伟大人物的英语阅读

❶ 写一篇关于著名人物的英语作文

Lei Feng was a model soldier, On December 1 8,1940, he was born in a poor peasant family in a little mountain village of Hunan Province. He didn't go to school till 1950. At the age of 18, he worked as a steel worker. He was often praised for his good job. On January 8, 1960, he joined the army. the same year, he joined the Communist Party. He loved the Party and the people, and constantly did good for others. As a result, he became a model soldier. After his death, Chairman Mao called on the people to "Learn from Comrade Lei Feng". The whole nation were moved by his deeds. Lei Feng's spirit will live in our hearts forever

❷ 写一篇关于一名著名人物的英语作文

美国作家
杰克.伦敦《
马丁.伊登
》的主人公马丁
：
马丁为了自己仰慕的女孩而决心用文化拉近他们的距离，通过他的努力，最终从一个没有文化、粗鲁的水手成为一个受人追捧的作家。马丁有一颗善良、朴实、真诚的心，因此在他明白世人的虚伪（包括他仰慕的女孩）之后决定离开这个虚伪、肮脏的世界。马丁学习的毅力真的很让人佩服，使我们这些学生看到了希望。Martin
to
admire
his
girl
and
determination
of
the
distance
with
culture,
they
pulled
through
his
efforts,
finally
from
a
culture,
rude
people
become
a
sailor
enthusiasts
writer.
Martin
has
a
docile,
simple,
sincere
heart,
so
that
the
world
in
his
hypocrisy
(including
he
admired
the
girl)
decided
to
leave
this
hypocrisy,
dirty
world.
Martin
learning
will
really
make
the
person
admire,
we
hope
to
see
these
students.

❸ 英语作文伟大的人物五十字

One of the most famous and prolific inventors of all time,Thomas Alva Edison exerted a tremendous influence on modern life,contributing inventions such as the incandescent light bulb,the phonograph,and the motion picture camera,as well as improving the telegraph and telephone.In his 84 years,he acquired an astounding 1,093 patents.Aside from being an inventor,Edison also managed to become a successful manufacturer and businessman,marketing his inventions to the public.

❹ 有关中国近代伟大女性人物的英语作文！跪求！！紧急！！！

Zhang Haidi was born in 1955 in a family of intellectuals in Shandong Peninsula in Wendeng county. At the age of 5, following chest completely lost consciousness, the life cannot provide for oneself.
在死神的威胁下，她为没有更多的时间工作而难过，更加珍惜自己的分分秒秒，她在日记中写到：“我不能碌碌无为地活着，活着就要学习，就要多为群众做些事情。既然是颗流星，就要把光留给人间，把一切奉献给人民。”
The death threats, she sorry for no more time to work and, more to cherish every minute, she wrote in her diary: "I can't stay alive, to live is to learn, to do something for the people. Since it is a meteor, will leave the human light, give everything for the people."
她读了许多中外名著，写日记、读小说、背诗歌、抄录华章警句，现在她已是山东省文联的专业创作人员，她的作品《轮椅上的梦》问世，又一次在社会上引起了强烈反响。
She read a lot of famous Chinese and foreign, to write a diary, reading novels, back poetry, transcribing Huazhang epigrams, now she is a professional creative personnel in Shandong Province Federation of literary and art circles, her works "wheelchair dream" come out, once again aroused a strong reaction in the community.
还翻译了英国长篇小说《海边诊所》，当她把这部书的译稿交给某出版社的总编时，这位年过半百的老同志感动得流下了热泪，并热情地为该书写了序言：《路，在一个瘫痪姑娘的脚下延伸》。
Translated the English novel "clinic", as she put the book translation to the editor in a publishing house, the over fifty years old comrades moved to tears, and enthusiasm for the writing of the preamble: "road, extending in a paralyzed girl feet".
以后，张海迪又不断进取，学习了日语、德语和世界语。海迪还尽力帮助周围的青年，鼓励他们热爱生活、珍惜青春，努力学习为人民服务的本领，为祖国的兴旺发达献出自己的光和热。
Later, Zhang Haidi also unceasingly enterprising, learning Japanese, German and world language. Hai Di also helped around the youth, encouraging them to love life, cherish their youth, work hard to serve the people skills, their own light and heat for the prosperity of the motherland.

