怎么用英语介绍加拿大
这是全面介绍加拿大的
外加了翻译:
Canada is the world's longest coastline in the country. The southern border with the United States, the 8,892-km-long border. Across the northern part of the sea with Russia. As the cold northern climate, only 12% of the land suitable for farming. Therefore, most of Canada's 30 million people live in a mild climate, a few hundred kilometers from the southern boundary of the strip of territory, especially with the United States bordering the lakes and St. Lawrence region, flat, fertile land and rich natural resources. Canada is the most densely populated, most concentrated in the instrial and agricultural areas. Canadian lakes. If Xiatianfei over Northern Ontario or Manitoba, you will see the water than on land, and countless large and small lakes. According to estimates, Canada has the world's seventh volume of fresh water. In addition to the lakes connected with the United States and Canada, there are also many rivers. Canada is a very rich amount of rain and snow in the country have access to adequate water, trees and crops. thus grow lush busy. And pomegranate, a dazzling Xuefeng scenery is world-renowned. Canada's forest cover to 44% of the nation's total area, after Russia and Brazil, ranking third in the world. Canada is rich in mineral resources, is a world apart from the United States and Russia, one of the biggest mines. Canada has five geographical regions. Is the eastern Atlantic regions, the central area, grassland, the west coast region and the northern areas. Eastern areas to fisheries, agriculture, forest, mining, etc.; The central provinces of Ontario and Quebec is the most densely populated areas, Canada accounted for three-quarters of the instry are located here. Savanna including Manitoba. Saskatchewan moderate Alberta province, where flat land is fertile and rich in energy resources. British west coast region, is a famous mountain and forest areas, timber, fruits, rich in marine resources and other assets; from the northern Yukon and Northwest Territories district composed abounds in oil, natural gas, gold, lead and zinc. History : the former residence of the Indians and Inuit. Into the 16th century, the British colonial government, and then he was ceded to Britain. 1867, the British Canadian province of New Brunswick as a joint federal and provincial Nuowasike homes. Britain became the first Dominion. Since then, other provinces are joining the Federation. 1926, the British recognized the increase of "equal status", plus the right to receive independent diplomacy. In 1931 and became member of the Commonwealth, the Board has agreed with the British Council equal legislative powers, but no constitutional amendment rights. 1982, Britain's Queen signed the "Constitution Act of Canada," Canadian Parliament was constitutional, the power of revising the constitution. Politics : 1867 federal Since then, progress by the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party in power rotation. 1993, the Liberal Party won the 35th federal parliament elections, as Prime Minister Jean Chretien. 1997,2000 election, the Liberal Party won consecutive Croatia sending you. In November 2003, Paul Martin was elected the new leader of the Liberal Party, in December, Chretien announced retirement. Prime Minister Martin successor. Martin came to power after the government health care, ecation innovation, and urban construction. enhance Canada's economic competitiveness and international status as a top priority. The Liberal Party government in March 2004 burst out corruption scandal, support rating was lowered to the lowest point in 10 years. June, plus the election, the Liberal Party, won re-election with Prime Minister Paul Martin.
翻译：
加拿大是世界上海岸线最长的国家。南部与美国接壤，国境线长达8892公里。北部隔海与俄罗斯相望。
由于北部的严寒气候，只有12%的土地适合耕种。因此，加拿大的三千万人口大多居住在气候温和，距离南部边界几百公里以内的狭长领土内，尤其是与美国接壤的湖群和圣劳伦斯地区，地势平坦、土地肥沃、物产丰富，是加拿大人口最稠密、工农业最集中的地区。
加拿大湖泊众多。如果在夏天飞过曼尼托巴或北安大略，你将看到水面多于陆地，大大小小的湖泊不计其数。据估测，加拿大拥有全世界七分之一的淡水量。除了与美国相连的五大湖，加拿大还有众多的河流。加拿大是一个雨雪量都非常丰富的国家，林木和农作物都能得到充分的水量，因而生长得茂密繁盛。而变化多端，光彩夺目的雪峰景色，更是举世闻名。
加拿大的森林覆盖面积为占全国总面积的44%，仅次于俄罗斯和巴西，居世界第三位。加拿大有丰富的矿藏，是世界上除美国和俄罗斯以外最大的产矿国之一。
加拿大有五大地理区。分别是东部大西洋区、中部区、草原区、西海岸地区和北部区。东部区以渔业、农业、森林、 采矿业等为主；中部的安大略和魁北克省是人口最密集的地区，占加拿大四分之三的制造业都位于这里；草原区包括曼尼托巴、萨斯喀彻温和阿尔伯达省，这里土地平坦肥沃，能源资源丰富。西海岸区是卑诗省，是著名的山区和森林区，木材、水果、海洋资产等资源丰富；北部区由育空和西北领地组成，盛产石油、天然气、金、铅和锌。
历史：原为印第安人与因纽特人居住地。16 世纪沦为法、英殖民地，后又被法割让给英国。1867年，英将加拿大省、新不伦瑞克省和诺瓦斯科舍省合并为一个联邦，成为英国最早的自治领。此后，其它省也陆续加入联邦。1926年，英国承认加的“平等地位”，加始获外交独立权。1931年，成为英联邦成员国，其议会也获得了同英议会平等的立法权，但仍无修宪权。1982年，英国女王签署《加拿大宪法法案》，加议会获得立宪、修宪的全部权力。
政治： 1867年建立联邦以来，基本上由自由党和进步保守党轮流执政。1993年，自由党在第35届联邦议会大选中获胜，克雷蒂安就任总理。1997、2000年大选中，自由党连续获胜，克蝉联执政。2003年11月，保罗·马丁当选自由党新领袖，12月，克雷蒂安宣布退休，马丁继任总理。马丁政府上台后将医疗保健、教育创新、加强城市建设、提升加经济竞争力和国际地位等列为施政重点。2004年3月自由党政府爆出腐败丑闻，支持率一度降至10年来最低点。6月，加举行大选，自由党再次获胜，马丁总理连任。
❷ 介绍加拿大的英语作文
1、Canada , located in the northernmost North America, is one of the commonwealth countries.
