初中英語閱讀理解關聯詞語
1) 先後次序關系:at this time; first; second; at last; next;previously; simultaneously; eventually;last but not least;to begin with;to start with;to end with;finally;seeing...;since then;first of all;afterwards; following this; preceding this.
2) 因果關系:because;because of this;being that;another important factor/reason of... ; since; as; for; in that...; owing to; e to; for the reason that...; in view of; the reason seems to be obvious; there are about... ;for this reason; as a result of this; therefore;...and so...; consequently;as a result; thus; hence; so;so that...; in consequence; as a consequence; accordingly; inevitably; under these conditions; thereupon.
3) 轉折關系:but;even so;however;though;even though;independent of;reckless of ;despite that; in spite of that; regardless of; yet...;and yet; but unless.
4) 並列關系: and; also;too;as well as;either...,or...;both...and...
5) (補充)遞進關系: furthermore;moreover;further;In this way ;still; not only...but also...; not...but...; in addition (to);additionally, much more interesting, more specifically, next, besides; as far as... is concerned; moreover;in other words;along this line of consideration;on the one hand...,on the other hand...; even; as a poplar saying goes...;in order to do it...; meanwhile; at the same time; accordingly; In the first place...,in the second place...;equally important; of even greater appeal.
6) 比較關系: similarly; in like manner, in comparison with;when compared with;compared with;when in fact...; like...; likewise; similarly important; apart from (doing)...; ... rather than...,by doing so ;both…and...; in the same way; not only...but (also).
7) 對照(不同點):yet; still; for all of that; notwithstanding; rather; neither ... nor; although; though; but; however; something is just the other way around;yet; conversely; unlike; opposed to; as opposed to ; in contrast (to); by way of;on the contrary;different from this;as opposed to this; nevertheless; contrary to; whereas; while;but on the other hand.
8) 舉例關系:for example; for instance; in this case; namely; as you know; you may as/say; as he explains; like; such as; a case in point is...; consider...; in particular;including...;for one thing...,for another...;put it simply;stated roughly; as an illustration, I will say...; a good example (of...)would be...;to detail this,I would like to...; It is interesting to note that...;in this situation; as proof; take the case of; take as example (something); as for; as regards; as to; according to; on this occasion.
9) 強調關系:in fact; especially;particularly;moreover;naturally; what is more important; in reality; certainly; of course; indeed; in particular;not to mention...;believe it or not;undeniably; other thing being equal;it is certain/sure that...;to be strict; to be true;by definition; definitely; undoubtedly; without a doubt; in truth, in any event(不論怎樣); without reservation(毫無保留地); obviously, not only.. but(also...), both... and...
10) 條件關系: if;unless; lest;provided that;if it is the case;in this sense;once...;if possible;if necessary;if so;if not all; if anything.
11) 歸納總結類: in other words;on the whole; in sum; therefore;hence;in short;in brief;to sum up;in conclusion; in summary; to conclude; the conclusion can be drawn that...; for this reason; in short.
12) 地點關系:beyond; opposite to; adjacent to; at the same place; there; over; in the middle; around; in front of; in the distance; farther; here and there; above; below; at the right; between; on this side.
13) 目的關系:with this object; for this purpose; in order that; in this way, since; so that; on that account; in case; with a view to; for the same reason.
14) 重申關系:in other words; that is to say; as I have said; again; once again.
15) 結果關系:accordingly; thus; consequently; hence; therefore; thereupon; inevitably; under these conditions; as a result; as a consequence; because; because of; so that; not only...but (also...); so... as to.
16) 順序關系:first; second; thirdly; next; then; at the outset(在開始時),following this; at this time; now; at this point; after; afterward; after this; subsequently; lastly; finally; consequently; before this; previously; preceding this; simultaneously; concurrently(同時).
