英語閱讀短文動詞作用
1. 語文閱讀理解里運用動詞有什麼作用
語文閱讀理解里運用動詞的作用
1、動詞在作品中運用得當，能體現事物的立體感，增加詩歌拆余棚的三維效應。動詞具有極強的表現力，文章生動與否，全憑動詞的運用，可以說動詞是文章語言藝術毀頌的靈魂。
2、動詞可以使結構嚴謹，特別是活用的動詞，更具有關聯及形象作用。
3、動詞運用巧妙，不但能增加事物的形象性，還具有描述傳神的作用。
語文閱讀題答題技巧
一、某句話在文中的作用
1、文首：開篇點題；渲染氣氛（記敘文、小說），埋下伏筆（記敘文、小說），設置懸念旅則（小說），為下文作輔墊；總領下文；
2、文中：承上啟下；總領下文；總結上文；
3、文末：點明中心（記敘文、小說）;深化主題（記敘文、小說）;照應開頭（議論文、記敘文、小說）
二、句子含義的解答
這樣的題目，句子中往往有一個詞語或短語用了比喻、對比、借代、象徵等表現方法。答題時，把它們所指的對象揭示出來，再疏通句子，就可以了。
2. 在英文里助動詞是起什麼作用的
1）協助慧悄主要動詞構成謂語動詞片語的詞叫助動詞（Auxiliary Verb）。被協助的動詞稱作主要動詞（Main Verb）。
助動詞自身沒有詞義，不可單獨使用，例如：
He doesn'則友t like English. 他不喜歡英語。
（doesn't是助動詞，無詞義；like是主要動詞，有詞義)
2） 助動詞協助主要動詞完成以下功用，可以用來：
a. 表示時態，例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已結婚。
b. 表示語態，例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英國。
c. 構成疑問句，前盯渣例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜歡大學生活嗎？
Did you study English before you came here? 你來這兒之前學過英語嗎？
d. 與否定副詞not合用，構成否定句，例如：
I don't like him. 我不喜歡他。
e. 加強語氣，例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來參加晚會。
He did know that. 他的確知道那件事。
3） 最常用的助動詞有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
3. 初中英語中一些重要動詞的用法
有些動詞後使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別
1)forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做)
forget doing忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發生)
2)stop to do 停止、中斷(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或經常做的事
3)remember to do 記住去做某事(未做)
remember doing記得做過某事(已做)
4) regret to do對要做的事遺憾
regret doing對做過的事遺憾、後悔
5)try to do努力、企圖做某事
try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法
6) mean to do打算，有意要…
mean doing意味著
7)go on to do 繼而(去做另外一件事情)
go on doing 繼續(原先沒有做完的事情)
8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)
proposing doing建議(做某事)
9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為;+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念
(注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞，其後賓語只跟不定式，不能跟動名詞。例如：
I should like to see him tomorrow.
10) need, want, deserve +動名詞表被動意義;+不定式被動態表示「要(修、清理等)」意思。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?
You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要記著是明天動身。
I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不後悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)
I regret to have to do this， but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒辦法。(未做但要做)
You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。
Let's try doing the work some other way.讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。
I didn't mean to hurt your feeling.我沒想要傷害你的感情。
This illness will mean (your) going to hospital.得了這種病(你)就要進醫院。
4.不定式、現在分詞和過去分詞作定語的區別
(1)不定式作定語
1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最後一個離開教室的。
The train to arrive was from London.將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的。
2)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動賓關系
Get him something to eat.給他拿點兒東西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物動詞構成的不定式做定語，要加上適當的介詞和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動賓關系，這里的介詞不能省去。
I need a pen to write with.我需要一支筆寫字。
There is nothing to worry about.沒有什麼值得發愁的。
4)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時間、機會、權利等抽象名詞如：
ability能力，本領 drive趕，駕駛 movement運動，活動
ambition抱負，野心 effort努力，嘗試 need需要，需求
campaign戰役，運動 failure失敗，不及格 opportunity機會
chance機會 force力，壓力，要點 promise許諾，希望
courage勇氣 intention意向，意圖 reason理由，原因
decision決定 method方法，方式 light光，光線，亮光
determination決心，決定 motive動機，目的 struggle奮斗，努力，
tendency傾向，趨勢 wish希望，願望，祝願
5)被修飾的名詞前有序數詞、形容詞最高級或next， second, last, only和not a，the等限定詞時候，只能用不定式。
6)不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等習慣上用不定式做定語。
John will do anything but work on a farm.除了農活，約翰什麼都願意干。
7)如果其動詞要求用不定式做賓語，或者其形容詞要器接不定式做補語，則相應的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如： tend to do---tendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curious to do = curiosity to do
His wish to buy a car came true.他要買輛車的願望實現了。
Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.
