英語四級考試甘肅人民出版社寫作

A. 英語四級的題型

英語四級考試包括四個部分：寫作，聽力理解，閱讀理解，翻譯。全部題目按順序統一編號。

英語四級考試題型第一部分：寫作(Part Ⅴ：Writing)：共1題，考試時間30分鍾。要求考生寫出一篇100-120詞的短文，試卷上可能給出題目，或規定情景，或要求看圖作文，或給出段首句要求續寫;或給出關鍵詞要求寫成短文。

要求能夠正確表達思想，意義連貫，無重大語法錯誤。寫作的內容包括日常生活和一般常識。短文寫作部分的目的是測試學生運用英語書面表達思想的初步能力。

第二部分：聽力理解(Part 1：Listening Comprehension)：共30題，考試時間30分鍾。 聽力部分的每個問句後有約15秒的間隙，要求考生從試卷所給出的每題四個選擇項中選出一個最佳答案。錄音的語速為每分鍾約120詞，念一遍。

第三部分：閱讀理解(Part Ⅱ：Reading Comprehension)：共20題，考試時間40分。包含三個部分:

SectionA詞彙理解,有10題，根據文章後面給出的15個單詞填補文章里的10個空格，不能使用給出的單詞超過一次。

SectionB長篇閱讀，有10題，篇章後附有10個句子，每句一題。每句所含 的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出與每句所含信息相匹配的段落。有的段落可能對應兩題，有的段 落可能不對應任何一題。

SectionC仔細閱讀，有10題，兩篇文章，每篇文章後有5個問題或者未完成的聲明。題材廣泛，可以包括人物傳記、社會、文化、日常知識、科普常識等，但是所涉及的背景知識應能為學生所理解。閱讀理解部分的目的是測試學生通過閱讀獲取信息的能力，既要求准確，也要求有一定速度。

第四部分：翻譯(Part Ⅲ：Vocabulary and Structure)：共1題，考試時間30分鍾。段落漢譯英，翻譯內容涉及中國的歷史、文化、經濟、社會發展等。長度為140~160個 漢字。2英語四級各題型分值分布情況英語四級總分是710分。

B. 大學英語四級各作文類型寫作技巧

作文整體分類，不同作文類型不同對待

英語考試作文看起來每年都會出不同的題型，毫無章法可言，而事實上這其中卻是有共性的，通過總結歸類，我們發現英語考試的作文大體可以分為問題解決型、正反論型、圖表作文和書信作文這幾類。其中所謂的書信作文，無非就是在前三類的基礎上，套用信件的格式而已。而其他幾類作文也有自己固定的模式和套路，老師會再針對每種作文類型給出意見。

問題解決型作文三步曲

由字面意思來看，問題解決型顧名思義就是寬猛詢問考生針對這個問題或現象，你有什麼好的方式解決它，這類作文在寫作的時候要圍繞三個步驟來展開，首先是根據題目提出文章要討論的問題；其次，針對這個問題考生要分析它出現的原因以及帶來的後果；最後一步就是考生要提出解決問題的措施。這樣一篇問題解決型的作文就大功告成了。

正反論型作文由爭論得出自己的觀點

正反論型的作文在英語考試中是考查可能性的一種，這種作文寫作起來模式基本固定，通常是考生首先要提出題目給出的爭論，然後闡述針對這個爭論一方觀點是什麼；其次是闡述另一方不同的觀點；最後是要考生提出自己的慎畝橋觀點，然後全文就算完成了。

圖表作文提出問題或者預測趨勢

圖標類的作文一般是要考生看圖根據提示寫作文，並且要有自己的觀點，這類作文要注意不要偏離主題，考生在寫作時首先要簡單描述一下圖表給我們的直觀內容；其次要分析這個問題或現象出現的原因以及存在的後果；最後要提出一些解決措施或預測趨勢、影響也或者自己的觀點耐態等等。

C. 英語4級作文

12月四級考前秘押作文一：給老師打分 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Students』 Rating of Their Teachers。You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese.