It is known as the "maple leaf country" reputation.
Its capital is Ottawa.The famous cities are Toronto, vancouver and so on.
Canada reaches the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Atlantic ocean in the east, and the arctic ocean in the north.
Canada is a highly developed capitalist country.
2、中文翻译
加拿大，位于北美洲最北端，英联邦国家之一，素有“枫叶之国”的美誉。首都是渥太华，著名城市有多伦多、温哥华等。加拿大西抵太平洋，东迄大西洋，北至北冰洋。加拿大是一个高度发达的资本主义国家。
(2)怎么用英语介绍加拿大扩展阅读:
官方语言有英语和法语两种，是典型的双语国家。 加拿大政治体制为联邦制和议会制君主立宪制，英王伊丽莎白二世为国家元首及国家象征，但无实际权力。
加拿大原为印第安人与因纽特人的居住地。16世纪后，英国和法国殖民者先后侵入；1763年沦为英国殖民地。1867年成为英国自治领。1926年英国承认其"平等地位"，获得外交独立权。
加拿大是八国集团、20国集团、北约、联合国、法语国家组织、世界贸易组织等国际组织的成员国。
参考资料：网络-加拿大
❸ 加拿大的英文介绍
1、Canada , located in the northernmost North America, is one of the commonwealth countries.
It is known as the "maple leaf country" reputation.
Its capital is Ottawa.The famous cities are Toronto, vancouver and so on.
Canada reaches the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Atlantic ocean in the east, and the arctic ocean in the north.
Canada is a highly developed capitalist country.
2、中文翻译
加拿大，位于北美洲最北端，英联邦国家之一，素有“枫叶之国”的美誉。首都是渥太华，著名城市有多伦多、温哥华等。加拿大西抵太平洋，东迄大西洋，北至北冰洋。加拿大是一个高度发达的资本主义国家。
(3)怎么用英语介绍加拿大扩展阅读:
官方语言有英语和法语两种，是典型的双语国家。 加拿大政治体制为联邦制和议会制君主立宪制，英王伊丽莎白二世为国家元首及国家象征，但无实际权力。
加拿大原为印第安人与因纽特人的居住地。16世纪后，英国和法国殖民者先后侵入；1763年沦为英国殖民地。1867年成为英国自治领。1926年英国承认其"平等地位"，获得外交独立权。
加拿大是八国集团、20国集团、北约、联合国、法语国家组织、世界贸易组织等国际组织的成员国。
参考资料：网络-加拿大
❹ 用英语介绍加拿大，中英互译，不要太难。
加拿大是北美洲最北的一个国家，西抵太平洋，东至大西洋，北到北冰洋，领土主张直到北极。加拿大东北方和丹麦领地格陵兰相望，东部和法属圣皮埃尔和密克隆群岛相望，南方及西北方与美国接壤，边界长达8892公里，为全世界最长不设防疆界。加拿大由十个省和三个地区组成，首都为渥太华。亦是每年世界最佳居住城市评选中，最多国内城市名列前茅的国家之一。就国土总面积来说，加拿大是世界上的第二大国（其中陆地面积为世界第四，仅次于俄罗斯、中国和美国），但是人口密度非常低，总共只有3,200万居民。加拿大是个具有现代化工业及科技水平的发达国家，能源资源充足，经济体制依靠自然资源。
英文：Canada is a country of North America in the north, west against the Atlantic, Pacific, east to the north into the arctic ocean, a territorial claim to until the arctic. Canada northeast Greenland and western territory and Denmark, east and method of holy Pierre and dense cloning islands facing with the United States, the south and west, northwest border 8892 kilometers long, the world is the longest undefended border. Canada by ten provinces and three areas composition, capital for Ottawa. Also is the world's best year living cities winners, most cities in China ranked one of the countries. Just land area for, Canada is the world's second largest country (including land area of the world, next only to Russia, China and the United States), but the population density is very low, lasted only 3,200 million inhabitants. Canada is a modern instrial and technological level with the developed countries, energy resources enough, economic system depends on natural resources.
