英語中考閱讀猜詞教案
❶ 中考英語動態:學會如何猜測詞義 提升中考閱讀水平(一)
摘要： 英語閱讀中，我們常常會遇到一些不認識的短語或單詞春灶豎，又或者認識的單詞短語在文章中被賦予了新意義和解釋。當這些單詞短語並不阻礙理解文章的主要內容時，我們便可以忽略它；但如果這些詞彙短語影響了對文章的理解
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英語閱讀中，我們常常會遇到一些不認識的短語或單詞，又或者認識的單詞短語在文章中被賦予了新意義和解釋。當這些單詞短語並不阻礙理解文章的主要內容時，我們通常便可以忽略它，但如果這些詞彙短語影響了對文章的理解，這就需要我們來根據上下文來猜測單詞或短語在文中的意思了。這種情況下，掌握猜詞的技巧則顯得尤為重要。猜測詞義可以辯備在一定程度上考查考生的邏輯推斷能力，也是閱讀能力的一個重要組成部分，頻繁出現在各種考試中。在英語閱讀中根據上下文猜測詞義，有助於鍛煉同學們分析問題、解決問題的能力，有助於擴大詞彙量。
通常，猜測詞義可採用以下幾種方法：
一、定義猜詞法
即根據定義猜測詞義的方法。需要定義或解釋的單詞或短語大多是專有名詞、生僻詞或文中的關鍵詞，作扒大者為了使讀者正確理解它們，就得做出較淺顯的解釋或說明。
例一： Giraffe is an animal with a very long neck, four legs and orange skin with dark spots.
根據後面對 Giraffe 的解釋，它的詞義為“長頸鹿”。
例二： Anthropology is the scientific study of man.
由定義可知 Anthropology 的詞義為“研究人類的科學”即“人類學”。
例三： What is plagiarism? It is using others’ ideas and words without clearly mentioning where the information is from.
根據定義我們知道plagiarism的詞義為“剽竊”。
二、定語從句
定語從句對先行詞起限定、修飾或解釋作用，因此我們可以利用定語從句來推測先行詞的詞義。
例一： Second generation Puerto Ricans who were born in New York but who have returned to the island, are called Nuvoricans.
Nuvoricans 的詞義可以由Second generation Puerto Ricans後面的兩個定語從句來得到， 即生在紐約，後又回到波多黎各的人。
例二： Psychophysiology is a science which deals with the relationship between mind and body.
根據定語從句我們可以看出Psychophysiology的意思為“身心聯系的科學”，即“心理生理學”。
三、同位短語或同位語從句
同位關系的兩部分之間多用逗號連接，有時也用破折號、分號、引號和括弧連接。
例一： According to a report published on the British medical magazine, The Lancet, a study of ten German mobile phone users found that when they turned on their phones, their blood pressure goes up by 5 to 10 millimeters of mercury.
根據句法結構的知識，我們知道The Lancet是the British medical magazine的同位語，由此可知The Lancet是一個雜志的名稱。
例二： Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.
兩個逗號中間的短語the study of the meaning of words是Semantics的同位語，意為“對詞義進行研究的科學”， 即“語義學”。
四、對比結構
尋找文中相互對比、相互對照的線索來確定生詞的含義。
在此類文章中，通常會出現一些表示意義轉折、對比的詞語：however, but, on the other hand, on the contrary, instead of, while, unlike, not, although, yet, despite, in spite of, in contrast, etc.
例一： A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.
根據句法結構可知the adept workers和 the unskilled ones.為對比關系，意義相反。由the unskilled ones可推出the adept workers為熟練工人。
例二： Someone liked milk, but others abhorred it.
通過but我們知道abhor是like的反義詞，意為“厭惡”。
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《學會如何猜測詞義 提升中考閱讀水平(一)》由出國留學我精心為您學習英語准備.liuxue86.com❷ 如何在初中英語閱讀中有效地教學詞彙
著名語言學David Wilkins指出，「Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.」由此可見，在閱讀教學中詞彙教學也很重要。Go for it初中英語教材的Reading板塊是每單元的重點，文章內容豐富、體裁多樣，是學生接受英語語言信息的重要環節。通過閱讀，學生可以感受真實、地道的英語，還可了解現實生活。由於篇幅長、閱讀中的大量詞彙給教學帶來了挑戰，如果詞彙、語法詳細講解，課時不夠；如跳過不講，又怕學生閱讀困難。因此，在初中英語閱讀教學中進行有效的詞彙教學成為提高課堂實效的關鍵所在。平時閱讀課的詞彙教學主要存在以下幾個問題：
一、目前初中英語閱讀課詞彙教學中存在的問題：
1、閱讀前，「領讀」教學詞彙——重「孤立講解」，輕「創設語境」