他們放棄這個實驗的決定使我們大吃一驚。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
他總是第一個到來，最後一個離去。
(2)分詞作定語
分詞作定語時有下面幾個特點：
1)現在分詞表示主動意義，過去分詞一般表示被動含意。
2)現在分詞表示正在進行，過去分詞表示狀態或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house.他沖進了正在燃燒著的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother.站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房間是我們的教室。
Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個修好的表了嗎?
He is an advanced teacher.他是個先進教師。
3)下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義，這點要注意：
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分詞作定語時的時間關系
一般來說，不定式所表示的動作發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之後;現在分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生;過去分詞表示的動作發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。例如：
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?
你要見那位將從北京請來的醫生嗎?
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?
你要見那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫生嗎?
5.不定式和分詞作狀語的區別
(1)現在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區別。
現在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的最主要區別在於兩者與所修飾的主語的主動與被動關系的區別。
1)現在分詞作狀語時，現在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間的關系是主動關系。
He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去後將門隨手關上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由於不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。
2)過去分詞作狀語時，過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間的關系是被動關系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果對這些樹多關心一些，它們本來會長得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困難的時候，我們必須設法克服。
(2)動詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區別
1)分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨，而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他們站在路邊談論著這個計劃。(伴隨)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他們站在路邊為的是談論這個計劃。(目的)
2)分詞作狀語放在句子開頭，除表示原因之外有時表示時間或條件。動詞不定式作狀語時，除了表示目的以外，還表示結果或原因。
Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch.由於在專心讀書，他忘了吃午飯的時間。(原因)
Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before.他仔細讀書時，發現了一些從前不知道的東西。(時間)
Reading carefully，you'll learn something new.只要你仔細閱讀，你會學到一些新的東西。(條件)
His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太窮，不能維持他的生活。(結果)
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.這男孩個子不夠高，手伸不到書架。(結果)
We are glad to hear the news.我們很高興聽到這消息。(原因)
(3)下面一些句型是不定式做狀語時候應該注意的：
a：not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義
b：做結果狀語的不定式只能出現在句子的末尾，常見的不定式動詞有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, proce 等。
c：不定式做狀語時，其邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則用for引導主語。
6.非謂語動詞常考的其它結構
(1)疑問詞+不定式結構
疑問詞who，what，which，when，where和how後加不定式可構成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。如：
When to start has not been decided.何時動身尚未決定。(主語)
I don't know what to do.我不知道該怎麼辦。(賓語)
The difficulty was how to cross the river.困難在於如何過河。(表語)
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪裡可以買到此書。(雙重賓語)
注)A.有時疑問詞前可用介詞，如：
I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。
B.動詞know 後面不能直接跟不定式作賓語，只能跟疑問詞(如：how, what)+不定式：
While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
(2)介詞except和but作「只有…，只能…」講時跟不定式結構(but與不帶to的不定式連用)。
When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.
(3)不帶to的不定式
1)在表示生理感覺的動詞後的不定式不帶to。這類詞有：
feel 覺得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear聽到
watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺，感知
notice注意 see看見 look at看 hear聽
On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.
2)另一類是某些使役動詞，如make, let，have等。如：
Let him do it.讓他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。
(注)：
①上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉換為被動結構時.其後的不定式一般需帶to，如：
He was seen to come.
The boy was made to go to bed early.
②在動詞find與help之後，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，如:
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season.他發現羊在此季節越出柵欄，感到驚訝。
3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結構中。例如：
Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什麼也沒有干。
但是，如果謂語動詞不是「do nothing，anything，everything」，那麼but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.醫生除了讓他戒煙，其它什麼都沒有說。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外，他們沒有別有別的辦法。
(4)不定式與動名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨立結構
1)不定式的邏輯主語為：for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。例如：
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.我發現他—個人干這活是不可能的。
(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞後面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。例如：
It was wise of him to do that.他那樣做是明智的。
2)動名詞的邏輯主語為;①人稱代詞的所有格+動名詞;②名詞's+動名詞。例如：
Tom insisted on my going with them.他堅持要我和他們一起去。
He dislikes his wife's working late.他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚。
3)某些形容詞，如：careless等不定式後可以加of來引導出其邏輯主語。這類詞主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等
It is very kind of you to help me.你幫助我太好了。
間或也可用for + there to be表示(而且there後面的不定式只能是to be)。
It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。
7.非謂語動詞中的有關句型
(1)動名詞作主語的句型
1)Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.閱讀是門藝術。Seeing is believing.眼見為實。
2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭沒有用。It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。
It is a great fun playing football.打籃球很有趣。
It is a waste of time trying to explain.設法解釋是浪費時間。
3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth.