17) 時間關系:at once; immediately; at length; in the mean time; meanwhile; at the same time; in the end; then; soon; not long after; later; at once; at last; finally; some time ago; at present; all of a sudden; from this time on; from time to time; since then; when; whenever; next point; a few minutes later; formerly; as; once; since; occasionally; in a moment; shortly; whereupon; previously
② 關聯詞英語
關聯詞英語為connective。
關聯詞一般分轉折關系、假設關系、條件關系等。把兩個或兩個以上在意義上有密切聯系的句子組合在一起,叫復句,也叫關聯句。復句通常用一些關聯詞語來連接。
作為連接分句、標明關系的詞語,關聯詞語總是標明抽象的關系寒糊艱都可以作為某類復句的特定的形式標志。
說話時很容易發現必須帶有的一到二個詞語,雖然意思不同,但連在一起無論是說還捆良櫻是聽都覺得很舒服。將分句連起來,使它變為通順、完整的一個句子。
③ 英語關聯詞有哪些
英語關聯詞 —並列連詞 1 並列連詞 在句子中不做成分,僅表示前後關系. 1.用於連接彼此互補依存的對等的成分. 1)連接語詞:slow but safe/ either this week or next week 2)連接分句:I went and she also. 2.可分別表示下列關系. 1)轉折:but, yet, however, neverthe- less 2) 因果:so, for, therefore 3) 選擇:or, either…or, neither…nor 英語關聯詞 —並列連接詞 2 4)並列和遞進:and,both…and, as well as not only…but (also) 英語關聯詞 —關聯詞 關聯詞 用於引導從句. 1.名詞從句: He doesn't know what she is. 2.副詞從句:If he comes, I'll give it to you. 3.形容詞從句:He's the best student I've ever taught. 英語關聯詞 —連接詞 1 關聯詞的類別及所表示的關系 要特別注意關聯詞在從句中(及某些連接詞在短語中)所擔當的成分,這是正確使用關連詞的關鍵. 1.連接詞:引導名詞從句,在從句中不做成分. 1) that(無含義): I said that he was wrong. 2) whether(if)(表示不確定性或選擇關系): I don't know whether it is correct. 英語關聯詞 —連接詞 2 2.連接代詞 1)引導名詞從句,在從句中做主語,賓語,表語和 定語. A. who/which 作主語(口語who中可做賓語, 但其前面不可有與其配合使用的介詞): I asked him who came into the room./ I asked him who(m) he saw whom/which 做賓語: Ask him which he wants. 英語關聯詞 —關聯詞 3 C. whose 做賓語(=whose thing(s)) /定 語: I wonder whose house that is. D. what 做上面提及的各種成分: I don't know what I should do. What can be done 2)與不定式連用,在其中多做主語和賓語. We can't decide whom to invite. We must decide what to do. I couldn't decide which to choose. 英語關聯詞 —關聯詞 4 3.連接副詞 引導名詞從句或與不定式連用,在從句 中做狀語. 1) how: That's how I look at it. 2) where: I don't know where he lives. 3) when: Tell me when to use the tool. 4) why: I'll tell you why you have to do it. 英語關聯詞 —關系詞 1 4.關系代詞 1) who 表示人,在從句中做主語和表語(口語 who中可做賓語,但其前面不可有與其配合使用 的介詞): The man who spoke is my teacher. I don't know who he is. The man who I saw told me that. 2) whom 表示人,在從句中做賓語和表語: The man whom I saw told me that. 英語關聯詞 —關系詞 2 3) whose 表示"某人/物的",of which表示 "某物的", 在從句中做定語: That's the man whose son is my pupil. The room whose window faces south is her bedroom. The room of which the window faces south is her bedroom. 英語關聯詞 —關系詞 3 4) which 表示物,在從句中做主語和表語: I like the picture which was taken in front of the main building. 5) that 表示人/物,在從句中做主語和賓語; 注 意下列關於that作為關系代詞的用法. A.現行詞前有最高級形容詞修飾時: This is the best film that I've ever seen. 英語關聯詞 —關系詞 4 B.先行詞是下列詞語或為其所修飾修飾時: the first, the last, the only, the same, the very, all, any, no, every. This is the last chance that you have. You are the only friend that I have. He told me all that he knew. 英語關聯詞 —關系詞 5 C. 先行詞是下列不定代詞或為其所修飾修飾時: much, little, none, everything/body, nothing, nobody. There's nothing in the world that can frighten him. D. 