閱讀前，教師讓學生翻到課本詞彙表，對Reading里將出現的詞彙進行面面俱到地領讀和教學。這樣雖為閱讀掃清了障礙，學生讀得容易，但存在以下弊端：（1）脫離語境呈現單詞，學生印象模糊，詞彙鞏固成了「負擔」。（2）先教生詞，再閱讀，不挑出生詞，不能讀文章。（3）忽略閱讀策略滲透，學生根據上下文猜測詞義能力欠缺。這樣的教學對學生閱讀能力的培養非常不利，對學生的閱讀生涯會帶來嚴重的影響，這與新課程標准「要求初中學生能夠閱讀含有3%的生詞量的英語短文」的明確規定背道而馳。
2、閱讀中，「舍棄」教學詞彙——重「閱讀教學」，輕「詞彙教學」
很多教師利用早自修，集中領讀與講解生詞，並要求學生背誦，甚至有的在課前已默寫過了，熟悉詞彙後再進行閱讀教學。教師為了片面地追求閱讀的「整體理解」，閱讀中舍棄對詞彙教學，忽視了詞彙在語篇中的特定含義。語篇以詞彙為基本單位，詞彙又依託語篇產生特定的語境意義。有時對一個詞彙的誤解會導致對一個段落甚至對整篇文章理解的偏離。
3、閱讀後，「集中」教學詞彙——重「詞彙教學」，輕「閱讀教學」
閱讀後，教師設計幾個判斷題或問答題來檢測學生對文本的理解程度，接著教師往往把「泛讀」 課上成「精讀」課，逐句講解，遇到生詞就詳細講解。這樣導致課時緊張，課堂上教師一言堂，氣氛沉悶。這種閱讀教學走過場的「填鴨式」詞彙教學，不利於學生把握學習重點，「使用型」單詞練習強度不夠，「認識型」單詞耗費大量時間，事倍功半。
那麼，究竟該如何在初中英語閱讀教學中有效地進行詞彙教學呢？筆者結合自己的閱讀教學實踐作了以下嘗試：
二、提高初中英語閱讀詞彙教學有效性的策略
在閱讀教學中，首先要一定程度上弱化生詞的重要性，讓學生在心理上解除對生詞的戒備，閱讀課中的詞彙教學應結合閱讀內容開展多層次、多角度的活動，把詞彙教學與閱讀教學有效結合起來，把詞彙學習貫穿於閱讀過程的各個環節。教師可以從閱讀前、閱讀中和閱讀後三個階段落實詞彙教學，從而達到結合閱讀有效教學詞彙的目的。
1、閱讀前：掃除閱讀障礙，巧學「讀前詞彙」
在備課時，教師將單詞根據「聽、說、讀、寫」四方面的要求分類區別處理。這里所謂的「讀前詞彙」是指影響課文理解且不可通過上下文推測其意的詞彙,或對理解文章起關鍵作用的重點短語。此類詞如不在讀前及時處理，會影響學生閱讀。處理此類詞彙時盡量呈現該詞彙在該課中的意思，避免引發歧義。另外,學習時間最好控制在8分鍾以內，以免影響閱讀課其他環節的實施。具體可採用以下兩種呈現方式。
1）、利用圖片，引出詞彙
閱讀前，不妨藉助文中圖片，導入Reading話題，激活學生已有的相關背景知識，在此過程中理解所學詞彙。如：Go for it九年級Unit9Reading部分需要學生讀前接觸與學習的詞彙有：equipment, hoop, backboard, court等，這些單詞的教授可通過呈現圖片來引出，達到教學的目的。
2）、創設情景，教學詞彙
創設情境進行詞彙教學是指根據單詞的意義需要，創設學生熟悉日常情景進行詞彙教學。在情景中，學生可以准確理解詞義、用法和搭配等。因此，教師要認真研究閱讀材料，熟悉重點詞彙，努力創設相關情景，引出重點詞彙。這種方式使學生對所學詞彙的關注度較高，為下面閱讀奠定基礎，掃除了閱讀障礙。如：在教授Go for it八上Unit 8 How was your school trip? Section B 3a時通過介紹自己的last day off來呈現生詞。T : On my last day off I went to Shaoxing, I bought ... (在屏幕上出示圖片，並引導學生說出該物品的英文名稱) I was happy at that time because it was very cheap. But on my way home it began to rain. I didn』t take an umbrella(出示雨傘的圖片), so I was sad. But luckily I bought a raincoat(出示雨衣的圖片), so I didn』t get wet. Do you know 「get wet」?
3）創設語境，品味詞義
新教材的一個顯著特點是詞彙量明顯增多，一節課出現十幾個甚至二十幾個新詞彙。如果把這些詞彙簡單羅列，學生會感到枯燥乏味。為了易於學生掌握，筆者採取創設語境法，即把詞彙組合起來，創設一定的故事情節，編成一篇小短文。但文章要精簡，便於學生理解。可利用多媒體邊聽老師的口頭講解邊投影出的相應畫面，如：九年級U1的閱讀材料（How do we deal with our problems?）中新詞彙多達 20幾個，筆者就編了下面這個故事，自然地引出了「problems」這個話題，也巧妙地穿插了新詞彙。T：Nowadays, we are doing many bad things to the earth. It』s unfair to her. Of course, it also affects our daily life. It』s not easy to deal with the problems. However, we needn』t worry about it. We can regard the problems as challenges. For example, we don』t go to school by car. Instead, we can go to work by bike. We should believe we can solve the problems. The earth will become worse and worse unless we do more good things to her. Anyway, it is our ty to protect the earth.學生在聽故事過程中，興趣濃厚，精力集中，不知不覺地輸入了新單詞。把詞彙放在語篇中教學，做到了「詞不離句，句不離文」的要求。
2、閱讀中：點撥學習策略，教會猜詞悟義
閱讀的主要任務是理解文本，獲取信息，培養學生的閱讀能力和養成良好的習慣。因此，即使是詞彙學習也應該為這個目標服務，可以在生詞自然出現時介紹詞彙的意思，讓學生在不同語境中去感受詞彙，去體驗詞彙。
1）、借用構詞，推測詞義