❺ 用英语介绍加拿大
Canada is the world's longest coastline in the country. The southern border with the United States, the 8,892-km-long border. Across the northern part of the sea with Russia. As the cold northern climate, only 12% of the land suitable for farming. Therefore, most of Canada's 30 million people live in a mild climate, a few hundred kilometers from the southern boundary of the strip of territory, especially with the United States bordering the lakes and St. Lawrence region, flat, fertile land and rich natural resources. Canada is the most densely populated, most concentrated in the instrial and agricultural areas. Canadian lakes. If Xiatianfei over Northern Ontario or Manitoba, you will see the water than on land, and countless large and small lakes. According to estimates, Canada has the world's seventh volume of fresh water. In addition to the lakes connected with the United States and Canada, there are also many rivers. Canada is a very rich amount of rain and snow in the country have access to adequate water, trees and crops. thus grow lush busy. And pomegranate, a dazzling Xuefeng scenery is world-renowned. Canada's forest cover to 44% of the nation's total area, after Russia and Brazil, ranking third in the world. Canada is rich in mineral resources, is a world apart from the United States and Russia, one of the biggest mines. Canada has five geographical regions. Is the eastern Atlantic regions, the central area, grassland, the west coast region and the northern areas. Eastern areas to fisheries, agriculture, forest, mining, etc.; The central provinces of Ontario and Quebec is the most densely populated areas, Canada accounted for three-quarters of the instry are located here. Savanna including Manitoba. Saskatchewan moderate Alberta province, where flat land is fertile and rich in energy resources. British west coast region, is a famous mountain and forest areas, timber, fruits, rich in marine resources and other assets; from the northern Yukon and Northwest Territories district composed abounds in oil, natural gas, gold, lead and zinc. History : the former residence of the Indians and Inuit. Into the 16th century, the British colonial government, and then he was ceded to Britain. 1867, the British Canadian province of New Brunswick as a joint federal and provincial Nuowasike homes. Britain became the first Dominion. Since then, other provinces are joining the Federation. 1926, the British recognized the increase of "equal status", plus the right to receive independent diplomacy. In 1931 and became member of the Commonwealth, the Board has agreed with the British Council equal legislative powers, but no constitutional amendment rights. 1982, Britain's Queen signed the "Constitution Act of Canada," Canadian Parliament was constitutional, the power of revising the constitution. Politics : 1867 federal Since then, progress by the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party in power rotation. 1993, the Liberal Party won the 35th federal parliament elections, as Prime Minister Jean Chretien. 1997,2000 election, the Liberal Party won consecutive Croatia sending you. In November 2003, Paul Martin was elected the new leader of the Liberal Party, in December, Chretien announced retirement. Prime Minister Martin successor. Martin came to power after the government health care, ecation innovation, and urban construction. enhance Canada's economic competitiveness and international status as a top priority. The Liberal Party government in March 2004 burst out corruption scandal, support rating was lowered to the lowest point in 10 years. June, plus the election, the Liberal Party, won re-election with Prime Minister Paul Martin.
翻译：
加拿大是世界上海岸线最长的国家。南部与美国接壤，国境线长达8892公里。北部隔海与俄罗斯相望。
由于北部的严寒气候，只有12%的土地适合耕种。因此，加拿大的三千万人口大多居住在气候温和，距离南部边界几百公里以内的狭长领土内，尤其是与美国接壤的湖群和圣劳伦斯地区，地势平坦、土地肥沃、物产丰富，是加拿大人口最稠密、工农业最集中的地区。
加拿大湖泊众多。如果在夏天飞过曼尼托巴或北安大略，你将看到水面多于陆地，大大小小的湖泊不计其数。据估测，加拿大拥有全世界七分之一的淡水量。除了与美国相连的五大湖，加拿大还有众多的河流。加拿大是一个雨雪量都非常丰富的国家，林木和农作物都能得到充分的水量，因而生长得茂密繁盛。而变化多端，光彩夺目的雪峰景色，更是举世闻名。
加拿大的森林覆盖面积为占全国总面积的44%，仅次于俄罗斯和巴西，居世界第三位。加拿大有丰富的矿藏，是世界上除美国和俄罗斯以外最大的产矿国之一。
加拿大有五大地理区。分别是东部大西洋区、中部区、草原区、西海岸地区和北部区。东部区以渔业、农业、森林、 采矿业等为主；中部的安大略和魁北克省是人口最密集的地区，占加拿大四分之三的制造业都位于这里；草原区包括曼尼托巴、萨斯喀彻温和阿尔伯达省，这里土地平坦肥沃，能源资源丰富。西海岸区是卑诗省，是著名的山区和森林区，木材、水果、海洋资产等资源丰富；北部区由育空和西北领地组成，盛产石油、天然气、金、铅和锌。
历史：原为印第安人与因纽特人居住地。16 世纪沦为法、英殖民地，后又被法割让给英国。1867年，英将加拿大省、新不伦瑞克省和诺瓦斯科舍省合并为一个联邦，成为英国最早的自治领。此后，其它省也陆续加入联邦。1926年，英国承认加的“平等地位”，加始获外交独立权。1931年，成为英联邦成员国，其议会也获得了同英议会平等的立法权，但仍无修宪权。1982年，英国女王签署《加拿大宪法法案》，加议会获得立宪、修宪的全部权力。
政治： 1867年建立联邦以来，基本上由自由党和进步保守党轮流执政。1993年，自由党在第35届联邦议会大选中获胜，克雷蒂安就任总理。1997、2000年大选中，自由党连续获胜，克蝉联执政。2003年11月，保罗·马丁当选自由党新领袖，12月，克雷蒂安宣布退休，马丁继任总理。马丁政府上台后将医疗保健、教育创新、加强城市建设、提升加经济竞争力和国际地位等列为施政重点。2004年3月自由党政府爆出腐败丑闻，支持率一度降至10年来最低点。6月，加举行大选，自由党再次获胜，马丁总理连任。
bec.