以Who/Which開始的句子,其後的定語從句中 的關系代詞不使用who/which,而代之以that. Who that knows him would trust him Which of these buses is the one that goes to London 英語關聯詞 —關系詞 6 E.人和事物/動物同為先行詞時: The man and the horse that fell into the river were drowned. 6) 關系代詞做介詞賓語. A.一般介詞可放在whom/which的前面或其所 在的從句的句尾,關系代詞為that時,只可 放在其所在的從句的句尾. Is this the car for which you paid a high price 英語關聯詞 —關系詞 7 Is this the car which you paid a high price for Is this the car that you paid a high price for Is this the car you paid a high price for B.介詞ring, except以及表示(從整體中) "分割"(出部分)的介詞of等介詞要放在關 系代詞的前面: 英語關聯詞 —關系詞 8 The years ring which he was away were long years to her. He wrote many books, some of which C.其介詞與動詞不可分割的短語動詞中的介詞必 須放在其動詞之後,不可放在關系代詞之前: This is the book which he has been looking for. 7)關系代詞的省略. A.關系代詞作賓語時: The girl I work with is coming. 英語關聯詞 —關系詞 9 B.that在定語從句中做表語時: He is not the man that he was when I saw him first. He is not the man he was when I saw him first. 5.關系副詞 在定語從句中均做狀語. 1)where 地點: That's one point where I'd like your advice. 英語關聯詞 —關系詞 10 2) when 時間: At the time when I saw him, he was ill. 3) why 原因: That is the reason why I came so early. 4) that 方式/時間/原因 I like the way that /in which he did it. 英語關聯詞 —關系詞 11 That was the first time (that) I saw him. The reason why/that he was dismissed is not easy to explain. 5)in which/at which = where This is the school in which/at which/ where he works. 6)for which = why I don't the reason for which he left. 英語關聯詞 —關系詞 12 7)on which = when The day on which she was born was 22 September, 1988. 英語介詞和關聯詞 —試題與思路 1.The doctor will be free ___. A.in ten minutes B.10 minutes later C.after 10 minutes D.10 minutes after 選A.in和將來時連用表示的是某段時間的終結點.after表示某個時間點之後的任一時間.later強調的是在某個時間點之後. 2.___ all the students, whom do you regard most highly A.Of B.About C.From D.In 選A.由most highly可知句首的短語是表示比較范圍的狀語.當給出所比較的人,事物所在的范圍時,用in;給出所比較的人,事物的名稱時用of. 英語介詞和關聯詞 —試題與思路 3.He was praised ___ his sense of ty. A.about B.by C.for D.of 選C.句子要表達的是受表揚的原因,所以選for. 4.The key ___ success is hard work. A.on B.to C.in D.for 選B.表示"進入,達到,對於"等含義的名詞,需要和to連用. 5.Alice has a large collection of photos, ___ was taken in London. A.none of them B.no one of which C.all of which D.none of which 英語介詞和關聯詞 —試題與思路 選D.逗號後是一個定語從句,要有關系詞來引導,可知A不可;從從句的單數動詞was可知C不可;從no one 是表示人而且不可同of短語連用,可知其不可. 6.You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is___ I disagree. A.why B.where C.what D.how 選B.由disagree是不及物動詞可知應選一連接副詞來表達"在某處/某方面"之意,所以選B. 7.Mary can't be admitted to a universi-ty next fall __ she can afford her further ecation. 英語介詞和關聯詞 —試題與思路 A.unless B.for C.as D.if 選A.從句意可知是有關條件的話題,所以表示原因的as和for均應排除;又由於主句是否定句,根據要標達的意思,應選否定條件連詞unless. 8.__ encourages us greatly is ___ China has achieved great success in the Olympic Games. A.What; what B.That; that C.What; that D.That; what 選C.兩個clause均為名詞從句.第一個是主語從句,其中缺少主語,所以選連接代詞what;第二個不缺少成分,所以用純連詞that引導.
