琉璃面磚英語怎麼說及英文單詞
㈠ 求一篇關於陶瓷的英語的文章，要求，有中文翻譯。字數500.速度，滿足要求就給分，先到先得。
CiZao territory along the stream of ancient sites, more numerous, early in the 1950s, the Palace Museum ChenWanLi FengXianMing, Mr CiZao kiln for such had survey, Thereafter, xiamen university, quanzhou museum of human JiaoTongShi overseas JinJiangXian museums, museums, museums in fujian province as the unit of the researchers have done a lot of research work, and have tried to dig, local large specimens, found in the southern dynasty - 26. In January of this place, Tang and five six sites, 12 this song and yuan dynasties, Qing dynasty. This 7 The song and yuan dynasties, TongZiShan spider mountain sites, soil sites include the tail set this mountain sites, CiZao referred to as listed in the first batch of fujian, this unit of provincial level. In this mountain, song dynasty xikou retaining golden hill sites listed jinjiang municipal units of cultural relics protection.
CiZao kiln proct variety, the shape of diversity. The breed with life daily utensils for bulk, in addition to display device, building materials, etc. Life in the vessel is bowl, plate, lamp, disc, basin, bowls, wash, cans, cylinder, urn, pot, bottle, lamp, dishes, lamp, ZhiHu, water injection, army, must hold pillow etc, porcelain, Display device are furnace, sweet fume, vase, flowerpot, animals, plants and animals YanDi fractal model (such as lions, tigers, tortoise, toad, peach, etc), and other like such a piggy bank, waist, can artifacts, Building decoration materials, etc. Among them, huang painted iron army, the market, the decorative plate is green glair for export procts, dragon urn is the most local characteristics.
The CiZao kiln chinaware TaiZhi general grayish, particle TaiZhi thicker, dense enough. Also because of this, the porcelain clay glair place more womb a yellowish-white makeup. But generally only half glaze, was in no glaze. Glaze can be classified into five categories, namely green glair, sauce black glaze, huang, green and yellow green glair glaze. Green glair in bowls, disc, lamp, port, basin, caddy, pot, ZhiHu, army, lamp, holding furnace, sweet fume, etc in green glair color; add brown under Many in the dark glaze sauce bowl, the lamp, lamp, cans, pot, ZhiHu, water injection, furnace waist, such as, some of the light side or bowl, the mouth ShiQing glaze, along the sauce black glazed, Yellow green glair is in bottles, cans, army, hold, water injection, basin, plate, furnace, pillow, birds and animals eat model, Some for the yellow color glaze, green glair, green glair is much "silver" return, Some are yellow and green glair with n a device. Adornment gimmick, picking flowers, there MoYin, DiaoLou, glazing and coloured drawing or pattern, etc. Decoration pattern has flowers (Ephraim, chrysanthemum, peony flowers, tangle, flowers, etc.), the grass (grass), the melon leng, melons, chicken, and stroke, YunLei, string equipment.the grain, the cloud, water color and spread point, especially in the dragon grain.
In the jinjiang county annals "have" China township, take a focal porcelain kiln, and the earth open BoZi, cylinder, the size of the urn what genera, and give the foot." The records. Based on the field investigation and CiZao kiln relevant archaeological data, in Japan and the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Kenya, south east Asia, southeast Asia etc. Nation in the east and have CiZao kiln procts. In these countries, some of the museum, the museum collections often works, thus the kiln, CiZao kiln is an important area of export porcelain.
The army, bottle, ZhiHu, cans, disc is a song period of the main export procts. Among them, the army is dedicated to people in southeast Asia and the religious activities, "Dragon" proction since Ming dynastiy urn, follow, but also continuously domestic exports to southeast Asia. During the Ming and qing dynasties, CiZao to burn a daily ceramics, thick, with overseas Chinese still marketing of going abroad, porcelain making technology also spread throughout southeast, promote the development of local ceramic technology, such as the Philippines meters of land "neville" fires, CiZao WuXing overseas Chinese porcelain is taught. Until recently, still have many overseas Chinese in this camp, imparting ones.
