英语中考阅读猜词教案
❶ 中考英语动态:学会如何猜测词义 提升中考阅读水平(一)
摘要： 英语阅读中，我们常常会遇到一些不认识的短语或单词春灶竖，又或者认识的单词短语在文章中被赋予了新意义和解释。当这些单词短语并不阻碍理解文章的主要内容时，我们便可以忽略它；但如果这些词汇短语影响了对文章的理解
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英语阅读中，我们常常会遇到一些不认识的短语或单词，又或者认识的单词短语在文章中被赋予了新意义和解释。当这些单词短语并不阻碍理解文章的主要内容时，我们通常便可以忽略它，但如果这些词汇短语影响了对文章的理解，这就需要我们来根据上下文来猜测单词或短语在文中的意思了。这种情况下，掌握猜词的技巧则显得尤为重要。猜测词义可以辩备在一定程度上考查考生的逻辑推断能力，也是阅读能力的一个重要组成部分，频繁出现在各种考试中。在英语阅读中根据上下文猜测词义，有助于锻炼同学们分析问题、解决问题的能力，有助于扩大词汇量。
通常，猜测词义可采用以下几种方法：
一、定义猜词法
即根据定义猜测词义的方法。需要定义或解释的单词或短语大多是专有名词、生僻词或文中的关键词，作扒大者为了使读者正确理解它们，就得做出较浅显的解释或说明。
例一： Giraffe is an animal with a very long neck, four legs and orange skin with dark spots.
根据后面对 Giraffe 的解释，它的词义为“长颈鹿”。
例二： Anthropology is the scientific study of man.
由定义可知 Anthropology 的词义为“研究人类的科学”即“人类学”。
例三： What is plagiarism? It is using others’ ideas and words without clearly mentioning where the information is from.
根据定义我们知道plagiarism的词义为“剽窃”。
二、定语从句
定语从句对先行词起限定、修饰或解释作用，因此我们可以利用定语从句来推测先行词的词义。
例一： Second generation Puerto Ricans who were born in New York but who have returned to the island, are called Nuvoricans.
Nuvoricans 的词义可以由Second generation Puerto Ricans后面的两个定语从句来得到， 即生在纽约，后又回到波多黎各的人。
例二： Psychophysiology is a science which deals with the relationship between mind and body.
根据定语从句我们可以看出Psychophysiology的意思为“身心联系的科学”，即“心理生理学”。
三、同位短语或同位语从句
同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也用破折号、分号、引号和括号连接。
例一： According to a report published on the British medical magazine, The Lancet, a study of ten German mobile phone users found that when they turned on their phones, their blood pressure goes up by 5 to 10 millimeters of mercury.
根据句法结构的知识，我们知道The Lancet是the British medical magazine的同位语，由此可知The Lancet是一个杂志的名称。
例二： Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.
两个逗号中间的短语the study of the meaning of words是Semantics的同位语，意为“对词义进行研究的科学”， 即“语义学”。
四、对比结构
寻找文中相互对比、相互对照的线索来确定生词的含义。
在此类文章中，通常会出现一些表示意义转折、对比的词语：however, but, on the other hand, on the contrary, instead of, while, unlike, not, although, yet, despite, in spite of, in contrast, etc.
例一： A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.
根据句法结构可知the adept workers和 the unskilled ones.为对比关系，意义相反。由the unskilled ones可推出the adept workers为熟练工人。
例二： Someone liked milk, but others abhorred it.
