考研英语阅读翻文
考研英语阅读理解汉语翻译
考研英语阅读不仅需要大量的词汇量,更需从答案着手,“慧眼识珠”,消除干扰答案,更加快速高效的做出选择。下面是我给大家准备的考研英语阅读理解真题及汉语翻译,欢迎大家阅读练习!
The marvelous telephone and television network that has now enmeshed the whole world, making all men neighbours, cannot be extended into space. It will never be possible to converse with anyone on another planet. Even with today's radio equipment, the messages will take minutes—sometimes hours—on their journey, because radio and light waves travel at the same limited speed of 186, 000 miles a second.
Twenty years from now you will be able to listen to a friend on Mars, but the words you hear will have left his mouth at least three minutes earlier, and your reply will take a corresponding time to reach him. In such circumstances, an exchange of verbal messages is possible—but not a conversation.
To a culture which has come to take instantaneous communication for granted, as part of the very structure of civilized life, this “time barrier” may have a profound psychological impact. It will be a perpetual reminder of universal laws and limitations against which not all our technology can ever prevail. For it seems as certain as anything can be that no signal—still less any material object—can ever travel faster than light.
The velocity of light is the ultimate speed limit, being part of the very structure of space and time. Within the narrow confines of the solar system, it will not handicap us too severely. At the worst, these will amount to twenty hours—the time it takes a radio signal to span the orbit of Pluto, the outer-most planet.
It is when we move out beyond the confines of the solar system that we come face to face with an altogether new order of cosmic reality. Even today, many otherwise ecated men—like those savages who can count to three but lump together all numbers beyond four—cannot grasp the profound distinction between solar and stellar space. The first is the space enclosing our neighbouring worlds, the planets; the second is that which embraces those distant suns, the stars, and it is literally millions of times greater. There is no such abrupt change of scale in the terrestrial affairs.
Many conservative scientists, appalled by these cosmic gulfs, have denied that they can ever be crossed. Some people never learn; those who sixty years ago scoffed at the possibility of flight, and ten years ago laughed at the idea of travel to the planets, are now quite sure that the stars will always be beyond our reach. And again they are wrong, for they have failed to grasp the great lesson of our age—that if something is possible in theory, and no fundamental scientific laws oppose its realization, then sooner or later it will be achieved.
One day we shall discover a really efficient means of propelling our space vehicles. Every technical device is always developed to its limit and the ultimate speed for spaceships is the velocity of light. They will never reach that goal, but they will get very near it. And then the nearest star will be less than five years voyaging from the earth.[514 words]
11.For light to travel across the solar system, it will take_______.
[A] a year [B] nearly a day [C] two months [D] thirty minutes
12.The fact that it will never be possible to converse with someone on another planet shows that________
[A] radio messages do not travel fast enough
[B] no object can ever travel faster than light
[C] western culture has a special idea of communication
[D] certain universal laws cannot be prevailed against
13.Confronted with the new order of cosmic reality, many ecated men________.
[A] become ignorant savage again [B] find the “time barrier” unbearable
[C] will not combine solar and stellar space[D] cannot adapt to the abrupt change of scale
14.Conservative scientists who deny that cosmic gulfs can ever be crossed will________
[A] laugh at the very idea of flight [B] learn a lesson as they did ten years ago
[C] find space travel beyond their reach[D] oppose the fundamental scientific laws
15.The author of the passage intends to show__________.
[A] the limitations of our technology [B] the vastness of the cosmic reality
[C] the prospect of planetary travel [D] the psychological impact of time and space
>>>>>>答案解析<<<<<<
核心词汇
enclose vt. *① [常用被动态] to surround sth., especially with a fence or wall, in order to make it separate(尤指用篱笆或围墙)围起来 例:A high wall enclosed the courtyard. 一堵高墙把院子围了起来。 ② 随信附上,随信装入 例:Please enclose a check with your order. 请您随定单附上支票。
en-?是构成动词的前缀,表示 ① “使处于某种状态,使有某种特征,使成为……”例:danger使陷入危险中,危害,危及,enlarge使变大,扩大,enslave使成为奴隶,奴役 ②“把……包住;包涵”例:encircle围绕,环绕,包围,encase把……放入箱(盒、袋等)内
lump n. ① a small piece of something solid, without a particular shape(不定形的)块例:There were lumps in the sauce. 酱汁中有块状的东西。②方糖 例:One lump or two? 要一块还是两块方糖?vt. to accept a situation or decision you do not like because you cannot change it 无奈地接受 例: I?m going to that party! Like it or lump it! 我打算去参加那个聚会!不管喜欢还是不喜欢!
[短语搭配] *lump sth. together 把……合在一起考虑;算在一起 例:Pacifists, atheists and journalists were all lumped together as “troublemakers”. 和平主义者、无神论者和记者都被归为“捣乱分子”。
超纲词汇
enmesh vt. *① 用网捕捉,使陷入网中;文中指“以电话和电视网络将整个世界联系起来” ② 使陷入,使卷入 例:be enmeshed in difficulties陷入困难中
stellar a.*① 恒星的,与星有关的 ② 极好的 例:the company?s stellar growth公司的良好发展
terrestrial a. ① 陆地的 *② 地球上的
长难句分析
1. The marvelous telephone and television network that has now enmeshed the whole world, makingall men neighbors, cannot be extended into space.
该句主干是一个被动句The marvelous telephone and television network... cannot be extended into space。其中that引导的定语从句做后置定语修饰network;分词短语making all men neighbors当结果状语,修饰整个定语从句。
2. To a culture which has come to take instantaneous communication for granted, as part of the very structure of civilized life, this “time barrier” may have a profound psychological impact.
该句主干是This “time barriers” may have a profound psychological impact。介词短语to a culture which... 充当状语成分,修饰句子主干,其中which引导的定语从句修饰a culture;介词短语as... 与前面的动词take构成“动词+复合宾语”的结构take sth. as sth.(把……看作……)。
3. Those who sixty years ago scoffed at the possibility of flight, and ten years ago laughed at the idea of travel to the planets, are now quite sure that the stars will always be beyond our reach.