❺ 英语阅读摘抄，急

A bad beginning makes a bad ending.
不善始者不善终。
A bad thing never dies.
遗臭万年。
A bad workman always blames his tools.
不会撑船怪河弯。
A bird in the hand is worth than two in the bush.
一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林。
A boaster and a liar are cousins-german.
吹牛与说谎本是同宗。
A bully is always a coward.
色厉内荏。
A burden of one's choice is not felt.
爱挑的担子不嫌重。
A candle lights others and consumes itself.
蜡烛照亮别人，却毁灭了自己。
A cat has 9 lives.
猫有九条命。
A cat may look at a king.
猫也可以打量国王，意为人人平等。
A close mouth catches no flies.
病从口入。
A constant guest is never welcome.
常客令人厌。
Actions speak louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩。
Adversity leads to prosperity.
穷则思变。
Adversity makes a man wise, not rich.
逆境出人才。
A fair death honors the whole life.
死得其所，流芳百世。
A faithful friend is hard to find.
知音难觅。
A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.
吃一堑，长一智。
A fox may grow gray, but never good.
江山易改，本性难移。
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
患难见真情。
A friend is easier lost than found.
得朋友难，失朋友易。
A friend is never known till a man has need.
需要之时方知友。
A friend without faults will never be found.
没有十全十美的朋友。
'After you' is good manners.
“您先请”是礼貌。
A good beginning is half done.
良好的开端是成功的一半。
A good beginning makes a good ending.
善始者善终。
A good book is a good friend.
好书如挚友。
A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever.
一本好书，相伴一生。
A good conscience is a soft pillow.
不做亏心事，不怕鬼叫门。
A good fame is better than a good face.
美名胜过美貌。
A good husband makes a good wife.
夫善则妻贤。
A good medicine tastes bitter.
良药苦口。
A good wife health is a man's best wealth.
妻贤身体好是男人最大的财富。
A great talker is a great liar.
说大话者多谎言。
A hedge between keeps friendship green.
君子之交淡如水。
A joke never gains an enemy but loses a friend.
戏谑不能化敌为友，只能使人失去朋友。
A leopard cannot change its spots.
积习难改。
A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.
说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。
A light heart lives long.
静以修身。
A little body often harbors a great soul.
浓缩的都是精品。
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
一知半解，自欺欺人。
A little pot is soon hot.
狗肚子盛不得四两油。
All are brave when the enemy flies.
敌人逃窜时，人人都成了勇士。
All good things come to an end.
天下没有不散的筵席。
All rivers run into sea.
海纳百川。
All roads lead to Rome.
条条大路通罗马。
All that ends well is well.
结果好，就一切都好。
All that glitters is not gold.
闪光的不一定都是金子。
All things are difficult before they are easy.
凡事总是由难而易。
All work and no play makes Jack a ll boy.
只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。
A man becomes learned by asking questions.
不耻下问才能有学问。
A man can do no more than he can.
凡事都应量力而行。
A man cannot spin and reel at the same time.
一心不能二用。
A man is known by his friends.
什么人交什么朋友。
A man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of weeds.
光说空话不做事，犹如花园光长刺。
A man without money is no man at all.
一分钱难倒英雄汉。
A merry heart goes all the way.
心旷神怡，事事顺利。
A miss is as good as a mile.
失之毫厘，差之千里。
A mother's love never changes.
母爱永恒。
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
一天一苹果，不用请医生。
A new broom sweeps clean.
新官上任三把火。
An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.
以眼还眼，以牙还牙。
An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.
一日之计在于晨。
An old dog cannot learn new tricks.
老狗学不出新把戏。
An ounce of luck is better than a pound of wisdom.
聪明才智，不如运气。
An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.
预防为主，治疗为辅。
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
滚石不生苔，转业不聚财。
As a man sows, so he shall reap.
种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。
A single flower does not make a spring.
一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。
A snow year, a rich year.
瑞雪兆丰年。
A sound mind in a sound body.
健全的精神寓于健康的身体。
A still tongue makes a wise head.
寡言者智。
A stitch in time saves nine.
小洞不补，大洞吃苦。
A straight foot is not afraid of a crooked shoe.
身正不怕影子斜。
A wise head makes a close mouth.
真人不露相，露相非真人。
A word spoken is past recalling.
一言既出，驷马难追。
A year's plan starts with spring.
一年之计在于春。
A young idler, an old beggar.
少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
Bad news has wings.
好事不出门，坏事传千里。
Barking dogs seldom bite.
吠犬不咬人。
Beauty lies in the love's eyes.
情人眼里出西施。
Be swift to hear, slow to speak.
听宜敏捷，言宜缓行。
Better late than never.
不怕慢，单怕站。
Better to ask the way than go astray.
问路总比迷路好。
Between friends all is common.
朋友之间不分彼此。
Birds of a feather flock together.
物以类聚，人以群分。
Blood is thicker than water.
血浓于水。
Blood will have blood.
血债血偿。
Books and friends should be few but good.
读书如交友，应求少而精。
Business is business.
公事公办。
Business is the salt of life.
事业是人生的第一需要。
By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it.
读书使人充实，交谈使人精明。
Cannot see the wood for the trees.
一叶障目，不见泰山。
Care and diligence bring luck.
谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。
Caution is the parent of safety.
小心驶得万年船。
Cheats never prosper.
骗人发不了财。
Children are what the mothers are.
耳濡目染，身教言传。
Choose an author as you choose a friend.
择书如择友。
Come what may, heaven won't fall.
做你的吧，天塌不下来。
Complacency is the enemy of study.
学习的敌人是自己的满足。
Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.
自信是走向成功的第一步。
Constant dripping wears away a stone.
水滴石穿，绳锯木断。
Content is better than riches.
知足者常乐。
Count one's chickens before they are hatched.
蛋未孵先数雏。
Courtesy on one side only lasts not long.
来而不往非礼也。
Creep before you walk.
循序渐进。
Cry for the moon.
海底捞月。
Custom is a second nature.
习惯是后天养成的。
Custom makes all things easy.
有个好习惯，事事皆不难。
Diamond cuts diamond.
强中自有强中手。
Do as the Romans do.
入乡随俗。
Do as you would be done by.
己所不欲，勿施于人。
Doing is better than saying.
与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。
Do it now.
机不可失，时不再来。
Do nothing by halves.
凡事不可半途而废。
Don't claim to know what you don't know.
不要不懂装懂。
Don't have too many irons in the fire.
不要揽事过多。
Don't make a mountain out of a molehill.
不要小题大做。
Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today.
今日事，今日毕。
Don't put the cart before the horse.
不要本末倒置。
Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.
不要自找麻烦。
Don't try to teach your grandmother to suck eggs.
不要班门弄斧。
Do well and have well.
善有善报。
Each bird love to hear himself sing.
孤芳自赏。
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
早睡早起身体好。
Easier said than done.
说得容易，做得难。
Easy come, easy go.
来也匆匆，去也匆匆。
Eat to live, but not live to eat.
人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。
Empty vessels make the greatest sound.
实磨无声空磨响，满瓶不动半瓶摇。
Envy has no holidays.
忌妒之人无宁日。
Even Homer sometimes nods.
智者千虑，必有一失。
Even reckoning makes long friends.
亲兄弟，明算账。
Every advantage has its disadvantage.
有利必有弊。
Everybody's business is nobody's business.
人人负责，等于没人负责。
Every day is not Sunday.
好景不常在。
Every dog has his day.
谁都有得意的时候。
Every door may be shut, but death's door.
人生在世，唯死难逃。
Every heart has its own sorrow.
各人有各人的苦恼。
Every little helps a mickle.
聚沙成塔，集腋成裘。
Every man for himself, and the devil takes the hindmost.
人不为己，天诛地灭。
Every man has his faults.
金无足赤，人无完人。
Every man has his hobbyhorse.
萝卜青菜，各有所爱。
Every man has his weak side.
人人都有弱点。
Every man is the architect of his own fortune.
自己的命运自己掌握。
Every minute counts.
分秒必争。
Every mother's child is handsome.
孩子是自己的好。
Every potter praises hit pot.
王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸。
Everything is good when new, but friends when old.
东西是新的好，朋友是老的亲。
Example is better then percept.
说一遍，不如做一遍。
Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother.
经验是智慧之父，记忆是智慧之母。
Experience must be bought.
吃一堑，长一智。
Fact speak louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩。
Failure is the mother of success.
失败是成功之母。
False friends are worse than bitter enemies.
明枪易躲，暗箭难防。
Far from eye, far from heart.
眼不见，心不烦。
Far water does not put out near fire.
远水救不了近火。
Faults are thick where love is thin.
一朝情意淡，样样不顺眼。
Fear always springs from ignorance.
恐惧源于无知。
Fields have eyes, and woods have ears.
隔墙有耳。
Fire and water have no mercy.
水火无情。
Fire is a good servant but a bad master.
火是一把双刃剑。
First come, first served.
先来后到。
First impressions are half the battle.
初次见面，印象最深。
First think and then speak.
先想后说。
Fools grow without watering.
朽木不可雕。
Fool's haste is no speed.
欲速则不达。
Fools has fortune.
呆人有呆福。
Fools learn nothing from wise men, but wise men learn much from fools.
愚者不学无术，智者不耻下问。
Forbidden fruit is sweet.
禁果格外香。
Fortune favors those who use their judgement.
机遇偏爱善断之人。
Fortune knocks once at least at every man's gate.
风水轮流转。
Four eyes see more than two.
集思广益。
Friends agree best at distance.
朋友之间也会保持距离。
Friends are thieves of time.
朋友是时间的窃贼。
Friends must part.
再好的朋友也有分手的时候。
Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.
天才不过是勤奋而已。
Give a dog a bad name and hang him.
众口铄金，积毁销骨。
God helps those who help themselves.
自助者天助。
Gold will not buy anything.
黄金并非万能。
Good for good is natural, good for evil is manly.
以德报德是常理，以德报怨大丈夫。
Good health is over wealth.
健康是最大的财富。
Good medicine for health tastes bitter to the mouth.
良药苦口利于病。
Good watch prevents misfortune.
谨慎消灾。
Great barkers are no biters.
好狗不挡道。
Great hopes make great man.
伟大的抱负造就伟大的人物。
Great minds think alike.
英雄所见略同。
Great men have great faults.
英雄犯大错误。
Great men's sons seldom do well.
富不过三代。
Great trees are good for nothing but shade.
大树底下好乘凉。
Great wits have short memories.
贵人多忘事。
Greedy folks have long arms.
心贪手长。
Guilty consciences make men cowards.
做贼心虚。
Habit cures habit.
心病还需心药医。
Handsome is he who does handsomely.
行为漂亮才算美。
Happiness takes no account of time.
欢乐不觉时光过。
Happy is he who owes nothing.
要想活得痛快，身上不能背债。
Happy is the man who learns from the misfortunes of others.
吸取他人教训，自己才会走运。
Harm set, harm get.
害人害己。
Hasty love, soon cold.
一见钟情难维久。
Health is better than wealth.
健康胜过财富。
Health is happiness.
健康就是幸福。
Hear all parties.
兼听则明。
Heaven never helps the man who will not act.
自己不动，叫天何用。
He is a fool that forgets himself.
愚者忘乎所以。
He is a good friend that speaks well of us behind our backs.
背后说好话，才是真朋友。
He is a wise man who speaks little.
聪明不是挂在嘴上。
He is lifeless that is faultless.
只有死人才不犯错误。
He is not fit to command others that cannot command himself.
正人先正己。
He is not laughed at that laughs at himself first.
自嘲者不会让人见笑。
He is wise that is honest.
诚实者最明智。
He knows most who speaks least.
大智若愚。
He laughs best who laughs last.
谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。
He sets the fox to keep the geese.
引狼入室。
He that climbs high falls heavily.
爬得越高，摔得越重。
He that will not work shall not eat.
不劳动者不得食。
He who does not advance loses ground.
逆水行舟，不进则退。
He who makes constant complaint gets little compassion.
经常诉苦，没人同情。
He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.
想不犯错误，就一事无成。
He who risks nothing gains nothing.
收获与风险并存。
History repeats itself.
历史往往重演。
Honesty is the best policy.
做人诚信为本。
Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.
抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。
I cannot be your friend and your flatterer too.
朋友不能阿谀奉承。
If a man deceives me once, shame on him, if he deceives me twice, shame on me.
上当一回头，再多就可耻。
If you make yourself an ass, don't complain if people ride you.
人善被人欺，马善被人骑。
If your ears glow, someone is talking of you.
耳朵发烧，有人念叨。
If you run after two hares, you will catch neither.
脚踏两条船，必定落空。
If you sell the cow, you sell her milk too.
杀鸡取卵。
If you venture nothing, you will have nothing.
不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
If you want knowledge, you must toil for it.
要想求知，就得吃苦。
Instry is the parent of success.
勤奋是成功之母。
It is better to die when life is a disgrace.
宁为玉碎，不为瓦全。
It is easier to get money than to keep it.
挣钱容易攒钱难。