通过but我们知道abhor是like的反义词，意为“厌恶”。
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《学会如何猜测词义 提升中考阅读水平(一)》由出国留学我精心为您学习英语准备.liuxue86.com❷ 如何在初中英语阅读中有效地教学词汇
著名语言学David Wilkins指出，“Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”由此可见，在阅读教学中词汇教学也很重要。Go for it初中英语教材的Reading板块是每单元的重点，文章内容丰富、体裁多样，是学生接受英语语言信息的重要环节。通过阅读，学生可以感受真实、地道的英语，还可了解现实生活。由于篇幅长、阅读中的大量词汇给教学带来了挑战，如果词汇、语法详细讲解，课时不够；如跳过不讲，又怕学生阅读困难。因此，在初中英语阅读教学中进行有效的词汇教学成为提高课堂实效的关键所在。平时阅读课的词汇教学主要存在以下几个问题：
一、目前初中英语阅读课词汇教学中存在的问题：
1、阅读前，“领读”教学词汇——重“孤立讲解”，轻“创设语境”
阅读前，教师让学生翻到课本词汇表，对Reading里将出现的词汇进行面面俱到地领读和教学。这样虽为阅读扫清了障碍，学生读得容易，但存在以下弊端：（1）脱离语境呈现单词，学生印象模糊，词汇巩固成了“负担”。（2）先教生词，再阅读，不挑出生词，不能读文章。（3）忽略阅读策略渗透，学生根据上下文猜测词义能力欠缺。这样的教学对学生阅读能力的培养非常不利，对学生的阅读生涯会带来严重的影响，这与新课程标准“要求初中学生能够阅读含有3%的生词量的英语短文”的明确规定背道而驰。
2、阅读中，“舍弃”教学词汇——重“阅读教学”，轻“词汇教学”
很多教师利用早自修，集中领读与讲解生词，并要求学生背诵，甚至有的在课前已默写过了，熟悉词汇后再进行阅读教学。教师为了片面地追求阅读的“整体理解”，阅读中舍弃对词汇教学，忽视了词汇在语篇中的特定含义。语篇以词汇为基本单位，词汇又依托语篇产生特定的语境意义。有时对一个词汇的误解会导致对一个段落甚至对整篇文章理解的偏离。
3、阅读后，“集中”教学词汇——重“词汇教学”，轻“阅读教学”
阅读后，教师设计几个判断题或问答题来检测学生对文本的理解程度，接着教师往往把“泛读” 课上成“精读”课，逐句讲解，遇到生词就详细讲解。这样导致课时紧张，课堂上教师一言堂，气氛沉闷。这种阅读教学走过场的“填鸭式”词汇教学，不利于学生把握学习重点，“使用型”单词练习强度不够，“认识型”单词耗费大量时间，事倍功半。
那么，究竟该如何在初中英语阅读教学中有效地进行词汇教学呢？笔者结合自己的阅读教学实践作了以下尝试：
二、提高初中英语阅读词汇教学有效性的策略
在阅读教学中，首先要一定程度上弱化生词的重要性，让学生在心理上解除对生词的戒备，阅读课中的词汇教学应结合阅读内容开展多层次、多角度的活动，把词汇教学与阅读教学有效结合起来，把词汇学习贯穿于阅读过程的各个环节。教师可以从阅读前、阅读中和阅读后三个阶段落实词汇教学，从而达到结合阅读有效教学词汇的目的。
1、阅读前：扫除阅读障碍，巧学“读前词汇”
在备课时，教师将单词根据“听、说、读、写”四方面的要求分类区别处理。这里所谓的“读前词汇”是指影响课文理解且不可通过上下文推测其意的词汇,或对理解文章起关键作用的重点短语。此类词如不在读前及时处理，会影响学生阅读。处理此类词汇时尽量呈现该词汇在该课中的意思，避免引发歧义。另外,学习时间最好控制在8分钟以内，以免影响阅读课其他环节的实施。具体可采用以下两种呈现方式。
1）、利用图片，引出词汇
阅读前，不妨借助文中图片，导入Reading话题，激活学生已有的相关背景知识，在此过程中理解所学词汇。如：Go for it九年级Unit9Reading部分需要学生读前接触与学习的词汇有：equipment, hoop, backboard, court等，这些单词的教授可通过呈现图片来引出，达到教学的目的。
2）、创设情景，教学词汇
创设情境进行词汇教学是指根据单词的意义需要，创设学生熟悉日常情景进行词汇教学。在情景中，学生可以准确理解词义、用法和搭配等。因此，教师要认真研究阅读材料，熟悉重点词汇，努力创设相关情景，引出重点词汇。这种方式使学生对所学词汇的关注度较高，为下面阅读奠定基础，扫除了阅读障碍。如：在教授Go for it八上Unit 8 How was your school trip? Section B 3a时通过介绍自己的last day off来呈现生词。T : On my last day off I went to Shaoxing, I bought ... (在屏幕上出示图片，并引导学生说出该物品的英文名称) I was happy at that time because it was very cheap. But on my way home it began to rain. I didn’t take an umbrella(出示雨伞的图片), so I was sad. But luckily I bought a raincoat(出示雨衣的图片), so I didn’t get wet. Do you know “get wet”?