该句主干是Those... are now quite sure that... 。who引导的定语从句修饰主语those;连词and 连接的两个动词短语scoffed...和laughed... 是并列关系,一起充当定语从句的谓语。that引导的从句充当表语。
语篇分析
本文题材涉及星际通信。作者告诉读者虽然人类在宇宙中的交流受到速度的限制,但是跨越宇宙鸿沟的可能性是存在的。它是一篇现象解释型文章,按照“指出现象—解释现象—提出新观点”脉络展开论述,可分成三部分。
第一、二段为第一部分,指出现象:星际之间的通信受到速度的限制。
第一段:开篇指出,地球上的通信系统无法延伸到太空中,因此人类无法实现星际之间的对话。接着分析原因:无线电波和光波传播速度的限制(the same limited speed)使信息需要花很长时间才能到达(the messages will take minutes—sometimes hours—on their journey)。
第二段:以火星为例,具体说明星际之间无法实现通常意义上的“对话”(a conversation is impossible)。由此可以推知,未来星际之间的交流将采用延时通信(communication delay)的方式。
第三、四段,分析现象带来的影响。
第三段:指出“时间障碍”对人们造成的心理影响(a profound psychological impact),即人们意识到技术不能战胜宇宙的普遍规律和限制(universal laws and limitations against which not all our technology can ever prevail)。
第四段:指出速度限制在狭小的太阳系内(the narrow confines of the solar system)不会给人们带来不便(will not handicap us too severely),并且以冥王星为例说明速度的限制在太阳系内最多造成20个小时的延迟。
第五至七段:作者就星际之间的通信问题提出新的观点。
第五段:提出观点一,即,人们应该认识到太阳系之外的宇宙更浩瀚,天体规模的变化更突然(greater, abrupt change of scale)。该段批评了一些人对宇宙的无知(like savages,cannot grasp the profound distinction),并且对太阳系和恒星系两个概念给予了界定。
第六段:批评那些否认跨越宇宙鸿沟的可能性(appalled by these cosmic gulfs, denied that they can ever be crossed)的保守的科学家。从理论上进行论证:人类的发展证明,只要是理论上证明可能的事情,人类迟早能够实现(If something is possible in theory, then sooner or later it will be achieved)。
第七段:提出观点二,即,技术的发展将使跨越宇宙鸿沟变为可能。该段指出未来的航天器驱动方式(a really efficient means of propelling our space vehicles)将会接近速度的极限。全文最后以展望星际旅行的前景结束。
文章总体特点:全文内容分为两大部分,前面部分围绕“宇宙速度限制”展开,后面部分围绕“跨越宇宙鸿沟的可能性”展开。前面部分是铺垫,后面部分才是作者观点的论述,即全文的重心。
试题命制分析
通过对文章的整体分析,我们可以从以下几个方面命题,考查考生的阅读理解能力。
1. 事实细节题
(1) 文中出现多处数字,包括:无线电波或者光波的传播速度都是每秒186, 000英里;无线电信号达到冥王星的时间是20小时;未来乘坐航天器达到最近的恒星需要大约5年的时间。针对这些细节可以命制数字细节题,参见试题11。
(2) 第一段含有两个层次的因果关系:人类无法实现星际之间的对话是因为信号传送时间长;信号传送时间长是因为无线电波或者光波传播速度的限制。这里可以命制因果细节题,参见试题12。
(3) 结合第三段和第四段考查“速度限制或时间障碍”造成的影响。如:[A] 人类不再盲目崇拜技术;[B] 给人类生活带来诸多不便;[C] 星际之间无法进行交流;[D] 诱发人类一些心理疾病。(答案:[A])
2. 推理引申题
(1) 针对第二段关于与火星上的人交流的描述考查未来星际之间的交流方式。
(2) 针对第四段末句考查太阳系内通信延迟的时间最长可以达多久。
3. 人物观点、态度题
第五段和第六段提到了两类保守的人,根据文中的描述,可以命制人物观点题,参见试题13和14。也可以考查他们看待时间障碍问题的态度,如:[A] 肯定的;[B] 否定的;[C] 中立的;[D] 含糊不清的.。(答案:[A])
4. 作者观点、态度题
(1) 考查作者对文中提到的两类人的态度,如:[A] 褒扬;[B] 批判;[C] 同情;[D] 厌恶。(答案:[B])
(2) 根据第五段至第七段,考查作者观点,如:[A] 人类在浩瀚的宇宙中十分渺小;[B] 人们应该了解太阳系之外的宇宙;[C] 技术的力量是无穷无尽的;[D] 宇宙速度的限制迟早会被突破。(答案:[B])
5. 词义句意题
(1) 考查第五段lump together的含义。
(2) 根据上文推测第六段末句If something is possible in theory... then sooner or later it will be achieved的含义,如:[A] 未来的人类终将跨越宇宙鸿沟;[B] 任何设想都不要违背自然规律;[C] 保守的人永远不能正确预见未来;[D] 理论与实际的距离只是时间问题。(答案:[A])
试题精解
11.光穿过太阳系需要多长时间?