④ 初中英語閱讀理解小竅門
初中生學習英語,不僅要掌握正確的學習方法,還要注意一些解題技巧,這樣能幫助我們提高做題的正確率。
初中英語閱讀理解通讀全文
初中生在做英語閱讀理解時,首先要通讀一遍全文,大致了解閱讀理解講的什麼故事,作者想表達的感情或者作者對待某件事的態度。
在通讀閱讀理解時,初中生要重點注意標題,文章的開頭和結尾,文章中的關鍵詞,要做到看到問題時,馬上就能找到答案對應文章中的位置。
根據問題找閱讀理解對應的位置
初中生在做閱讀理解題時,可能會遇到一些自己不認識的生詞,但不要過分糾結,也許回答問題用不到,如果問題中考查的內容包括了不認識的生詞,初中生可以聯繫上下文,猜測不認識的單詞的意思。
認真分析閱讀理解題的四個選項
初中生在做閱讀理解題時,一定要看清楚問題的四個選項,特別是帶有關聯詞的選項,有時候,不是因果關系,選項中用了so或therefore,不是轉折關系,答案中用了but或though。
對於細節題,一般初中生可以直接在文中找到答案,但是要注意,在答案的選項中,是否偷換了某個單詞而使答案變了意義。
英語閱讀理解排除法
英語閱讀理解排除法是很多初中生都會用的一種方法,這種方法可以幫助初中生排除掉錯誤的選項,增大初中生選擇正確答案的概率。
排除法也是有一定竅門的,提倡消極情緒或不良作風的選項一般是錯的,語氣很絕對的選項一般是錯的,偷梁換柱的答案一般是錯的等等,還有些答案一眼就能看出不正確,馬上就可以把它排除掉。
另外初中生在做閱讀理解題時,還要保持良好的心態,千萬不要因為有些單詞不認識就否定自己這篇閱讀理解做不好,在心裡給自己一些積極的心理暗示,做對題的概率也會提升。
(本篇為原創作品,未經允許請勿轉載。一經發現,追究法律責任。)
⑤ 初中英語閱讀理解技巧與方法
一)初中英語教學大綱對學生閱讀上的基本要求:
1. 能閱讀難度相當於課文的材料,理解其大意。
2. 能獨立閱讀所學語言知識范圍內的材料,生詞率不超過3%。
3. 閱讀速度要求每分鍾50-70詞。
(二)中考閱讀理解的考點
1.文章的話題—略讀文章,領會文章大意的題
2.文章的中心題—歸納,概括的能力
3.文章的細節—掃讀或細讀文章,以獲得某些特地信息或准確的尋找所需細節的能力。
4.文章的寓意,結論-領會作者的言外之意或推斷出文章的結論
5.生詞詞意,猜詞—對生詞詞意的判斷能力
(三)中考閱讀理解考察的文體
1.記敘文—抓住人物,地點,時間,情節發展線索。
2.說明文—要以事物為中心進行思考。抓住事物的特徵,用途,相互關系等。
(四)解題思路與技巧
1.快速瀏覽全文,掌握大意。
2.仔細審題,分析比較選項 。
3.帶著問題復讀,捕捉關鍵信息,解答問題。
4.再讀全文,核對答案。
二.閱讀理解題型及解題技巧
從近幾年的中考閱讀理解情況看,短文體裁多樣,題材各異,文章涉及科學知識、社會文化、政治歷史、人文環境和日常生活等方面,充分體現其時代性、實用性。短文難度逐年加大。常見題型有主旨題、細節題、推斷題、猜測詞義題和正誤判斷題。
做閱讀理解練習應先看問題,弄清考點。在閱讀短文之前,快速瀏覽問題,以便在閱讀短文時做到心中有數,快速、准確地捕捉所要信息。先易後難。做題時不必拘泥於書中所呈現的語篇順序,應遵循先易後難的原則。如可先做細節題再做推斷題,因為細節題大多能直接從文中找到答案,而推斷題則需對短文進行深層理解,再作判斷。
(一) 主旨題
主旨題主要考查學生對短文中心思想或作者意圖的掌握。做此類題時,應通讀全文,理解文章大意,充分理解主題句的意義。短文往往圍繞主題句展開,主題句通常出現在短文第一句或最後一句。
(二) 細節題
細節題是用來進一步表達主題,體現中心思想的,往往針對短文某個細節來設題。做此類題時,應快速捕捉信息,可能是一些事例、數字等,閱讀時要有針對性。
(三) 推斷題
推斷題就是根據某個事實推斷結論,主要考查學生的理解力和推斷力。這類推斷通常包括:數據事實推斷、常識推斷以及作者的寫作目的、態度和傾向等的推斷。做此類題時,應根據短文中的相關語句,對與事實有關的細節加以分析,找出線索,悟出字里行間的意思,反復比較,從而作出合乎邏輯的判斷。
(四) 猜測詞義題
猜測詞義題主要考查學生根據上下文正確判斷靈活變化的詞義能力。一般情況下,推斷詞義的題目中所出現的單詞,大多數是學生未曾見過的生詞,學生需要在該詞出現的上下文中去尋找線索。通過閱讀上下文,斷定該詞的真正含義,然後將這個釋義代入文中,檢查是否貼切,仔細比較直到得出該詞的確切的含義。
1.通過因果關系猜詞
通過因果關系猜詞,首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關系,然後才能猜詞。有時文章藉助關聯詞(如because,as,since,for,so,thus,as a result,of course,therefore等等)表示前因後果。例如:
You shouldn't have blamed him for that,for it wasn't his fault.通過for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的錯),可猜出blame的詞義是"責備"。
2.通過同義詞和反義詞的關系猜詞
通過同義詞猜詞,一是要看由and或or連接的同義詞片語,如happy and gay,即使我們不認識gay這個詞,也可以知道它是愉快的意思;二是看在進一步解釋的過程中使用的同義詞,如Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars,and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均為生詞,但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個詞都屬於"行星"這一義域。通過反義詞猜詞,一是看錶轉折關系的連詞或副詞,如but,while,however等;二是看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語,如:He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother.根據not at all...handsome我們不難推測出homely的意思,即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。
3.通過構詞法猜詞
在閱讀文章時,我們總會遇上一些新詞彙,有時很難根據上下文來推斷其詞意,而它們對文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用,此時,如掌握了一些常用的詞根、前綴、後綴等語法知識,這些問題便不難解決了。
4.通過定義或釋義關系來推測詞義
例如:But sometimes,no rain falls for a long,long time. Then there is a dry period,or drought.
從drought所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨,於是便有一段乾旱的時期,即drought,由此可見drought意思為"久旱","旱災"。而a dry period和drought是同義語。這種同義或釋義關系常由is,or,that is,in other words,be called或破折號等來表示。
5.通過句法功能來推測詞義
例如:Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞,我們可以從這兩個詞在句中所處的位置來判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同類關系,同屬fruit類,因此它們是兩樣水果,准確地說,是菠蘿和椰子。
6.通過描述猜詞
描述即作者為幫助讀者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而對該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內在特徵的描寫。例如:The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly,it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥類。後面更詳盡地描述了該鳥類的生活習性。
(五)正誤判斷題
正誤判斷題主要考查學生對文章的具體事實、信息的理解能力。一般是根據文章的事實或細節,給出一個句子,判斷其正誤。這類題比較直接,難度相對較小。做此類題時,應先看題,後帶著「問題」快速閱讀短文,尋找所需要的信息
⑥ 初中英語閱讀理解關聯詞有哪些
because因為,but但,also也,since因為,while然而,however然而,although雖然,as因為,until直到,unless除非
not only.....but also 不但 而且 either...or或者、或者 both...and兩者都
Neither...nor 既不、、也不. as soon as 一、、就、、
⑦ 初中英語閱讀理解技巧與方法
我覺得就應該多練 多記一些單詞
⑧ 初中英語閱讀理解題型
初中英語閱讀理解題型
英語閱讀理解題是中考英語常見的題型之一,且佔比分較大,讓學生熟悉常見的題型,掌握正確的答題技巧及解題步驟,可收到"事半功倍"的效果。下面就由我來跟大家介紹一下初中英語閱讀理解常見題型及答題技巧吧!