新課標對初中生的詞彙量有了更高要求，學生在閱讀中經常會遇到一些似曾相識的詞彙，它們往往是由熟悉的單詞前綴、後綴或合成而來的。前綴一般只「改變詞義，而詞性不變」。如，un-,im-,dis-,是初中最常用的幾個前綴，如學生對此有一定了解，那麼教師對「unhappy ,impolite, dislike」等詞彙就不必當生詞來處理了。後綴則只改變詞性，卻保留原意，如-ly, -y,-ful, -ness, -er等。遇到此類詞彙，教師可引導學生利用構詞法知識來推測其詞義。如：Go for it八下Unit 1閱讀部分有20多個生詞，其中的everywhere, earthquake, toothbrush, housework是合成詞，unpleasant, impossible是派生詞。教師只要稍加點撥，學生就能根據已知輕松記住這些詞彙。在平時的閱讀教學中如能適時給學生提及構詞法的有關知識，既便於記憶，還能提高猜詞能力，對學生的閱讀有很大的幫助。
2）、英英釋義，以舊帶新
所謂英語釋義法（paraphrase）就是教師在教學中要盡量通過「近義詞、反義詞或語句」的形式用英語來解釋，培養學生用英語思維與表達的習慣。如Go for it九年級Unit 8閱讀部分有這樣一句:「Because I can』t use my arms or legs well, normal things like answering the telephone, opening and shutting doors or carrying things have always been difficult for me.」 此句中的生詞「shut」教師可簡單地一句帶過，「shut」 here means 「close」。此方式能達到「溫故而知新」的功效。
3）依託語境，判斷詞義
所謂語境猜測詞法就是根據該詞前後的詞或句的內在聯系或邏輯關系（即上下文語境）來猜測詞義的方法。「一個詞和片語，一旦用於具體的語篇中，它就形成了整個語篇結構的一部分，與其它詞語構成一個有機的編碼系統及上下文，並和特定的語境相關聯。所以，詞彙意義不是由詞典決定的，而是由語境及上下文決定的」(李運新1998)。詞義必須依靠語境提供的各方面信息來確定。這是一種常用的閱讀技巧，如進行有意識訓練，可大大提高學生閱讀的能力。如：八下U4(Reading)中有這樣一個句子：Her village was 2,000 meters above sea level, and at first the thin air made her feel sick. 在此句中，thin的意思當然不可能是「瘦的」，因為「空氣」不可能「瘦」，學生通過聯繫上下文就可推斷出「稀薄的」之意。當然，對於上面2）中的生詞「shut」，教師也可引導學生從前面的並列動詞open及後面緊跟的賓語doors推斷出是「關」的意思。又如在Go for it 八下U3 Section A 3a的閱讀文本中出現了「experience」這個生詞，在教此單詞時，筆者創設了這樣的語境：Mr Li is our science teacher. He taught it about thirty years ago. He experienced many different things in his teaching career. so I think he has a lot of experiences and he has enough experience in teaching.顯而易見，從此話語語境中學生不難猜到「experience」有動詞「經歷」之意，還有可數名詞「經歷」和不可數名詞「經驗」之分。
3、閱讀後：設計不同題型，應用鞏固詞彙
對學生來說，知識從理解到掌握需要一個過程。讀後活動可以幫助學生鞏固閱讀成果，拓展語言知識運用；對教師來說，讀後活動設計可起到檢測前兩個教學步驟的教學效果，能了解學生對文章信息的理解程度以及語言知識的掌握程度。對於學生可以依託文本語境理解的詞，在讀後教師應多設計不同的「產出型」（proctive）練習加以鞏固。把「語言操練和閱讀理解」有機結合起來，幫助學生加深對詞彙的理解和記憶，增強運用能力。常見的有效的詞彙鞏固練習有：
1）、藉助圖片或關鍵詞，復述課文
在閱讀後，教師可以藉助圖片或關鍵詞讓學生進行課文復述，以達到檢測的目的。如筆者在上Go for it 八上U3 Section A3a時就用此方法，效果不錯。
2）、挖空目標詞彙，理解填空
在讀後，教師可以對該閱讀材料的目標詞彙進行挖空，進行理解填空，也可創設類似語言情景進行填空。如Go for it 八下U3 Section A的3筆者設計了該讀後練習，來鞏固目標詞彙。
I often takes my five –year –old son to the Children』s Park. Last Sunday, we went there as usual. But I had an unforgettable_____(experience).A terrible accident ______(happen) to me. He loves fishes. So when we went to the lake, he stopped to have a look. But I didn』t know about it. While he was watching, I was walking to another place. The park was _____(crowd)and I couldn』t see him _____(somewhere). When I _______ (shout) his name, some people looked at me but my son didn』t hear me. Then I _______(call) the police. While I was _____ (talk)on the phone, an old grandma told me: 「you should look for your son outside the park. I saw a little boy ______(cry) outside when I _____ (come) in.」I rushed outside, there I saw two boys_______(play) happily. One of them was my son.