3）创设语境，品味词义
新教材的一个显著特点是词汇量明显增多，一节课出现十几个甚至二十几个新词汇。如果把这些词汇简单罗列，学生会感到枯燥乏味。为了易于学生掌握，笔者采取创设语境法，即把词汇组合起来，创设一定的故事情节，编成一篇小短文。但文章要精简，便于学生理解。可利用多媒体边听老师的口头讲解边投影出的相应画面，如：九年级U1的阅读材料（How do we deal with our problems?）中新词汇多达 20几个，笔者就编了下面这个故事，自然地引出了“problems”这个话题，也巧妙地穿插了新词汇。T：Nowadays, we are doing many bad things to the earth. It’s unfair to her. Of course, it also affects our daily life. It’s not easy to deal with the problems. However, we needn’t worry about it. We can regard the problems as challenges. For example, we don’t go to school by car. Instead, we can go to work by bike. We should believe we can solve the problems. The earth will become worse and worse unless we do more good things to her. Anyway, it is our ty to protect the earth.学生在听故事过程中，兴趣浓厚，精力集中，不知不觉地输入了新单词。把词汇放在语篇中教学，做到了“词不离句，句不离文”的要求。
2、阅读中：点拨学习策略，教会猜词悟义
阅读的主要任务是理解文本，获取信息，培养学生的阅读能力和养成良好的习惯。因此，即使是词汇学习也应该为这个目标服务，可以在生词自然出现时介绍词汇的意思，让学生在不同语境中去感受词汇，去体验词汇。
1）、借用构词，推测词义
新课标对初中生的词汇量有了更高要求，学生在阅读中经常会遇到一些似曾相识的词汇，它们往往是由熟悉的单词前缀、后缀或合成而来的。前缀一般只“改变词义，而词性不变”。如，un-,im-,dis-,是初中最常用的几个前缀，如学生对此有一定了解，那么教师对“unhappy ,impolite, dislike”等词汇就不必当生词来处理了。后缀则只改变词性，却保留原意，如-ly, -y,-ful, -ness, -er等。遇到此类词汇，教师可引导学生利用构词法知识来推测其词义。如：Go for it八下Unit 1阅读部分有20多个生词，其中的everywhere, earthquake, toothbrush, housework是合成词，unpleasant, impossible是派生词。教师只要稍加点拨，学生就能根据已知轻松记住这些词汇。在平时的阅读教学中如能适时给学生提及构词法的有关知识，既便于记忆，还能提高猜词能力，对学生的阅读有很大的帮助。
2）、英英释义，以旧带新
所谓英语释义法（paraphrase）就是教师在教学中要尽量通过“近义词、反义词或语句”的形式用英语来解释，培养学生用英语思维与表达的习惯。如Go for it九年级Unit 8阅读部分有这样一句:“Because I can’t use my arms or legs well, normal things like answering the telephone, opening and shutting doors or carrying things have always been difficult for me.” 此句中的生词“shut”教师可简单地一句带过，“shut” here means “close”。此方式能达到“温故而知新”的功效。
3）依托语境，判断词义
所谓语境猜测词法就是根据该词前后的词或句的内在联系或逻辑关系（即上下文语境）来猜测词义的方法。“一个词和词组，一旦用于具体的语篇中，它就形成了整个语篇结构的一部分，与其它词语构成一个有机的编码系统及上下文，并和特定的语境相关联。所以，词汇意义不是由词典决定的，而是由语境及上下文决定的”(李运新1998)。词义必须依靠语境提供的各方面信息来确定。这是一种常用的阅读技巧，如进行有意识训练，可大大提高学生阅读的能力。如：八下U4(Reading)中有这样一个句子：Her village was 2,000 meters above sea level, and at first the thin air made her feel sick. 在此句中，thin的意思当然不可能是“瘦的”，因为“空气”不可能“瘦”，学生通过联系上下文就可推断出“稀薄的”之意。当然，对于上面2）中的生词“shut”，教师也可引导学生从前面的并列动词open及后面紧跟的宾语doors推断出是“关”的意思。又如在Go for it 八下U3 Section A 3a的阅读文本中出现了“experience”这个生词，在教此单词时，笔者创设了这样的语境：Mr Li is our science teacher. He taught it about thirty years ago. He experienced many different things in his teaching career. so I think he has a lot of experiences and he has enough experience in teaching.显而易见，从此话语语境中学生不难猜到“experience”有动词“经历”之意，还有可数名词“经历”和不可数名词“经验”之分。
3、阅读后：设计不同题型，应用巩固词汇
对学生来说，知识从理解到掌握需要一个过程。读后活动可以帮助学生巩固阅读成果，拓展语言知识运用；对教师来说，读后活动设计可起到检测前两个教学步骤的教学效果，能了解学生对文章信息的理解程度以及语言知识的掌握程度。对于学生可以依托文本语境理解的词，在读后教师应多设计不同的“产出型”（proctive）练习加以巩固。把“语言操练和阅读理解”有机结合起来，帮助学生加深对词汇的理解和记忆，增强运用能力。常见的有效的词汇巩固练习有：
1）、借助图片或关键词，复述课文
在阅读后，教师可以借助图片或关键词让学生进行课文复述，以达到检测的目的。如笔者在上Go for it 八上U3 Section A3a时就用此方法，效果不错。
2）、挖空目标词汇，理解填空
在读后，教师可以对该阅读材料的目标词汇进行挖空，进行理解填空，也可创设类似语言情景进行填空。如Go for it 八下U3 Section A的3笔者设计了该读后练习，来巩固目标词汇。
I often takes my five –year –old son to the Children’s Park. Last Sunday, we went there as usual. But I had an unforgettable_____(experience).A terrible accident ______(happen) to me. He loves fishes. So when we went to the lake, he stopped to have a look. But I didn’t know about it. While he was watching, I was walking to another place. The park was _____(crowd)and I couldn’t see him _____(somewhere). When I _______ (shout) his name, some people looked at me but my son didn’t hear me. Then I _______(call) the police. While I was _____ (talk)on the phone, an old grandma told me: “you should look for your son outside the park. I saw a little boy ______(cry) outside when I _____ (come) in.”I rushed outside, there I saw two boys_______(play) happily. One of them was my son.