❻ 关于在历史上的著名人物的英语作文

你用中文写，然后在网络翻译什么的工具可以直接翻译的，挺不错的，自己找找。

❼ 求描写伟大人物的英文词，10个

honest可信赖 loyal忠诚 wise明智 adamancy坚强 loftiness高尚
英语
Never read, noble character and sterling integrity, legendary, million popular, open and aboveboard, eulogize,upright, loyal, dedicated high-Yi Yuan Zhi, selfless, self-sacrifice people, hardworking and thrifty, helping others
中文
传诵不绝、高风亮节、叹为观止、万民称颂回、光明磊答落、歌功颂德、堂堂正正、忠心耿耿、兢兢业业 志高意远、大公无私、舍己为人、勤俭节约、助人为乐

❽ 英语阅读理解英雄人物

BCDAA

❾ 请问有关介绍人的(伟大的人物)的英语短文怎么写

三、鱼眼看世界

思想对白
犯“思想”罪
因为思想而犯罪甚至献身。古代如古希腊苏格拉底，近代如“文革”的受迫害者老舍等前辈。
犯罪是一个人在做出某种行为后……这种行为可能不是人人都可做得。而思想人人都有。
如果因别人思想与你思想不符而要加罪的话，那就 是这个社会有病了！

“英雄”不问出处
中国有句话：英雄不问出处。那么为什么在写名人传记或在研究一个人时要把人家的籍贯字号……统统进行研究要从出生开始写，甚至就其到底在北京还是在南京出生进行论证考究，还要追溯到祖辈多少代是名门望族还是皇亲国戚！

看到狗的不同反应
大人看到狗会漠然，装作视而不见，因为大人知道你若一直盯着狗，狗也会恶狠狠的看你，甚至朝你大吼。而小孩们天真无邪，看到狗会非常友好的跟它汪汪叫，而且狗也会回他一声“汪汪”。

文武卓绝
当一个人离思想、内心近了后，他发现他已经与竞技场隔绝了。这就是为什么这世上搞文学、哲学的与搞体育的格格不入。走近宁静，远离喧嚣。当然我说的是大多数人，比如文武卓绝的画师兼哲学家兼武术家李小龙。

鹦鹉的故事
还记得泰戈尔的《鹦鹉的故事》吗？
为了让鹦鹉得到教育，鹦鹉的教育者们让鹦鹉吃带字的纸条，在教育的幌子下，将鹦鹉折磨至死。而这一切，都是为了讨皇帝的开心。
一切有个性的事物被砍去了棱角，成了专制制度下平庸、顺从的奴才。
那个皇帝就是“伟大的社会主义事业”。

时事
时事——时代发生的事。
我们学习的历史，就是古代时事的编排，很遥远的时事称古代史，比较近的时事称近代史，而明天甚至明年的时事我们可称其为预言。

名人效应
名人效应可以使一个柔弱多病的人在媒体上狂刀舞剑，被称为“英雄”，而强健的真正以舞刀弄抢为生的人则要在下面观看甚至奉为偶像。

评论家
那些哲学家，艺术家也没什么大不了的，人们总是把他们弄得很神秘。我如果这样就肯定有人反对。因为哲学、艺术家评论都靠哲学家，艺术家混饭吃。
没有了χχ家，也便没有了χχ评论家。