【初中英語閱讀理解題型及解題技巧】
(一)主旨題
主旨題主要考查學生對短文中心思想或作者意圖的掌握。做此類題時,應通讀全文,理解文章大意,充分理解主題句的意義。短文往往圍繞主題句展開,主題句通常出現在短文第一句或最後一句。
(二)細節題
細節題是用來進一步表達主題,體現中心思想的,往往針對短文某個細節來設題。做此類題時,應快速捕捉信息,可能是一些事例、數字等,閱讀時要有針對性。
(三)推斷題
推斷題就是根據某個事實推斷結論,主要考查學生的理解力和推斷力。這類推斷通常包括:數據事實推斷、常識推斷以及作者的寫作目的、態度和傾向等的推斷。做此類題時,應根據短文中的相關語句,對與事實有關的細節加以分析,找出線索,悟出字里行間的意思,反復比較,從而作出合乎邏輯的判斷。
(四)猜測詞義題
猜測詞義題主要考查學生根據上下文正確判斷靈活變化的詞義能力。一般情況下,推斷詞義的題目中所出現的單詞,大多數是學生未曾見過的生詞,學生需要在該詞出現的上下文中去尋找線索。通過閱讀上下文,斷定該詞的真正含義,然後將這個釋義代入文中,檢查是否貼切,仔細比較直到得出該詞的確切的含義。
(五)正誤判斷題
正誤判斷題主要考查學生對文章的具體事實、信息的理解能力。一般是根據文章的事實或細節,給出一個句子,判斷其正誤。這類題比較直接,難度相對較小。做此類題時,應先看題,後帶著“問題”快速閱讀短文,尋找所需要的信息。 初中英語閱讀理解題已成為評估學生英語水平的重要測試題型,在中考英語試卷中所佔比重較大。閱讀理解題主要是考查學生綜合運用所學語言知識的能力,包括細節理解能力、詞義判斷能力、歸納概括能力及邏輯推理能力等。大致來說,閱讀理解題主要針對如下方面:
(1) 個別詞語或句子;(2)某一細節或情節;(3)主題;(4)背景知識;(5)結論或結局;(6) 內涵隱意或寓意等。下面本人就根據閱讀理解題的題型特點,來談一些答題技巧。
一、直接理解題
這種題目比較簡單,只要通讀全文,了解文中所敘述的重要事實或細節就可以解答出來,有的甚至可以從文章的原句中直接找到答案。此類題目的出題形式很多,例如:
(1)Which of the following statements is true / false?
(2)Which of the following is(not)mentioned?
(3)How many / How much / Where / How / What„„?
(4)What does the writer think about?
(5)Which is the right order of the events given in thepassage?
要快速辨認和記憶事實或細節,就需要恰當地使用查閱的方法。查閱是讀者在對材料有所了解的情況下進行的,它的特點是帶著問題去尋找答案,往往與略讀綜合使用,具體方法與步驟如下:
(1)略讀材料,了解原文大意,掌握其中心意思或主旨。
(2)按文章的體裁、作者寫作的組織模式及有關信息詞,如for example,first,second„„預測應該到何處尋找自己所需要的事實。
(3)將自己的精力放在尋找所需要的細節上,快速通篇閱讀,眼睛自左至右、自下而上呈Z形掃視,待找到含有相關細節的句子時,就要放慢速度,仔細核對,比較內容,直至找到答案。
二、語義理解題
在閱讀中,我們經常會遇到一些生詞,需要根據上下文猜測它們的意思。此類問題考查學生緊扣原文,根據上下文語境判斷單詞、詞語或短句意義的能力。常見的題型有:直接對生詞進行解釋;對多義詞或短語在文章具體語言環境中的意義作出准確判斷;對英語中的一些格言或諺語進行解釋;對文中一些代詞的指代對象作出界定等。這種題型常見的設題方式如下:
(1)The underlined word(phrase)in the passage means______.
(2)The word“it/them”in the first paragraph refers to______.
(3)The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means____.
(4)What does the underlined word“„”refer to______.
(5)By „ the writer means______.
在做此類題時,考生應緊扣原文,根據上下文語境進行判斷,切不要望文生義或斷章取義,也不能只選擇自己熟悉的意思。猜測詞義的常見方法有:
1)根據構詞法猜測詞義;
(2)根據上下文猜測詞義;
(3)根據定義或解釋猜測詞義;
(4)根據同義詞、反義詞以及對比關系猜測詞義;
(5)根據生活常識猜測詞義。
三、邏輯推理題
推理判斷試題屬於深層閱讀理解題。它要求考生盡量考慮文中全部信息或事實,在通篇理解文章的基礎上,嚴格按照作者提供的信息推斷出作者的言外之意。這種題型常見的設題方式有:
(1)From the text,it can be inferred that______.
(2)The passage suggests that______.
(3)Which of the following best describes______.
(4)The writer’s attitude towards„is______.
(5)From the text,we learn that______.
這種題目有一定難度,解答時必須根據上下文及相互間的關系或對整篇文章進行深層理解後,才能找到答案。有時甚至還得聯系作者的意圖、態度等文外之意加以推理。解此類題目可從以下幾方面入手:
(1)根據常識判斷。即解題時,除弄清文意外,還需藉助生活常識、風土人情、傳說掌故、名人軼事等進行判斷。
(2)根據知識判斷。即解題時,運用一些一般性知識,如天文、地理、文學、藝術、科技等自然科學和社會科學知識。
(3)根據計算判斷。即解題時,運用一些數學知識進行和差、面積、體積、速度等方面的運算。
(4)根據情節判斷。即解題時,從情節所提供的基本事實出發,尋找一定規律,如時間關系、條件關系、因果關系、比較關系、轉折關系等作為推理根據。這種題目最容易出現,考生要從時間、地點、事件的情節安排與發展中,深入探討其邏輯關系及隱喻、引申等因素。
四、歸納總結題
這種題型要求學生在理解全文的基礎上,對文章進行歸納、概括或評價。解這種題目時,不能只憑文中的只言片語而斷章取義,如涉及文章的標題(title)、主題(main idea)、結論(conclusion)、結局(end)等有關問題,都需要在細讀全文的基礎上,結合所學語言知識進行邏輯思維、推理、判斷,從而獲取文章中的內在信息。常見的設題方式有:
(1)The general idea of the passage is about______.
2)The main idea of the article is______.
(3)The main purpose of this selection is______.