[A] 一年。 [B] 将近一天。 [C] 两个月。 [D] 30分钟。
[精解] 答案B本题考查考生的数字推理能力。原文中没有直接的回答,但是第一段末句指出:“无线电和光的传播速度相同。”第四段最后一句又指出,无线电传到太阳系中最远的冥王星,要20小时。所以[B]项正确。
12.人无法和另外一个星球的人进行对话这一事实表明_____。
[A] 无线电的传播速度不够快 [B] 没有物体能比光的速度快
[C] 西方文化有特别的交流观念[D] 某些普遍规律不能被战胜
[精解] 答案A本题考查事实细节。第一段后两句指出,“永远不可能和另一个星球人进行对话。即使有今天的无线电设备,信息传播也需要好几分钟,甚至好几个小时,因为无线电和光波都是以有限速度传播。”第二段中举了一个和火星人交流的例子,得出的结论是:“交换语言信息是可能的,但是不可能对话。”[A]项指的是传播速度的限制,为正确项。[B]是第三段末句的改写,是事实,但它与无法实现星际对话没有必然的联系。[C]项在第三段提到,但“认为即刻交流是理所当然的文化”是人思维局限的表现,而“人无法和另外一个星球的人进行对话”是自然规律事实,后者不能表明前者。该段也提到,“时间的局限性”(即无法和外星人进行对话)提醒我们不是所有的技术都能战胜普遍规律和限制,因此这里说明的是“技术的局限性”,而不是[D]项中的“规律的不可战胜性”。
13.面对宇宙现实的新秩序,许多受过教育的人士________。
[A] 又变成无知的野人 [B] 发现“时间局限性”不可容忍
[C] 将不会把太阳系和恒星系结合起来[D] 不能适应这种突然的大规模的变化
[精解] 答案D本题考查事实细节。文章第五段第二句提到,“许多在别的方面受过教育的人,像只能数到三的野人,无法明白太阳系和恒星系的巨大不同。……(后者比前者)确实大几百万倍,地球上的事物在规模上没有这样巨大的变化。”可见,他们无法适应如此巨大的规模变化,选择[D]。[A]项拘泥于字面含义,没有理解文中举出“野人”只是为了说明那些受过教育的人在变化面前的无知,而不是真的变成了野人。[B]项文中未提,[C]项中“结合”应换成“区分”,才符合文意。
14.否认人们可能跨越巨大宇宙鸿沟的那些保守科学家将会_______。
[A] 嘲笑飞行的想法 [B] 像10年前一样吸取教训
[C] 发现太空旅行非他们所能及[D] 反对基本的科学规律
[精解] 答案C本题考查事实细节。倒数第二段谈到这些保守科学家时,作者指出:“一些人从来不吸取教训;他们60年前怀疑飞行的可能性,10年前耻笑飞往其他行星的想法,现在又满有把握地说恒星是我们永远不能及的。”据此,最为相近的答案应该是[C]。
15.从课文中,我们可以推出作者的意图是要说明_______。
[A] 我们技术的局限性 [B] 宇宙现实的广阔性
[C] 星际旅行的前景 [D] 时间和空间对心理上的影响
[精解] 答案C本题考查写作目的。综观全文,作者从无线电和光速谈起,批评了很多持保守态度的人,进而论证人类终将跨越宇宙鸿沟。文章最后描述未来星际旅行标志了人类跨越宇宙鸿沟的实现。可见,[C]是作者要说明的问题。
全文翻译
神奇的电话和电视网络将整个世界连结在一起,使所有的人都成了邻居,但是却不能延伸到宇宙中。你永远不可能和另一个星球上的人进行对话。即使有今天的无线电设备,信息传播也需要好几分钟,有时候甚至好几个小时,因为无线电和光波都是以每秒186, 000英里的有限速度传播。
20年后你能够听来自火星上的朋友说话,但是话从他口中说出至少要经过三分钟你才可以听到,你的回答也将经过相同的时间才能到达他耳中。在这样的状况下,交换语言信息是可能的,但是不可能对话。
对于一个认为即刻交流理所当然,并将其视为文明生活完整结构的一部分的文化来说,这种“时间障碍”可能会有深刻的心理影响。时间障碍(即无法和外星人进行对话)永远提醒我们不是所有的技术都能战胜普遍规律和限制。看起来非常确定的事情是:没有信号,更不用说物质,可以比光传播的速度快。
作为时空结构的一部分,光速是终极速度极限。在太阳系狭小的范围内,它不会给我们带来太严重的不便。最糟糕的情况也就是20小时,即无线电信号越过最远的冥王星的轨迹的时间。
正是当我们走到太阳系的界限之外的时候,我们开始面对着一个全新的宇宙秩序。即使在今天,许多在别的方面受过教育的人,像只能数到三而把三以上的数字都统称为四的野人,他们无法明白太阳系和恒星系的巨大不同。前者是围绕我们邻近的世界即行星的宇宙,后者是围绕那些遥远的恒星的宇宙。(后者比前者)确实大几百万倍,地球上的事物在规模上没有这样巨大的变化。
许多保守的科学家惊讶于这些宇宙鸿沟之大,因此否认跨越它们的可能性。有些人永远也不会进步:他们60年前怀疑飞行的可能性,10年前耻笑飞往其他行星的想法,现在又满有把握地说恒星是我们永远不能及的。他们再一次地错了,因为他们没有领悟我们这一时代的教训——如果某些东西从理论上说是可能的,并且没有一些基本的科学法则反对它的实现的话,它早晚都会实现。
有一天,我们会发现一种真正有效的航天器驱动方式。每一个技术发明都会发展到极限,而宇宙飞船的最终速度是光速。它们永远不会达到这个速度,但是它们将会与这个速度非常接近。那时,离地球最近的恒星用不了5年就可以到达。
;『贰』 考研英语阅读,2008年,text2,第四句,makes heavy reading怎么翻译
makes heavy reading 动宾结构
出版商读这篇报告时一定会内心沉重,所以很难读下去,他们的这种读法就是“heavy reading”,意思是报告让他们心里很难受。
『叁』 考研英语阅读理解和翻译
考研英语阅读理解和翻译
想要把考研英语考好,不在考场上心理崩盘,只有详细研究真题和精读外刊,否则绝大部分考生对文章的理解注定是只言片语和模糊不清的,下面是我给大家提供的考研的英语阅读理解练习真题及翻译,一起来练习一下吧!
The world is goingthrough the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. Theprocess sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emergingcountries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at thisprocess and worrying: “Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollableanti-competitive force?"
There's no question that the big are getting bigger and morepowerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% ofinternational trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growingrapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment ofproction in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. InArgentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationalswent from 43% to almost 70% of the instrial proction of the 200 largestfirms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smallereconomic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of theworld economy。
I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&Awave are the same that underlie the globalization process: fallingtransportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers andenlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers'demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. Asproctivity grows, the world's wealth increases。
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave arescanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms todaycould re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly acentury ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergersof telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices forconsumers or a rection in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary,the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration isincreasing—witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan—but it doesnot appear that consumers are being hurt。
Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. Afew weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the bankinginstry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of lastresort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationalsshift proction from one place to another when a nation gets too strict aboutinfringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself therole of“defending competition" on issues that affect many othernations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?