民族劣根性
“中国用占世界7％的耕地养活占世界21％的人口。”中国人一度以这句话为荣，还拿着它到处炫耀，却不理睬，那些把自己说成“侵犯人权“的人。
这使我想到了民族劣根性。
钱＝权
在中国，谁有钱，谁就有权。
大人有钱，所以小孩听大人的。
在校中小学生口袋里没几个钱，所以听老师的。
在校大学生出去揽活多少挣了点钱，所以经常逃课。

天下文章一大抄
天下的文章，都是抄出来的。你且别急，听我慢慢解释。
看看文学家们，哪个不是拥有藏书多少册，以致床上一半放书，甚至厕所、饭桌上也放书。
季羡林在北大有两套房子，他不把这房子别用，而纯做藏书室。
钱钟书在引用文学家的话语时，他不可能记得非常清晰，他也不可能有事没事的背书。唯一的办法是，想起某句适用的话好像在某本书上，于是翻开：“啊，在这里。”于是抄上。
他们写文章就好比我们在课下写作文时不时得拿起一本作文书翻翻，编上几句。因此，这相当于开卷作文。
这只是“抄”的一种。
另外一种“抄”是这样的。
中国话里有“默写”这个词，看了某句很好的话，但没带纸笔没法抄，于是就把它背过，当然这个背也可以不是刻意的，看得多了自然而然就记住了，待有了纸笔后再写下来，于是或添字或掉字这个句子就成了自己的，这就是你看到世界上有许多类似的话语的原因，这就是间接的“抄”。
总之，闭卷的闭多长时间都成不了文学家，如我们学生。开卷的倒成了文学家。
因此，抄袭又怎么样，只要不是明目张胆地“抄”。别人问你时你就说：“××文学家还抄袭了我们的新词‘新人类’呢！”

小孩胜过大人
如果大人看到有人无缘无故地漂游起来，则会吓得半死，别说去研究它，就连再看一眼也不敢，拔腿就跑。
因此，有些工作，小孩可以胜过大人，他们可以看到人们飘起来不会惊诧反而去看个究竟。
只因为：孩子太纯了！

摩天大楼与农民工的关系
城市职工不愿干脏活累活，乡下的农民为了挣钱到城市来打工，于是他们被称为“民工”。结果民工成为城市建设的一支独秀。
最近，有一个丑闻，国家拖欠了农民4000万，我不知道是真是假。
不知领导们办了一天的公从“摩天大楼中走出来，回望高拔的摩天大楼时，是否想到了民工以及民工们工作时的场景。

江郎才尽
有人出了张专辑或写了本书（称之为处女作），然而到后来大众认为他再也无法创造出甚于处女作的好作品了，人们称之为“江郎才尽”。
就我个人感受，“江郎才尽”有两点原因：1、因本人有感而发的一些初始纯洁的想法，大都在“第一次吃螃蟹”中展现，而本人对自己的后来的虽然有好的作品但却超越不了从前，于是扼杀在纯乎想念中；2、因大家的吹捧，“第一个吃螃蟹”的往往会像涨潮一样被吹捧一番，然后再退潮。
江郎才尽不是“郎”之错，而是大家的错，大家给了“郎”太多压力，即使，“郎”像以前一样出好作品，大家也不会像从前一样众星捧月了。

从环保看国别
国庆日那天，成千上万的人涌上街头观看游行队伍，大人孩子几乎人手一瓶可乐或一个冰激淋。当游行都散去，地面上却见不到空可乐罐或包装纸。它们的归宿是路边的垃圾箱。
请问：这是哪个国家？
答曰：反正不是中国！

小大之辩
在井里的蛙是不可与它说“大”的，因为它们生活并适应了在狭窄的空间里观看天空。
在俗世中是不可与他们说“纯洁”的，因为他们生活在并适应在尔虞我诈中。
对孤陋寡闻的人不能与他谈论大道，因为他们拘泥于世俗，被所接受的教育束缚。

不塞不流
大禹非常聪明，懂得“不塞不流”故他治水用导引 之法疏浚而非堵塞。
而古今的暴动起义，上面都用镇压的方法，这不是说他不会用疏浚之法，而是，此时已到了平常的疏浚方法不管用的地步，“亡羊补牢”矣！
感化应是顺其自然，就似不塞不流，愈塞愈流。而今人不如古人，大抵采用后者，致“虽口辩而户说之，不能化一人。”

色之王
美术权威们规定了，“黑、白、金、银”这四色不是颜色，凡高说：黑色是颜色。
为什么白天为白，因为阳光是七彩的光叠加而成，它便成了明亮的白，而所有的颜色叠加便成了黑
所以，我称白色、黑色乃色之王。

“众所周知”不确切
世人用“三百六十行”评说行业之多，正是因此，人们对自己行业的精英很崇拜，而对别行业的精英不关心。
一个写书法的，怎么也不会熟掌IT业精英。
一个卖鸡蛋的怎么也不会知道哈佛大学的历任校长是谁。
一个国家主席，如何也不会知道这一带的“古惑仔”老大是谁。
周杰伦“众所周知”这话不确切，尽管青少年奉之为偶像，而掉了牙的老年人和还没有长牙的婴儿却不一定知道有此一人。

答案是权威
答案摆在那里，就不要自作聪明与老师作无畏的争执（比如，你问：为什么马克思主义是伟大的？），否则，你不但不会得逞，他会先看了答案，然后努力把你往那里转，最终把你转晕了。
在老师与学生面前，答案是权威。

中国老了
美国是个新生国家，各国的精英移民到这个国家成为一个新的民族。
1796年华盛顿告别政治舞台，并谢绝再列为下一任总统候选人。这一年，中国的乾隆皇帝传位嘉庆，在整整做了60年皇帝之后。

郑和与哥伦布
明朝郑和七下西洋，首次下西洋比哥伦布早87年，船破天荒达二百零八艘，随员两万七八千人，出于政治目的，炫耀国威，所谓“贡赐”去消耗了国家大量财力。
哥伦布首航率船三艘，船员87人，出于对黄金的追求，去掠夺财富。
郑和下西洋堪称壮举，却并未促进中国进入资本主义社会。而哥伦布航行规模小得多，却对西方资本主义产生深远影响。
我的结论是：中国人喜欢自作多情，在希望中遭到自己的打击从而失望。
物质天下与精神天下
“许由小看天下而不肯代替尧的位置，是因为他的志向寄予了整个天下。他连尧的小天下都没有，谈何物质的大天下！”故曰儒家说得是物质，道家说的是精神。