❸ 初中英语阅读理解的技巧和方法中考
在实际阅读过程中，碰到生词是无可避免的，这就要求学生掌握一些猜词技巧与方法，提高对文章的阅读理解能力。我们在日常的阅读教学中教给学生如下几种猜词技巧：利用定义、解释说明或同位语来推测;运用构词法知识来推测;根据上下文的提示来推测。
像中文一样，英文词汇也存在一词多意的现象。要结合具体的语境，根据上下文的意思正确理解单词，而不是单凭对词汇某一意义的记忆就胡乱翻译句子的意思。英文单词的多种词性也是非常普遍的，正确分析句子结构，掌握单词的词性分析名词的可数与否，有助于对句子尤其是长句的理解，从而提高对整篇文章的理解。
词汇学习的最终目的是为了运用，而不是储存。学生在掌握一定的词汇后，就要积极运用，培养其产出意识。实践表明，已学的单词只有通过反复的语言实践才会掌握得更加牢固，才会成为实际运用的语言材料。尽管学生在课内外学习了大量的词汇，但在实际的表达和写作中还是只会使用那些较为初级的词汇和表达方式。因此，要将阅读文章中学到的重点词汇、短语或句式运用到平时的写作中。
❹ 如何做好英语阅读理解词义猜测题
猜测词义题
在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。
常见的题干有：
1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word？
2) The word... could best be replaced by.
3) In the... paragraph, the word... means (refers to).
4) According to the passage,... probably means.
5) The author uses the word... to mean.
猜测词义时，一般可利用以下四个方面的线索：
一是针对性的解释
针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。
1.根据定义（definition）猜测词义
如果生词有一个句子（定语从句或是同位语<同位语前常有 that="" is="" to="" in="" other="" or="" i.g.="">或是同位语从句）或段落来定义,或使用破折号，冒号，分号后的内容和引号括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。
例1.Do you know what a territory is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（声称）as its own.（2005年湖北卷）
[分析]由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：动物的地盘。
例2.In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today．（2005年浙江卷）
[分析]由同位语an endangered wild cat我们很快猜出生词ocelots的义域：一种濒临灭绝野猫。
例3. Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces . （2004年福建卷）
According to the passage ,The Pines is a .
A．place in which you can see many mobile homes
B．mountain where you can get a good view of the valley
C．town which happens to be near the Banff National Park
D．restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food
[分析]通过whose引导的定语从句，我们可以推测到：The Pines 是一家餐馆的名字，由此不难推出理解题的答案为：D。
2.根据举例猜测词义
恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。
例4. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.（2004年辽宁卷）
[分析]根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中的issue 是指议题。
二是内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。
1.根据对比、比较关系猜测词义
在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。
例5.A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
What does the underlined word hassle (paragraph 1) probably mean? （2002年NMET）
A.a party designed by specialists B.a plan requiring careful thought
C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble D.a demand made by guests
[分析]根据对比关系，这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。
例6.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是健谈的。
2.根据因果关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。
例7.feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .
（2005年上海卷）
The word presumptuous in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to .
A．full of respect B．too confident and rude C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
[分析]根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（既然你是我的上司），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：冒失的，放肆的意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。
例8.Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots,or young leaves.（2005年江西卷）
根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断Pruning的意思是：修剪（树枝等）的意思。
3.根据说明、并列、同等同义近义、、反义等关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表面的关系猜测词义。
例9.William Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together. （2005年江苏卷）
The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means .
A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy
[分析]句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：混合的，交织的。
例10.Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is yes, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. （2004年湖北卷）
[分析]根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系，我们很容易推断出：Johns Hopkins是一家医疗中心。
例11.There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him.
[分析]根据与insult侮辱的同等关系猜测defame为诋毁 ，中伤或诽谤
例12.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football.
[分析]运用与football的同义关系推断为足球。
例13.The house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling,however,looked neglected and cheerless.
[分析]运用与The house近义关系可以推断dwelling与住所有关
例14.Most women in China ---ecated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-----work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.
[分析]后面的urban and rural, the young and old之间都有反义关系，运用这个关系可以推断illiterated为未接受过教育的，即文盲
三是通过构词法
在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。
1.根据前缀猜测词义
例15.Do you have any strong opinion on co-ecational or single-sex schools?