❻ 加拿大的英文简介
Canada (English/French: Canada), located in the northernmost part of North America, is one of the Commonwealth countries. It is known as the "Maple Leaf Country" and its capital is Ottawa.
加拿大（英语/法语：），位于北美洲最北端，英联邦国家之一，素有“枫叶之国”的美誉，首都是渥太华。
The Canadian political system is federalism and parliamentary monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom is the head of state and national symbol, and appoints the Queen Governor to be stationed.
加拿大政治体制为联邦制和议会制君主立宪制，英国女王伊丽莎白二世为国家元首及国家象征，并任命女王总督派驻。
Canada was originally the home of Indians and Inuits. After the 16th century, British and French colonists invaded successively, and became British colonies in 1763. It became a British dominion in 1867. In 1926, Britain recognized its "equal status" and gained diplomatic independence.
加拿大原为印第安人与因纽特人的居住地。16世纪后，英国和法国殖民者先后侵入；1763年沦为英国殖民地。1867年成为英国自治领。1926年英国承认其"平等地位"，获得外交独立权。
In 1931, it became a member of the Commonwealth, and its Parliament also gained the same legislative power as the British Parliament. In 1982, the Queen of England signed the Canadian Constitution Act, and the Canadian Parliament gained the full rights of constitutionalism and constitutional amendment.
1931年成为英联邦成员国，其议会也获得了同英国议会同等的立法权，1982年，英国女王签署《加拿大宪法法案》，加拿大议会获得立宪、修宪的全部权利。
(6)怎么用英语介绍加拿大扩展阅读
Canada来自于圣劳伦斯易洛魁语中的Kanata一词，意思解作“村”或“聚居地”。1535年，居住在现今魁北克市的原住民将法国探险者雅克·卡蒂埃带到斯塔达科纳，并称该地为Kanata。后来雅克·卡蒂埃便用Canada指多纳科纳（即斯塔达科纳的首领）统治的地区。1545年，欧洲的书籍和地图都开始用Canada代表这片区域。
在17世纪和18世纪早期，Canada指新法兰西的圣劳伦斯河流域的地区。为了应对十三个殖民地居民的反英活动，英国政府在1774年颁布魁北克法案，这法案把加拿大的范围扩展至五大湖南部的地区，远及俄亥俄河。
这些土地大部分在1783年被移交给新生的美国，但五大湖以北的土地，即现今安大略省的大部分地区，被英国保留下来。在新法兰西被英国占领后，加拿大被分为两部分，即上加拿大和下加拿大。1841年，上下加拿大又合并为加拿大省。
1867年，加拿大省与新不伦瑞克和新斯科舍组成加拿大自治领。随着加拿大逐渐脱离英国，其政府也逐渐在官方文件和条约中使用加拿大这一简称。1982年，加拿大国庆日的官方名称从自治领日改为加拿大日
❼ 用英文介绍加拿大的montreal
Montreal (Montreal) is located in Ottawa River and the St. Lawrence River junction, the French established a colony in 1642, is Canada's pre-70s of the 20th century the largest city, is now the second largest city in Canada, Quebec's largest city. Montreal was originally known as the "City of Mary" (Ville-Marie), some historians believe that Montreal is the city from Mount Royal (Royal Mountain). The city is a typical Anglo-French bilingual city. Because the city's Gothic cathedral language the majority population, reflecting a unique French culture, is considered North America's "romantic."