哥伦布的对与错
如果没有哥伦布也就没有后来的欧洲移民，也就没有“美利坚合众国”。但要事先打一针，哥伦布本人是个典型的殖民强盗，他知识为了掠夺黄金……
有人说：“哥伦布使印第安人走出原始的野蛮状态，进入‘文明时代’。
文明？什么是文明？掠夺即是文明？
那我宁愿去山林深处以草根为食！

假如马克思还存活
假如马克思还存活，他会移居美国，在那里过消遥自在的生活。
为什么？大家不要忘了，当时他处在资本主义最困难时期，人民深处最水深火热时期，马克思只不过想要求一个福利好，人民生活幸福的社会。
而现在，假如他还活着，他一定会痛骂中国人盗用他的“社会主义”名义，骂中国虚伪，现在我们可以看看，哪个国家福利最好，民主程度最高，哪儿的人民生活最幸福。是被称为“社会主义”的中国吗？

所谓“科学家”
几乎每个发明家的初衷都不是造福人类，他们不是为兴趣就是为私利。为了满足自己的平衡，于是，他们专心致至，成就愈大，成就愈大，就越被吹捧。
这是个怪圈。

不要干涉
别人说我没有集体荣誉感，这很好，说明它思考了，我认为，每个人都有每个人的思想，它这么想自然有它的道理。
生在这世上，人人平等，谁的思想都是对的，只要它不违心。
俗话说“不在其位，不谋其政”你既然谋不了别人的政，请你不要站在旁边说空话，瞎指挥。
我是我，你是你。
有人说我是完美主义者，说我应生活在共产主义社会。我不认为这世上有什么共产主义，共产主义只是人们尤其是所谓的“共产主义者”的遐想，他们利用人们渴望安定、渴望美好生活的心理，标榜共产主义美好，是让人坚持其所谓“社会主义”的领导。

贫富差距
“All zoo Animals Have Controlled Piets. Do Not Feed Them.”（动物园动物需控制饮食，不准喂食动物。）这是美国一家动物园的标语。
中国的动物园大都没有这样的牌子。园丁一般少喂食而靠游客们给它们喂食，还有街上卖小宠物的，也很少喂食给它们，饿得它们很“活泼”，贩卖小宠物者正好想让消费者看到它们“活泼”很能吃而促使其买下。
中国人不会连饲料都买不起吧！
这是小农狭隘性再加上最重要的一点：中国人拿动物作奴隶、当玩物，国外则把它们作朋友、作伙伴。

今人之进步
“世之奇伟、瑰怪，非常之观，常在于险远。”因此，常人很少敢去险远，所以现代城市的人们喜欢去野外……
因“人之罕至”而促使越来越多的人去寻找美丽，真正的美丽。于是有人攀登珠峰，有人挑战罗布泊、南北极。
敢想敢做，此乃今人之进步。

警钟
“世界上现存的大约6000种语言中有一半濒临消失，而大量的人类知识也将与之消亡。来自英语、法语等的压力正在以越来越快的速度使弱势语言走向灭亡。”
文化正在消亡？

“独处时方见其本性”是误
一条金块与土放在一起，才显示出金之坚硬闪闪发光，土之松沃厚实凝重。
金在真空中，亦或土在真空中，却不得见其本性。
人亦然，在人与人的斡旋中方见其人之本。

看《大染坊》
看《大染坊》，我记住了一句话：“一个国家太弱，而一个人太强会吃亏！”

惩罚
人类制造了那么多的残余物，而大自然根本无法收容它们。忍无可忍之日，大自然便会惩罚人类一下，比如弄个小“印度洋海啸”、小“台湾台风灾害”，小“沙尘暴”什么的，给人类提个醒：不要做得太绝！

画家村· 流浪画家
北京有个画家村，里面住着出名画家、未出名画家、作家、地下摇滚乐队、行为艺术“家”……
一部分学纯艺的中央美院毕业生到此聚集，想搞创作，当画家，像凡高一样成名天下，穷的穷死，挨家挨户蹭饭吃，富的富死，一幅画卖几十万，上百万。
很多人都喜欢他们尤其是“穷的”状态。
而且很多年轻人想做流浪画家。
我说：流浪画家不好当。现在还有流浪画家吗？不知道，即使有，他也会是藏着躲着不为人知。若是为人知了，大家都会找他签名，他便成了名画家了。
“流浪画家”是一个词，它不是一个实在的东西。那是一种美好的残美的“感觉”，只因它是一种感觉，很多人去追求。最终人们追寻的不是“流浪画家”，而是、仅是一种感觉，就像“希望就是虚拟”一样。
记得某杂志说过这样一句话：
“一个吉普赛人曾说，生命是用来流浪的，爱是用来偿还的，那么因为爱而流浪，生命才得以偿还吗？其实很多的流浪都是这样开始的，因爱而开始，也因爱而结束。空间的转移可以淡忘你，也可以更牵挂你。
旅行，有时是一段爱的冬眠、心的针灸，是逃离，是重生，是梦想，是沉淀，也是一块擦掉心碎的橡皮擦。即使擦不掉爱的往事，总可以清出一点点的空白吧！”
流浪……画家……
许魏《旅行》歌词

符合标准
世界上一切都有套路。
这个世界评判的标准是你符不符合套路。
纵使你懂得这个套路，你却不屑于使用，而用很创新的方法，你也不会得到应有的评价。
换一种思维：
如果说诺贝尔评委们没有把你的作品评为诺贝尔奖，那是因为他们看不懂你的作品。
用在教育上，也是再合适不过。
在权威以及权威们造就的学生中，一切都是固定的，就好像小时候看电视问爸爸妈妈哪个是好人，哪个是坏人，现在的教学也就停留在这个水平上，对与错是有界限的。
有人知道毛泽东的很多故事，便用“善用心计”来形容他，而阅卷人评语：注意用词准确！在他们眼里，毛泽东当且仅当用“伟大”二字形容。

时代产物
恩格斯在大谈着：“拿破仑是时代的产物，是必然要产生的。”
那么他为什么不说他恩格斯也是这个时代的产物，也是必然要产生的？
（一方面，人们在谈论别人时总是头头是道，另一方面，恩格斯很有自知之明：怎能自比拿破仑，拿破仑多有名望！）

生与死
庄周说：齐生死。
欧阳修说：一死生为虚诞。
其实生与死本无界限，只是人们很乐意去讨论这个奇妙神秘而毫无意义的话题。于是，坚持“生”的人多，这个世界便成了“生”了！

医院奇遇记
一天，我去医院看我姥姥，寻到一人便问：“住院部在哪儿？”那人回答：“有钱的住那边，没钱的住这边。”我听了一愣，还有这种说法！
我琢磨着，我姥爷开私家车应该算是有钱的，于是去了那边，结果还真在那边的最好的院房找到了姥姥。
我于是感叹，这种方法还真绝！
但转念一想：这是社会主义吗？