1. 學生給老師打分已經普遍 2. 人們對其持不同態度 3. 我的看法

Students』 Rating of Their Teachers Nowadays, it has become as common in colleges and universities for students to grade teachers as for teachers to grade students. In some universities students』 rating has even become the only source of information on teaching effectiveness.. This, however, has caused great controversy. Some are in favor of the rating system, They hold that since students attend the teachers』 classes every day, they should have their opinion about their teachers』 effectiveness. Others, on the contrary, are strongly against it. They believe that there is much more to teaching than what is shown on students』 rating forms. Students should not be expected to judge whether the materials they use are up to date or how well the teacher knows about the subject. These judgments require professional knowledge, which is best left for the teachers』 colleagues. I think students』 rating of their teachers is necessary, but it should be concted in a way that can really shed meaningful light on teachers』 performance. Instead of rating the teachers』 knowledge on the subject, students should be asked to estimate what they have learned in a course, and to report on such things as a teacher』s ability to communicate with students, his or her relationship with students, and his or her ability to arouse students』 interest in the subject. 點評：越來越多的高校採取讓學生給老師打分的形式來了解教學反饋，並以此作為促進教學質量的有效手段。對此做法，管理部門及教學雙方褒貶不一，看法迥異。本預測題為校園生活熱議話題，值得關注。

12月四級考前秘押作文二：上課出勤率

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Attend Your Classes Regularly。You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese.

現在大學校園里，遲到、早退、曠課是常見的現象

保證學生的出勤率對大學教育的重要性

作為一個大學生應該怎樣做

Attend Your Classes Regularly

Nowadays it is a very common phenomenon that some university students are late for or even absent from classes. And still there are some students who slip out of the classroom before the class is over. Class attendance has become a thorny problem to both the students and teachers.

In fact, it is very important for the students to attend their classes regularly. First, it will ensure you to catch up with the teachers in your learning. That is very helpful to you if you want to do a good job in your study. Second, attending classes regularly is a way of showing respect to your teachers ,too. Your teachers will feel bad if the students do not attend their classes, which, in turn, will affect their teaching and be no good for the students. Third, attending classes regularly will help to form a good habit of punctuality, which is of great importance for the students to do a good job in the future.

Therefore, we university students should form the good habit of attending our classes regularly from now on. And some day we』ll benefit from it.

點評：2008年元月三日，中山大學博士發帖稱遭導師虐待;2008年元月四日，中國政法大學爆「楊帆門」事件;近幾年，中小學老師或打學生或猥褻學生、體罰學生等各類新聞不斷曝光，進而引發了師生關系的大討論。本預測題為四級考試傳統的問題解決型的寫作，與校園生活密切相關。

12月四級考前秘押作文三：和諧宿捨生活

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic On a Harmonious Dormitory Life. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1. 宿捨生活有時會出現不和諧的情況;

2. 一個和諧宿捨生活的必要性;

3. 如何創造和諧的宿捨生活。

On a Harmonious Dormitory Life

Dormitory life is an indispensable part of college life. But sometimes the harmony in the dormitory be disturbed in one way or another.

As is known to all, a harmonious dormitory life is important to college students and benefits all the members. On one hand, we can have a good rest and put our heart into study. On the other hand, we will have a good mood and enjoy being together.

There are several ways to create and maintain a harmonious dormitory life. Firstly, you have to evaluate your life-style and try to get rid of your dirty habits, if there are any. Secondly, when an annoying situation arises, you』ll just have to learn to tolerate each other and co-exist. Thirdly, you』ll have to share with each other and make good friends.

In conclusion, we should try our best to build a harmonious dormitory life for the sake of good study and good life.

點評：「和諧」成為我們當今社會詞頻概率最高用詞，就社會而言，倡導建立和諧社會;就家庭而言，提倡建設和諧家庭;就校園來講，則要建立和諧校園;和諧兩字似乎無所不在，大學生宿捨生活同樣需要和諧。本預測題與四級考試熱點密切相關，又為典型的校園生活主題，值得關注。

12月四級考前秘押作文四：大學的簡短介紹

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write A Brief Introction to the University. You should write at least 120 words according to the following guidelines:

假設你是一名學生志願者，要給來你們學校參觀的外國朋友介紹學校情況。內容應包括學校歷史、規模、教學現狀以及未來目標等。

A Brief Introction to the University

Distinguished guests,

Welcome to our university. Before you start to look around, allow me to give you a brief account of the school.

Founded in 1927, our university is one of this city』s earliest universities of liberal arts. It is staffed with an excellent faculty, and has a total enrollment of over 10,000 students. In the past years, it has turned out numerous well-qualified students and found its graates active in professions of all walks of life.

Since its establishment, the university has always steered itself toward the objective that its students have an overall healthy development. Not only does it provide the students with basic academic courses, but it manages to expose them to the up-to-date knowledge. Besides, students are free to participate in colorful campus activities and social practice, which are intended for broadening their mind and developing their potential talent.