Montreal is a thriving international metropolis, but also Canada's oldest city, has a strong Latin flavor.蒙特利尔（Montreal）坐落于加拿大渥太华河和圣劳伦斯河交汇处，是法国于1642年建立的殖民地，是加拿大20世纪70年代前的最大城市，现在是加拿大第二大城市、魁北克省最大城市。蒙特利尔最初被称为“玛利亚城”（Ville-Marie），一些历史学家认为蒙特利尔现在的市名来自Mount Royal（皇家山）。该市是典型的英法双语城市。因为全市的哥特式教堂语居民占多数，体现出独特的法国文化底蕴，被认为是北美的“浪漫之都”。蒙特利尔是一个繁荣的国际大都市，同时也是是加拿大历史最悠久的城市，具有浓郁的拉丁气息。
❽ 加拿大的简介（英语）
政府
加拿大是采用联邦形式的民主政府，多个不同政治团体由同一个政府领导，以实现版共同的目标。此外，加权拿大还根据每个地区的特殊需要划分地区政府。这种政体考虑了加拿大的地理情况、文化社区的多样性以及两种法律和语言体系的传统。
加拿大设有三级政府：联邦政府、省和地区政府以及市政府（地方或地区）。
在联邦结构体系中，普选官员 – 由总理领导的部长内阁组成主要的决策机构。联邦政府通过与其他普选官员、省和市代表以及加拿大全体公民协商，领导国家的民主施政体系。
加拿大政府的主要作用是确保和支持国家的经济效益。其它职责包括国防、省际和国际商贸、移民、银行和货币体系、刑法和渔业。联邦政府还负责监管航空、海运、铁路、电信和原子能行业等。
省和地区政府的组织结构与联邦政府结构相似，负责教育、财产和民权、司法管理、医院体系、区域内自然资源、社会安全、健康以及市政机构等事务。
最近，联邦政府已开始将某些项目和服务的更重大的职责移交给省政府。所涉及的领域包括劳动力市场培训以及矿业和林业开发等。
地方和地区政府在教育、土地开发、当地商业法规以及市民和文化活动等领域发挥重要的作用。在全国范围内，地方和地区政府的结构不尽相同。
❾ 怎么用英语介绍加拿大的饮食
包君健康 keep you fit all the time
包装新颖美观 fashionable and attractive packages
保证质量 quality and quantity assured
产销历史悠久 have a long history in proction and marketing
驰名中外 popular both at home and abroad
穿着舒适轻便 comfortable and easy to wear
工艺精良 sophisticated technologies
规格齐全 a complete range of specifications; complete in specifications
赶超世界先进水平 catch up with and surpass advanced world level
花色繁多 a wide selection of colours and designs
花色新颖品种多样 fashionable styles, rich varieties
货源充足 sufficient supplies; ample supply
久负盛名 with a long standing reputation
交货及时 timely delivery guaranteed
价格公道 reasonable price
技艺精湛 fine craftsmanship
经济耐用 economy and rability
具有中国风味 possess Chinese flavours
居同类产品之首 rank first among similar procts
品质优良 excellent in quality
品种齐全 complete range of articles
款式多样 various styles(以上是一些短语的翻译)
对不起，只有介绍中国饮食的一些短语：
烧饼 clay oven rolls
油条 fried bread stick
水饺 boiled mplings
馒头 steamed buns
饭团 rice and vegetable roll
皮蛋 100-year egg
咸鸭蛋 salted ck egg
豆浆 soybean milk
饭 类
稀饭 rice porridge
白饭 plain white rice
糯米饭 glutinous rice
蛋炒饭 fried rice with egg
面 类
刀削面 sliced noodles
麻辣面 spicy hot noodles
乌龙面 seafood noodles
板条 flat noodles
榨菜肉丝面 pork , pickled mustard green noodles
米粉 rice noodles
汤 类
紫菜汤 seaweed soup
牡蛎汤 oyster soup
蛋花汤 egg & vegetable soup
鱼丸汤 fish ball soup
点 心
臭豆腐 stinky tofu (smelly tofu)
油豆腐 oily bean curd
虾球 shrimp balls
春卷 spring rolls
蛋卷 chicken rolls
肉丸 rice-meat mplings
火锅 hot pot
还有一些介绍加拿大的短文：
Canada (pronounced ['kʰænədə] in English and [kanada] in French) is the world's second-largest country by total area, occupying most of northern North America. Extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, Canada shares land borders with the United States to the south and to the northwest.
Inhabited first by Aboriginal peoples, Canada was founded as a union of British and former French colonies. Canada gained independence from the United Kingdom in an incremental process that began in 1867 and ended in 1982; the Head of State, Queen Elizabeth II is also the Queen of the United Kingdom.
1.Canada is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy. It is divided into ten provinces and three territories. A bilingual and multicultural nation, Canada uses both English and French as official languages. A technologically advanced and instrialized nation, Canada maintains a diversified economy heavily reliant on trade--particularly with the United States, with which Canada has had a long and complex relationship--and abundant natural resources.
2. The French colony of Canada, New France, was set up along the Saint Lawrence River and the northern shores of the Great Lakes. Later, it was split into two British colonies, called Upper Canada and Lower Canada until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, the name Canada was officially adopted for the new dominion, which was referred to as the Dominion of Canada until the 1950s. As Canada increasingly acquired political authority and autonomy from Britain, the federal government increasingly simply used Canada on state documents and treaties. The Canada Act 1982 refers only to Canada and, as such, is currently the only legal (and bilingual) name. This was reflected again in 1982 with the renaming of the national holiday from Dominion Day to Canada Day.
对不起啊！实在没有介绍加拿大美食英语的~~~
❿ 谁知道怎样用英语介绍加拿大
Canada
Canada, independent nation (2001 pop. 30,007,094), 3,851,787 sq mi (9,976,128 sq km), N North America. Canada occupies all of North America N of the United States (and E of Alaska) except for Greenland and the French islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. It is bounded on the E by the Atlantic Ocean, on the N by the Arctic Ocean, and on the W by the Pacific Ocean and Alaska. A transcontinental border, formed in part by the Great Lakes, divides Canada from the United States; Nares and Davis straits separate Canada from Greenland. The Arctic Archipelago extends far into the Arctic Ocean.