京味儿
我怀疑大部分北京人，会不会是现在东北人的后代。
众所周知，中华人民共和国以前是清朝，统治者是满族，满族的祖先在今天的辽宁。
北京人讲普通话都带个味儿，东北人讲话也有那么点同于京味儿又甚于京味的味儿。

印刷品
印刷品就好像是给原画加了层别色后又加了层膜（参观“全国美展”有感于印刷品的粗劣，还有看不出原画的质地，不真实）

美术考场高手
美术考场高手们就像在默画，而非在写生（言外之意就是画的不像而很机械，深入点说，他们在沿用套路），这才是真正的考场高手，只因他们遵循了套路。
就像是作文套路，他们很快就会被录取。真的！

师法自然
师法自然——向大自然学习。这是一般人所无法做到的，而且他们走向另一极端：利用自然，瓦解自然。
人类和狮子吃小动物，不同的是：
狮子及其残忍地杀害他们，将他们撕裂生吃了。
可方法再怎么残忍，都不能与人类相匹敌，人类可将其先砍了，剁了，切了，再煮、炸、爆炒等方式随便怎么着了。
航天技术在科学家研究下日益商品化，批量生产。
放心，人类在没有找到适合自己践踏的第二颗“星星”前，不会停止对地球的破坏！
而越来越放心的是：人类已在月球建立了基地并且发现了人类制造的“太空垃圾”。太空垃圾以每年10％的速度增加，而且体积越来越大。
海浪不住的问岩石，岩石以沉默回答它；
人类不住仰头“天问”，天以沉默回答人类。

成就梦想
“成就梦想，源自教育”——中央电视台公益广告。
我没有看出梦想与教育的关系，我倒看出了梦想与应试教育的关系：
应试教育会将梦想推迟，20岁可成就的梦想，应试教育能将它推迟到40岁。甚至埋没、荒废。如果你真的要成就梦想， 你就不能依靠甚至要摒弃应试教育，而真正的为梦想而做。
成就梦想，是啊！成就光耀门楣，成就赚钱、当官的梦想，成就获得科学院士称号的梦想，这一切真的源于应试教育！

华尔与“洋枪队”
还记得太平天国时期。
华尔曾在美国犯罪，后逃亡到中国，混迹于上海，后在中国官员赞助下，组建了“洋枪队”，在“剿匪”（太平军）中战绩卓越，清政府特准许华尔加入中国国籍。
华尔来中国冒险真是太成功了！

弱智儿问题
如果你将政、史、地课本上的东西都背过，包括注释、后记甚至编书作者，都记住后，考满分绝对没问题！我敢打包票。
但是，人一旦到了那种愚昧的状态，即时他是个状元又有什么用？那时的他，恐怕已经成为弱智晚期了！

花生萝卜原理
同样是失水。
硬脆的萝卜在盐水中浸泡后失去了硬脆感。
大家都吃过晒干后的盐煮花生，这种花生比平常的花生更为硬脆。
这是因为使萝卜硬脆的是水，水失去了，自然蔫了！
使花生硬脆的是它本身，因为失水使它显出硬脆本色！
用这个道理，我们看出了有学位的庸者与无学位的天才！
这使我想到“依靠”二字，依靠别人生活的人如同萝卜失水，失去别人依靠就失去了生命的资本。而像花生一样的人，越是失去别人的帮助，越是显出英雄孤胆本色！
大家都快快做花生吧！

速时代
这是一个速食时代，文化快餐，速读，知识爆炸……速时代的成功就是“速成”。
不及时成功就是失败。
“是金子，总会发光”已不适用于今日，在这个竞争的速时代，要及时成功，否则就是失败。
就像你是一本内容无比深刻的精品书，但没有出版商的炒作、宣传，便苟得被束之高阁的命运。
因此，我们要速成。

童言无忌
有人说余杰只不过说了一些人不敢说的露骨的话而已！
“你敢说吗？”我反问。他无言。“为什么？”我自问。
一些正常或晚熟的人大了以后才明白了许多事理，然而大了以后，这些话便不能说了，于是它便埋在心里到能说的时代说出来甚至埋着直到死去。
人们说孩子们不成熟。是因为孩子们总是在不该说实话时说了实话，在不该做实事时作了实事。
小孩吗，童言无忌，想说什么说什么。
大人会骂你，但你不会坐牢。
所以大家趁年龄小赶紧说，大了以后就没法说了。
《铁与犁》的开头这样写道：“少年余杰的横空出世，在整个二十世纪恐怕只有五四时期的胡适先生，台湾六十年代李敖庶几可以比拟。短短几年，余杰给沉闷已久的中国思想界带来了一股清新的空气。他的文字清新，尖锐，甚至无不稚嫩，但却说出了我们这个时代的真相。他说的一切无甚高论，无非是一些常识而已，可是在那么多德高望重、声明显赫的名流学者都不敢说真话，不敢承认常识的时候，少年余杰直言皇帝无衣当然打动了千万读者的心灵。（网上说余杰被捕，难怪啊，余杰毕竟都32岁了，然而如果一个三岁小孩在街上大喊“社会主义……”他是决计不会被捕的！顶多被大人训斥一声“闭嘴！”）。

人与人，动物与动物
人与人，就是动物与动物。
动物与动物之间，你如果表现的软弱。他就会认为你是弱者，受怕，懦夫。反之，你如果表现得很强悍，他就会觉得你很高大不可欺。比如你画的一手好画，但别人都不知道，老师也不知怎么重视你，一旦你办了画展，尽情展现了自己，不只是别的同学，就连老师、主任、校长也会对你刮目相看。
说白了，就是把你当回事！
有才能，不发挥展示出来，就不能说明你有才能！
这就是展现自己推销自己的社会！

中国是世界上“最大”的市场的含义：
1、中国是世界上最大的廉价劳动力市场。
2、中国是世界上最大的外国产品倾销市场。
3、中国是世界上最大的廉价原材料市场。
自豪吧！

连战此人
今日看电视，有这么一个镜头：一位国民党官员在讲话，背景是一个什么堂，堂上挂着一个匾：天下为公。落笔是孙中山。
本是一个被共产党逼到台湾的国民党，此刻，似乎异常高大。
孙中山，这是国父啊！他创立的国民党要早于共产党。因此，国民党都以此为荣。似乎是在野不野的架势。
连战，我看他本人的劲头，似乎是要说：我来大陆，并不是臣服于共产党，我只要完成两岸人民早晚要完成的心愿，我给它提前完成了，我的作为就是历史性的，在台湾政界中获得地位、优势。
猛一看他，就是不服气的样子。

