒有受到欺騙時，這種合作才可能穩定。不公平而引起的憤怒感似乎不是人類的專利。拒絕接受較少的酬勞可以讓這些情緒准確無誤地傳達給其它成員。但是這種公平感是在卷尾猴和人類身上各自獨立演化而成，還是來自三千五百萬前他們共同的祖先，這還是一個懸而未決的問題。
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report 「Science never has all the answers .But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.」
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of 「paralysis by analysis」.
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures .A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private instry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
還記得科學家們認為吸煙會致人死亡，而那些懷疑者們卻堅持認為我們無法對此得出定論的時候嗎？還記得懷疑者們堅持認為缺乏決定性的證據，科學也不確定的時候嗎？還記得懷疑者們堅持認為反對吸煙的游說是為了毀掉我們的生活方式，而政府應該置身事外的時候嗎？許多美國人相信了這些胡言亂語，在三十多年中，差不多有一千萬煙民早早的進了墳墓。
現在出現了與吸煙類似的令人感到難過的事情。科學家們前仆後繼，試圖使我們意識到全球氣候變暖所帶來的日益嚴重的威脅。最近的行動是由白宮召集了一批來自國家科學院的專家團，他們告訴我們，地球氣候毫無疑問正在變暖，而這個問題主要是人為造成的。明確的信息表明是我們應該立刻著手保護自己。國家科學院院長Bruce Alberts在專家團報告的前言中加上了這一重要觀點：「科學解答不了所有問題。但是科學確實為我們的未來提供了最好的指導，關鍵是我們的國家和整個的世界在做重要決策時，應該以科學能夠提供的關於人類現在的行為對未來影響最好的判斷作為依據。
就象吸煙問題一樣，來自不同領域的聲音堅持認為有關全球變暖的科學資料還不完整。在我們證實這件事之前可以向大氣中不斷的排放氣體。這是一個危險的游戲；到了有百分之百的證據的時候，可能就太晚了。隨著風險越來越明顯，並且不斷增加，一個謹慎的民族現在應該准備一份保單了。
幸運的是，白宮開始關注這件事了。但是顯然大多數總統顧問並沒有認真看待全球氣候變暖這個問題。他們沒有出台行動計劃，相反只是繼續迫切要求進行更多的研究――這是一個經典的「分析導致麻痹案例」。
為了成為地球上有責任心的一員，我們必須積極推進對於大氣和海洋的深入研究。但只有研究是不夠的。如果政府不爭取立法上的主動權，國會就應該幫助政府開始採取保護措施。弗吉尼亞的民主黨議員Robert Byrd提出一項議案，從經濟上激勵私企，就是一個良好的開端。許多人看到這個國家正准備修建許多新的發電廠，以滿足我們的能源需求。如果我們准備保護大氣，關鍵要讓這些新發電廠對環境無害。
Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears, by the late 1970s. neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just 「mental noise」 the random byprocts of the neural-repair work that goes on ring sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is 「off-line」. And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. 「It's your dream」 says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. 「If you don't like it , change it.」
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active ring REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the 「emotional brain」)is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. 「We wake up from dreams happy of depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day」 says Stanford sleep researcher Dr, William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright』s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated ring the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don』t always think about the emotional significance of the day』s events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead, the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of 「we wake u in a panic,」 Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.