Currently, both our faculty and students are making every effort to improve the quality of our ecation in the direction of a first-rate university. Thank you.

點評：近幾年，隨著我國順利加入世貿組織以及經濟全球化步伐的加快，許多國內高校紛紛與國外大學合作辦學，教育走向國際化成為人們關注的熱點，也是大學生門比較關心的熱點問題。本預測題為熱議校園生活話題，與2004年旅遊景點介紹2006年考查的名校校園開放如出一轍。

12月四級考前秘押作文四：大學的簡短介紹

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write A Brief Introction to the University. You should write at least 120 words according to the following guidelines:

假設你是一名學生志願者，要給來你們學校參觀的外國朋友介紹學校情況。內容應包括學校歷史、規模、教學現狀以及未來目標等。

A Brief Introction to the University

Distinguished guests,

Welcome to our university. Before you start to look around, allow me to give you a brief account of the school.

Founded in 1927, our university is one of this city』s earliest universities of liberal arts. It is staffed with an excellent faculty, and has a total enrollment of over 10,000 students. In the past years, it has turned out numerous well-qualified students and found its graates active in professions of all walks of life.

Since its establishment, the university has always steered itself toward the objective that its students have an overall healthy development. Not only does it provide the students with basic academic courses, but it manages to expose them to the up-to-date knowledge. Besides, students are free to participate in colorful campus activities and social practice, which are intended for broadening their mind and developing their potential talent.

Currently, both our faculty and students are making every effort to improve the quality of our ecation in the direction of a first-rate university. Thank you.

點評：近幾年，隨著我國順利加入世貿組織以及經濟全球化步伐的加快，許多國內高校紛紛與國外大學合作辦學，教育走向國際化成為人們關注的熱點，也是大學生門比較關心的熱點問題。本預測題為熱議校園生活話題，與2004年旅遊景點介紹2006年考查的名校校園開放如出一轍。

12月四級考前秘押作文六：大學里的生活

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Living alone or Living with Roommates? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese.

1. 有人認為大學里應獨自生活

2. 另一些認為大學里應與別人同住

3. 你的看法

Living alone or Living with Roommates

Nowadays, there has appeared a heated discussion among the college students as to whether they should live alone outside the campus or live together with other roommates in the students』 dormitory. Opinions are divided over the matter.

Those who are in favor of Living alone maintain that it is very convenient to live by themselves. They can enjoy absolute freedom in a room of their own. They can have their own timetable without disturbing others. They are also free to equip the room with a personal computer so that they can have easy access to the Internet.

But others argue that living with roommates has attractions of its own. With several students sharing the same room, each person』s experiences can be greatly enriched. They can learn a lot from talking to one another. By learning to tolerate the differences between indivials, they can become more mature.

As far as I』m concerned, I prefer to live with roommates because I love the feeling of belonging. Besides, it is a lot cheaper to live in a dorm than to rent a apartment outside the campus.

點評：本文與校園生活密切相關，也是近年來出現的現象，人們對此的看法各異，2003年後，四級作文考查加大了學校生活類題目的考查，因為這類題材不存在地域的差異，不同地域的同學都有話可說。本預測題即為校園生活類話題，與剛考完的四級作文話題類似，符合命題者出題思路，值得引起重視。

12月四級考前秘押作文七：手機用戶圖表

Direction: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic :Cell Phones .You should write no less than 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:

1. 描述上圖所示的手機用戶數的變化情況

2. 出現這種情況的原因

3. 對此現象作出評價

Cell Phones

As is shown in the chart, cell phones are becoming increasingly popular within China. In 1999, the number of cell phones in use was only 2 million, but in 2002, the number reaches 5 million. And in the year 2005, the number has suddenly soared to 9 million.

There are many factors contributing to this development. Firstly, a cell phone has no wires and can be carried everywhere easily. Secondly, a cell phone is something wonderful that we can have fun with news, games, music and chat through sending short messages. Thirdly, the drop in price and the simultaneous improvement in the functions have made it possible for an average person to make use of cell phone.

The wide use of cell phones has make them more and more indispensable in people』s daily life. The many functions of the cell phone have made certain people reluctant to separate themselves from their cell phone.

