現實主義英語文章閱讀

1. 求文學中超驗主義和現實主義的定義（英文）

更簡潔一點
1.超驗主義Transcendentalism
A literary and philosophical movement, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition.

2.現實專主義Realism：屬
The representation in art or literature of objects, actions, or social conditions as they actually are, without idealization or presentation in abstract form.

2. 英語作文你是一個理想主義者還是現實主義者

就人性論而言，理想主義(idealism)持樂觀的態度，具有性善的思想，認為人們是追求和平的，縱然有時候會犯錯，造成戰爭，但卻能從經驗中學習，藉此改變他們的行為，不再發動戰爭。而現實主義(realism)，則主張人類的天性是丑惡且貪心的，喜愛權力，具性惡的思想，認為人們不懂從教訓及經驗中學習，而影響著政治行為。這兩個不同的人性假說，是兩種不同學說的基本根據，因此兩者在其他主張中都持相反的觀點。

其次，就國家政治的要求，兩者都有所差別。理想主義認為政府應該是實施良好政治，他們所追求的，是要有道德標準的政府，要求良好統治的藝術。然而，現實主義則認為政府的行為是取決於外在環境因素，並非單是國家內部結構，國家並無好壞之分，要求的只是適當的行為，這些政治行為，與政治制度，文化背景和統治者的類型無關，只取決於外在因素。

再者，兩者對戰爭、沖突都有不同的看法。理想主義認為戰爭是可以避免的，通過國際合作，如北約，聯合國等，解決國際糾紛，又如國際法庭，處罰一些違反國際法的國家。理想主義者都相信合作和長久和平是可以實踐的，透過國際組織和國際法來避免沖突，因此，軍備是多餘的。然而，現實主義是持相反主張，他們認為戰爭或沖突都是不可能避免的，無論是人類本性現實主義（human nature realism）、防禦F實主義（defensive realism）或是進攻現實主義（offensive realism）都認為國際處於一個無政府狀態，各個國家都關注自己國家的實力（power）與利益 (benefit)，軍備是必要的，故此沖突是不可避免的。當現實主義者面對國際危機時，會主張以謹慎的處理手法，透過了解，談判，及讓步來化解，並藉此避免嚴重的戰爭。因此，他們不認為和平是長久的，反之都是短暫而人為的。

此外，理想主義和現實主義的不同之處，還在於兩者的基本追求及目標。理想主義追求道德（moral），認為國家都是以道德作為目標，每個國家都應有道德思想及行為，因此，都要求國際道德來維持國際和平。然而，現實主義則認為國家利益是最重要的，要求國家的生存空間及國家力量，但現實主義者並不否定道德，只要在不損國家利益的大前提下，他們都會追求道德，然若兩者互相有沖突，便會舍棄道德，爭取利益。此外，現實主義者更認為，國際道德其實無助於解決國際關系的問題，因此，他們不會將道德硬套在國際政治中。

Reference:
Foster, J. (2000). The Nature of Perception. New York: Oxford University Press

3. 美國浪漫主義文學和現實主義文學的區別英文資料

The romantic literature in the United States is influenced by the romantic literature in Western Europe. 19 centuries half leaf, the rapid development of American capitalism, national consciousness and patriotic enthusiasm, get rid of bondage of English literature pay attention to the spirit of creation and the pursuit of freedom of the transcendental doctrine presented a splendid sight, so far the American romantic literature began to flourish. Therefore, its works from the content to the form have a distinct national characteristics. Romanticism emphasizes the spiritual function and the significance of intuition. It is believed that nature is full of spirit and man should return to nature. It advocates that art should make the reader get the stimulation and achieve the sublimation of the soul.
American Realism pays great attention the fact or reality; from idealism, hypotheses or sentimental doctrine of objective process; objectively and not by feelings to deal with thought and action, against all unrealistic or Utopian character. The reality of the early cheap optimism, began to show social contradictions. Under the influence of realistic and naturalistic literature in Europe, American Realism reflects the negative side of society from many aspects.
American realism with distinctive artistic features, lifelike, reflecting the broad picture of society, the introction of impressionism has even opened a way of American short stories, mature on American literature made great contribution.
【這是這段文字的翻譯----
美國的浪漫主義文學深受西歐浪漫主義文學的影響。19世紀上半葉，美國資本主義迅速發展，民族意識和愛國熱情高漲，擺脫英國文學的束縛、重視人的精神創造和追求自由的超驗主義蔚為大觀，至此美國浪漫主義文學開始蓬勃發展。因此其作品從內容到形式都具有鮮明的民族特色。浪漫主義強調人的精神作用和直覺的意義，認為自然界充滿靈性，人應該回歸自然，主張藝術要使讀者獲得刺激而達到靈魂的升華。

美國現實主義注重事實或現實；不受理想主義、臆測或感傷主義影響的客觀過程；客觀地而不憑感情地去處理思想和行動，反對一切不切實際或空想的性格。現實主義拋棄早期廉價的樂觀主義，開始表現社會矛盾。在歐洲現實主義與自然主義文學的影響下，美國的現實主義從許多方面反映社會消極的一面。

美國現實主義各具藝術特色，逼真，反映廣闊的社會圖景，引進印象主義手法，甚至開辟了美國式短篇小說的途徑，對美國文學的成熟作出了偉大的貢獻。】
【= =，望採納，來自英語帝】。

4. 為什麼說傲慢與偏見是一部現實主義小說（最好用英文回答）

Actually no,this story is silly and silk , is really suck.the author 's opinion is really fault .