Canada is a federation of 10 provinces—Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia—and three territories—Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, and the Yukon Territory. Canada's capital is Ottawa and its largest city is Toronto. Other important cities include Montreal, Vancouver, Edmonton, Calgary, Winnipeg, Hamilton, and Quebec.
Land
Canada has a very long and irregular coastline; Hudson Bay and the Gulf of St. Lawrence indent the east coast and the Inside Passage extends along the west coast. The ice-clogged straits between the islands of N Canada form the Northwest Passage. During the Ice Age all of Canada was covered by a continental ice sheet that scoured and depressed the land surface, leaving a covering of glacial drift, depositional landforms, and innumerable lakes and rivers. Aside from the Great Lakes, which are only partly in the country, the largest lakes of North America—Great Bear, Great Slave, and Winnipeg—are entirely in Canada. The St. Lawrence is the chief river of E Canada. The Saskatchewan, Nelson, Churchill, and Mackenzie river systems drain central Canada, and the Columbia, Fraser, and Yukon rivers drain the western part of the country.
Canada has a bowl-shaped geologic structure rimmed by highlands, with Hudson Bay at the lowest point. The country has eight major physiographic regions—the Canadian Shield, the Hudson Bay Lowlands, the Western Cordillera, the Interior Lowlands, the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands, the Appalachians, the Arctic Lowlands, and the Innuitians.
The exposed portions of the Canadian Shield cover more than half of Canada. This once-mountainous region, which contains the continent's oldest rocks, has been worn low by erosion over the millennia. Its upturned eastern edge is indented by fjords. The Shield is rich in minerals, especially iron and nickel, and in potential sources of hydroelectric power. In the center of the Shield are the Hudson Bay Lowlands, encompassing Hudson Bay and the surrounding marshy land.
The Western Cordillera, a geologically young mountain system parallel to the Pacific coast, is composed of a series of north-south tending ranges and valleys that form the highest and most rugged section of the country; Mt. Logan (19,551 ft/5,959 m) is the highest point in Canada. Part of this region is made up of the Rocky Mts. and the Coast Mts., which are separated by plateaus and basins. The islands off W Canada are partially submerged portions of the Coast Mts. The Western Cordillera is also rich in minerals and timber and potential sources of hydroelectric power.
Between the Rocky Mts. and the Canadian Shield are the Interior Lowlands, a vast region filled with sediment from the flanking higher lands. The Lowlands are divided into the prairies, the plains, and the Mackenzie Lowlands. The prairies are Canada's granary, while grazing is important on the plains.
The smallest and southernmost region is the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands, Canada's heartland. Dominated by the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, the region provides a natural corridor into central Canada, and the St. Lawrence Seaway gives the interior cities access to the Atlantic. This section, which is composed of gently rolling surface on sedimentary rocks, is the location of extensive farmlands, large instrial centers, and most of Canada's population. In SE Canada and on Newfoundland is the northern end of the Appalachian Mt. system, an old and geologically complex region with a generally low and rounded relief.
The Arctic Lowlands and the Innuitians are the most isolated areas of Canada and are barren and snow-covered for most of the year. The Arctic Lowlands comprise much of the Arctic Archipelago and contain sedimentary rocks that may have oil-bearing strata. In the extreme north, mainly on Ellesmere Island, is the Innuitian Mt. system, which rises to c.10,000 ft (3,050 m).
Canada's climate is influenced by latitude and topography. The Interior Lowlands make it possible for polar air masses to move south and for subtropical air masses to move north into Canada. Hudson Bay and the Great Lakes act to modify the climate locally. The Western Cordillera serves as a climatic barrier that prevents polar air masses from reaching the Pacific coast and blocks the moist Pacific winds from reaching into the interior. The Cordillera has a typical highland climate that varies with altitude; the western slopes receive abundant rainfall, and the whole region is forested. The Interior Lowlands are in the rain shadow of the Cordillera; the southern portion has a steppe climate in which grasses predominate. S Canada has a temperate climate, with snow in the winter (especially in the east) and cool summers. Farther to the north, extending to the timberline, is the humid subarctic climate characterized by short summers and a snow cover for about half the year. The huge boreal forest, the largest surviving remnant of the extensive forests that once covered much of North America, predominates in this region. On the Arctic Archipelago and the northern mainland is the tundra, with its mosses and lichen, permafrost, near-year-round snow cover, and ice fields. A noted phenomenon off the coast of E Canada is the persistence of dense fog, which is formed when the warm air over the Gulf Stream passes over the cold Labrador Current as the two currents meet off Newfoundland.
People
About 40% of the Canadian population are of British descent, while 27% are of French origin. Another 20% are of other European background, about 10% are of E or SE Asian origin, and some 3% are of aboriginal or Métis (mixed aboriginal and European) background. In the late 1990s, Canada had the highest immigration rate of any country in the world, with more than half the total coming from Asia. Over 75% of the total population live in cities. Canada has complete religious liberty, though its growing multiculturalism has at times caused tensions among ethnic and religious groups. About 45% of the people are Roman Catholics, while some 40% are Protestant (the largest groups being the United Church of Canada, Anglicans, and Presbyterians). English and French are the official languages, and federal documents are published in both languages. In 1991, about 61% of Canadians cited English as their mother tongue, while 24% cited French.