It is useless speaking.光說沒用。
It is nice seeing you again.真高興又遇到了你。
It is good Playing chess after supper.晚飯後弈棋挺好。
It is expensive running this car.開這種小車是浪費。
4. 英語中動詞的主要功能（就是相當於可以作什麼，像賓語，主語這樣的）
動詞主要功能是作謂語。 而非謂語動詞（不定式卜升，動名詞型數老，分詞）功能可就多啦畢拆！主語，賓語，表語，定語，賓語補足語， 狀語等
5. 英語閱讀理解中先找動詞，是什麼意思是先找到那一句的動詞，老師告訴我們先找動詞，關鍵是動詞，同義詞
找到動詞後比較容易區分句子成分，弄清楚主語和賓語，主謂賓都搞清楚了，這樣對全句意思把握得也就更好了。
6. 動詞作用
根據動詞兆拆宴的詞義和在謂語中的作用，可以把動詞分為實義動詞、助動詞和情態動詞。
助動詞與情態動詞
助動詞：1、從詞義角度來看，助動詞不具備詞彙意義。
2、從在謂語中的作用角度來看，助動詞不能單獨充當句子的謂語，它必須和實義動詞連用，以幫助構成各種時態、語態、語氣、否定和疑問等。
情態動詞：1、從詞義角度來看，情態動詞有別於助動詞。情態動詞有其自身的詞彙意義，如可以用來表示可能、建議、願望、必要、允許、能力、懷疑等等，以表示說話者對某種行為或狀態的看法或態度。
2、從在謂語中的作用角度來看，與助動詞一樣，情態動詞在句子中不能單獨作句子族銀的謂語，必須和實義動詞一起構成復合謂語。
7. 英語中的閱讀理解題目為什麼動詞都是ing形式
動詞原形放句首 只能構成祈使句
而文章的題目 基本塌譽都是名讓衫銀詞或名詞短語 （有時也有句子做標題，那就需要加主語）所以出現動詞 只能用動名詞代表與這動詞坦宴相關的某件事 比如你用的題目 就是保持健康這件事
8. 全面解析托福閱讀中動名詞的5種用法
全面解析托福閱讀中動名詞的5種用法
1. 動名詞的否定式 not+動名詞
2. 動名詞的完成式
完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。
He was praised for having done a good deed.
3. 動詞+介詞構成的 短語 ，其後跟動名詞做賓語
be/get used to
feel like
insist on
devote…to…
put off
look forward to
succeed in
get down to
set about
give up
4. 可置於名詞前作定語，表示被修飾的名詞的用途和性能
a waiting car
a waiting room
a sleeping boy
a sleeping bag
5. 動名詞的復合結構
形容詞性的物主代詞/名詞所有格+動名詞構=動名詞的復合結構
在 句子 中可作主語、賓語、表語等。物主代詞和名詞所有格是動名詞的邏輯主語。
Do you mind my/me smoking here?
I insisted on my husband/husband』s paying the bill.
1)在口語和非正式英語中，這種結構不用在句首，常用人稱代詞賓格悄數代替物主代詞，用名詞普通格代指所有格。如:
There are many reasons for animals dying out.
2)如果動名詞的復合結構在句首，就必須用形容詞性的物主代詞或名詞所有格。如：
His smoking caused the fire in the forest.
3)there be的動名詞的復合結構為there being如：
What』s the chance of there being a rain tomorrow?
托福閱讀材料：埃旦判及艷後傳記
After Caesar's assassination in 44 BC, she aligned with Mark Antony in opposition to Caesar's legal heir, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (later known as Augustus). With Antony, she bore the twins Cleopatra Selene II and Alexander Helios, and another son, Ptolemy Philadelphus (her unions with her brothers had proced no children). After losing the Battle of Actium to Octavian's forces, Antony committed suicide. Cleopatra followed suit. According to tradition, she killed herself by means of an asp bite on August 12, 30 BC. She was outlived by Caesarion, who was declared pharaoh by his supporters, but soon killed on Octavian's orders. Egypt then became the Roman province of Aegyptus.