❸ 初中英語閱讀理解的技巧和方法中考
在實際閱讀過程中，碰到生詞是無可避免的，這就要求學生掌握一些猜詞技巧與方法，提高對文章的閱讀理解能力。我們在日常的閱讀教學中教給學生如下幾種猜詞技巧：利用定義、解釋說明或同位語來推測;運用構詞法知識來推測;根據上下文的提示來推測。
像中文一樣，英文詞彙也存在一詞多意的現象。要結合具體的語境，根據上下文的意思正確理解單詞，而不是單憑對詞彙某一意義的記憶就胡亂翻譯句子的意思。英文單詞的多種詞性也是非常普遍的，正確分析句子結構，掌握單詞的詞性分析名詞的可數與否，有助於對句子尤其是長句的理解，從而提高對整篇文章的理解。
詞彙學習的最終目的是為了運用，而不是儲存。學生在掌握一定的詞彙後，就要積極運用，培養其產出意識。實踐表明，已學的單詞只有通過反復的語言實踐才會掌握得更加牢固，才會成為實際運用的語言材料。盡管學生在課內外學習了大量的詞彙，但在實際的表達和寫作中還是只會使用那些較為初級的詞彙和表達方式。因此，要將閱讀文章中學到的重點詞彙、短語或句式運用到平時的寫作中。
❹ 如何做好英語閱讀理解詞義猜測題
猜測詞義題
在閱讀中我們經常會遇到許多生詞。這時許多同學立即翻閱詞典，查找詞義。這樣做不但費時費力，而且影響閱讀速度、影響對語篇的整體把握。事實上，閱讀材料中的每個詞與它前後的詞語或句子甚至段落都有聯系。我們可以利用語境（各種已知信息）推測、判斷某些生詞的詞義。近年來全國統一高考中加大了對考生猜詞義能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜詞技巧，對突破高考閱讀理解、提高我們的英語語言能力都有非常重要的意義。
常見的題干有：
1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word？
2) The word... could best be replaced by.
3) In the... paragraph, the word... means (refers to).
4) According to the passage,... probably means.
5) The author uses the word... to mean.
猜測詞義時，一般可利用以下四個方面的線索：
一是針對性的解釋
針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達思想，在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術語或高深的詞彙等所做的通俗化的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息明確具體，所使用的語言通俗易懂，利用它們來猜測詞義就非常簡單。
1.根據定義（definition）猜測詞義
如果生詞有一個句子（定語從句或是同位語<同位語前常有 that="" is="" to="" in="" other="" or="" i.g.="">或是同位語從句）或段落來定義,或使用破折號，冒號，分號後的內容和引號括弧中的內容加以解釋和定義，那麼理解這個句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。定義常用的謂語動詞多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。
例1.Do you know what a territory is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（聲稱）as its own.（2005年湖北卷）
[分析]由定義可推知，這里territory指的是：動物的地盤。
例2.In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today．（2005年浙江卷）
[分析]由同位語an endangered wild cat我們很快猜出生詞ocelots的義域：一種瀕臨滅絕野貓。
例3. Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces . （2004年福建卷）
According to the passage ,The Pines is a .
A．place in which you can see many mobile homes
B．mountain where you can get a good view of the valley
C．town which happens to be near the Banff National Park
D．restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food
[分析]通過whose引導的定語從句，我們可以推測到：The Pines 是一家餐館的名字，由此不難推出理解題的答案為：D。
2.根據舉例猜測詞義
恰當的舉例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索。
例4. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.（2004年遼寧卷）
[分析]根據such as 後面列舉的一系列例子，我們應該能推斷出句中的issue 是指議題。
二是內在邏輯關系
根據內在邏輯關系推測詞義是指應用語言知識分析和判斷相關信息之間存在的邏輯關系，然後根據邏輯聯系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。
1.根據對比、比較關系猜測詞義
在一個句子或段落中，有對兩個事物或現象進行對比性的描述，我們可以根據生詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示對比關系的詞彙和短語主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示對比關系的句子結構：while 引導的並列句。同對比關系相反，比較關系表示意義上的相似關系。表示比較關系的詞和短語主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。
例5.A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
What does the underlined word hassle (paragraph 1) probably mean? （2002年NMET）
A.a party designed by specialists B.a plan requiring careful thought
C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble D.a demand made by guests
[分析]根據對比關系，這里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意義，很容易判斷理解題的答案為C。
例6.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk和loquacious 之間的比較關系，其意義相近。由此我們可推斷出loquacious的意思是健談的。
2.根據因果關系猜測詞義
在句子或段落中，若兩個事物現象之間構成因果關系，我們可以根據這種邏輯關系推測生詞詞義。
例7.feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .
（2005年上海卷）
The word presumptuous in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to .
A．full of respect B．too confident and rude C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
[分析]根據since 引導的原因狀語從句的內容（既然你是我的上司），我們可以推斷這里presumptuous的意思是：冒失的，放肆的意思，後半句的意思是：我告訴你怎麼做會是一種放肆/冒失的行為。對應的理解題答案為：B。
例8.Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots,or young leaves.（2005年江西卷）
根據原因狀語從句的內容，我們可以判斷Pruning的意思是：修剪（樹枝等）的意思。
3.根據說明、並列、同等同義近義、、反義等關系猜測詞義
在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據語言環境所表面的關系猜測詞義。
例9.William Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（紗線），good and ill together. （2005年江蘇卷）
The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means .
A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy
[分析]句中good and ill together 更具體地說明了a mingled yarn的意義，據此我們不難推測mingled的意思是：混合的，交織的。
例10.Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is yes, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. （2004年湖北卷）
[分析]根據and three other medical centers 這種並列關系，我們很容易推斷出：Johns Hopkins是一家醫療中心。
例11.There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him.
[分析]根據與insult侮辱的同等關系猜測defame為詆毀 ，中傷或誹謗
例12.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football.
[分析]運用與football的同義關系推斷為足球。
例13.The house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling,however,looked neglected and cheerless.
[分析]運用與The house近義關系可以推斷dwelling與住所有關
例14.Most women in China ---ecated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-----work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.
[分析]後面的urban and rural, the young and old之間都有反義關系，運用這個關系可以推斷illiterated為未接受過教育的，即文盲
三是通過構詞法
在猜測詞義過程中，我們還可以依靠構詞法方面的知識，從生詞本身猜測詞義。
1.根據前綴猜測詞義
例15.Do you have any strong opinion on co-ecational or single-sex schools?