4)The passage suggests that______.
5)Which of the following best states the theme of thepassage?
具體解題時,應注意一些技巧:
(1)首先看短文的開頭和結尾,確定短文題材,預測其內容。每段的第一句話往往會提供重要信息,可以幫助我們搜索各段落乃至整篇文章的大意。
(2)速讀全文,整體理解短文大意,抓住關鍵詞語,弄清文章的主旨。
(3)根據已知短文內容,著手解題。可先將文後的選擇題看一下,然後帶著問題再去閱讀。這樣做,一方面有助於對文章進一步理解,另一方面可以有針對性地從文章中尋找答案。
(4)迅速復讀全文,檢查自己的理解是否正確,所選答案是否前後矛盾。通過全面考慮,最後確定答案。
一.教學大綱對閱讀理解的要求
(一)初中英語教學大綱對學生閱讀上的基本要求:
1.能閱讀難度相當於課文的材料,理解其大意。
2.能獨立閱讀所學語言知識范圍內的材料,生詞率不超過3%。
3.閱讀速度要求每分鍾50-70詞。
(二)中考閱讀理解的考點
1.文章的話題—略讀文章,領會文章大意的題。
2.文章的中心題—歸納,概括的能力。
3.文章的細節—掃讀或細讀文章,以獲得某些特地信息或准確的尋找所需細節的能力。
4.文章的寓意,結論-領會作者的言外之意或推斷出文章的結論。
5.生詞詞意,猜詞—對生詞詞意的判斷能力。
(三)中考閱讀理解考察的文體
1.記敘文—抓住人物,地點,時間,情節發展線索。
2.說明文—要以事物為中心進行思考。抓住事物的特徵,用途,相互關系等。
(四)解題思路與技巧
1.快速瀏覽全文,掌握大意。
2.仔細審題,分析比較選項 。
3.帶著問題復讀,捕捉關鍵信息,解答問題。
4.再讀全文,核對答案。
二.閱讀理解題型及解題技巧
從近幾年的中考閱讀理解情況看,短文體裁多樣,題材各異,文章涉及科學知識、社會文化、政治歷史、人文環境和日常生活等方面,
充分體現其時代性、實用性。短文難度逐年加大。常見題型有主旨題、細節題、推斷題、猜測詞義題和正誤判斷題。
做閱讀理解練習應先看問題,弄清考點。在閱讀短文之前,快速瀏覽問題,以便在閱讀短文時做到心中有數,快速、准確地捕捉所要信息。先易後難。做題時不必拘泥於書中所呈現的語篇順序,應遵循先易後難的原則。如可先做細節題再做推斷題,因為細節題大多能直接從文中找到答案,而推斷題則需對短文進行深層理解,再作判斷。
(一)主旨題
主旨題主要考查學生對短文中心思想或作者意圖的掌握。做此類題時,應通讀全文,理解文章大意,充分理解主題句的意義。短文往往圍繞主題句展開,主題句通常出現在短文第一句或最後一句。
(二)細節題
細節題是用來進一步表達主題,體現中心思想的,往往針對短文某個細節來設題。做此類題時,應快速捕捉信息,可能是一些事例、數字等,閱讀時要有針對性。
(三)推斷題
推斷題就是根據某個事實推斷結論,主要考查學生的理解力和推斷力。這類推斷通常包括:數據事實推斷、常識推斷以及作者的寫作目的、態度和傾向等的推斷。做此類題時,應根據短文中的.相關語句,對與事實有關的細節加以分析,找出線索,悟出字里行間的意思,反復比較,從而作出合乎邏輯的判斷。
(四)猜測詞義題
猜測詞義題主要考查學生根據上下文正確判斷靈活變化的詞義能力。一般情況下,推斷詞義的題目中所出現的單詞,大多數是學生未曾見過的生詞,學生需要在該詞出現的上下文中去尋找線索。通過閱讀上下文,斷定該詞的真正含義,然後將這個釋義代入文中,檢查是否貼切,仔細比較直到得出該詞的確切的含義。
1.通過因果關系猜詞
通過因果關系猜詞,首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關系,然後才能猜詞。有時文章藉助關聯詞(如because,as,since,for,so,thus,as a result,of course,therefore等等)表示前因後果。例如:
You shouldn't have blamed him for that,for it wasn't his fault.通過for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的錯),可猜出blame的詞義是"責備"。
2.通過同義詞和反義詞的關系猜詞
通過同義詞猜詞,一是要看由and或or連接的同義詞片語,如happy and gay,即使我們不認識gay這個詞,也可以知道它是愉快的意思;二是看在進一步解釋的過程中使用的同義詞,如Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars,and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均為生詞,但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個詞都屬於"行星"這一義域。通過反義詞猜詞,一是看錶轉折關系的連詞或副詞,如but,while,however等;二是看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語,如:He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother.根據not at all...handsome我們不難推測出homely的意思,即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。
3.通過構詞法猜詞
在閱讀文章時,我們總會遇上一些新詞彙,有時很難根據上下文來推斷其詞意,而它們對文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用,此時,如掌握了一些常用的詞根、前綴、後綴等語法知識,這些問題便不難解決了。
4.通過定義或釋義關系來推測詞義
例如:But sometimes,no rain falls for a long,long time. Then there is a dry period,or drought.