根据词根ecational （教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-ecational的意思是：男女同校教育的意思。（2005年江西卷）
2.根据后缀猜测词义
例16. It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．（2005年广东卷）
后缀 -ise/ize意思是使成为；使化，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：未被商业化的。
3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例17.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well – designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.（2005年北京卷）
Well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well （好，优秀）和design （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是设计精巧的意思。
例18. We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-proced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手艺) no longer exists. （2004年浙江卷）
根据合成词中的mass （大量的）和proce （生产），我们可以推测 mass-proce的意思是：大批量生产；规模生产的意思。
4.猜测词性变换新词含义
例19.The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. （2004年山东卷）
head本为名词，表头。由the bus和home的语境逻辑可以推断，该句head为动词，表方向，结合全句可译为开往、驶向。
例20.I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment. （2004全国卷Ⅱ）
cloud本为名词，表云。分析语境逻辑可知，忧虑会影响一个人的判断，因此该句clouded应译为使难以。
❺ 如何培养学生在英语阅读中的猜词能力
一、阅读能力和猜词能力
阅读理解能力是语言综合能力的一种，以阅读速度和阅读准确性两个方面为主要表现。阅读速度细化为对词义的掌握、分辨词汇的能力、辨认词语时的目光幅度及其他因素。阅读的准确性是检验阅读能力的指标，是判断阅读能力高低的标准。无论是阅读速度还是阅读准确性都受到词汇量的制衡。但是在同等词汇量的情况下，猜词能力强的学生可以较为顺利的完成阅读任务。反之不会猜词，遇到生词就习惯看单词表查字典的学生不能完成阅读理解。由此可见，猜词能力的高低直接影响了阅读速度和阅读准确性，想要收获很好的阅读效果，猜词能力必不可少。因此，猜词能力的培养是英语阅读训练中的一个目标。
二、猜词能力的培养
猜词能力的培养是一个日积月累的过程。它教学活动双方共同努力完成。作为教学活动组织者的教师精心组织教学活动，安排学生在没有字典没有生词表的前提下，启动“猜”的训练模式。这种训练可以是专项，也可以是在讲授语言点或新词的例句中，利用学生先前熟悉的词汇和句型营建的语言环境，根据此语言环境来猜测词意。作为教学活动中的另一方，学生应开动脑筋，汲取综合句中的其它信息，运用联想、推断甚至排除的手法，力求准确猜出词意。这样的单词学习脱离了单向传授的枯燥，既培养了学生的动脑能力，也系统复习了相似的单词、短语或句型。更的是，这样会使学生很有成就感，为自己猜对了词意自豪，今后的学习会更积极主动。猜词能力的培养过程其实是一个“授之以渔”的过程。在这个过程中， 教师和学生面对的阅读理解按类型来分可谓种类繁杂，但也有规律和技巧可循。把这些技巧和规律总称为猜词技巧。掌握这些技巧，无疑能够取得事半功倍的效果。
❻ 如何提高英语考试阅读题的猜词技巧(3)
八、语境线索或上下文
即利用语境来推测生词含义的方法。这是我们用来推测词义的主要方法之一。
例一：The days of elderly women doing nothing but cooking huge meals on holidays are gone. Enter the Red Hat Society—a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.
“My grandmothers did not do anything, but keep house and serve everybody, they were programmed to do that,” said Emily Cornette, head of a chapter of the 7-year-old Red Hat Society.
根据上下文我们可以很容易得出chapter的词义为这个组织the Red Hat Society的一个分支。
例二：As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency ( 一贯性 )is very important teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality ( 道德 ). Also, parents should realize that “example is better than precept”. If they are not sincere and don’t practice what they preach ( teach ), their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure ( 不稳定 )when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled.
根据上下文我们可知precept的词义为“说教”。
例三：Here are some simple ways to beat the stress often caused by our inventions!
Don’t be available all the time. Turn off your mobile phone at certain times of the day. Don’t check your e-mail every day. Don’t reply to somebody as soon as they leave a text message just because you can. It may be fun at first, but it soon gets annoying.
根据语境我们知道available的词义为“可与之交谈的”或“有空的”。
例四：We found that bar at last. I didn’t have to ask again, for there it was in big letters over the window—Star Bar. There were some iron tables outside with plastic chairs around them. A few people sat listlessly around, looking at a portable television set that someone had brought out of the bar. They were all in thin summer dresses or short sleeved-shirts; even at that late hour it was stifling. Two thin dogs lay under one of the tables with their tongues out, and some of the women were fanning themselves unenthusiastically (无精打采的) with magazines.
根据语境我们猜出stifling的词义为“极热的”。
九、标点符号的暗示
例一：The days of elderly women doing nothing but cooking huge meals on holidays are gone. Enter the Red Hat Society—a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.
破折号后面的部分对the Red Hat Society作了解释，是“一个认为老年人应该有自己乐趣的团体”。
例二：The largest player—Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices—deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite.
第二个破折号后面的deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches应该指的是汽车的品牌或种类。
十、同义词的替代关系
例句：Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he didn’t want to jeopardize his future.
为避免重复使用endanger一词， 用同义词jeopardize来替代它, 我们推知jeopardize词义为“使陷入危险，危及，危害”。
十一、利用主系表结构来猜词
主系表结构的句子有两种功能：一是说明主语的形状和特征;二是主语和表语是同位关系。
例一：To malign is to slander an innocent person.
表语意为“诽谤无辜的人”， 那样主语就是“中伤，诽谤”的意思。
例二：Insomnia is the inability of falling asleep or sleeping restlessly.
表语意为“睡不着”，主语Insomnia无疑就是“失眠”了。
十二、生活常识
根据日常生活中的常识和相关的背景知识，大胆想象，合理发挥，推测出生词的含义。
例一：Warm-blooded desert animals, such as rats and mice, rest ring the day, often staying in cool underground burrows.