在凱撒於公元前44年被謀殺之後，埃及艷後克里奧帕特拉與馬克·安東尼(Mark Antony)聯合起來對抗凱撒的法定繼承人啟遲首——蓋烏斯·尤利烏斯·凱撒·屋大維(Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus，他後來被稱作奧古斯都，Augustus)。她與安東尼誕下了三個孩子：雙胞胎姐弟—克里奧帕特拉·賽勒涅二世(Cleopatra Selene II )和亞歷山大·赫利俄斯(Alexander Helios)，以及幼子托勒密·菲拉德爾福斯(Ptolemy Philadelphus)。在此之前，克里奧帕特拉與她的兄弟們的結合並沒有留下子嗣。在亞克興戰役(Battle of Actium)中敗給屋大維之後，安東尼選擇了自殺，克里奧帕特拉也如此效仿。根據傳統的記載，埃及艷後在公元前30年八月十二日引毒蛇將自己咬死。在她死後，其子凱撒里昂(Caesarion)被支持者擁戴為法老，但他也很快被屋大維下令處死。從此，埃及變為了羅馬的埃及行省(拉丁文寫作Aegyptus)。
Relationship with Julius Caesar
Eager to take advantage of Julius Caesar's anger toward Ptolemy, Cleopatra had herself secretly smuggled into his palace to meet with Caesar. Plutarch, in his Life of Julius Caesar gives a vivid description of how she entered past Ptolemy』s guards rolled up in a carpet that Apollodorus the Sicilian was carrying. She became Caesar』s mistress and nine months after their first meeting, in 47 BC, Cleopatra gave birth to their son, Ptolemy Caesar, nicknamed Caesarion, which means "little Caesar."
埃及艷後克里奧帕特拉想要利用凱撒對托勒密的憤怒，便設法秘密潛入凱撒的住處與他見面。普魯塔克(Plutarch，羅馬帝國時期的希臘歷史學家)在他的凱撒傳記中生動地描述了這一過程：她將自己裹在毯子里，由西西里的阿波羅多魯斯(Apollodorus the Sicilian)扛進凱撒的住處，以此躲過托勒密的衛兵的眼睛。她成為了凱撒的情婦，並且在兩人第一次見面的九個月之後，公元前47年，產下了他們的兒子—托勒密·凱撒(Ptolemy Caesar,)。他綽號凱撒里昂，意思是」小凱撒「。
At this point, Caesar abandoned his plans to annex Egypt, instead backing Cleopatra's claim to the throne. After Mithridates raised the siege of Alexandria, Caesar defeated Ptolemy's army at the Battle of the Nile; Ptolemy XIII drowned in the Nile and Caesar restored Cleopatra to her throne, with another younger brother Ptolemy XIV as her new co-ruler. When Caesar left Egypt he stationed a Roman occupying army of three legions there under the command of Rufio.
凱撒放棄了兼並埃及的計劃，轉而支持克里奧帕特拉取得王位。在米特里達梯(Mithridates)開始圍攻亞歷山大之後，凱撒在尼羅河戰役中擊敗了托勒密的軍隊。托勒密十三世溺死在尼羅河中，而凱撒幫助克里奧帕特拉重奪王位，並且立她的另一個弟弟托勒密十四世(Ptolemy XIV)為她的新共治者。凱撒離開埃及時留下了一支三個軍團組成的羅馬軍隊，交給魯菲奧(Rufio)指揮。
Although Cleopatra was 21 years old when they met and Caesar was 52, they became lovers ring Caesar』s stay in Egypt between 48 BC and 47 BC. Cleopatra claimed Caesar was the father of her son and wished him to name the boy his heir, but Caesar refused, choosing his grandnephew Octavian instead.