從drought所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨,於是便有一段乾旱的時期,即drought,由此可見drought意思為"久旱","旱災"。而a dry period和drought是同義語。這種同義或釋義關系常由is,or,that is,in other words,be called或破折號等來表示。
5.通過句法功能來推測詞義
例如:Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞,我們可以從這兩個詞在句中所處的位置來判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同類關系,同屬fruit類,因此它們是兩樣水果,准確地說,是菠蘿和椰子。
6.通過描述猜詞
描述即作者為幫助讀者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而對該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內在特徵的描寫。例如:The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly,it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥類。後面更詳盡地描述了該鳥類的生活習性。
(五)正誤判斷題
正誤判斷題主要考查學生對文章的具體事實、信息的理解能力。一般是根據文章的事實或細節,給出一個句子,判斷其正誤。這類題比較直接,難度相對較小。做此類題時,應先看題,後帶著“問題”快速閱讀短文,尋找所需要的信息。
;⑨ 初中英語所有的關聯詞 100分送上!!
1) 先後次序關系: this time; first; second; at last; next;previously; simultaneously; eventually;last but not least;to begin with;to start with;to end with;finally;seeing...;since then;first of all;afterwards; following this; preceding this.
2) 因果關系:because;because of this;being that;another important factor/reason of... ; since; as; for; in that...; owing to; e to; for the reason that...; in view of; the reason seems to be obvious; there are about... ;for this reason; as a result of this; therefore;...and so...; consequently;as a result; thus; hence; so;so that...; in consequence; as a consequence; accordingly; inevitably; under these conditions; thereupon.
3) 轉折關系:but;even so;however;though;even though;independent of;reckless of ;despite that; in spite of that; regardless of; yet...;and yet; but unless.
4) 並列關系: and; also;too;as well as;either...,or...;both...and...
5) (補充)遞進關系: furthermore;moreover;further;In this way ;still; not only...but also...; not...but...; in addition (to);additionally, much more interesting, more specifically, next, besides; as far as... is concerned; moreover;in other words;along this line of consideration;on the one hand...,on the other hand...; even; as a poplar saying goes...;in order to do it...; meanwhile; at the same time; accordingly; In the first place...,in the second place...;equally important; of even greater appeal.
6) 比較關系: similarly; in like manner, in comparison with;when compared with;compared with;when in fact...; like...; likewise; similarly important; apart from (doing)...; ... rather than...,by doing so ;both…and...; in the same way; not only...but (also).
7) 對照(不同點):yet; still; for all of that; notwithstanding; rather; neither ... nor; although; though; but; however; something is just the other way around;yet; conversely; unlike; opposed to; as opposed to ; in contrast (to); by way of;on the contrary;different from this;as opposed to this; nevertheless; contrary to; whereas; while;but on the other hand.
8) 舉例關系:for example; for instance; in this case; namely; as you know; you may as/say; as he explains; like; such as; a case in point is...; consider...; in particular;including...;for one thing...,for another...;put it simply;stated roughly; as an illustration, I will say...; a good example (of...)would be...;to detail this,I would like to...; It is interesting to note that...;in this situation; as proof; take the case of; take as example (something); as for; as regards; as to; according to; on this occasion.
9) 強調關系:in fact; especially;particularly;moreover;naturally; what is more important; in reality; certainly; of course; indeed; in particular;not to mention...;believe it or not;undeniably; other thing being equal;it is certain/sure that...;to be strict; to be true;by definition; definitely; undoubtedly; without a doubt; in truth, in any event(不論怎樣); without reservation(毫無保留地); obviously, not only.. but(also...), both... and...
10) 條件關系: if;unless; lest;provided that;if it is the case;in this sense;once...;if possible;if necessary;if so;if not all; if anything.
11) 歸納總結類: in other words;on the whole; in sum; therefore;hence;in short;in brief;to sum up;in conclusion; in summary; to conclude; the conclusion can be drawn that...; for this reason; in short.
12) 地點關系:beyond; opposite to; adjacent to; at the same place; there; over; in the middle; around; in front of; in the distance; farther; here and there; above; below; at the right; between; on this side.
13) 目的關系:with this object; for this purpose; in order that; in this way, since; so that; on that account; in case; with a view to; for the same reason.
14) 重申關系:in other words; that is to say; as I have said; again; once again.
15) 結果關系:accordingly; thus; consequently; hence; therefore; thereupon; inevitably; under these conditions; as a result; as a consequence; because; because of; so that; not only...but (also...); so... as to.
16) 順序關系:first; second; thirdly; next; then; at the outset(在開始時),following this; at this time; now; at this point; after; afterward; after this; subsequently; lastly; finally; consequently; before this; previously; preceding this; simultaneously; concurrently(同時).
17) 時間關系:at once; immediately; at length; in the mean time; meanwhile; at the same time; in the end; then; soon; not long after; later; at once; at last; finally; some time ago; at present; all of a sudden; from this time on; from time to time; since then; when; whenever; next point; a few minutes later; formerly; as; once; since; occasionally; in a moment; shortly; whereupon; previously
如果你要看的話這些就夠了,不能看太多哦,要把重點的圈出來。因為英語作文雖然說連接是重要的,但是內容取勝更重要。記幾個不錯的。這樣子才會有提高。 這么多要取其精華,棄其糟粕。
⑩ 中考英語作文最常用關聯詞英語總結
英語作文中,關鍵的用詞,能適當的給英語作文加分,這六類關系的關鍵詞語,對提高作文的流暢度和等級非常有幫助哦!下面是我為您收集整理的中考英語早中顫作文最常用關聯詞英語總結,供大家參考!