33. What is the typical trend of businesses today?
[A]To take in more foreign funds
[B]To invest more abroad
[C]To combine and become bigger
[D]To trade with more countries
34. According to the author, one of the driving forces behindM&A wave is _________。
[A]the greater customer demands
[B]a surplus supply for the market
[C]a growing proctivity
[D]the increase of the world's wealth
35. From paragraph 4 we can infer that _________。
[A]the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
[B]WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs
[C]the costs of the globalization process are enormous
[D]the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition
36. Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can be saidto be _________。
[A]optimistic
[B]objective
[C]pessimistic
[D]biased
>>>>>>答案解析<<<<<<
33. What is the typical trend of businesses today? 今天的商业典型的发展趋势是什么?
[A]To take in more foreign funds 吸收更多外资
[B]To invest more abroad 进行更多对外投资
[C]To combine and become bigger 合并做强
[D]To trade with more countries 与更多国家贸易
【答案】 C
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 文章第一段中说“世界正在经历一场前所未有的最大的的并购浪潮。这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国开始,横扫欧洲,并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家”,因此可以判断正确答案是[C]。
34. According to the author, one of the driving forces behindM&A wave is _______。
根据本文作者,在合并浪潮背后的一个驱动力是______。
[A]the greater customer demands 更大的消费需求
[B]a surplus supply for the market 对市场的剩余供给
[C]a growing proctivity 日益增长的生产率
[D]the increase of the world’s wealth 世界财富的增长
【答案】 A
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 根据“合并浪潮的推动力”可以定位到第三段。在作者看来,“日趋下降的运输与通讯费用,较低的贸易与投资壁垒,以及市场的扩大和为满足市场需求而进行的扩大生产,是推动这股巨大的并购浪潮的最主要的力量,也是推动全球化进程的力量”。将四个选项对比这三个因素,只有[A]包括了根据顾客的需要扩大市场这个因素。
35. From paragraph 4 we can infer that _____。
从第四段中我们可以推断出_____。
[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
日益增长的集中肯定会损害消费者的利益
[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs
世通就是一个合并利与弊的好例子
[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous
全球化进程的成本很高
[D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition
标准石油托拉斯或许已经威胁到竞争
【答案】 D
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 [A]“日益增长的集中肯定会损害消费者的利益”与原文第四段第一句不符合,因为作者说“这股合并浪潮是带来益处还是弊端的实例还很少”,因此很难说肯定会带来损害。[B]提到“世通”,说是一个带来利益和降低成本的好例子。这句说是“价格没有随着合并而提高”,并没有提到价格降低问题,因此,合并虽然没有伤害消费者,也没有给他们带来利益。[C]本段没有涉及。[D]可以从文中“很难想像当今的几个石油公司的合并能够再次造成像100年前美国标准石油托拉斯对竞争形成的威胁”,这说明当年这个石油公司肯定曾经对竞争造成巨大威胁。
36. Toward the new business wave, the writer’s attitudecan be said to be _____。
作者看待新的商业浪潮的态度可以说是_______。
[A]optimistic 乐观的
[B]objective 客观的
[C]pessimistic 悲观的
[D]biased 歧视的
【答案】 B
【考点】 作者态度题。
【分析】 本题考查考生是否了解作者的态度。文中作者提到了“合并”的益处,但是同时也在第四段中提到“我们必须警惕这样的合并浪潮”。作者是从两个方面来谈论这个问题的,因此我们可以判断作者的态度应该是客观的。
难句解析:
1. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role ofsmaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stabilityof the world economy。
【结构分析】本题的主干是“This phenomenon has created serious concerns”,两个“over”引导介宾短语,是并列的成分,做“concern”的定语。而“of smaller economic firms”与“of nationalbusinessmen”都是第一个“role”的定语。
2. I believe that the most important forces behind the massiveM&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: fallingtransportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers andenlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands。
【结构分析】本句主句是“I believe ”,“that”引导一个宾语从句,在这个宾语从句中,后面的“that”前面省略了“forces”,这个“that”引导一个定语从句,修饰这个省略的“forces”。冒号后面的部分是“the most important forces”的同位语,其中“markets”后面的“that”引导定语从句修饰“markets”,“capable ofmeeting customers' demands”是“operations”的定语。
全文翻译:
世界正在经历一场前所未有的最大的的并购浪潮。这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国开始,横扫欧洲,并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家。这些国家的许多人面对这个浪潮,倍感忧虑:“商业集中的浪潮会不会演变成一股无法控制的反竞争的力量?”
无疑,大企业正在变得更大、更强。1982年,跨国公司占国际贸易不到20%的份额。而如今,这个数字已经超过25%,并且还在迅速上升。在那些对外开放并鼓励外资的经济体中,国际分公司在生产中也正占据一个越来越大的份额。比如,在阿根廷,经过90年代初的改革之后,跨国公司在200家大型企业的工业生产中从43%增加到几乎70%。这个现象使人们开始重视小型企业和民族资本的作用以及世界经济的最终稳定。
我认为,日趋下降的运输与通讯费用,较低的贸易与投资壁垒,以及市场的扩大和为满足市场需求而进行的扩大生产,是推动这股巨大的并购浪潮的最主要的力量,也是推动全球化进程的力量。所有这些对消费者来说都是有益而无害的。随着生产力的`提高,世界的财富也在增长。
这股合并浪潮是带来益处还是弊端的实例还很少。但是很难想像当今的几个石油公司的合并能够再次造成像100年前美国标准石油托拉斯对竞争形成的威胁,人们当时很害怕这家公司,结果导致了它最终的解散。像世通这样的通讯公司的合并似乎不会抬高消费价格,或者减缓技术进步的速度,与之相反的是通信的价格的快速下降。汽车行业的合并也同样在增加——瞧瞧戴姆勒与克莱斯勒,雷诺与尼桑的合并——但看起来消费者并未受到伤害。
但是有一个事实,那就是合并必须受到密切关注。就在几星期以前,格林斯潘对银行业的大规模合并发出了警告。正在创建的这样的巨大的银行一旦出现,谁来充当最终的借贷者,谁来发挥监督、规范和运作的作用呢?当一个国家对破坏公平竞争的行为的处理过于严厉时,跨国公司会不会把它们的生产从一地转到另一地呢?在那些将会影响许多其他国家的问题上,一个国家是否应该发挥“保护竞争”的作用,就如同美国政府对微软公司案例那样?