根据常识我们知道鼠类一般藏在洞里，因此生词burrows的意思为“地洞，洞穴”。
例二：The snake slithered through the grass.
根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推测出slithered的词义为“爬行”。
十三、构词法
英语词汇的构词法主要有三种：派生，合成，转化构词。
我们主要利用派生构词来推断生词的含义。
词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根的前面或后面加上词缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。一般来说，前缀改变词根的意思;后缀改变词性。
常见的前缀有：super- 超……
mini- 小型的……
re- 再，又……
post- 后
pre- 前
fore- 前
under- 下
后缀有：
-ment 名词的后缀
-less 不，无
-proof 防……的
例句：Remember that people on line may not be who they seem. Because you can’t see or even hear the person, it would be easy for someone to misrepresent himself/herself. Thus someone says “She is a 12-year-old girl ”could really be an old man.
根据语境和misrepresent的构词方式， 前缀mis-的意思是“误，错-的”，词根represent的意思是“表达，展示”之意, 合在一起我们知道misrepresent的词义为“误述，歪曲”。
十四、文中代词指代的推测
高考题年年考查对文中代词实际指代的对象。一般来说它实际指代的对象在含有代词的句子前半部分或前一句话。我们把它叫做“前指”。
例一：Demands for pigeon-delivered money stopped at noon as the press rported the story. And even if they start again, Chen holds little hope of catching the criminal.”We have more important things to do,” he said.
根据我们上面讲到的，they应该指上一句中的Demands for pigeon-delivered money。
例二：The book contained a large number of clues to help readers find the hare, but Williams put in a lot of “red herrings”, or false clues, to mislead them.
根据语境them.指代上文的readers。
虽然掌握一些猜词技巧能帮助我们猜测词义，但是我们不能只依靠这些。最重要的还是掌握全篇文。
❼ 高考英语阅读理解九大猜词技巧
高考英语阅读理解九大猜词技巧
马上就要高考了，我整理了一些比较有针对性的高考英语复习技巧资料给大家参考，希望可以帮助同学们提高自身综合英语能力，战胜高考。
高考英语阅读理解九大猜词技巧
一、利用定义或解释(definition or explanation)
Signal words: means, refers to, be called, beknown as ,can be defined as, in other words,that is, that is to say, 定语从句…..etc.
举例：
Pruning is important because it encourages thegrowth of tender shoots(嫩芽), or young leaves oftrees.(B)
The word "pruning" means______
A. Regular cutting(修剪) of the plants
B. Frequent watering
C. Regular use of chemicals
D. Growing the plants high in the mountain
二、利用普通常识和经验(common sense or experience)
举例：
1. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.
"ocelot" means _________________(an endangered wild cat)
2.The period of adolescence, the period between childhood and althood ,may be long orshort.
"adolescence" means___________(The period between childhood and althood)
三、利用同义/同位语(similarity/appositive)
Signal words：for example ，for instance，such as ，like，as---as，etc.
举例：
The largest player – Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Center offers a wide variety of choices,such as deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favoriteof the tourists. (C)
The words "deluxe sedans," "minivans" and "station wagons" used in the text refer to ____.
A. cars in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers
四、利用举例(from examples)
Signal words: as, like, the same as，unlike,but，however, on the contrary, while,instead…ect.
举例：
1. The snow was falling.Big flakes drifted(飘)with the wind like feathers.
2. Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shyperson who does not like to go to parties or makenew friends.
五、利用比较或对比(comparison or contrast)
(1)Overwork may cause diseases.
over(过分的、过量的)+work=overwork“工作过度”。
(2)There was a dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.
dis “不” + satisfied“满意的=dissatisfied “不满意的”。
六、利用构词法(Word formation)：前缀、后缀、复合、派生等
举例：
1. Is he intelligent or stupid?
2. Most women in Ghana--- the ecated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the youngand old--- work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives andmothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is wellknown and well deserved.(C)
The underlined word "illiterate" in the passage means ____.
A. Repeated B. reiterated. C. unecated D. sick
七、利用同义词或反义词(Synonym or Antonym)
举例：
Signal words:because，since ,so, such......that,so......that, ect
I feel that since you are my superior(上司), it would be presumptuous of me to tell youwhat to do .(B)
The word "presumptuous" is closest in meaning to "____" .
A.full of respect B. rude and too confident
C.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet
八、利用原因与结果关系猜词(from Cause and Result)
The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked asan engineer.(A)
A. work B. study C. name D. interest
九、利用上下文的`语境(context or related information)
更多练习：
1. A good teacher works in quite a different way.His audience take an active part in his play: they askand answer questions, they obey orders, and if theydon't understand something, they say so.
The word "audience" in the paragraph means____.
A. students
B. people who watch a play
C. people who act on the stage
D. people who listen to something
答案：A
解题关键：常识 teacher-----students
2. When some kind of pain killer(止痛药) was brought out recently, researchers found thatthe colours turned the customers off because they made the proct look weak andineffective(无效的).