點評：隨著我國經濟的快速發展，人民的生活水平不斷改善，通訊業的日新月異的發展，使得手機使用普及化，成為人們日常生活的必需品，對此的利弊人們看法各異。本預測題為熱點話題，同樣是年輕人較熟悉和經常討論的話題，值得關注。

12月四級考前秘押作文八：廣告

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic

Advertisement. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1. 廣告的作用

2. 廣告的形式多樣

3. 廣告的誇張性。

Advertisement

Advertisements are forcing their way into people』s lives. People refer to advertisements in their daily lives because they are consumers. The advertisers are usually manufacturers, retailers and salesmen. Their merchandise needs to be advertised to bring it to the attention to the customers. Thus nearly every proct is advertised in some way. To a large extent, good advertising leads to success while bad advertising can mean failure.

There are many ways to advertise and 『ads』 come in different forms. Newspapers carry advertisements. Some procts are publicized on TV and radio which bring them into notice of a wide audience. Billboards also carry advertising. Advertising is a big instry now and many agencies have been set up to furnish a variety of forms..

However, advertising is not always truthful. A proct is often misrepresented. The advertiser exaggerates the benefits of the merchandise he wants to sell. Thus, he misrepresents the truth. The consumer falls victim to such advertising. Millions of people have bought advertised procts and have been dissatisfied with them。

點評：這是一篇說明文，用說明的表達方式來解說事物，闡明事理。寫好說明文，不僅要抓住特徵，注意條理，而且要巧妙運用說明方法，像下定義、舉例子、作比較、分類別、列數字、打比方等

12月四級考前秘押作文九：寫給校長的信

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: A Letter to the President of the University about Improving the Sports Facilities on Campus. You should write no more than 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given below in Chinese:

假設你是李明，請你寫一封信給校長，建議改善本校體育設施狀況，內容應涉及體育設施對大學生的重要性，對目前學校體育設施的狀況可以表揚，可以提出批評建議，也可以兼而有之。

A Letter to the President of the University

Dear Mr. President,

I am writing this letter to you to express my concern about the sports facilities on campus. I have noticed that our university has very limited resources in terms of opportunities to participate in sports, especially given that the number of students on campus is increasing every year.

As we both know, sports are very important for the sound growth of young people. If they have access to quality sports facilities, young people are able to choose a healthier lifestyle, to boost self-esteem and confidence, and to build a positive outlook and sense of achievement.

My proposal is to build a new sports area. It should be designed with soccer players, basketball players, and ping-pong players in mind. It should have a different section for each activity and be available to students all year round. I believe such facilities will meet our sporting needs.

Thank you for your reading this letter.

Yours faithfully,

Li Ming

點評：本預測題模擬度頗高，為校園生活話題，與在校大學生日常生活密切相關，是最近幾年側重考查的題材。2002年1月考查了就本校食堂狀況給校長寫一封信。

12月四級考前秘押作文十：博客

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Blog. You should write at least 120 words based on the chart and outline given below:

下圖是2007年1-10月中國博客服務人均月度有效瀏覽時間及增長率，描述變化，說明原因。

Blog

This histogram shows the number of people using blog services from January to October in 2007. From it we can see that the number of users increased monthly from January to August, except February. After two peak months, July and August, the number dropped slightly in September, while in October it picked up again.

Possible reasons for these changes are first, in February Chinese people celebrated the most important festival——Chinese New Year. This means more people spent more time with their families and friends, and therefore they didn』t have as much time for surfing online. Secondly, college students are the main users of blog services. While in July and August，they had summer holidays, which enabled them to have more spare time reading and writing blogs. Thirdly, with improvements of blog services and the influence of some 「star bloggers」, most of whom are celebrities, blogs are becoming an important way for people to express themselves and communicate with others. So more and more people are starting to use these services, which help explain the overall increase shown here.

點評：這是一篇圖表題。 可以看出，整體呈增長趨勢。但是，二月和九月有所下降。所以，分析的時候要照顧各個方面。

D. 英語四級作文的寫作步驟

英語四級作文的寫作步驟

在平凡的學習、工作、生活中，大家都經常看到作文的身影吧，藉助作文人們可以反映客觀事物、表達思想感情、傳遞知識信息。那麼，怎麼去寫作文呢？下面是我幫大家整理的英語四級作文的寫作步驟，歡迎閱讀與收藏。

一、審題立意（2—3分鍾）

（1）理解題目的基本要求。確定文體（是議論文、應用文還是其他文體）和寫作內容（是解釋現象還是講道理）。並確定題目所給要點之間的邏輯關系。

（2）確定文章的主題。分析題目所給大綱各項的關鍵詞、中心詞，把與主題相關的信息及事實排序，從不同角度採用不同方法進一步討論主題。

例1[2011/06]