凱撒於公元前48年和47年在埃及逗留期間，盡管克里奧帕特拉當時僅有21歲而凱撒已經有52歲，他們還是成為了戀人。克里奧帕特拉聲稱凱撒是他兒子的生父，並且希望凱撒指定他們的孩子作為繼承人。然而凱撒拒絕了她的要求，並將自己的甥孫屋大維(Octavian)立為繼承人。
Cleopatra, Ptolemy XIV and Caesarion visited Rome in the summer of 46 BC. The Egyptian queen resided in one of Caesar's country houses, which included the Horti Caesaris just outside Rome (as a foreign head of state she was not allowed inside Rome's pomerium). The relationship between Cleopatra and Caesar was obvious to the Roman people and caused a scandal because the Roman dictator was already married to Calpurnia Pisonis. But Caesar even erected a golden statue of Cleopatra represented as Isisin the temple of Venus Genetrix (the mythical ancestress of Caesar's family), which was situated at the Forum Julium. The Roman orator Cicero said in his preserved letters that he hated the foreign queen. Cleopatra and her entourage were still in Rome when Caesar was assassinated on 15 March 44 BC., returning with her relatives to Egypt. When Ptolemy XIV died – allegedly poisoned by his older sister – Cleopatra made Caesarion her co-regent and successor and gave him the epithets Theos Philopator Philometor (= Father- and mother-loving God).
克里奧帕特拉、托勒密十四世和凱撒里昂於公元前46年夏天訪問了羅馬。埃及艷後下他在凱撒在鄉下的庄園中，包括羅馬近郊的凱撒庄園(拉丁文Horti Caesaris。作為外國元首，克里奧帕特拉不可以進入羅馬的城市邊界，拉丁文pomerium)。凱撒和克里奧帕特拉之間的關系，對於羅馬人民來說是顯而易見的事情。這成了一樁丑聞，因為羅馬獨裁者已經和卡普尼亞·皮索尼斯。凱撒甚至在位於尤利烏斯廣場(Forum Julium)專門供奉自己的家族神話祖先母親維納斯(Venus Genetrix)的神廟中立起了一座克里奧帕特拉的黃金塑像。羅馬著名演說家西塞羅(Cicero)甚至在自己的私人信件中直接表達了他對這位外國女王的怨恨。凱撒在公元前44年三月十五日被刺殺時，克里奧帕特拉和克里奧帕特拉和她的隨行人員正准備從羅馬返回埃及。在托勒密十四世死後(他有可能正是被自己的姐姐克里奧帕特拉毒殺的)，她將凱撒里昂立為自己的共治者和繼承人，並賜予他愛父親愛母親的神這個稱號(希臘語是Theos Philopator Philometor)。
托福閱讀材料：如何成為人見人愛的同事
Leadership and dedication to your job might improve your favour in the eyes of your boss but won't win you friends among your peers.
有領導能力、盡心工作，這是老闆眼中的加分項，卻不會讓你在同事當中多幾個朋友。
Colleagues appreciate social sensitivities more than professional skills in their co-workers, a new study has found.
最新調查顯示，與專業技能相比，同事更欣賞那些社交敏感度高的人。
Being effective – or the ability to deliver results and not let your teammates down – was voted the most crucial trait in a colleague, attracting 37pc of votes, according to a survey of around 2,000 UK alts.
根據一項針對近兩千位英國成年人開展的調查，工作有成效，或者說是工作有成果，不讓你的團隊成員失望，是同事最看中的品質，支持率為37%。
Three in 10 respondents highlighted optimism and enthusiasm as the most important quality in a workmate, prioritising someone who would be able to keep team spirits high ring stressful times.
三成受訪者認為，同事具有樂觀和熱情的品質最重要，在工作緊張時，能讓團隊士氣保持高漲的同事最受歡迎。
The next most popular feature was trustworthiness, which was deemed to be more relevant to the making of a good colleague than taking the initiative, being knowledgeable and having organisation skills.
第二大最受歡迎的品質是可靠性，與積極主動、知識淵博和有組織能力相比，受訪者認為值得信賴的同事更是個好同事。
Lurking at the lower end of the hierarchy were traits that might be more commonly associated with the workplace, such as leadership and dedication.
排在末位的是一些與工作相關度更高的品質，比如領導能力和敬業精神。
"What is interesting from this research is that British workers really are quite focussed – they rated effectiveness the number-one most important trait in their ideal colleague," said Declan Byrne, managing director at One4all Rewards.
「有趣的是，英國的員工對工作真的很用心，他們認為理想同事最重要的品質是工作有成效」，One4all Rewards公司總經理德克蘭-伯恩說。
"But it』s not all results focussed. British workers also hugely value having colleagues who can act as a bit of a friend – keeping everyone』s spirits up, as well as sharing secrets and worries."