;『肆』 考研英语阅读理解翻译历年真题
“I've never met a human worth cloning,” says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A&M University. “It's a stupid endeavor.” That's an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy. So far, he and his team have not succeeded, though they have cloned two calves and expect to clone a cat soon. They just might succeed in cloning Missy later this year—or perhaps not for another five years. It seems the reproctive system of man's best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science.
Westhusin's experience with cloning animals leaves him vexed by all this talk of human cloning. In three years of work on the Missyplicity project, using hundreds upon hundreds of canine eggs, the A&M team has proced only a dozen or so embryos carrying Missy's DNA. None have survived the transfer to a surrogate mother. The wastage of eggs and the many spontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable when you're dealing with cats or bulls, he argues, but not with humans. “Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous,” he says.
Even so, dog cloning is a commercial opportunity, with a nice research payoff. Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997, Westhusin's phone at A&M College of Veterinary Medicine has been ringing busily. Cost is no obstacle for customers like Missy's mysterious owner, who wishes to remain unknown to protect his privacy. He's plopped down $3.7 million so far to fund the research because he wants a twin to carry on Missy?s fine qualities after she dies. But he knows her clone may not have her temperament. In a statement of purpose, Missy's owner and the A&M team say they are “both looking forward to studying the ways that her clone differs from Missy.”
The fate of the dog samples will depend on Westhusin's work. He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems. “Why would you ever want to clone humans,” Westhusin asks, “when we?re not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet?” [397 words]
6. Mr. Westhusin thinks cloning is dangerous because_____ .
[A] animals are tortured to death in the experiments
[B]the public has expressed strong disapproval
[C] too many lives are wasted for laboratory use
[D] cloning becomes a quest only for profit
7. What is the problem confronting the Missyplicity project?
[A] The client holds a suspicious view toward it.
[B] There is a lack of funds to support the research.
[C] The owner is unwilling to disclose the information.
[D] Cloning dogs is a difficult biological problem.
8. Which of the following is true about animal cloning?
[A]Few private cloning companies could afford it
[B]Few people have realized its significance.
[C] An exact of a cat or bull can be made.
[D] It is becoming a prosperous instry.
9. From the passage we can infer that _____.
[A] Mr. Westhusin is going to clone a dog soon
[B] scientists are pessimistic about human cloning
[C] human reproctive system has not been understood
[D] rich people are only interested in cloning animals
10. Mr. Westhusin seems to believe that cloning______.
[A] is stupid and should be abandoned [B] has been close to success
[C] should be taken cautiously [D] is now in a dilemma
>>>>>>答案解析<<<<<<
核心词汇
confines n. limits or borders范围,界限;边界 例:the confines of human knowledge 人类的知识范围 / the confines of family life 家庭生活的范围
超纲词汇
aborted a. *① 流产的 ② 出问题的,出故障的
canine a. 犬的,犬科的
cramped a. 狭窄的,拥挤的 例:working in cramped conditions 在拥挤的环境里工作
embryo n. 胚胎
fetus n. 胎,胎儿
Missyplicity n.这是个临时造的词,是三个部分的合成:Missy指文中提到的那条狗密斯,
plicate意为“复制”,?ity为名词后缀
plop vi.&vt.(使)扑通一声落下 例:Can you plop some ice in my drink? 能在我的饮料中放点冰块吗? 文中是比喻用法,指“投入资金”
surrogate n.代理, 代理人,代用品 vt.使代理, 使代替;*surrogate mother 代理母体
veterinary a.兽医的 例:veterinary medicine/science兽医学
vexed a.*① 气恼的,烦恼的 例:the vexed parents of an unruly teenager因孩子难管教而气恼的父母 ②(问题等)争论不休的,难于解决的 例:vexed question/issue棘手的问题
viably ad. ① 可实施地,切实可行地 *② 能存活地,能生长发育地
长难句分析
1. That's an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy.
该句主干是That's an interesting choice of adjective。现在分词短语coming from... 做后置定语,修饰前面的名词choice,相当于一个定语从句(which is)coming from... ;在分词短语中,定语从句who... 也做后置定语,修饰先行词a man。
2. He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems.
该句主干是He knows that... 。that引导的宾语从句是一个主从复合句,且从句位于主句之前,主句是the offspring will face the problems... ;从句是让步状语从句:even if he gets a dog viably pregnant;should they survive是个省略了if的条件状语从句,为插入语,修饰主句。另外,主句的宾语the problems后接有过去分词短语shown... 做后置定语,相当于一个定义从句(that)are shown... ;冒号后的名词短语做the problems的同位语。
语篇分析
本文题材涉及生物技术。作者从克隆动物这个角度间接论证克隆人的不可行性,主张应该慎重对待克隆人研究。它是一篇观点论证型文章,按照“提出观点—论证观点—重申观点”的脉络展开论述,可分成三部分。
第一段为第一部分,提出观点:克隆人是不可行的。
引用专家Mark Westhusin和一位试图克隆其爱犬的富人的话(never met a human worth cloning,a stupid endeavor)表达作者的观点。接着介绍Mark Westhusin所进行的克隆动物的实验(two calves,a cat and a dog),并特别指出对狗的克隆最具难度(one of the mysteries of modern science)。
第二、三段为第二部分,论证观点。
第二段:指出Mark Westhusin克隆动物的经验使他极力反对克隆人(vexed by talking of human cloning)。首句是段落主题句。段中详细介绍了一个克隆狗的项目(the Missyplicity project)中出现的状况:①从成百上千的卵中只获得一打左右基因匹配的胚胎;②转移到母体时没有一个胚胎存活下来。从这些细节中可以推出,克隆是低效而且危险的。这在末句“Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous”得到了证实。该段最后还给出了Mark Westhusin的观点:动物实验中的浪费现象在人的研究中不能被接受。因此,该段将Mark Westhusin反对克隆人的态度表露无疑。
『伍』 考研英语有翻译题吗
考研英语一有翻译题型,翻译试题为英译汉。
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲(非英语专业)中把英译汉试题作为阅读理解的一部分进行测试考查,分值为10分。是考研英语一阅读理解C节考试内容,其目的是要测试考生根据上下文准确理解文章中结构比较复杂、内容具有一定深度的英语句子,并能够用汉语进行准确表达的能力。
英语一的翻译考查主要放在考生对于文章的理解和表达上,集中体现在词汇和句法两个层面。从词汇方面来看,主要考查考生根据上下文推测词义,从一词多义中确定恰当的词义并用汉语进行准确表达的能力。
从句法方面来看,主要考查考生理解句子的句法结构、文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系,理解英语特殊的表意方式和语序,并能准确地将其转化成符合汉语表达习惯的句子的能力。
考研英语词汇量要求
考生应能掌握5500左右的词汇以及相关词组。
除掌握词汇的基本含义外,考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系,如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系,如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生成的基本知识,如词源、词根、词缀等。
英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程,它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。
此外,全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。考虑到交际的需要,考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇,以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。
以上内容参考 网络—考研英语
『陆』 为什么考研英语的阅读理解的中文翻译那么晦涩难懂
考研英语阅读部分来的内容专业性很强自,都是些科技类科研类的,词汇也都是比较生僻,平时不容易 接触的,所以这就是为什么考研英语比较难,不是生活化的内容,通常都是一些专刊,文献,科技类的一些文摘之类的文章,平时可以多做这方面的阅读练习,掌握考研词汇。
『柒』 考研英语翻译方法
在考研中,英语考试里会出现翻译题型,这个我们是知道的所以要做好准备。下面是我给大家整理的考研英语翻译技巧,供大家参阅!