Economy
Since World War II the development of Canada's manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has led to the creation of an affluent society. Services now account for 66% of the GDP, while instry accounts for 31%. Tourism and financial services represent some of Canada's most important instries within the service sector. However, manufacturing is Canada's single most important economic activity. The leading procts are transportation equipment, pulp and paper, processed foods, chemicals, primary and fabricated metals, petroleum, electrical and electronic procts, wood procts, printed materials, machinery, clothing, and nonmetallic minerals. Instries are centered in Ontario, Quebec, and, to a lesser extent, British Columbia and Alberta. Canada's instries depend on the country's rich energy resources, which include hydroelectric power, petroleum, natural gas, coal, and uranium.
Canada is a leading mineral procer, although much of its mineral resources are difficult to reach e to permafrost. It is the world's largest source of nickel, zinc, and uranium, and a major source of lead, asbestos, gypsum, potash, tantalum, and cobalt. Other important mineral resources are petroleum, natural gas, copper, gold, iron ore, coal, silver, diamonds, molybdenum, and sulfur. The mineral wealth is located in many areas; some of the most proctive regions are Sudbury, Ont. (copper and nickel); Timmins, Ont. (lead, zinc, and silver); and Kimberley, British Columbia (lead, zinc, and silver). Petroleum and natural gas are found in Alberta and Saskatchewan.
Agriculture employs about 3% of the population and contributes a similar percentage of the GDP. The sources of the greatest farm income are livestock and dairy procts. Among the biggest income-earning crops are wheat, oats, barley, corn, and canola. Canada is one of the world's leading agricultural exporters, especially of wheat. Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta are the great grain-growing provinces, and, with Ontario, are also the leading sources of beef cattle. The main fruit-growing regions are found in Ontario, British Columbia, Quebec, and Nova Scotia. Apples and peaches are the principal fruits grown in Canada. More than half of the total land area is forest, and Canadian timber proction ranks among the highest in the world.
Fishing is an important economic activity in Canada. Cod and lobster from the Atlantic and salmon from the Pacific have been the principal catches, but the cod instry was halted in the mid-1990s e to overfishing. About 75% of the take is exported. The fur instry, once vitally important but no longer dominant in the nation's economy, is centered in Quebec and Ontario.
A major problem for Canada is that large segments of its economy—notably in manufacturing, petroleum, and mining—are controlled by foreign, especially U.S. interests. This deprives the nation of much of the profits of its instries and makes the economy vulnerable to developments outside Canada. This situation is mitigated somewhat by the fact that Canada itself is a large foreign investor. Since the free trade agreement with the United States (effective 1989), Canadian investment in U.S. border cities, such as Buffalo, N.Y., has increased dramatically.
The United States is by far Canada's leading trade partner, followed by Japan and Great Britain. Manufactured goods comprise the bulk of imports; crude petroleum and motor vehicles and parts rank high among both the nation's largest imports and exports. Other important exports are newsprint, lumber, wood pulp, wheat, machinery, aluminum, natural gas, hydroelectric power, and telecommunications equipment.
Government
Canada is an independent constitutional monarchy and a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The monarch of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is also the monarch of Canada and is represented in the country by the office of governor-general. The basic constitutional document is the Canada Act of 1982, which replaced the British North America Act of 1867 and gave Canada the right to amend its own constitution. The Canada Act, passed by Great Britain, made possible the Constitution Act, 1982, which was passed in Canada. The document includes a Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which guarantees the rights of women and native peoples and protects other civil liberties.
The Canadian federal government has authority in all matters not specifically reserved to the provincial governments. The provincial governments have power in the fields of property, civil rights, ecation, and local government. They may levy only direct taxes. The federal government may veto any provincial law. Power on the federal level is exercised by the Canadian Parliament and the cabinet of ministers, headed by the prime minister. (See the table entitled Canadian Prime Ministers since Confederation for a list of Canada's prime ministers.) Canada has an independent judiciary; the highest court is the Supreme Court, with nine members.
The Parliament has two houses: the Senate and the House of Commons. There are generally 104 senators, apportioned among the provinces and appointed by the governor-general upon the advice of the prime minister. Senators may serve until age 75; prior to 1965 they served for life. The 301 members of the House of Commons are elected, largely from single-member constituencies. Elections must be held at least every five years. The Commons may be dissolved and new elections held at the request of the prime minister. There are four main political parties: the Liberal party, the Conservative party (formed in 2003 by the merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative party), the Bloc Québécois (aligned with the Parti Québécois of Quebec), and the New Democratic party.
History
Early History and French-British Rivalry
Prior to the arrival of Europeans in Canada, the area was inhabited by various peoples who came from Asia via the Bering Strait more than 10,000 years ago. The Vikings landed in Canada c.A.D. 1000. Their arrival is described in Icelandic sagas and confirmed by archaeological discoveries in Newfoundland. John Cabot, sailing under English auspices, touched the east coast in 1497. In 1534, the Frenchman Jacques Cartier planted a cross on the Gaspé Peninsula. These and many other voyages to the Canadian coast were in search of a northwest passage to Asia. Subsequently, French-English rivalry dominated Canadian history until 1763.