根據詞根ecational （教育的），結合前綴co-（共同，一起），我們便可以猜出co-ecational的意思是：男女同校教育的意思。（2005年江西卷）
2.根據後綴猜測詞義
例16. It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．（2005年廣東卷）
後綴 -ise/ize意思是使成為；使化，結合詞根commercial（商業的），不難猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：未被商業化的。
3.根據復合詞的各部分猜測詞義
例17.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well – designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（別扭的）hand positions.（2005年北京卷）
Well-designed 或許是個生詞，但我們分析該詞的結構後，就能推測出其含義。它由well （好，優秀）和design （設計）兩部分組成，合在一起便是設計精巧的意思。
例18. We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-proced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手藝) no longer exists. （2004年浙江卷）
根據合成詞中的mass （大量的）和proce （生產），我們可以推測 mass-proce的意思是：大批量生產；規模生產的意思。
4.猜測詞性變換新詞含義
例19.The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. （2004年山東卷）
head本為名詞，表頭。由the bus和home的語境邏輯可以推斷，該句head為動詞，表方向，結合全句可譯為開往、駛向。
例20.I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment. （2004全國卷Ⅱ）
cloud本為名詞，表雲。分析語境邏輯可知，憂慮會影響一個人的判斷，因此該句clouded應譯為使難以。
❺ 如何培養學生在英語閱讀中的猜詞能力
一、閱讀能力和猜詞能力
閱讀理解能力是語言綜合能力的一種，以閱讀速度和閱讀准確性兩個方面為主要表現。閱讀速度細化為對詞義的掌握、分辨詞彙的能力、辨認詞語時的目光幅度及其他因素。閱讀的准確性是檢驗閱讀能力的指標，是判斷閱讀能力高低的標准。無論是閱讀速度還是閱讀准確性都受到詞彙量的制衡。但是在同等詞彙量的情況下，猜詞能力強的學生可以較為順利的完成閱讀任務。反之不會猜詞，遇到生詞就習慣看單詞表查字典的學生不能完成閱讀理解。由此可見，猜詞能力的高低直接影響了閱讀速度和閱讀准確性，想要收獲很好的閱讀效果，猜詞能力必不可少。因此，猜詞能力的培養是英語閱讀訓練中的一個目標。
二、猜詞能力的培養
猜詞能力的培養是一個日積月累的過程。它教學活動雙方共同努力完成。作為教學活動組織者的教師精心組織教學活動，安排學生在沒有字典沒有生詞表的前提下，啟動「猜」的訓練模式。這種訓練可以是專項，也可以是在講授語言點或新詞的例句中，利用學生先前熟悉的詞彙和句型營建的語言環境，根據此語言環境來猜測詞意。作為教學活動中的另一方，學生應開動腦筋，汲取綜合句中的其它信息，運用聯想、推斷甚至排除的手法，力求准確猜出詞意。這樣的單詞學習脫離了單向傳授的枯燥，既培養了學生的動腦能力，也系統復習了相似的單詞、短語或句型。更的是，這樣會使學生很有成就感，為自己猜對了詞意自豪，今後的學習會更積極主動。猜詞能力的培養過程其實是一個「授之以漁」的過程。在這個過程中， 教師和學生面對的閱讀理解按類型來分可謂種類繁雜，但也有規律和技巧可循。把這些技巧和規律總稱為猜詞技巧。掌握這些技巧，無疑能夠取得事半功倍的效果。
❻ 如何提高英語考試閱讀題的猜詞技巧(3)
八、語境線索或上下文
即利用語境來推測生詞含義的方法。這是我們用來推測詞義的主要方法之一。
例一：The days of elderly women doing nothing but cooking huge meals on holidays are gone. Enter the Red Hat Society—a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.
“My grandmothers did not do anything, but keep house and serve everybody, they were programmed to do that,” said Emily Cornette, head of a chapter of the 7-year-old Red Hat Society.
根據上下文我們可以很容易得出chapter的詞義為這個組織the Red Hat Society的一個分支。
例二：As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency ( 一貫性 )is very important teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality ( 道德 ). Also, parents should realize that “example is better than precept”. If they are not sincere and don’t practice what they preach ( teach ), their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure ( 不穩定 )when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled.
根據上下文我們可知precept的詞義為“說教”。
例三：Here are some simple ways to beat the stress often caused by our inventions!
Don’t be available all the time. Turn off your mobile phone at certain times of the day. Don’t check your e-mail every day. Don’t reply to somebody as soon as they leave a text message just because you can. It may be fun at first, but it soon gets annoying.
根據語境我們知道available的詞義為“可與之交談的”或“有空的”。
例四：We found that bar at last. I didn’t have to ask again, for there it was in big letters over the window—Star Bar. There were some iron tables outside with plastic chairs around them. A few people sat listlessly around, looking at a portable television set that someone had brought out of the bar. They were all in thin summer dresses or short sleeved-shirts; even at that late hour it was stifling. Two thin dogs lay under one of the tables with their tongues out, and some of the women were fanning themselves unenthusiastically (無精打採的) with magazines.
根據語境我們猜出stifling的詞義為“極熱的”。
九、標點符號的暗示
例一：The days of elderly women doing nothing but cooking huge meals on holidays are gone. Enter the Red Hat Society—a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.
破折號後面的部分對the Red Hat Society作了解釋，是“一個認為老年人應該有自己樂趣的團體”。
例二：The largest player—Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices—deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite.
第二個破折號後面的deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches應該指的是汽車的品牌或種類。
十、同義詞的替代關系
例句：Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he didn’t want to jeopardize his future.