考研英语翻译技巧
从历年的考试来看,翻译题是考研英语各题型中得分率较低的,因此如何把握整个翻译过程就显得尤为重要。
一、略读全文
在翻译过程中,理解是表达的前提,不能正确理解就谈不上正确表达。因此,首先要略读全文,从整体上把握整篇文章的内容,并理解划线部分与文章其他部分之间的语法与逻辑关系。
二、分析划线部分
在整体理解全文意思的基础上,还要重点分析划线部分的结构和意义。首先,划线部分一般来说句子结构都比较复杂,如果搞不清楚它的语法结构,是很难做出正确的翻译的。在分析划线部分的句子结构时,要注意亩键圆分清哪是主句,哪是从句;哪是句子的主干,哪是枝叶。其次,要理解划线部分的意义。不仅要弄清句子表面的意义,还要理解句子在特定的语言环境中的意义。还要特别注意句子中的代词和所指代的意义。另外,还要特别注意句子中包含的短语和固定结构,因为这往往是考点。
三、翻译
正确理解原文后,接下来就是翻译。翻译时,关键是综合运用各种翻译方法将英文的原意忠实地表达出来。关于翻译,有直译和意译两种方法,只是我们很多人都没有理解直译和意译的区别,从我们上面所谈的英汉区别可知,不可能存在绝对的直译,因为毕竟两种语言相差太大,任何直译都是经过一定变通之后的直译,但有的人以为这便是意译,其实这是错误的,意译一般在文学翻译中才会出现。而研究生英语翻译中,其实只有可能是直译,不可能是意译。要做好翻译,关键是要有正确的翻译意识,前面所说的翻译技巧可以是必须用的,几乎每句的翻译都要综合的运用各种翻译技巧。把握了这一点,也就具有了做好英语翻译题的前提。主要有如下翻译技巧。
1分译法。翻译部分的句子,大多为复杂从句,而汉语中没有与之一一对应的从句,因此,要翻译出来让别人能看懂,就必须将其拆开,分译成各个单句。
2转译法。很多被动语态如果机械的翻成被动语态,可能会让人觉得别扭,因此需要转为主动亮森态。此外,还有否定转译等各种情况。
3添减词法。由于英汉两种语言的差异,在英文看上去比较正常的句子,译成汉语时,如果不或增或减一些词可能无法把英文的原意表达出来,这样就需要适当地运用添减词法。
4单复数译法。单复数要译出。如"birds in the tree"可译为"树上的鸟儿们"。
5时态的译法。英语中有专门表示时态的句子成分,而汉语则没有,因此,为准确地翻译出英语的意思,有时必须加一些表时间的副词,如"著,了,在"等。
6代词的译法。代词一般需要转译成名词,即把其所指代的意义译出。
7人名地名的译法,知道的可以译出来,不知道就保持原文。
四、校核
校核主要有三个方迅塌面:一是检查译文是否忠实于原文。通过把译文和原文对照比较往往能发现问题;二是检查译文字身是否通顺或表达清楚。把译文通读一遍,如果觉得读起来很别扭或者有歧义,那很有可能是翻译不通或表达不清楚,适当增减词或调整语序通常能解决这一问题;三是检查译文是否有笔误,是否有漏洞,是否有代词未转译,时态是否译出,数字、日期是否译错,标点符号是否用错等。
翻译本身是一个复杂的心理思维活动过程,任何做翻译的人都会感到翻译的艰钜性。大多数初学翻译的人,感觉最明显的问题是:理解英语不容易,表达成汉语不轻松。如何理解和如何表达,就成了大多数感觉自己英语基础知识比较匮乏的考生的严重问题了。下面,根据历年真题翻译呈现出的特点和规律,为2011年的广大考生寻找考研英语翻译的应对策略。
一、题型特点
从1996年题型改革至今,命题组更侧重考生综合运用语言的能力,题目难度加大,趋向稳定。考题要求考生在理解全句、全段或全文的基础上,把语法、词汇的意思和上下文结合起来理解,表面看上去画线的句子语法不很复杂,词汇似乎也不陌生,但翻译时很多考生觉得难以动笔,难度增大体现在:不能采用就词论词、就句子论句子的简单直译方法,而要求把词和句子放在篇章里去理解,还强调英语习惯用法、语感和翻译技巧的掌握。这样仅靠熟悉语法规则和孤立地背单词已远远不够了,这也是考生得分普遍不高的主要原因。近年来英译汉试题主要特点如下:
1反映自然科学、社会科学的常识性、科学类和报刊评论文章占很大比例;
2考题难度加大;
3语法现象难度有所降低;
4突出简单翻译技巧,如:词、片语的省略及补译,译出it,they,this,that等代词的真正代表的含义,词义选择、引申、词性转换,长句的拆句与逆序翻译法等。万学海文提醒考生们应针对这些特点认真做好适当的准备。
二、应对策略
考研大纲规定:翻译主要考察考生准确理解概念或结构较复杂的英语文字材料的能力。要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章,并将其中5个划线部分约150词译成汉语,要求译文准确、完整、通顺,即主要考查考生依据上下文的帮助对于具有较大难度的语句在理解和书面表达方面的能力。
通常来讲,考生在"理解"上的难度表现在:语句形式上的复杂,理不清各部分的关系;语句内容涉及不了解或不熟悉的背景知识,或是语句涉及较深的、难以理解的思想内容。而在"表达"上的难度可能有:对于英语的语句没有看懂;自身汉语综合能力存在问题。 所以,考生在复习英语翻译的时候要掌握以下策略:
1.要有意识地进行长句,复杂句式结构分析的训练。善于在复杂的句式结构中找出主体结构,特别是主句的主语和谓语,并以此作为句子理解和翻译的起点。
2.善于积累词汇。特别要注意一词多义,常见词一般具有多义性,翻译时要根据搭配和上下文确定意义,如develop除了"发展"的意思外,还有"形成"的意思。同时要注意一词多性,特别是名词、动词、形容词三种词性的互换,平时要有意识地做一些"名词动译"、"动词名译"等方面的训练。
3.注意词语的固定搭配。特别注意动词+介词、动词+副词的搭配,因为此类搭配常常伴有词义的改变。
4.注意同义词、近义词、形近词的区分和辨析。这是提高英语应用能力的必由之路。
5.学习并掌握基本的翻译技巧。
此外,大部分考生做题时还存在一个情况:一边读句子,一边思考每一个单词分别是什么汉语意思,在没有完整理解英语句子的情况下,就直接做了"字字对等"的翻译,或者在读完之后,并没有理解句子,就马上在自己积累的词汇中找与看到的英语词对应的汉语来表达,只要碰到不认识的生词就束手无策。这样的译文,不仅扭曲了英语原文的意思,汉语句子本身也晦涩难懂。所以,万学海文辅导专家提醒考生切勿陷入这种翻译误区,要按照上面的策略来准备和复习翻译试题。
总之,在备考英语翻译的过程中,考生在不断积累知识的同时,还要不断总结思路和方法,逐渐掌握一套属于自己的答题策略。
考研英语语翻译方法
定语从句
一、前置法:把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面,可以用“的”来连线。 He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet。 没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。
Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore。 太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。
His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence。
他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。
二、后置法:把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面,翻译为并列分句。
一重复先行词。
I told the story to John, who told it to his brother。