And the guy who said it's truly was as foolish as he could.

Don't trust that fool,Jane Orstin was nothing but a silly old virgin .
Althout she was rich.

5. 批判現實主義英文解釋

critical realism
In the philosophy of perception, critical realism is the theory that some of our sense-data (for example, those of primary qualities) can and do accurately represent external objects, properties, and events, while other of our sense-data (for example, those of secondary qualities and perceptual illusions) do not accurately represent any external objects, properties, and events. In short, critical realism refers to any position that maintains that there exists an objectively knowable, mind-independent reality, whilst acknowledging the roles of perception and cognition.

Critical realism refers to several schools of thought. These include the American critical realists (Roy Wood Sellars, George Santayana, and Arthur Lovejoy) and a broader movement including Bertrand Russell and C. D. Broad. The Canadian Jesuit Bernard Lonergan developed a comprehensive critical realist philosophy and this understanding of critical realism dominates North America's Catholic Universities. In the UK, critical realism generally refers to a philosophical approach to the social and natural world - Roy Bhaskar's work is particularly well associated with this approach. The term is also used by several people in the science-religion interface community.

6. 美國現實主義文學流派簡介(英文)

現實主義是文學藝術的基本創作方法之一，其實際運用時間相當早遠，但直到19世紀50年代才由法國畫家庫爾貝和作家夏夫列里作為一個名稱提出來，恩格斯為「現實主義」下的定義是：除了細節的真實外，還要真實的再現典型環境中的典型人物。(1888年4月初致瑪.哈克奈斯信)

在文學藝術創作中，現實主義是與浪漫主義並駕齊驅兩大思潮，其注重事實或現實；不受理想主義、臆測或感傷主義影響的客觀過程；客觀地而不憑感情地去處理思想和行動，反對一切不切實際或空想的性格。

As a term of art in philosophy, realism refers to a thesis that general properties, technically known as universals, have a mode of existence or a form of reality that is in a certain sense independent of the things that possess them. Opposing theses, known as nominalism, and conceptualism, hold that universals are not real or do not properly exist, that only indivials and particulars exist, and that it is only the corresponding general concepts of thought or universal terms of language, serving as equivocal denotations of many particular things, that deceive the mind into thinking so. Philosophical realism is also referred to as Platonic realism or Scholastic realism, depending on the nuances of the particular variant in mind. In some versions of realism, in stark contrast to everyday usage, a distinction is drawn between existence and reality, based on the idea that potentials can be real but that only actuals can exist.

In a separate context of discussion, realism is contrasted with both idealism and materialism, and is more controversially considered by others to be synonymous with the position in the philosophy of mind known as alism. In recent transmogrifications of the word, realism is contrasted with anti-realism and irrealism.

Increasingly these last disputes, too, are rejected as misleading, and some philosophers prefer to call the kind of realism espoused there metaphysical realism and eschew the whole debate in favour of simple naturalism or natural realism, which is not so much a theory as the position that these debates are ill-conceived, if not incoherent, and that there is no more to deciding what is really real than simply taking our words at face value.

Realism in philosophy can also refer to other forms of realism such as moral realism and scientik

7. 名詞解釋現實主義英文的

Realism:
1) concern for fact or reality and rejection of the impractical and visionary.
2) a. a doctrine that universals exist outside the mind;spcif: the conception that an abstract term names an independent and unitary reality
b. a theory that objects of sense perception or cognition exist independently of the mind
3) the theory or practice of fidelity in art and literature to nature or to real life and to accurate representation without idealization.

8. 我的論文題目是分析包法利夫人中的現實主義（全英文，因為是英語專業的）但是我的目錄老師說沒有結合原文

which each one can perform," the king went on. "

9. 哪位高人給份浪漫主義文學與現實主義文學的區別，英文的，是英文的！！！！

First,As for the theme, the realism literature originates from the real life, the essential characteristic emphasis is also the reappearance real life original condition. But the romantic literature originates from the myth, legend and nature, what the substantive characteristics stressed displays the life, displays the people to the life the fantasy and the ideal, stems from the life, and is higher than the life.
Second, he works themes speaking, the most significant realism literature the style feature is its honesty, mainly in its authenticity and objectivity two aspects. Romantic literature will be full of ideal colour, with strong subjective, presenting the fantasy and emotion as the basic characteristics.

Thirdly, expression is concerned, realism literature special attention to realistic uncluttered and details of characterization, a realistic morphological construction art world give realism literature has brought a unique artistic glamour. Romantic literature is through exaggeration, imagine, the symbol of the expressional technique, high-we vigour, majestic passion.

Four, characters will tell, realism literature is through typical characters to depict the works. The typical character make realism literary works created, in whole personality performance process shows certain social lasting, highly aesthetic values of characters. And romantic literature embody characters of main is a hero, legend.

10. 「現實主義」用英語怎麼說

現實主義
[詞典] realism; actualism;
[例句]現實主義和自然主義都是一種模仿體版系或表現性的做法。權
Both realism and naturalism are mimetic systems or practices of representation.