❽ 英语阅读技巧
首先辨别文章类型，议论还是叙述还是说明，
议论文要注意作者的观点态度，
叙述文关注时间状语或者逻辑连接词，
说明文要把握说明对象，以及对象的特征
注意文章或段落的首尾句，英文习惯将关键词或主题句放在开始，
❾ 高考英语阅读理解:高考英语阅读理解九大猜词技巧
《高考英语阅读理解九大猜词技巧》由liuxue86.com我整理。本内容整理时间为05月12日，如有任何问题请联系我们。 1.利用定义或解察指庆释(definition or explanation)
Signal words: means, refers to, be called, be known as ,can be defined as, in other words,that is , that is to say, 定语从句…..etc.
举例：
Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots(嫩芽）, or young leaves of trees.(B)
The word “pruning” means______
A. Regular cutting（修剪） of the plants
B. Frequent watering
C. Regular use of chemicals
D. Growing the plants high in the mountain
2.利用普通常识和经验(common sense or experience)
举例败握：
1. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today．
“ocelot” means _________________(an endangered wild cat)
2.The period of adolescence, the period between childhood and althood ,may be long or short.
“adolescence” means___________(The period between childhood and althood)
3.利用同义/同位语(similarity/appositive)
Signal words：for example ，for instance，such as ，like，as---as，etc.
举例：
The largest player – Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Center offers a wide variety of choices, such as deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite of the tourists. (C)
The words “deluxe sedans,” “minivans” and “station wagons” used in the text refer to ____.
A. cars in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers
4.利用举例(from examples)
Signal words: as, like, the same as，unlike, but，however, on the contrary, while,instead…逗搏ect.
举例：
1. The snow was falling.Big flakes drifted(飘） with the wind like feathers.
2. Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to go to parties or make new friends.
5.利用比较或对比(comparison or contrast)
(1)Overwork may cause diseases.
over（过分的、过量的）＋work＝overwork“工作过度”。
(2)There was a dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.
dis “不” + satisfied“满意的=dissatisfied “不满意的”。
6.利用构词法(Word formation)：前缀、后缀、复合、派生等
举例：
1. Is he intelligent or stupid?
2. Most women in Ghana--- the ecated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and old--- work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved.(C)
The underlined word “illiterate” in the passage means ____.
A. Repeated B. reiterated. C unecated D. sick
7.利用同义词或反义词(Synonym or Antonym)
举例：
Signal words:because，since ,so, such…that,so…that, ect
I feel that since you are my superior（上司）, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”(B)
The word “presumptuous” is closest in meaning to “____” .
A．full of respect B． rude and too confident
C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
8.利用原因与结果关系猜词(from Cause and Result)
The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer.(A)
A. work B. study C. name D. interest
9.利用上下文的语境(context or related information)
更多练习：
1. A good teacher works in quite a different way. His audience take an active part in his play: they ask and answer questions, they obey orders, and if they don’t understand something, they say so.
The word “audience” in the paragraph means ____.
A. students
B. people who watch a play
C. people who act on the stage
D. people who listen to something
答案：A
解题关键：常识 teacher-----students
2. When some kind of pain killer(止痛药） was brought out recently, researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the proct look weak and ineffective（无效的）.
The underlined part “the colours turned the customers off” means that the colours_______
Attracted the customers strongly
Had weak effects on the customers
Tricked the customers into shopping
Caused the customers to lose interest
答案：D
解题关键：因果关系 because
3. Collins decided that she must go, although the hazards of the trip were many, for example, the unbearable heat , the possibility of getting lost , the presence of wild animals and poisonous snakes .
“hazard” means ___________________
A. pleasure, B. problem, C. danger, D. attraction
答案：C
解题关键：举例for example
4. In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society
The underlined phrase “the most vocal” means______
A. Those who try their best to win
B. Those who value competition most highly
C.Those who are against competition most strongly
D. Those who rely on others most for success
答案：C
解题关键：上下文语境 context or related information
5.Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them－a form of favoritism will replace equality.
The word “favoritism" is used to describe the phenomenon that ________.
A. bright children also need certificates to get satisfying jobs
B. children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobs
C. poor children with certificates are favored in job markets
D. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success
答案：B
解题关键：破折号（定义或同位语）
6. Grown-ups also have a sense of object permanence. That is to say, if we put a box in a room and lock the door, the box will still be there when we come back.
“Object permanence” means that when out of sight, an object ______
A. Still exists B. keeps its shape
C. Still stays solid D. is beyond reach
答案：A
解题关键：
1.定义：definition that is to say也就是说
2.构词法：permanent—permanence
7. A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.
What does the underlined word "hassle“ probably mean?
A. a party designed by specialists
B. a plan requiring careful thought
C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble
D. a demand made by guests
答案：C
解题关键：比较comparison(instead—相反,反而)
8. William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together.”
The underlined word “mingled” most probably means? ? .