他把这件事告诉了约翰,约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。
We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special mittee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged。
在我们对特别委员会表示满意,特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。
You, whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquired a greater acplishment in this respect。
你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功,而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。
Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area。
他虽然经验不足,但很有进取心和创造力,而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。
二省略先行词。
ceived the letter that announced the death of your uncle。
是他接到那封信,说你的叔叔去世了。
They worked out a new method by which proction has now been rapidly increased。
他们制定出一种新方案,采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。
三、融合法:把定语从句和它所修饰的先行词结合在一起翻译。
There is a man downstairs who wants to see you。
楼下有人要见你。
In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention。
在我们工厂里,许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。
We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity。
我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有一些国籍标志
She had a balance at her banker’s which would have made her beloved anywhere。
她在银行里的存款足以使她到处受到欢迎
四、状译法
一译成表示“时间”的分句
A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded。
司机在开车时,不许和人谈话,也不能走神。
二译成表示“原因”的分句
He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs. Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable。
他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话,因为她现在异常无礼,令人厌烦。
三译成表示“条件”的分句
Men bee desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families。
人们极其迫切地要求工作,不管什么工作,只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。
四译成表示“让步”的分句
He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for
尽管他并没有这样的需要,他坚持要再买一幢房子,。
五译成表示“目的”的分句
He wishes to write an article that will attract the public attention to the matter。
为了引起公众对这一事件的注意,他想写一篇文章。
He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument。
为了证明他的论点,他正在收集确凿的材料以。
六译成表示“结果”的分句
They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country。
他们企图镇压反抗,结果反抗愈来愈烈,遍及全国。
七译成表示“转折”的分句
She was very patient towards the children, which her hu *** and seldom was。 她对孩子们很有耐心,而她丈夫却很少这样。
考研英语翻译万能解题技巧
一、简要介绍
翻译部分由一篇400字左右的文章组成,其中划出5个句子,要求考生在30分钟内译完。2002年题型更改之前,每句3分,一共15分,现在每句2分,一共10分。
二、有无必要通读全文?
完全没有必要。只有在以下两种情况下,才需要回头看看前文:1.出现it, he, they等代词时,需要回读前文以确定它们所指代的人或物;2.出现某个单词有歧义,可作多种理解时。
三、如何做好翻译?
翻译有三个步骤:正确理解原文;用地道的译入语表达原文;对译文进行修改润色。
百分之百正确地理解原文,是做好翻译的前提。考生在已有的英语理解基础上,应针对翻译部分着重注意以下几个方面:
1.句子中相对应的部分。请看例句:
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
这一句很明显可以分为A,B,C三个部分,A为果,B,C为两个并列的原因。明白了这一点,可以解决两个问题:1.全句大的结构可以确立为:之所以有A,部分原因是B,部分原因是C;2. B部分中explanatory items比较难以翻译,尤其是item一词,但结合C部分,可以确定explanatory items实际上就是explanations的意思,短语other kinds of进一步验证了这一点。
2.时态。英译汉时,常需借助著、了、过等助词和时间副词来表达原句的时态。请看例句:
There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, ...
翻译本句,需新增届时一词来表达原文的将来时态。再请看:
But even more..., for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
本句官方给出的参考译文是:因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。我认为,这个译文翻译的实际上是for what they saw而不是for what they were seeing,换言之,它不足以表达一般过去时和过去进行时的区别。
再请看:
...and digital age will have arrived.
有考生将其翻译成数字时代将会来到,体现的是一般将来时而不是将来完成时。
3.词的单复数,大小写等细节问题。请看例句:
Whether the Government should...