[分析]這篇說明文圍繞「網L購物」這一主題展開，包括好處和問題兩個層面。每個層面都包括多個點。不可能涵蓋全部，關鍵是選擇最重要的兩三個方面加以發揮。

二、擬寫提綱（3——5分鍾）

審題之後進入寫作的第二步，擬寫提綱，確定文章的段落結構。一般來說，四、六級作文題目通常會列出由二三個要點組成的中文提綱。如果題目給出三個要點，可直接按照題目所給要點將作文寫成三段，每一個要點即是一個段落的主題句。如果題目只給出兩個要點。要先將其適當擴充成三個要點，再擬寫提綱。使文章結構完整。

確定主題句是保證文章不偏題不跑題得及格分8分的前提。寫主題句最保險的方法就是把題目所給的中文提綱直接譯成英語，如果給出的是英語提綱，也可以把它擴充成主題句。也可以把主題句假設為問句。然後列出要點作答。

例2[2012/06]

[分析]從表面E看。提綱有三點，第一段對現象進行描述，第二段分析產生現象的原因。第三段提出個人看法。因此，具體的段落結構應該如下：（1）（描述現象）提出問題。介紹許多商品存在過度包裝的現象。

（2）（分析原因）從幾個方面分析導致過度現象可能產生的原因。如廠家和商家認為過度包裝可以吸引潛在顧客，刺激其消費慾望，缺乏相應的法律法規等等。

（3）（總結觀點）提出自己的觀點、建議或方法，如人們應意識到理性的消費觀念和節約資源的重要性。

三、撰寫文章（20分鍾）

擬好提綱。接下來就是撰寫文章。應以提綱為指導。整體布局，合理分配篇幅比例。一般而言，閱卷老師認可的比較好的比例大致是：

開頭：3句以內，佔全文篇幅的15%一20%；

中問：8—10句。佔全文篇幅的60% 70%；

結尾：2—3句，佔全文篇幅的15%一20%。

雖然四級作文要求至少120詞，但最好能寫到150個詞左右，才能使文章顯得充實，不單薄。也能基本把思想表達清楚，但不要超過180個詞。一般而言，以每句平均10個詞計算，一篇四級作文最好寫出15個句子。按照以上篇幅分配，在寫作的過程中不用停下來清點字數，只需寫出至少12—15句就好了。

此外，還要注意語言表達的'正確性和流暢性，並利用句子、段落寫作方面的技巧，力求文章切題達意，內容連貫。

四、修改潤色（2—3分鍾）

在實際考試中，由於時問關系，修改的重點主要集中在語法層面。如標點符號、大小寫及單詞拼寫是否有誤；人稱、時態和數的一致；名詞單復數、代詞及指代關系是否一致；所用詞的詞性是否正確，句子是否完整，用詞是否恰當等等。