A．simple????B．mixed????C．sad???D．happy
答案：B
解题关键：definition or explanation 定义或解释猜测词义
9. The house looked quite normal outside, but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display. As he began putting them into his bag, a god came into the room. It stopped when it saw Buster, then wagged its tail madly and went over to him, licking his outstretched hand. “Good boy,” Buster whispered. “What a great guard dog you are --- trying to lick me to death.”
Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” ?
A Messy and untidy.
B. Rich and expensive.
C. Comfortable and calming
D. Unusual and foreign.
答案：D
解题关键：对比contrast，normal—but---unusual
10. Lions are opportunists. They prefer to eat without having to do too much work. When resting in the shade, they are also watching the sky to see what is flying by, and even in the heat of the day they will suddenly start up and run a mile across the plains to find out what is going on. If another animal has made a kill, they will drive it off and take the kill for themselves.
By describing lions as “opportunists”, the author means to say that lions ____.
A. are cruel animals
B. are clever animals
C. Like to take advantage of（利用） other animals
D. Like to take every chance to eat
答案：C
解题关键：构词法及下文解释opportunity---ist
❿ 英语阅读中如何根据上下文猜测词义
猜测词义也是一种英语阅读能力。英语阅读理解试题中有不少这样的题目。 任何一个实词，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。所谓上下文(context),正如英语辞典所解释的，其作用就是帮助确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。据此，我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。猜测词义时，我们可以从三个方面来考虑：1）根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理。2）运用语法知识进行语法分析。3）依靠常识和经验做出判断。根据上下文猜测词义的方法有下列几种： (1)根据定义或解释猜测词义。例如下面的阅读材料： a bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. it gives us some interesting phrases(短语). one is “ to let the cat out of the bag.” it is the same as “to tell a secret”…. now when someone lets out (泄漏)a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.” 短文后面有一个理解题目： john “lets the cat out of the bag” means he ________. a. makes everyone know a secret b. the woman bout a cat c. buys a cat in the bag d. sells the cat in the bag 在这篇文章里，“let the cat out of the bag”虽然是一个新出现的短语，但紧接着后面就给出解释it is the same as “to tell a secret.根据这一解释，我们就可判断出正确答案应为a。 (2)根据情景和逻辑进行判断。例如：2004年北京市海淀区中考试题阅读材料a。其中第三段是这样的： as they go around town, the police help people. sometimes they find lost children. they take the children home. if the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. the police can always tell the people which way to go. they know all the streets and roads well. 文章后面有这样一道题： 53. in the text, “put an end to” means “___________”. a. stop b. cut c. kill d. fly 根据文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人在打架，他们肯定会去制止。因为制止打架斗殴是警察的职责。根据这一推理，答案应该是a。 (3)根据并列、同位关系猜测词义。例如下面的阅读材料： there is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. it is on a large island in the pacific ocean. the island is north island in new zealand. 101. what does the word “steam” mean in chinese? a. 自来水b. 大气c. 冰川d. 蒸汽 从语法上看，steam和hot water是并列关系，我们就以断定这两种东西是相关的，是同一类第物质。在所给第四个选项中只有“蒸汽”有这种可能。 (4)根据背景和常识判断。请看2004年北京市海淀区中考试题的阅读材料c: watching some children trying to catch butterflies one august afternoon, i was reminded of an incident in my own childhood. when i was a boy of twelve in south carolina, something happened to me that made me never put any wild creature (living thing) in a cage(笼子). we lived on the edge of a forest, and every evening at sk the mockingbirds would come and rest in the trees and sing. there isn’t a musical instrument made by man that can proce a more beautiful sound than the song of the mockingbird. i decided that i would catch a young bird and keep it in a cage and in that way, i would have my own private musician. i finally succeeded in catching one and put it in a cage. at first, being scared, the bird fluttered(扑腾) about the cage, but finally it settled down in its new home. i felt very pleased with myself and looked forward to some beautiful singing from my little musician. on the second day of the bird’s captivity, my new pet’s mother flew to the cage with food in her mouth. the baby bird ate everything she brought to it. i was pleased to see this. certainly the mother knew better than i how to feed her baby. the following morning when i went to see how my captive (caged) bird was doing, i discovered it on the floor of the cage, dead. i was terribly surprised! what had happened! i had taken extremely care of my little bird, or so i thought. arthur wayne, the famous ornithologist, who happened to be visiting my father at the time, hearing me crying over the death of my bird, explained what had happened. “a mother mockingbird, finding her young in a cage, will sometimes bring it poison berries(毒莓). she thinks it better for her young to die than to live in captivity.” never since then have i caught any living creature and put it in a cage. all living creatures have a right to live free. 60. an ornithologist is probably a person who ____________ . a. studies birds b. loves creatures c. majors in habits d. takes care of trees ornithologist这个词从来没有见到过，但是通过他的语言我们可以判断出这是一个对鸟很有研究的人。我很爱鸟，把鸟装在笼子里，并细心照料，而且鸟的母亲也飞过来喂这只鸟，但这只鸟却死了，我很不理解。到我家来的这个人给我详细解释了鸟死的原因，说明这个人非常懂鸟。据此，我们可以断定答案影视a。