CiZao kiln is China's southeastern coast, with the important export ceramic kilns, is a strong kiln of local characteristics and style of the kilns. Its location - near quanzhou harbor port, make its export condition is superior. At the same time, it is closely related to the rise in quanzhou port quanzhou in song and yuan dynasties, when the traffic and foreign trade reached its peak, is the development of CiZao kiln proction period of prosperity. Some of the CiZao kiln proct is specially designed for export and fire, such as army as may be to adapt to the southeast Asia and religious life of furnace burn CiZao artifacts, the procts implement class colorful, although is extensive, but it should be pointed out that special features, CiZao kiln unearthed some porcelain sculpture, deep eye high nose figure, vividly reflected quanzhou sea port of song and yuan dynasties "rise in birth million."
But CiZao ceramic in Ming dynasty, because when the glazed procts mainly of extinction, cylinder, pot, cans, disc, proction and sale of demand, narrow. How to position yourself? ChongZou ancestors certainly not, then the path of people are turning to architectural ceramics. In 1979, CiZao WuJinShi people, through many thousands of practice in the ancient kiln burned modern glazed pottery. Since the start CiZao on real significance of ceramic enterprise, the development of extraordinary scale.
After more than ten years of development, CiZao town as the five big building ceramic proction base, become one of national xinghuo regional ceramic materials pillar instrial technology innovation, national ceramics instry in fujian province, the demonstration base of science and technology, and has ShiFanZhen ceramic group, advanced kiln proction line 15 more than 300. Output value over 100 million yuan of enterprise group has 6, the value of the enterprise has super million, the building materials CiZao 159 procts sold throughout the country, the exterior wall tiles yield an equivalent to two thirds of the proction. Almost the glazed tiles. CiZao town by an unknown technocrat rural town has become MinDongNa economic hub. For many years in fujian province and comprehensive economic strength strong town. June 2000, Chinese sanitary ceramics association awarded "China ceramic town" honorary title.
磁灶境內古窯址多沿溪分布，數量眾多，早在二十世紀五十年代，故宮博物院陳萬里，馮先銘等先生就對磁灶窯進行過調查；其後，廈門大學人類博物館、泉州海外交通史博物館、福建省博物館、晉江縣博物館等單位的研究人員均對其進行了大量的調查工作，並進行過局部試掘，採集到大量標本，發現了南朝至清代的二十六處窯址。其中南朝窯址1處；唐、五代窯址6處；宋元時期窯址12處；清代窯址7處。宋元時期的蜘蛛山窯址、童子山窯址、土尾庵窯址、大坪山窯址統稱為磁灶窯址，列為福建省第一批省級文物單位。南朝溪口山窯址、宋代金交椅山窯址列為晉江市級文物保護單位.