【拓展內容】

英語四級作文常見短語

burn out 燒光，燒毀的內部；熄滅

burn up 燒掉，燒毀；燒起來，旺起來；發怒

by accident 偶然

on account of 因為，由於，為了的緣故

in addition 另外，加之

in addition to 除之外

on business 因公，因事

in any case 無論如何，不管怎樣

in case of 假如，如果發生；防備

in case 假使，以防

in no case 決不，無論如何不

by chance 偶然，碰巧

in charge 負責，管理

round the clock 日夜不停地

in common 共用的，共有的

in conclusion 最後，總之

on condition 如果

in the air 流傳中

on average 通常，按平均值

on the basis of 根據，在的基礎上

at best 充其量，至多

for the better 好轉，向好的方向發展

on board 在船上

out of breath 喘不過氣來

in confidence 私下地，秘密地

in connection with 關於，與有關

E. 英語四級文章寫作基本理論與技巧

文章的寫作
1. 文章的基本要求
2. 文章的基本結構
3. 文章正文的擴展方法
4. 文章開始段和結尾段的寫法
5. 文章中的過渡本文來源:考試大網
1.2.1 文章的基本要求
文章是由段落組成的完整的語篇單位。雖然長度不一、字數不等。但文章一般具有以下共同的特點：
1） 論點明確一致；
2） 內容完整統一；
3） 論據詳實慎禪具體；
英語四級段落寫作基本理論與技巧
4） 銜接合理連貫；
5） 語言准確生動。
具體地說，一篇寫得好的文章應該擁有一個貫穿全文的主題思想（theme or central idea），能用大量、具體的材料對主題作比較充分的論證；還應該有開頭、發展部分和結尾，注重布局、銜接及文筆流暢恰當。
1.2.2 文章的基本結構
雖然段落和文章在長度上明顯不同,但段落卻素有「微型作文」之稱,其結構及寫作與文章有許多相似之處。請比較:
從上圖可見,段落和文章都是由三個主要部分組成的:開頭、擴展部分、結尾。只不過在段落中，作擴展句的部分在文章中成了正文部分各段落的主題句並得到了進一步充分的擴展和論述。無論是段落還是文章,所有的內容必須是圍繞一個主題以求得全面、完整和統一,同時必須注重連貫性。
1.2.3 文章正文的擴展方法
文章正文的擴展方法與前面談到的段落的展開方法相似，主要有列舉法、舉例法、因果法、比較對照法、分類法、定義法、時間順序法和空間順序法等。段落的結構和寫作方法基本可以用於文章和寫作之中，這里就不再一一贅述。
1.2.4 開始段的寫法來源：考試大
大學英語作文通常由三個段落組成。由於字數有限，一篇文章基本上頭、尾段短，中間段長。文章的開頭雖短，但舉足輕重，是文章成敗的關鍵。開始段（Opening Paragraph）的目的在於提示主題，即引出文章要討論的核心問題，從而起到統領全文的作用。因此，開始段要達到兩個目的：一是抓住讀者的興趣及注意力；二是陳述文章主題、介紹相關背景並引導正文內容。
文章的開篇方法多種多樣，大家必須根據文章的題材、體裁、讀者等來加以選擇。這里介紹四種常用的開篇方法：
1） 開門見山,直入主題
開始段可用簡潔的語言直陳主題思想，既可以吸引讀者的注意力，又可以避免跑題。例如：
主題：Euthanasia（安樂死）
It has been said that euthanasia is quietly being practiced in some urban areas of China, despite a lack of legal protection for the death option. In my opinion, it is right to exercise mercy killing.
該段第一句引入安樂死這一討論的主題，第二句接著直接陳述作者對安樂死的看法寬返塵。從這個開始段不難看出，全文將闡述「為什麼實行安樂死是對的」。
2） 以問句形式開頭,點明主題世液
文章的開頭還可用設問的方式點明主題，提示全文內容，激發讀者讀下去，探個究竟。例如：
主題：Water Shortage
China, a country blessed with a great number of rivers, has abundant water resources. However, China』s many cities are going thirsty.What has caused the shortage?
本段第一句說中國水資源豐富，第二句指出中國許多城市卻缺水，第三句提出了讀者心中的疑問：是什麼原因導致缺水呢？從而激發讀者的興趣，吸引讀者讀下去，尋找問題的答案。
3） 引用名言、諺語，點明主題
開始段還可以巧妙引用與主題相關的名言、常用習語、諺語、格言等，既可增強文章的感染力，也可點題或表明作者的觀點。例如：
主題：Honor（榮譽）
「We mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor.」
So ends the Declaration of Independence. The men who founded the United States had many differences, but they agreed on one thing: Honor. Two hundred years later we seem to have lost it.
該段引用《獨立宣言》的結束語（「我們謹以我們的生命、我們的命運和我們神聖的榮譽相互立誓」），很自然地引入「榮譽」這一討論的主題，同時也增強了文章的感染力。
4） 描寫共有經歷，引起共鳴本文來源:考試大網
開始段還可通過描寫與讀者共有的經歷，引起讀者的共鳴，增強說服力。例如：
主題：Daydreaming
「Daydreaming again, Barb? You』ll never amount to anything if you spend your time that way! Can』t you find something useful to do?」
Many youngsters have heard words like those from their parents. And until recently this hostile attitude towards daydreaming was the most common one. Daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time. Or it was considered an unhealthy escape from real life and its ties. But now some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming. Some think it may be a very healthy thing to do.
本段通過許多年經人常常從他們父母那聽到的話開頭，引出「白日做夢」這一主題，很容易引起讀者的共鳴，激發他們的興趣，同時又能增強了文章的說服力。
1.2.5 結尾段的寫法
結尾段（Concluding Paragraph）同開篇一樣重要。結尾段對全文要點進行概括總結、表達作者的目的，以求留給讀者一個深刻完整的印象，增強文章的效果。下面介紹四種常見的結尾方法：
1) 總結全文,得出結論本文來源:考試大網
結尾段可用總結全文的方式強調、概括全文的主要內容，加深讀者對全文的深刻了解與認識。例如：
主題：Physical exercise
In a word, I benefit a lot from doing physical exercise. I seldom get sick but feel vigorous even after a whole day』s work. I shall keep up doing physical exercise so as to live happily and fruitfully.
本段總結了全文，加深讀者對「體育鍛煉有益於健康」這一主題的認識。
2) 提出建議,號召行動,表達決心或展望未來
結尾段還可以在總結全文要點的基礎上，對文中所提的暫時無法解決或尚無定論的問題適當引申，或提出建議，號召別人採取行動，或展望未來。這種方法可以啟發讀者思考並予以鼓舞，有助於增強文章的感染力。例如：
主題：Generation gap來源：www.examda.com
In order to reconcile the differences, some forms of organization should be established to help the young and the old to exchange their ideas and strengthen their mutual understanding so as to bridge the gap.
該段就怎樣彌補代溝方面提出一些建議。
3) 建議與結論
文章的結尾常結合兩種寫法。有的先提出建議或解決辦法，再做結論。有的則先做出結論，再提出建議，例如：
主題：Shortage of natural resources（自然資源短缺）