為避免重復使用endanger一詞， 用同義詞jeopardize來替代它, 我們推知jeopardize詞義為“使陷入危險，危及，危害”。
十一、利用主系表結構來猜詞
主系表結構的句子有兩種功能：一是說明主語的形狀和特徵;二是主語和表語是同位關系。
例一：To malign is to slander an innocent person.
表語意為“誹謗無辜的人”， 那樣主語就是“中傷，誹謗”的意思。
例二：Insomnia is the inability of falling asleep or sleeping restlessly.
表語意為“睡不著”，主語Insomnia無疑就是“失眠”了。
十二、生活常識
根據日常生活中的常識和相關的背景知識，大膽想像，合理發揮，推測出生詞的含義。
例一：Warm-blooded desert animals, such as rats and mice, rest ring the day, often staying in cool underground burrows.
根據常識我們知道鼠類一般藏在洞里，因此生詞burrows的意思為“地洞，洞穴”。
例二：The snake slithered through the grass.
根據有關蛇的生活習性的知識，我們可以推測出slithered的詞義為“爬行”。
十三、構詞法
英語詞彙的構詞法主要有三種：派生，合成，轉化構詞。
我們主要利用派生構詞來推斷生詞的含義。
詞根是單詞最基本的部分，表達單詞的基本含義。在詞根的前面或後面加上詞綴，可以用來引申或轉變原詞的意義。一般來說，前綴改變詞根的意思;後綴改變詞性。
常見的前綴有：super- 超……
mini- 小型的……
re- 再，又……
post- 後
pre- 前
fore- 前
under- 下
後綴有：
-ment 名詞的後綴
-less 不，無
-proof 防……的
例句：Remember that people on line may not be who they seem. Because you can’t see or even hear the person, it would be easy for someone to misrepresent himself/herself. Thus someone says “She is a 12-year-old girl ”could really be an old man.
根據語境和misrepresent的構詞方式， 前綴mis-的意思是“誤，錯-的”，詞根represent的意思是“表達，展示”之意, 合在一起我們知道misrepresent的詞義為“誤述，歪曲”。
十四、文中代詞指代的推測
高考題年年考查對文中代詞實際指代的對象。一般來說它實際指代的對象在含有代詞的句子前半部分或前一句話。我們把它叫做“前指”。
例一：Demands for pigeon-delivered money stopped at noon as the press rported the story. And even if they start again, Chen holds little hope of catching the criminal.”We have more important things to do,” he said.
根據我們上面講到的，they應該指上一句中的Demands for pigeon-delivered money。
例二：The book contained a large number of clues to help readers find the hare, but Williams put in a lot of “red herrings”, or false clues, to mislead them.
根據語境them.指代上文的readers。
雖然掌握一些猜詞技巧能幫助我們猜測詞義，但是我們不能只依靠這些。最重要的還是掌握全篇文。
❼ 高考英語閱讀理解九大猜詞技巧
高考英語閱讀理解九大猜詞技巧
馬上就要高考了，我整理了一些比較有針對性的高考英語復習技巧資料給大家參考，希望可以幫助同學們提高自身綜合英語能力，戰勝高考。
高考英語閱讀理解九大猜詞技巧
一、利用定義或解釋(definition or explanation)
Signal words: means, refers to, be called, beknown as ,can be defined as, in other words,that is, that is to say, 定語從句…..etc.
舉例：
Pruning is important because it encourages thegrowth of tender shoots(嫩芽), or young leaves oftrees.(B)
The word "pruning" means______
A. Regular cutting(修剪) of the plants
B. Frequent watering
C. Regular use of chemicals
D. Growing the plants high in the mountain
二、利用普通常識和經驗(common sense or experience)
舉例：
1. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.
"ocelot" means _________________(an endangered wild cat)
2.The period of adolescence, the period between childhood and althood ,may be long orshort.
"adolescence" means___________(The period between childhood and althood)
三、利用同義/同位語(similarity/appositive)
Signal words：for example ，for instance，such as ，like，as---as，etc.
舉例：
The largest player – Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Center offers a wide variety of choices,such as deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favoriteof the tourists. (C)
The words "deluxe sedans," "minivans" and "station wagons" used in the text refer to ____.
A. cars in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers
四、利用舉例(from examples)
Signal words: as, like, the same as，unlike,but，however, on the contrary, while,instead…ect.
舉例：
1. The snow was falling.Big flakes drifted(飄)with the wind like feathers.
2. Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shyperson who does not like to go to parties or makenew friends.
五、利用比較或對比(comparison or contrast)
(1)Overwork may cause diseases.
over(過分的、過量的)+work=overwork“工作過度”。
(2)There was a dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.
dis “不” + satisfied“滿意的=dissatisfied “不滿意的”。
六、利用構詞法(Word formation)：前綴、後綴、復合、派生等
舉例：
1. Is he intelligent or stupid?
2. Most women in Ghana--- the ecated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the youngand old--- work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives andmothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is wellknown and well deserved.(C)
The underlined word "illiterate" in the passage means ____.
A. Repeated B. reiterated. C. unecated D. sick
七、利用同義詞或反義詞(Synonym or Antonym)
舉例：
Signal words:because，since ,so, such......that,so......that, ect
I feel that since you are my superior(上司), it would be presumptuous of me to tell youwhat to do .(B)
The word "presumptuous" is closest in meaning to "____" .
A.full of respect B. rude and too confident
C.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet
八、利用原因與結果關系猜詞(from Cause and Result)
The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked asan engineer.(A)
A. work B. study C. name D. interest
九、利用上下文的`語境(context or related information)
更多練習：
1. A good teacher works in quite a different way.His audience take an active part in his play: they askand answer questions, they obey orders, and if theydon't understand something, they say so.