磁灶窯產品品種繁多，器形多樣。其品種以生活日用器皿為大宗，此外還有陳設器、建築材料等。生活日用器皿中有碗、盤、盞、碟、盆、缽、洗、罐、缸、瓮、壺、瓶、燈、盂、盞托、執壺、水注、軍持、急須、瓷枕等；陳設器則有爐，香熏、花瓶、花盆、動物形硯滴、動植物模型（如獅、虎、龜、蟾蜍、壽桃、力士像等），以及其它如腰鼓、撲滿、鳥食罐等器物；建築材料有裝飾板等。其中，黃釉鐵繪花紋大盤、軍持、青釉碟是專供外銷的產品，龍瓮是最具地方特色的。
磁灶窯瓷器的胎質一般呈灰色，顆粒較粗，胎質不夠緻密。也正因為此，瓷器胎土施釉處多上一層黃白色化妝土。但一般僅施半釉，器內無釉。釉可分為五大類，即青釉、醬黑釉、黃釉、綠釉與黃綠釉。青釉多見於碗、碟、盞、缽、盆、小罐、壺、執壺、軍持、燈、爐、香熏等器物，有的還在青釉下添加褐彩；醬黑釉多施於碗、盞、盞托、罐、壺、執壺、水注、爐、腰鼓等器物，有的如碗、盞里側或口沿施青釉，外施醬黑釉；黃綠釉則見於瓶、壺、罐、軍持、水注、盆、盤、爐、枕、鳥食罐及動植物模型等；有的為單色的黃釉、綠釉，綠釉器多有「返銀」現象；有的則黃、綠釉同施一器。裝飾手法有刻劃、剔花、模印、雕鏤、施釉及彩繪等。裝飾紋樣有花卉（蓮、菊、牡丹、纏枝花、折枝花等）、草葉（卷草）、瓜棱、瓜、鳳，以及篦劃、雲雷、弦紋、卷雲、水波及點彩、文字等，其中尤以龍紋最具特色。
在《晉江縣志》中就有「瓷器出瓷灶鄉，取地土開窯，燒大小缽子、缸、瓮之屬，甚饒足，並過洋。」的記載。通過對磁灶窯的實地調查和有關考古資料證實，歷年來日本、菲律賓、印度尼西亞、馬來西亞、新加坡、泰國、斯里蘭卡、肯亞等東亞、東南亞、南亞和東非國家中多有磁灶窯產品出土。在這些國家的一些博物館、美術館，常收藏有該窯作品，由此，證明磁灶窯是一處重要的外銷陶瓷產地。
軍持、瓶、執壺、罐、碟等是宋元時期大量外銷的主要產品。其中，軍持是專門適應東南亞人民進行宗教活動需要而燒制的；「龍瓮」的生產自宋明至今，沿襲不斷，除了內銷外還輸出到東南亞各國。明清時期，磁灶以燒制單一的日用粗陶為主，仍運銷海外，隨著華僑的大批出國，制瓷技術也傳播南洋各地，促進當地陶瓷工藝的發展，例如菲律賓米岸燒制的「文奈」瓷器，就是磁灶吳姓華僑傳授的。直到近代，仍有眾多華僑在海外操營此業，傳授技藝。
磁灶窯是我國東南沿海地區，以燒造外銷陶瓷為主的重要窯口，是具有濃量的地方特色和時代風格的民窯。它所處的地理位置---瀕臨泉州港口岸，使其外銷條件優越。同時，它與泉州港的興衰密切相關，當泉州在宋元時期對外交通和貿易達到鼎盛的時候，也正是磁灶窯生產發展昌盛的時期。磁灶窯的某些產品是專門為外銷而燒造的，如軍持等可能是為適應東南亞各地宗教性生活而接受的定燒器物，磁灶窯的產品器類豐富多彩，雖然比較粗放但卻頗具特色，特別應指出的，磁灶窯出土的一些瓷雕塑，深目高鼻的人物形象，生動地反映了泉州港宋元時期「漲海聲中萬國商」的景象。
但磁灶的陶瓷在明清之後，由於宋時釉彩等工藝的的失傳，產品主要以缸、壺、罐、碟為主，生產和銷路窄小，市場需求低。如何定位自己？重走祖輩們的老路肯定不行，於是人們把目光投向了建築陶瓷。1979年，磁灶人吳金世，歷經多次的實踐終於在千百年的古窯里燒出了現代的釉面磚。磁灶從此開始了真正意義上的跨越，建陶企業得到了超常規模的發展。
經過十幾年艱苦的發展,磁灶鎮作為全國5大建築陶瓷生產基地之一，成為國家級星火區域性陶瓷建材支柱產業區、國家級技術創新陶瓷工業示範基地、福建省第三批科技示範鎮，目前，擁有建陶集團15家，先進輥道窯生產線300多條。產值超億元的企業集團有6家，產值超千萬元的企業有159家，磁灶的建材產品暢銷全國各地，外牆磚產量一項就相當於全國產量的三分之二。琉璃瓦幾乎壟斷全國的市場。磁灶鎮由原來名不見經傳的鄉村小鎮一躍成為閩東南經濟重鎮。連續多年綜合經濟實力位居福建省10強鄉鎮前列。2000年6月，被中國建築衛生陶瓷協會授予「中國陶瓷重鎮」榮譽稱號。
㈡ 外灘的英語簡介
外灘位於上海市黃浦區的黃浦江畔，即外黃浦灘，為中國歷史文化街區。1844年起，外灘這一帶被劃為英國租界，成為上海十里洋場的真實寫照。
The Bund is located on the Bank of Huangpu River in Huangpu District, Shanghai, which is a historical and cultural block in China.
Since 1844, the Bund area has been designated as a British concession, which has become a true portrayal of Shanghai's ten mile market.
外灘全長1.5公里，南起延安東路，北至蘇州河上的外白渡橋，東面即黃浦江，西面是舊上海金融、外貿機構的集中地。
The Bund is 1.5 kilometers long, South Yanan East Road, north to Suzhou River on the outer white bridge, East is Huangpu River, the west is the old Shanghai financial and foreign trade organization's concentration.
上海辟為商埠以後，外國的銀行、商行、總會、報社開始在此雲集，外灘成為全國乃至遠東的金融中心。
After Shanghai became a commercial port, foreign banks, commercial banks, associations and newspapers began to gather here, and the Bund became the financial center of the whole country and even the Far East.