The prolonged development of human society proves that population and economic and social progress eventually cannot be achieved without natural resources. To save the limited resources, we must take some measures to handle appropriately the relationship between the population and resources.
該段首先進行總結：人類社會持續的發展證明，如果沒有自然資源，人口的繁衍、經濟和社會的發展最終都是不可能的。
作者接著建議，為了節約有限的資源，我們必須採取一些措施，正確處理人口與資源的關系。
4) 提醒讀者事物的兩面性
文章的結尾還可以以轉折的形式，提醒讀者任何事物都有兩面性，從而認識到其不足或負面的影響。例如：
主題：Solar Energy（太陽能）
However, solar energy has its disadvantages. One is that it is still very expensive for widespread practical use. Besides, solar systems would not work in cloudy or rainy days as well as at night. But in sunny areas, solar energy could help solve the energy crisis.
該段指出了太陽能的兩個缺點：一、太貴；二、太陽能系統在陰雨天和晚上無法工作，從而讓人們更全面地了解太陽能。
值得注意的是，在指出某一事物的另一面時，不能用太多筆墨，否則會喧賓奪主，淡化主題思想。
1.2.6 文章中的過渡方法
一致性和連貫性是作文的兩個基本原則。而過渡是保持文章的一致性和連貫性的重要手段。過渡是指上下文之間的銜接與轉換，在寫作中起承上啟下的作用。過渡幫助讀者了解文章的條理和層次，沿著文章的思路由一個層次轉到另一個層次，由前一段過渡到下一段，以致感到全文連貫暢達，融會貫通。
文章中常用的過渡方法有三種：
（1） 用詞語過渡來源：考試大的美女我們
從一個句子過渡到另一個句子可以恰當地使用表示過渡的詞語。同樣，段落之間的過渡也可通過使用表示過渡的詞語。
例如：
To sum up, although undergoing risks can make you more experienced and enable you weather any crisis in life, it』s advisable to take only the rewarding risks whose opportunities far outweigh their risks.
作者用To sum up這一短語，從前面對冒險的討論過渡到總結全文，表明自己對冒險的看法。
（2） 用句子過渡
文章由一段內容轉入另一段內容，從一個層次轉換到另一個層次需用過渡句。用句子過渡主要有三種情況：
a. 通過設問或提示導入正文
這種過渡句通常在第一段的末尾，或在第二段的開頭。如Solutions to Test Anxiety 一文的第一段。
When taking an examination, many students tend to be worried and uneasy. Their minds cannot work as well as they usually do. As a result，they get low grades which do not show their real abilities. Then how to cope with such test anxiety?
最後一句是過渡句。作者用設問方式引導讀者轉入下一段的正題——「Solutions to test anxiety」。
b. 通過總結，引出結論本文來源:考試大網
這種過渡句通常位於最後一段的開頭。如Why Shanghai Enjoy Long Life Expectancy 一文的最後一段。
Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people』s life. Given a better environment, Shanghai people』s life expectancy would extend beyond 80.
作者在前面的段落中分析了上海人長壽的原因之後，用「Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people』s life.」作為過渡句，總結全文，並展望未來的前景。
c. 通過提示，轉入對比來源：考試大
說明文和議論文等從一個段落過渡到另一個段落，表示轉入與前段內容所闡述的問題相反，或者形成對比時，常在段首使用過渡句。這種過渡句需在句前用一個表示對比的過渡詞或者短語。如Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Abroad for Further studies一文中的一段：
Nevertheless, there will be some disadvantages of going abroad. For example, we have to suffer a lot from loneliness because of leaving family and friends, we must make great efforts to learn a new language, and we will spend a great deal of money.
作者用 「Nevertheless」 連接 「there will be some dis- advantages of going abroad.」這樣一個表示明顯轉折的過渡句，把文章自然地由上述「advantages of going abroad」轉到「dis- advantages」上，使文章上下文有機地聯系起來。
（3） 用段落過渡本文來源:考試大網
文章內容由一層意思轉入另一層意思的交接處，可以安排一個起承上啟下作用的過渡段落。如下面「Nuclear Energy」一文的過渡段。
This is an important effect of the coming of nuclear energy; yet, to my mind, it is not the most important. What is most important is that energy will be more evenly distributed in the future.
在這一段落中，「This is an important effect of the coming of nuclear energy」起著承上段的作用；而「What is most important is that energy will be more evenly distributed in the future」起著啟下段的作用。顯然，下一段將闡述如何合理分配能量問題。
好，下面我對這一講內容做一下小結。在這一講里，我主要談到了
1）段落的結構；2）段落的要求；3）段落的寫作步驟和發展方法；4）文章的基本要求；5）文章的基本結構；6）文章正文的擴展方法；7）文章的開始段和結尾段的寫法。
關於英語寫作的基本理論和技巧就介紹到這里，下面我們進行寫作練習。我將給大家一個作文題，請大家根據這一講的內容，在30分鍾內完成。大家在寫作的過程中要注意審題，考慮文章的結構、採用的擴展方法、開頭和結尾的方法及文章中的過渡方法等。下面，我們先來看一下題目要求。
練習一：大學英語四級考試寫作指導四方談
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic What Would Happen If There Were No Power in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence or part of the first sentence of each paragraph. Your part of the composition should be no less than 120 words, not including the words given.
What Would Happen If There Were No Power
1. Ever since early last century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life. ______________________________________________.
2. If there were no electric power，_________________________________, ____________________________________________________________.
3. Therefore, ___________________________________________________.
現在開始進行寫作練習。