The word "audience" in the paragraph means____.
A. students
B. people who watch a play
C. people who act on the stage
D. people who listen to something
答案：A
解題關鍵：常識 teacher-----students
2. When some kind of pain killer(止痛葯) was brought out recently, researchers found thatthe colours turned the customers off because they made the proct look weak andineffective(無效的).
❽ 英語閱讀技巧
首先辨別文章類型，議論還是敘述還是說明，
議論文要注意作者的觀點態度，
敘述文關注時間狀語或者邏輯連接詞，
說明文要把握說明對象，以及對象的特徵
注意文章或段落的首尾句，英文習慣將關鍵詞或主題句放在開始，
❾ 高考英語閱讀理解:高考英語閱讀理解九大猜詞技巧
《高考英語閱讀理解九大猜詞技巧》由liuxue86.com我整理。本內容整理時間為05月12日，如有任何問題請聯系我們。 1.利用定義或解察指慶釋(definition or explanation)
Signal words: means, refers to, be called, be known as ,can be defined as, in other words,that is , that is to say, 定語從句…..etc.
舉例：
Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots(嫩芽）, or young leaves of trees.(B)
The word “pruning” means______
A. Regular cutting（修剪） of the plants
B. Frequent watering
C. Regular use of chemicals
D. Growing the plants high in the mountain
2.利用普通常識和經驗(common sense or experience)
舉例敗握：
1. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today．
“ocelot” means _________________(an endangered wild cat)
2.The period of adolescence, the period between childhood and althood ,may be long or short.
“adolescence” means___________(The period between childhood and althood)
3.利用同義/同位語(similarity/appositive)
Signal words：for example ，for instance，such as ，like，as---as，etc.
舉例：
The largest player – Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Center offers a wide variety of choices, such as deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite of the tourists. (C)
The words “deluxe sedans,” “minivans” and “station wagons” used in the text refer to ____.
A. cars in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers
4.利用舉例(from examples)
Signal words: as, like, the same as，unlike, but，however, on the contrary, while,instead…逗搏ect.
舉例：
1. The snow was falling.Big flakes drifted(飄） with the wind like feathers.
2. Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to go to parties or make new friends.
5.利用比較或對比(comparison or contrast)
(1)Overwork may cause diseases.
over（過分的、過量的）＋work＝overwork“工作過度”。
(2)There was a dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.
dis “不” + satisfied“滿意的=dissatisfied “不滿意的”。
6.利用構詞法(Word formation)：前綴、後綴、復合、派生等
舉例：
1. Is he intelligent or stupid?
2. Most women in Ghana--- the ecated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and old--- work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved.(C)
The underlined word “illiterate” in the passage means ____.
A. Repeated B. reiterated. C unecated D. sick
7.利用同義詞或反義詞(Synonym or Antonym)
舉例：
Signal words:because，since ,so, such…that,so…that, ect
I feel that since you are my superior（上司）, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”(B)
The word “presumptuous” is closest in meaning to “____” .
A．full of respect B． rude and too confident
C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
8.利用原因與結果關系猜詞(from Cause and Result)
The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer.(A)
A. work B. study C. name D. interest
9.利用上下文的語境(context or related information)
更多練習：
1. A good teacher works in quite a different way. His audience take an active part in his play: they ask and answer questions, they obey orders, and if they don’t understand something, they say so.
The word “audience” in the paragraph means ____.
A. students
B. people who watch a play
C. people who act on the stage
D. people who listen to something
答案：A
解題關鍵：常識 teacher-----students
2. When some kind of pain killer(止痛葯） was brought out recently, researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the proct look weak and ineffective（無效的）.
The underlined part “the colours turned the customers off” means that the colours_______
Attracted the customers strongly
Had weak effects on the customers
Tricked the customers into shopping
Caused the customers to lose interest
答案：D
解題關鍵：因果關系 because
3. Collins decided that she must go, although the hazards of the trip were many, for example, the unbearable heat , the possibility of getting lost , the presence of wild animals and poisonous snakes .
“hazard” means ___________________
A. pleasure, B. problem, C. danger, D. attraction
答案：C
解題關鍵：舉例for example
4. In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society
The underlined phrase “the most vocal” means______
A. Those who try their best to win
B. Those who value competition most highly
C.Those who are against competition most strongly
D. Those who rely on others most for success
答案：C
解題關鍵：上下文語境 context or related information
5.Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them－a form of favoritism will replace equality.
The word “favoritism" is used to describe the phenomenon that ________.
A. bright children also need certificates to get satisfying jobs
B. children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobs
C. poor children with certificates are favored in job markets
D. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success
答案：B
解題關鍵：破折號（定義或同位語）
6. Grown-ups also have a sense of object permanence. That is to say, if we put a box in a room and lock the door, the box will still be there when we come back.
“Object permanence” means that when out of sight, an object ______
A. Still exists B. keeps its shape
C. Still stays solid D. is beyond reach
答案：A
解題關鍵：
1.定義：definition that is to say也就是說
2.構詞法：permanent—permanence
7. A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.
What does the underlined word "hassle“ probably mean?
A. a party designed by specialists
B. a plan requiring careful thought
C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble
D. a demand made by guests
答案：C
解題關鍵：比較comparison(instead—相反,反而)
8. William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（紗線），good and ill together.”
The underlined word “mingled” most probably means? ? .