民國三十二年（1943年）8月，外灘隨交還上海公共租界於汪偽國民政府，結束長達百年的租界時期，於民國三十四年（1945年）擁有正式路名中山東一路。
In August of the thirty second year of the Republic of China (1943), the Bund was returned to the Shanghai public concession under the Wang puppet national government, ending the concession period of one hundred years.
In the thirty fourth year of the Republic of China (1945), the Bund had the official name of China Shandong first road.
外灘矗立著52幢風格迥異的古典復興大樓，素有外灘萬國建築博覽群之稱，是中國近現代重要史跡及代表性建築，上海的地標之一。
The Bund stands 52 classical Renaissance buildings with different styles, known as the Bund World Architecture Exhibition Group, which is an important historical and representative building in modern China and one of the landmarks in Shanghai.
外灘共有33座建築，一部分仍為一些單位機構徵用，比如民國十六年（1927年）建成的外灘13號海關大樓，仍然是上海海關的駐地；
外灘14號交通銀行大樓，是外灘最年輕的一座建築，民國三十七年（1948年）建成，中華人民共和國成立後一直由上海總工會使用。
另外一些則為各國銀行和保險公司的總部以及高級賓館，比如外灘1號亞細亞大樓，建於1913年；日清大樓，又名海運大樓，民國十四年（1925年）建成，原是日清洋行的建築；
匯豐銀行大樓，又名市府大樓，民國十四年（1925年）建造；英國總會，一層樓酒吧間的110.7英尺的酒吧櫃號稱東方最長，如今則是東風飯店；外灘19號匯中飯店大樓，今天為和平飯店；
外灘22號沙遜大廈，民國十八年（1929年）建成，是外灘上最高的建築，今天也屬於和平飯店。3號、6號、18號被整修開發為高檔消閑購物娛樂場所，為上海奢侈消費的坐標。
參考資料來源：網路——外灘
㈢ 關於瓷磚的外貿英語~~~在哪裡~~~
白雲土 dolomite
長石feldspar
瓷泥petunse, petuntse, petuntze
瓷漆enamel paint, enamel
封泥lute
高嶺土kaolin, china clay
硅石,二氧化硅silica, SiO2
堇青石cordierite
莫來石,紅柱石andalusite
泥果,坯體clay body 泥釉slip
石灰,生石灰,氧化鈣lime, calcium oxide,
氧化錫tin oxide
釉glaze
原材料raw material
雲母mica
皂石,塊滑石steatite
其它 Others
斑點 speck
半透明 translucence, translucency, translucent
不滲透的 nonporous
不透明的 opaque
茶葉罐 caddy
單色的 monochrome
鍍金 gild
多色的 polychrome
高白 high white, Gao
景德鎮 Jingdexhen, Ching-te-chen
景泰藍 cloisonné
絕緣子 insulator
琉璃瓦 glazed tile
模型、模特 model
模子 mould
耐熱 heat-proof
配方 formula
絲網印刷 silk screen printing
四面體 tetrahedral
搪瓷，琺琅 enamel
陶瓷的 ceramic
陶瓷專家，陶瓷藝術家 ceramist
陶工 potter
瓦 tile
碗 bowl
衛生潔具 sanitary ware
溫度 temperature
glaze 上釉,
stoneware 半瓷
微粉磚:double loading tiles
滲花磚:marble design tile
瓷質磚:porcelain tile
玻化磚:polished tiles;
梯級磚:stairs tile
腰線:border/wall decorative tiles
拋光磚 Polished tile
釉面磚 Glaze tile
仿古磚 Rustic tile
耐磨磚：porcelain tile OR unpolished
釉面 glaze layer 熔融於坯體表面的玻璃質緻密層。
正面 front surface磚體鋪貼後，可看到的表面。
背面 back surface 鋪貼時與牆面或地面相連接的表面。
側面 side surface 與正面和背面相連接的表面。
正面邊 front side edge正面與側面所交接的棱邊。
正面角 front side angle相鄰兩正面邊的夾角。
間隔凸緣 spacer lug 側面突起的用於控制鋪貼相鄰磚塊間的間隔距離的邊條（為施工耐特意製造的）。
可見面 visual surface設定衛生設備安裝後，觀察者容易看見的表面。