欺骗、麻木
“同一品质的商品，由于名声的变换而身价倍增，有人认为这是欺骗消费者的行为。有人认为有买有卖，只要自愿，无可非议。”
当然，政治课的答案是：这是欺骗消费者的行为。若如此，凡高当年只卖出一幅画而且只卖了几美元，而现在一张画几百万、几千万美元而成本只需几十美元，这是不是欺骗行为？
供求关系，我反其“政道”而用之：价格受供求关系的影响，当人们需要某种商品时，也就无在乎价格，无论价格多少，欣然接受甚至努力寻求，而当供不应求时，价格日涨是在所难免，名声的变换也需要付出一定成本的。比如，同是服装，在地方上的小买卖与在每日在中央电视台播放广告的“品牌”当然不可同语而比。“品牌”贵，只因为人家是牌子，不论是质量还是广告宣传上用的费用都比普通货高。
我就很纳闷，为什么这些权威麻木到了如此地步！

境界——师法自然
“人生不满百，常坏千岁忧”。我且活了十几岁，就担忧开人类了，不为别的，只因它太令我们担忧了。
（一）工业
务农的 人越来越少，世界人口越来越多，吃饭便成了问题。
“工业，原子核子的制造，那不是民生所绝对必须，而唯有在土地上，生长食物，是上帝当初创造生命时的基本条件”，“唯有躲开过分嚣张的工业，才能保持空气和水的纯净。”罗兰《相逢何必曾相识》
工业化的结果是：地球人将来要以买清洁的瓶装空气或饮水来生存。（然，没有工业，人类的物质世界如何发展？）
（二）动物生来平等
剧达尔文的理论，一切动物生来平等，竞争，天择。
“人类吃兽类却振振有词说是为营养，我们有时也‘振振有词’的说要保护动物，其实保护斑马或天鹅是因为不愿失去这可以赏心悦目的异兽珍禽。而假如斑玛或天鹅如老鼠或苍蝇般的危害人类，则不论它们少到何种程度，我们也决不会去保护它们。”罗兰
英国的奥威尔在他的《动物农庄》写道：以公猪拿破仑为首的动物推翻人的统治，建立了自己的动物王国……
假设这个世界不是人在主宰，而是蚂蚁、猫或是别的什么动物主宰世界，那么我们人类会不会像老鼠一样，被追着打，被用各种“人夹，灭人药，老鼠危害人类健康，我们且不说。单就狮子、老虎这些猛兽，因为它们比我们人类强大，人类就要将它们关在牢笼里，牢外的人类则一副得意：“小样，弄不了你？”
假如，人做狗 的宠物，人类会不会也像狗一样被踢被踹，被怎么着了。
不用假如，早晚有一天会这样，我便骂一句：报应！
（三）、电影《后天》
21世纪有一部电影叫做《后天》，后天？说白了意即明天的明天。明天的明天人类会怎样呢？电影的海报给我们展示了一幅画面：高楼大厦被海洋淹没，人类疯狂逃生。
这是美国的一部影片，显然这是极有预见性的影片。
温室效应，导致南极冰川融化，海平面上升，淹没以“文明”尔著称的城市。
这让我想起印度洋海啸，这其实是大自然给人类提了个醒“不要做的太绝！”
大自然稍稍大了个喷嚏，就使的人类乱作一团，大自然的威力足矣！
据说，美国建了防海堤，若是全世界一片汪洋时，只有美国的防海堤能够有还活着的人。
再看看中国北方的沙尘暴，每年呈越演越烈的趋势，每年中国的汽车销售量也越演越多。
风在哭诉，海在长啸，还有……
人类，醒醒吧！

奴化教育
王小波在《知识分子的不幸》一文中讽刺道：
“还有一支出于狂信的歌曲，歌词如下：
无产阶级文化大革命，
就是好！
就是好来就是好啊，
就是好……
这四个‘就是好’无疑根绝了讲任何道理的可能性。”
从小就被灌输“无产阶级就是好。共产党就是好，马克思主义是伟大智慧的结晶”无异于日本在中国推行的奴化教育！
如果你是好的阶级，好的党，好的思想，就应把他们全都平铺开，让天下人去评说，让天下人去选，没必要遮遮掩掩、不讲理的强制！
至此，我倒想起了马克思的一句话挺有道理：“旧的腐朽的上层建筑，总是千方百计的维护自己过时的经济基础，是阻碍社会发展的反动力量。”
用于此，妙哉！

“十届美展”感悟
在中国美术馆踱步，猛发现陈逸飞等知名人物没有参加这次美展。再一看“大会评为主任”写着詹建俊、朱乃正还有靳尚谊也成了评为委员，这三个都是美院院长教授级“人物”，然而，跟陈逸飞比起来却是相形见绌，人家可是正儿八经的跟外国知名公司签约的画商，最近还拍电影，越来越红，他没有参加全国美展。
这使我想起了中国电影的金鸡奖、百花奖领奖现场。大家都知道张艺谋是国际级导演，他也是个“中国人”，然而，在中国电影的颁奖领域，却没有他的份儿，这只能说明他已经成了“国际”人，章子怡也是个国际级腕儿，这次电影颁奖倒是有她的份儿，然而，她终于没来，原因是人家在好莱坞排戏，过不来，是啊，一边是中国的金鸡奖、百花奖，一边是世界级和好莱坞，何去何从，谁都会选择。
于是有评委感叹：“如果，这是奥斯卡颁奖典礼，他（她）爬也得爬上来领奖1”
我只好感叹：你说的是啊！谁让你不是呢！

艺术人生
“铁找不到用

❿ 伟大人物的英语简介

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Newton.html
Newton, Isaac (1642-1727)

English physicist and mathematician who was born into a poor farming family. Luckily for humanity, Newton was not a good farmer, and was sent to Cambridge to study to become a preacher. At Cambridge, Newton studied mathematics, being especially strongly influenced by Euclid, although he was also influenced by Baconian and Cartesian philosophies. Newton was forced to leave Cambridge when it was closed because of the plague, and it was ring this period that he made some of his most significant discoveries. With the reticence he was to show later in life, Newton did not, however, publish his results.

Newton suffered a mental breakdown in 1675 and was still recovering through 1679. In response to a letter from Hooke, he suggested that a particle, if released, would spiral in to the center of the Earth. Hooke wrote back, claiming that the path would not be a spiral, but an ellipse. Newton, who hated being bested, then proceeded to work out the mathematics of orbits. Again, he did not publish his calculations. Newton then began devoting his efforts to theological speculation and put the calculations on elliptical motion aside, telling Halley he had lost them (Westfall 1993, p. 403). Halley, who had become interested in orbits, finally convinced Newton to expand and publish his calculations. Newton devoted the period from August 1684 to spring 1686 to this task, and the result became one of the most important and influential works on physics of all times, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) (1687), often shortened to Principia Mathematica or simply "the Principia."