A．simple????B．mixed????C．sad???D．happy
答案：B
解題關鍵：definition or explanation 定義或解釋猜測詞義
9. The house looked quite normal outside, but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display. As he began putting them into his bag, a god came into the room. It stopped when it saw Buster, then wagged its tail madly and went over to him, licking his outstretched hand. “Good boy,” Buster whispered. “What a great guard dog you are --- trying to lick me to death.”
Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” ?
A Messy and untidy.
B. Rich and expensive.
C. Comfortable and calming
D. Unusual and foreign.
答案：D
解題關鍵：對比contrast，normal—but---unusual
10. Lions are opportunists. They prefer to eat without having to do too much work. When resting in the shade, they are also watching the sky to see what is flying by, and even in the heat of the day they will suddenly start up and run a mile across the plains to find out what is going on. If another animal has made a kill, they will drive it off and take the kill for themselves.
By describing lions as “opportunists”, the author means to say that lions ____.
A. are cruel animals
B. are clever animals
C. Like to take advantage of（利用） other animals
D. Like to take every chance to eat
答案：C
解題關鍵：構詞法及下文解釋opportunity---ist
❿ 英語閱讀中如何根據上下文猜測詞義
猜測詞義也是一種英語閱讀能力。英語閱讀理解試題中有不少這樣的題目。 任何一個實詞，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一個確定的詞義。所謂上下文(context),正如英語辭典所解釋的，其作用就是幫助確定上下文中的詞、短語或句子的意義。據此，我們可以盡可能地利用上下文來猜測詞義，即從已知推求未知，也就是用我們所熟悉的詞或短語來猜測我們不熟悉的詞的詞義。猜測詞義時，我們可以從三個方面來考慮：1）根據上下文已知部分進行邏輯上的推理。2）運用語法知識進行語法分析。3）依靠常識和經驗做出判斷。根據上下文猜測詞義的方法有下列幾種： (1)根據定義或解釋猜測詞義。例如下面的閱讀材料： a bag is useful and the word 「bag」 is useful. it gives us some interesting phrases(短語). one is 「 to let the cat out of the bag.」 it is the same as 「to tell a secret」…. now when someone lets out (泄漏)a secret, he 「lets the cat out of the bag.」 短文後面有一個理解題目： john 「lets the cat out of the bag」 means he ________. a. makes everyone know a secret b. the woman bout a cat c. buys a cat in the bag d. sells the cat in the bag 在這篇文章里，「let the cat out of the bag」雖然是一個新出現的短語，但緊接著後面就給出解釋it is the same as 「to tell a secret.根據這一解釋，我們就可判斷出正確答案應為a。 (2)根據情景和邏輯進行判斷。例如：2004年北京市海淀區中考試題閱讀材料a。其中第三段是這樣的： as they go around town, the police help people. sometimes they find lost children. they take the children home. if the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. the police can always tell the people which way to go. they know all the streets and roads well. 文章後面有這樣一道題： 53. in the text, 「put an end to」 means 「___________」. a. stop b. cut c. kill d. fly 根據文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人在打架，他們肯定會去制止。因為制止打架斗毆是警察的職責。根據這一推理，答案應該是a。 (3)根據並列、同位關系猜測詞義。例如下面的閱讀材料： there is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. it is on a large island in the pacific ocean. the island is north island in new zealand. 101. what does the word 「steam」 mean in chinese? a. 自來水b. 大氣c. 冰川d. 蒸汽 從語法上看，steam和hot water是並列關系，我們就以斷定這兩種東西是相關的，是同一類第物質。在所給第四個選項中只有「蒸汽」有這種可能。 (4)根據背景和常識判斷。請看2004年北京市海淀區中考試題的閱讀材料c: watching some children trying to catch butterflies one august afternoon, i was reminded of an incident in my own childhood. when i was a boy of twelve in south carolina, something happened to me that made me never put any wild creature (living thing) in a cage(籠子). we lived on the edge of a forest, and every evening at sk the mockingbirds would come and rest in the trees and sing. there isn』t a musical instrument made by man that can proce a more beautiful sound than the song of the mockingbird. i decided that i would catch a young bird and keep it in a cage and in that way, i would have my own private musician. i finally succeeded in catching one and put it in a cage. at first, being scared, the bird fluttered(撲騰) about the cage, but finally it settled down in its new home. i felt very pleased with myself and looked forward to some beautiful singing from my little musician. on the second day of the bird』s captivity, my new pet』s mother flew to the cage with food in her mouth. the baby bird ate everything she brought to it. i was pleased to see this. certainly the mother knew better than i how to feed her baby. the following morning when i went to see how my captive (caged) bird was doing, i discovered it on the floor of the cage, dead. i was terribly surprised! what had happened! i had taken extremely care of my little bird, or so i thought. arthur wayne, the famous ornithologist, who happened to be visiting my father at the time, hearing me crying over the death of my bird, explained what had happened. 「a mother mockingbird, finding her young in a cage, will sometimes bring it poison berries(毒莓). she thinks it better for her young to die than to live in captivity.」 never since then have i caught any living creature and put it in a cage. all living creatures have a right to live free. 60. an ornithologist is probably a person who ____________ . a. studies birds b. loves creatures c. majors in habits d. takes care of trees ornithologist這個詞從來沒有見到過，但是通過他的語言我們可以判斷出這是一個對鳥很有研究的人。我很愛鳥，把鳥裝在籠子里，並細心照料，而且鳥的母親也飛過來喂這只鳥，但這只鳥卻死了，我很不理解。到我家來的這個人給我詳細解釋了鳥死的原因，說明這個人非常懂鳥。據此，我們可以斷定答案影視a。