「但也不全以工作結果為導向。英國員工也對那些有點兒像朋友的同事評價很高，能讓所有人精神煥發，還能和同事分享秘密與擔憂。」
How to be the most loved colleague at work：
如何成為人見人愛的同事：
Be effective and deliver results (37pc)
工作有成效，富有成果(37%)
Be optimistic and enthusiastic (31pc)
樂觀、熱情(31%)
Be trustworthy enough to keep secrets or listen to worries (30pc)
在保密方面足夠守信，或能傾聽別人的擔憂(30)
Display initiative (27pc)
富有主動性(27%)
Be knowledgeable about what you do (25pc)
對於你在做什麼很有見解(25%)
Meet deadlines and be organised (24pc)
能按時完成工作，井然有序(24%)
Be empathetic enough to offer a shoulder to cry on (18pc)
有同情心，能給別人慰藉(18%)
Show leadership (13pc)
有領導能力(13%)
Be dedicated – arrive early and stay late (11pc)
敬業—早到晚走(11%)
托福閱讀背景資料之茶和咖啡
Countless arguments have been waged over the superiority of one beverage over the other. But what does the scientific evidence say?
關於這兩種飲料孰優孰劣的問題已經引發了無數爭論。但是科學證據是怎樣的呢?
George Orwell may have written that 「tea is one of the mainstays of civilization in this country」 – but even we British have to acknowledge that our national drink is facing stiff competition from the espressos, cAPpuccinos, and lattes invading our shores.
喬治·奧威爾或許寫過「茶是這個國家文明的一個支柱」這樣的句子——但我們英國人也要承認，隨著濃咖啡、卡布奇諾和拿鐵侵入國門，我們的全民飲料正面臨著激烈的競爭。
Despite the dangers of wading into such a charged argument, BBC Future decided to weigh up the relative merits of each drink. There』s no accounting for taste, of course, but we have combed the scientific literature for their real, measurable effects on our body and mind.
盡管探討這個敏感話題充滿風險，「BBC未來」欄目還是決定對每種飲品的相對優點進行評估。當然，百人百味，但通過精心梳理科學文獻，我們找出了它們對人體和大腦真實的、可測量的影響。
The wake-up call
醒腦劑
For many, the caffeine kick is the primary reason we choose either beverage; it』s the oil to our engines when we』re still feeling a bit creaky in the morning. Based purely on its composition, coffee should win hands down: a cup of tea has about half the dose (40 milligrams) of the stimulant caffeine that you would find in a standard cup of brewed filter coffee (80 to 115 milligrams). Yet this doesn』t necessarily reflect the jolt of the wake-up call.
對許多人來說，咖啡因的興奮作用是我們選擇這兩種飲料的主要原因;在睡眼惺忪的清晨，咖啡因就像石油一樣，給我們身體的引擎以能量。只考慮成分的話，咖啡可以輕松獲勝：一杯茶的咖啡因含量(40毫克)大約只有標准杯過濾咖啡(80至115毫克)的一半。然而，這並非反映了它們的醒腦作用。
Dosing subjects with either tea or coffee, one study found that both beverages left subjects feeling similarly alert later in the morning.
通過讓被試者飲用一定量的茶或咖啡，一項研究發現，這兩種飲料都能讓受試者在早晨晚些時候感到同樣清醒。
Verdict: Against logic, tea seems to provide just as powerful a wake-up call as coffee. It』s a draw.
結論：雖然邏輯上講不通，但茶跟咖啡的醒腦作用似乎不相上下。平局。
Sleep quality
睡眠質量
The biggest differences between coffee and tea may emerge once your head hits the pillow.
咖啡和茶之間最大的差異或許將集中體現在睡眠上。
Comparing people drinking the same volume of tea or coffee over a single day, researchers at the University of Surrey in the UK confirmed that although both drinks lend similar benefits to your attention ring the day, coffee drinkers tend to find it harder to drop off at night – perhaps because the higher caffeine content finally catches up with you.
通過對比研究每天飲用等量的茶或咖啡的人，英國薩里大學的研究人員證實，盡管兩種飲料在白天對注意力集中的作用差不多，但或許是因為咖啡里的咖啡因含量更高，喝咖啡的人晚上更難入睡。
Tea drinkers, in contrast, had longer and more restful slumbers.
相比之下，喝茶的人睡得更久更香。
Verdict: Tea offers many of the benefits of coffee, without the sleepless nights – a clear win.