F. 英語四級作文大概得多少分才能及格

英語四級卷面總分為710分，作文及翻譯各佔15%，也就是各106.5分，一般能達到90分以上。作文能按照考試要求，用詞准確，邏輯連貫，語法正確，那分值大概在滿分的85%左右，也就是90.5分左右。

英語四級總分：710分，由以下幾個部分組成：

一、英語四級作文：寫作部分佔整套試卷的15% =106.5分，在這部分你要達到63.9分為及格。

二、英語四級聽力派孫部分＝248.5分，聽力部分佔整套試題的35%，除聽力篇章外每個題都是7.1分。

三、英語四級閱讀理解35% =248.5分，閱讀部分佔整套試題的35%，選詞填空每題3.55分，其餘每題都是7.1分。

四、英語四級翻譯部分漢譯英15% 30分鍾＝106.5分。

四級考試的作文類型

1、中文提綱作文

通常提鍵羨彎綱作文都是給出三個提綱，每個提綱即是一段，正好符合四級作文「三段論」的布局，同學們可以根據提綱進行描述。例如：A、許多人考證書。B、其目的是什麼。但這種作文由於比較簡單，現在已經很少進行考查了。

2、素材評論作文

給出一段背景素材，讓考生表達對該段素材的看法。素材未必一定是某個事件，也有可能是引語評論作文，引用的內容可能是名人名言，也可能是生活中的諺語，讓考生評論其內在含義，並進行相應的文章寫作。

3、圖畫評論作文

根據給定的漫畫，通過觀察漫畫場景，對漫畫內容發表評論。這類作文一定要先對漫畫場景進行基本描述，然後通過其蘊含的哲理，對現象主旨進行提煉。

4、圖表評論作文

根據給定的某事件相關數據，進行數據分析，並對圖表中數據反映的直觀現象和深層含義進行評論。這類題稿悶同圖畫評論作文一樣，要先對圖表進行描述，然後再對內容進行探討和評論。

5、應用文

應用文考的比較多的是書信或電子郵件的書寫。六級考試作文中有要求考生寫求職信的題目，這類題目雖然考試幾率較低，但是同學們也一定要了解書信的格式。