在高質量睡眠的所有因素中，夢似乎是最無法控制的一個。在夢中，窗戶通向的世界裡，邏輯暫時失去了效用，死人開口說話。一個世紀前，弗洛伊德闡述了革命性的理論，即夢是人們潛意識中慾望和恐懼經偽裝後的預示；到了20世紀70年代末期，神經病學家們轉而認為夢是「精神噪音」，即睡眠時進行的神經修復活動的一種雜亂的副產品。目前，研究人員猜想夢是大腦情感自動調節系統的組成部分，當大腦處於「掉線」狀態時對情緒進行規整。一名主要的權威人士說，夢這種異常強烈的精神活動不僅能被駕馭，事實上還可以有意識地加以控制，以幫助我們更好地睡眠和感覺。芝加哥醫療中心心裡學系主任 Rosalind Cartwright說「夢是你自己的，如果你不喜歡，就改變它。」
大腦造影的證據支持了以上觀點。匹茲堡大學的埃里克博士說，在出現清晰夢境的快速動眼睡眠中大腦和完全清醒時一樣活躍。但並非大腦的所有部分都一樣，腦邊緣系統（「情緒大腦」）異常活躍，而前額皮層（思維和推理的中心地帶）則相對平靜大。斯坦福睡眠研究員William Dement博士說：「我們從夢中醒來，或者高興或者沮喪，這些情緒會伴隨我們一整天。」
夢和情緒之間的聯系在Cartwright的診所的病人身上顯露出來了。多數人似乎在晚上入睡的較早階段做更多不好的夢，而在快睡醒前會逐漸做開心一些的夢，這說明人們在夢里漸漸克服了白天的不良情緒。因為清醒時我們的頭腦被日常瑣事占據著，所以並不總是想到白天發生的事情對我們情緒的影響，直到我們開始做夢，這種影響才出現。
這一過程不一定是無意識的。Cartwright認為人們可以練習有意識地控制噩夢的重演。你一醒來就立刻確定夢中有什麼在困擾你，設想一下你所希望的夢的結局，下次再做同樣的夢時，試圖醒來以控制它的進程。通過多次練習，人們完全可以學會在夢中這樣做。
Cartwright說，說到底，只要夢不使我們無法睡眠或「從夢中驚醒」，就沒有理由太在意所做的夢。恐怖主義、經濟不確定及通常的不安全感都增加了人們的焦慮。那些長期受到噩夢折磨的人應該尋求專家幫助，而對其他人來說，大腦有自動消除不良情緒的方法。安心睡覺甚至做夢，早上醒來時你會感覺好多了。
American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing:The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in ecation. Mr.McWhorter』s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the graal disappearance of 「whom」 ,for example, to be natural and no more regranttable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
But the cult of the authentic and the personal, 「doing our own thing」, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly ecated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical ecation reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English 「on paper plates instead of china」. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
美國人已不再期待公眾人物在演講或寫作中能運用技巧和文采來駕馭英語，而公眾人物自己也不渴望這樣。語言學家麥荷特喜好爭論，他的觀點混雜著自由派與保守派的看法。在他最近的書《做我們自己的事：語言和音樂的退化，以及為什麼我們應該喜歡或在意？》中，這位學者認為60年代反文化運動的勝利要對正式英語的退化負責。
責備放縱的六十年代不是什麼新鮮事，但這次算不上是對教育衰落的又一場批判。麥荷特先生的學術專長在於語言史和語言演變。舉例來說，他認為「whom」一詞的逐漸消失是自然的，並不比古英語中詞格尾綴的消失更讓人惋惜。
然而，「做自己的事」這一對事務真實性和個人性的崇高信條，已經導致了正式演講、寫作、詩歌及音樂的消亡。在20世紀60年代以前，僅受過一般教育的人在下筆時都會尋求一種更高雅的強調；而那之後，即使是最受關注的文章也開始逮住口語就寫在紙面上。同樣的，對於詩歌來說，非常個性化和富有表現力的創作風格成為了能夠表達真實生動含義的唯一形式。無論作為口語還是書面語的英語，隨意言談勝過雅緻的言辭，自我發揮也壓過了精心准備。
麥荷特顯示先生從上層和下層文化中列舉了一系列有趣的例子，從而說明他記錄的這種趨勢是確鑿無誤的。但就書中副標題中的疑問：為什麼我們應該、喜歡或在意，答案卻不夠明確。作為語言學家，麥荷特認為各種各樣的人類語言，包括像黑人語言這樣的非標准語言，都具有強大的表達力――世上沒有傳達不了復雜思想的語言或方言。不像其他大多數人，麥荷特先生並不認為我們說話方式不再規范就會使我們不能夠准確的思考。
俄羅斯人深愛自己的語言，並在腦海中存儲了大量詩歌；而義大利的政客們往往精心准備演講，即使這在大多數講英語的人們眼裡已經過時。麥荷特先生認為正式語言並非不可或缺，也沒有提出要進行徹底的教育改革――他其實只是為那些美好事務而不是實用品的消逝而哀嘆。我們現在用「紙盤子」而非「瓷盤子」裝著我們的英語大餐。真是慚愧啊，但很可能已無法避免。