中考英語作文最常用關聯詞英語總結
一、表示遞進關系的關鍵詞語
additionally加之;又
besides此外;除……之外
equallyimportant同樣重要的是
初中英語中常見的時態總結
furthermore此外;而且
inaddition另外
inotherwords換句話說
lastbutnotleast最後但同樣重要的是
moreover而且;此外
thatistosay即;就是;換句話說
二、表示轉折關系的關鍵詞語
although雖然;盡管
atthesametime同時;但是
despite不管;盡管;不論
evenif即使
eventhough即使
however然而;可是
inspiteof不管
instead代替;而不是
nevertheless然而;不過
onthecontrary正相反
otherwise另外;否則
regardlessof不管;不顧
still依然;仍然
though雖然;可是
while然而
yet然而;但是;仍
三、表示選擇關系的關鍵詞語
either…or………或……
insteadof…而不是……
neither…nor………和……都不……
not…but…不是……而是……
ratherthan…寧可;勝過
whether…ornot無論是否......
四、表示比較關系培咐的關鍵詞語
comparewith/to與……比較
equally相等地;平等地
incomparisonwith與……比較
incontrast相反;大不相同
incontrastto和……對比
inthesameway同樣地
instead代替;相反
onthecontrary正相反
陸敗while然而
五、表示因果關系的關鍵詞語
accordingly因此;從而
asaresultof作為結果
because(of)因為
consequently結果;因此
eto由於
hence因此
nowthat因為;既然
onaccountof由於
owingto由於;因……的緣故
so所以
sothat以便;以至於
thanksto由於;幸虧
therefore因此;所以
thus因此
六、用於表示總結的關鍵詞語
aboveall最重要的是
accordingly於是
asaconsequence因此
asaresult結果
ashasbeennoted如前所述
asIhavesaid如我所述
atlast最後
briefly簡單扼要地
bydoingso如此
certainly當然地;無疑地
consequently因此
eventually最後
hence因此
inaword總之
inbrief簡言之
inconclusion總之;最後
inshort簡而言之
insummary簡要地說
insum總之;簡而言之
obviously顯然
onthewhole總體來說;整個看來
toconclude總而言之
tospeakfrankly坦白地說
tosumup總而言之
tosummarize總而言之
初中英語中考詞彙表
初中階段,關於英語學習,我們要掌握大量的短語,記憶起來會有一定的難度,如果能夠聯想集中記憶,就會簡單有序許多。我根據詞形和詞義將中考高頻短語為大家做好了總結分組,供同學們聯想集中記憶!
初中英語中考詞彙表第一組
put down 放下
shut down 把…關上
cut down 砍掉
come down 下來,落下
slow down 減緩,放慢
sit down 坐下
write down 寫下
get down 下來,降落
初中英語中考詞彙表第二組
after all 畢竟,終究
after that 於是,然後
day after day 日復一日地
one after another 相繼,挨次
soon after 不久以後
the day after tomorrow 後天
初中英語中考詞彙表第三組
come up with 想出,提出
catch up with 趕上
wake up 弄醒,醒來
send up 發射
open up 開設,開辦
grow up 長大
pick up 拾起,撿起
hands up 舉手
eat up 吃光
clean up 打掃干凈
give up doing sth.=stop doing sth. 放棄做某事
初中英語中考詞彙表第三組
arrive at/in + n. 到達
get to +n. 到達
reach + n. 到達
初中英語中考詞彙表第五組
get…back 退還,送回去,取回
give back 歸還
come back 回來
at the back of 在…的後面
on the way (back)home 在回家路上
初中英語中考詞彙表第四組
at least 至少
at breakfast 早餐時
at desk 在桌前
at once立刻,馬上
at school 在上學
at the same time 同時
at work 在工作
be good at=do well in 擅長
laugh at 嘲笑
not…at all 一點也不
at first 起初
at night 在晚上
at noon 中午
at the age of / when sb. was…years old 在…歲時
at last / in the end / finally 最後、終於
at the beginning of the twenty-first century 在21世紀初
at the end of 在…終點,結尾
at the moment /now現在
at the foot of 在…腳下
at Christmas 在聖誕節
at any moment 任何時候
at times/sometimes 有時,偶爾
at the doctor’s 在醫務室
be bad at不擅長
初中英語中考詞彙表第五組
for example 例如
for ever 永遠
be good for 對…有益
be bad for 對…有害
for long=for a long time 長期
for short 簡稱
be short for 是…的簡稱
TV is short for “television”.
初中英語中考詞彙表第六組
come true 實現
come down 下來
come from=be from 來自,出生於
come in/into 進入,進來
come on 趕快
come over 過來
come along 走吧,過來,快點
come and go 來來去去
come up 上來
come out 出來,(花)開,(照片)沖洗出來
初中英語中考詞彙表第七組
even though=even if 即使、雖然、盡管
be pleased with 對…感到滿意
be covered with 被…覆蓋
be expected to do sth. 被期望做某事
be proud of 以…自豪
speak highly of 稱贊
be afraid of 害怕
hear of 聽說
hear from sb.收到某人的來信
of course=certainly 當然可以
plenty of= a lot of=lots of 許多