The first permanent European settlement in Canada was founded in 1605 by the sieur de Monts and Samuel de Champlain at Port Royal (now Annapolis Royal, N.S.) in Acadia. A trading post was established in Quebec in 1608. Meanwhile the English, moving to support their claims under Cabot's discoveries, attacked Port Royal (1614) and captured Quebec (1629). However, the French regained Quebec (1632), and through the Company of New France (Company of One Hundred Associates), began to exploit the fur trade and establish new settlements. The French were primarily interested in fur trading. Between 1608 and 1640, fewer than 300 settlers arrived. The sparse French settlements sharply contrasted with the relatively dense English settlements along the Atlantic coast to the south. Under a policy initiated by Champlain, the French supported the Huron in their warfare against the Iroquois; later in the 17th cent., when the Iroquois crushed the Huron, the French colony came near extinction. Exploration, however, continued.
In 1663, the Company of New France was disbanded by the French government, and the colony was placed under the rule of a royal governor, an intendant, and a bishop. The power exercised by these authorities may be seen in the careers of Louis de Buade, comte de Frontenac, Jean Talon, and François Xavier de Laval, the first bishop of Quebec. There was, however, conflict between the rulers, especially over the treatment of the indigenous peoples—the bishop regarding them as potential converts, the governor as means of trade. Meanwhile, both missionaries, such as Jacques Marquette, and traders, such as Pierre Radisson and Médard Chouart des Groseilliers, were extending French knowledge and influence. The greatest of all the empire builders in the west was Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle, who descended the Mississippi to its mouth and who envisioned the vast colony in the west that was made a reality by men like Duluth, Bienville, Iberville, and Cadillac.
The French did not go unchallenged. The English had claims on Acadia, and the Hudson's Bay Company in 1670 began to vie for the lucrative fur trade of the West. When the long series of wars between Britain and France broke out in Europe, they were paralleled in North America by the French and Indian Wars. The Peace of Utrecht (1713) gave Britain Acadia, the Hudson Bay area, and Newfoundland. To strengthen their position the French built additional forts in the west (among them Detroit and Niagara). The decisive battle of the entire struggle took place in 1759, when Wolfe defeated Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham, bringing about the fall of Quebec to the British. Montreal fell in 1760. By the Treaty of Paris in 1763, France ceded all its North American possessions east of the Mississippi to Britain, while Louisiana went to Spain.
British North America
The French residents of Quebec strongly resented the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which imposed British institutions on them. Many of its provisions, however, were reversed by the Quebec Act (1774), which granted important concessions to the French and extended Quebec's borders westward and southward to include all the inland territory to the Ohio and the Mississippi. This act infuriated the residents of the Thirteen Colonies (the future United States). In 1775 the American Continental Congress had as its first act not a declaration of independence but the invasion of Canada. In the American Revolution the Canadians remained passively loyal to the British crown, and the effort of the Americans to take Canada failed dismally (see Quebec campaign).
Loyalists from the colonies in revolt (see United Empire Loyalists) fled to Canada and settled in large numbers in Nova Scotia and Quebec. In 1784, the province of New Brunswick was carved out of Nova Scotia for the loyalists. The result, in Quebec, was sharp antagonism between the deeply rooted, Catholic French Canadians and the newly arrived, Protestant British. To deal with the problem the British passed the Constitutional Act (1791). It divided Quebec into Upper Canada (present-day Ontario), predominantly British and Protestant, and Lower Canada (present-day Quebec), predominantly French and Catholic. Each new province had its own legislature and institutions.
This period was also one of further exploration. Alexander Mackenzie made voyages in 1789 to the Arctic Ocean and in 1793 to the Pacific, searching for the Northwest Passage. Mariners also reached the Pacific Northwest, and such men as Capt. James Cook, John Meares, and George Vancouver secured for Britain a firm hold on what is now British Columbia. During the War of 1812, Canadian and British soldiers repulsed several American invasions. The New Brunswick boundary (see Aroostook War) and the boundary W of the Great Lakes was disputed with the United States for a time, but since the War of 1812 the long border has generally been peaceful.
Rivalry between the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company erupted into bloodshed in the Red River Settlement and was resolved by amalgamation of the companies in 1821. The new Hudson's Bay Company then held undisputed sway over Rupert's Land and the Pacific West until U.S. immigrants challenged British possession of Oregon and obtained the present boundary (1846). After 1815 thousands of immigrants came to Canada from Scotland and Ireland.
Movements for political reform arose. In Upper Canada, William Lyon Mackenzie struggled against the Family Compact. In Lower Canada, Louis J. Papineau led the French Canadian Reform party. There were rebellions in both provinces. The British sent Lord Durham as governor-general to study the situation, and his famous report (1839) recommended the union of Upper and Lower Canada under responsible government. The two Canadas were made one province by the Act of Union (1841) and became known as Canada West and Canada East. Responsible government was achieved in 1849 (it had been granted to the Maritime Provinces in 1847), largely as a result of the efforts of Robert Baldwin and Louis H. LaFontain
自己去删一点