In Book I of Principia, Newton opened with definitions and the three laws of motion now known as Newton's laws (laws of inertia, action and reaction, and acceleration proportional to force). Book II presented Newton's new scientific philosophy which came to replace Cartesianism. Finally, Book III consisted of applications of his dynamics, including an explanation for tides and a theory of lunar motion. To test his hypothesis of universal gravitation, Newton wrote Flamsteed to ask if Saturn had been observed to slow down upon passing Jupiter. The surprised Flamsteed replied that an effect had indeed been observed, and it was closely predicted by the calculations Newton had provided. Newton's equations were further confirmed by observing the shape of the Earth to be oblate spheroidal, as Newton claimed it should be, rather than prolate spheroidal, as claimed by the Cartesians. Newton's equations also described the motion of Moon by successive approximations, and correctly predicted the return of Halley's Comet. Newton also correctly formulated and solved the first ever problem in the calculus of variations which involved finding the surface of revolution which would give minimum resistance to flow (assuming a specific drag law).

Newton invented a scientific method which was truly universal in its scope. Newton presented his methodology as a set of four rules for scientific reasoning. These rules were stated in the Principia and proposed that (1) we are to admit no more causes of natural things such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances, (2) the same natural effects must be assigned to the same causes, (3) qualities of bodies are to be esteemed as universal, and (4) propositions deced from observation of phenomena should be viewed as accurate until other phenomena contradict them.

These four concise and universal rules for investigation were truly revolutionary. By their application, Newton formulated the universal laws of nature with which he was able to unravel virtually all the unsolved problems of his day. Newton went much further than outlining his rules for reasoning, however, actually describing how they might be applied to the solution of a given problem. The analytic method he invented far exceeded the more philosophical and less scientifically rigorous approaches of Aristotle and Aquinas. Newton refined Galileo's experimental method, creating the compositional method of experimentation still practiced today. In fact, the following description of the experimental method from Newton's Optics could easily be mistaken for a modern statement of current methods of investigation, if not for Newton's use of the words "natural philosophy" in place of the modern term "the physical sciences." Newton wrote, "As in mathematics, so in natural philosophy the investigation of difficult things by the method of analysis ought ever to precede the method of composition. This analysis consists of making experiments and observations, and in drawing general conclusions from them by inction...by this way of analysis we may proceed from compounds to ingredients, and from motions to the forces procing them; and in general from effects to their causes, and from particular causes to more general ones till the argument end in the most general. This is the method of analysis: and the synthesis consists in assuming the causes discovered and established as principles, and by them explaining the phenomena preceding from them, and proving the explanations."

Newton formulated the classical theories of mechanics and optics and invented calculus years before Leibniz. However, he did not publish his work on calculus until afterward Leibniz had published his. This led to a bitter priority dispute between English and continental mathematicians which persisted for decades, to the detriment of all concerned. Newton discovered that the binomial theorem was valid for fractional powers, but left it for Wallis to publish (which he did, with appropriate credit to Newton). Newton formulated a theory of sound, but derived a speed which did not agree with his experiments. The reason for the discrepancy was that the concept of adiabatic propagation did not yet exist, so Newton's answer was too low by a factor of , where is the ratio of heat capacities of air. Newton therefore fudged his theory until agreement was achieved (Engineering and Science, pp. 15-16).

In Optics (1704), whose publication Newton delayed until Hooke's death, Newton observed that white light could be separated by a prism into a spectrum of different colors, each characterized by a unique refractivity, and proposed the corpuscular theory of light. Newton's views on optics were born out of the original prism experiments he performed at Cambridge. In his "experimentum crucis" (crucial experiment), he found that the image proced by a prism was oval-shaped and not circular, as current theories of light would require. He observed a half-red, half-blue string through a prism, and found the ends to be disjointed. He also observed Newton's rings, which are actually a manifestation of the wave nature of light which Newton did not believe in. Newton believed that light must move faster in a medium when it is refracted towards the normal, in opposition to the result predicted by Huygens's wave theory.

Newton also formulated a system of chemistry in Query 31 at the end of Optics. In this corpuscular theory, "elements" consisted of different arrangements of atoms, and atoms consisted of small, hard, billiard ball-like particles. He explained chemical reactions in terms of the chemical affinities of the participating substances. Newton devoted a majority of his free time later in life (after 1678) to fruitless alchemical experiments.

Newton was extremely sensitive to criticism, and even ceased publishing until the death of his arch-rival Hooke. It was only through the prodding of Halley that Newton was persuaded at all to publish the Principia Mathematica. In the latter portion of his life, he devoted much of his time to alchemical researches and trying to date events in the Bible. After Newton's death, his burial place was moved. During the exhumation, it was discovered that Newton had massive amounts of mercury in his body, probably resulting from his alchemical pursuits. This would certainly explain Newton's eccentricity in late life. Newton was appointed Warden of the British Mint in 1695. Newton was knighted by Queen Anne. However, the act was "an honor bestowed not for his contributions to science, nor for his service at the Mint, but for the greater glory of party politics in the election of 1705" (Westfall 1993, p. 625).

Newton singlehandedly contributed more to the development of science than any other indivial in history. He surpassed all the gains brought about by the great scientific minds of antiquity, procing a scheme of the universe which was more consistent, elegant, and intuitive than any proposed before. Newton stated explicit principles of scientific methods which applied universally to all branches of science. This was in sharp contradistinction to the earlier methodologies of Aristotle and Aquinas, which had outlined separate methods for different disciplines.

Although his methodology was strictly logical, Newton still believed deeply in the necessity of a God. His theological views are characterized by his belief that the beauty and regularity of the natural world could only "proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful Being." He felt that "the Supreme God exists necessarily, and by the same necessity he exists always and everywhere." Newton believed that God periodically intervened to keep the universe going on track. He therefore denied the importance of Leibniz's vis viva as nothing more than an interesting quantity which remained constant in elastic collisions and therefore had no physical importance or meaning.

Although earlier philosophers such as Galileo and John Philoponus had used experimental proceres, Newton was the first to explicitly define and systematize their use. His methodology proced a neat balance between theoretical and experimental inquiry and between the mathematical and mechanical approaches. Newton mathematized all of the physical sciences, recing their study to a rigorous, universal, and rational procere which marked the ushering in of the Age of Reason. Thus, the basic principles of investigation set down by Newton have persisted virtually without alteration until modern times. In the years since Newton's death, they have borne fruit far exceeding anything even Newton could have imagined. They form the foundation on which the technological civilization of today rests. The principles expounded by Newton were even applied to the social sciences, influencing the economic theories of Adam Smith and the decision to make the United States legislature bicameral. These latter applications, however, pale in contrast to Newton's scientific contributions.

It is therefore no exaggeration to identify Newton as the single most important contributor to the development of modern science. The Latin inscription on Newton's tomb, despite its bombastic language, is thus fully justified in proclaiming, "Mortals! rejoice at so great an ornament to the human race!" Alexander Pope's couplet is also apropos: "Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night; God said, Let Newton be! and all was light."