結論：茶不僅擁有咖啡的許多好處，還不會帶來不眠之夜——完勝
Tooth staining
牙齒變黃
Along with red wine, coffee and tea are both known to turn our pearly whites a murky yellow and brown. But which is worse?
眾所周知，紅酒、咖啡和茶都會把潔白的牙齒慢慢染成暗黃色或棕褐色。但哪個最糟糕?
Most dentists seem to agree that tea』s natural pigments are more likely to adhere to dental enamel than coffee』s – particularly if you use a mouthwash containing the common antiseptic chlorhexidine, which seems to attract and bind to the microscopic particles.
大多數牙醫似乎一致認為，茶中的天然色素比咖啡的更易附著於牙釉質之上——尤其當你使用常見的洗必泰漱口水時，其中的消毒洗必泰能吸引並聚合微觀粒子。
Verdict: If you want a perfect smile, coffee may be the lesser of two evils.
結論：如果你想展現完美笑容，兩害相權取其輕，咖啡也許還好一點。
A balm for troubled souls…
不安靈魂的慰藉……
In England, it』s common to give 「tea and sympathy」 to a distressed friend – the idea being that a cup of Earl Grey is medicine for troubled minds. In fact, there is some evidence that tea can soothe your nerves: regular tea drinkers do tend to show a calmer physiological response to unsettling situations (such as public speaking), compared to people drinking herbal infusions. Overall, people who drink three cups a day appear to have a 37% lower risk of depression than those who do not drink tea.
英國人喜歡給煩惱苦悶的朋友送去「茶與同情」——這是由於他們認為伯爵茶能夠治癒不安的靈魂。事實上，有證據表明，茶可以舒緩神經：與喝中草葯的人相比，經常 飲茶 者在處理一些令人不安的情況(如公開演講)時確實表現得更為鎮靜。總的來說，每天喝三杯茶的人比不喝茶的人罹患抑鬱症的風險要低37%。
Coffee doesn』t have the same reputation; indeed, some report that it makes them feel like their nerves are jangling. Yet there is some evidence that it too may protect against long-term mental health problems. A recent 「meta-analysis」 (summarising the results of studies involving more than 300,000 participants) found that each cup of coffee a day seems to rece your risk of developing depression by around 8%. In contrast, other beverages (such as sweetened soft drinks) only increase your risk of developing mental health problems.
咖啡並沒有這種功效;事實上，有些人覺得咖啡會讓人有些神經錯亂。但是也有證據表明，咖啡能預防長期精神問題。最近的一項「薈萃分析」( 總結 了超過30萬名參與者的研究結果)發現，每天一杯咖啡的人患抑鬱症的風險比常人要低大約8%。相比之下，其他飲料(如甜味軟飲)只會增加患精神疾病的風險。
Verdict: Based on this limited evidence, it』s a draw.
結論：基於有限的證據，平局。
…and a balm for bodies……
身體的萬金油
托福TPO聽說讀寫1-48文本及MP3資料壓縮包-立即下載
Similarly tantalising, though preliminary, epidemiological studies have suggested that both coffee and tea offer many other health-giving benefits. A few cups of either beverage a day appears to rece your risk of diabetes, for instance.
流行病學研究雖然才剛剛起步，但也很吸睛。該領域研究表明，咖啡和茶都對身體還有 其它 益處。例如，每天喝幾杯會降低患糖尿病的風險。
Both drinks also seem to moderately protect the heart, although the evidence seems to be slightly stronger for coffee, while tea also appears to be slightly protective against developing a range of cancers – perhaps because of its antioxidants.
飲用這兩種飲料能對心臟起到一定的保護作用，盡管證據顯示似乎咖啡的功效更強，但許是因為茶中的抗氧化劑，茶對預防癌症也有些許功效。
Verdict: Another draw – both drinks are a surprising, health-giving elixir.
結論：還是平局——這兩種飲料都是神奇的、有益健康的靈丹妙葯。
Overall verdict: Much as we Brits would have liked tea to come out the clear victor, we have to admit there is little between the two drinks besides personal taste. Based solely on the fact that it allows you to get a better night』s sleep, we declare tea the winner.
總結：大部分英國人都會覺得茶很明顯更勝一籌。但除了個人口味，必須承認的是兩者的差異並不大。僅僅基於能讓人好眠這一點，茶無疑是贏家。
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