官方给出的参考译文将the Government简单译成 *** ,不确切。定冠词the以及government首字母大写这两点明显表明此处的government是特指。本句前一句为Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute,可以确定,the Government指的是联邦 *** 。
再请看:
Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
此处insights能否做洞察力讲?如果能,洞察力有复数吗?如果不能,它又当做何解释?
顺便说一句,not so much...as...引导的两部分是对应的,因此可以确定,此处的through与后面的because of同义。
注意词的单复数还有一个实际用途,就是可以比较快地确定代词所指为何。请看例句:
But even more important, it was the farthest..
根据现在的评分标准,it不能简单地译为它,而应回读前文,找出它具体所指为何。在完成这一任务时,考生只应看前面的单数名词而忽视一切复数名词。
英语还有一些特殊的表达方式,如将两个同义词用and相连,强调表达一个意思,还有尽可能避免重复,这些都是考生应该注意的。限于篇幅,在此恕不赘述。
正确理解原文后,接下来就是翻译。翻译时,考生应着重注意处理好句子结构以及句序。翻译部分的句子,大多为复合句,汉语中没有从句,因此,正确处理句子结构以及句序,实际上就是正确处理从句。请看下表:
定语从句状语从句宾语从句主语从句同位语从句表语从句简单句并列
可以看出掌握好定语从句和状语从句的翻译至关重要。
修饰润色这一工作,针对考研,只需看看有无明显的漏译错译即可。
四、翻译技巧
应付考研翻译,比较常用的翻译技巧是添减词和词性转换。
五、人名地名怎么译?碰到不认识的词怎么办?
不常见的人名地名可以保留原文。
万一有不认识的词,最好忽略不译,切忌胡乱翻译,因为一个错译远比一个漏译扎眼。
看过考研英语翻译技巧的人还:
『捌』 考研英语阅读求翻译
In those far-off days,那些遥远的日子里,
it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.在人们想当然地认为,主要报纸的批评家们会详细地写下他们所报专道的事件。
Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman ,他们的职业是严属肃的,即使是那些像George Bernard Shaw和Ernest Newman那样轻松的评论家,
could be trusted to know what they were about.也可以相信他们是怎么回事。
『玖』 08年考研英语阅读理解第三篇翻译
08年考研英语阅读理解第三篇翻译:
在20世纪60年代早期,Wilt Chamberlain是美国国家篮球协会中仅有的身高超过7英尺的三个人之一。可是如果他参加了上个赛季的话,他就变成了42分之一了。这些年来在较大的职业体育运动中的运动员的身体状况发生了很大的改变,而他们的经理人也更愿意调整队员的运动服来适应队员们更大,更高的身材。
虽然体育界的这种趋势可能蒙蔽了一个没有被承认的现实:美国人基本上停止生长了。虽然现在人们比140年前高了2英寸,特别是那些出生在已移民美国很多代的那些人,但是明显的,在二十世纪60年代早期,已经到达了他们的身高的极限。他们已经不可能再长得更高了。“在这个基因和环境的条件下,现在整体的人们已经长到我们能够达到的范围了,”Wright州大学的人类学家William Cameron Chumlea说道。拿NBA球员来说,他们身高的增加主要由于从世界各地招募到了球员。
身高的增长一般在20岁以后就停止了,而发育是需要能量和营养的,其中的蛋白质用来供给组织的生长。在20世纪初,营养不良和儿童疾病妨碍了整体的发育。但是当饮食和健康的促进,儿童和青少年平均每20年都增长了大概1.5英寸,这就是长高的趋势。根据疾病防治中心,从1960年开始,人们的平均身高,男性5英尺9英寸,女性5英尺4英寸,就没有怎么改变了。
总的说来,避免太高的身高是有很多优点的。在生产时,较大的婴儿通过产道是有更多的问题的。而且,就算人类已经直立行走已经几百万年了,我们的脚和背部继续对抗着巨大的压力,这些压力来源于双足直立的姿势和巨大的肢体。“有一些限制是个体器官的基因结构导致的。”西北大学的人类学家William Leonard说道。
基因的最大化可以改变,但是不要期待它会马上就能发生。Mass州的Natick的军队研究中心的高级人类学家Claire C. Gordon确信百分之九十的入伍新兵不需要更换新的制服和工作站。她说,不像那些篮球制服,军队的制服长度很长时间都没有改变了。如果你需要在不远的将来预测人类的身高而去设计一款新的设备,Gordon说基本上,“你都能够使用现在的数据并且觉得非常地自信。”
Text 3
In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.
The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.
Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height – 5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women – hasn’t really changed since 1960.
Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the indivial organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.
Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”
『拾』 考研英语阅读理解翻译全文
考研英语阅读是考研英语的关键,所以平时要多做并总结考研英语阅读技巧。下面就是我给大家整理的考研英语阅读理解翻译全文,希望对你有用!
考研英语阅读原文
Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely——though by no means uniformly——glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.
Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have enred for millions of years —— so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."
So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.
Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.
But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.
This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to rece many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.
考研英语阅读翻译
几十年前,我们对于未来的看法尽管并不一致,但总的来说颇为乐观。我们相信科学和技术将会治愈人类的一切疾病,使所有人都过上充满机会和成就感的生活。
如今,随着我们对自己所面临的一系列威胁有了更深刻的认识,比如从小行星撞击,到流感,再到气候变化,乌托邦式已经不合时宜。你甚至可能会禁不住要想:人类几乎前途渺茫。
然而,这种担忧不合时宜。化石记录表明,许多物种已经存活了数百万年之久,那么人类为何就不可以呢?从一个更宏观的视角来看一看人类在宇宙中的地位,就会清楚明白,即使人类生存不了几十万年,至少再存活几万年的机会还是很大。在国际自然保护联盟的濒危物种 "红色名录"上查阅"智人"这一条目,你会读到:"由于该物种分布非常广泛,适应性强,目前数量持续上升,且不存在导致其整体数量下降的重大威胁,故被列为最无危物种"。
那么,我们的遥远未来会是什么景象呢?越来越多的研究者和组织机构正在认真思考这个问题。比如,今日不朽基金会的旗舰项目是一台机械时钟,该时钟的设计目标是能够在几千几万年后保持计时功能。
这样做或许有些一意孤行,但推想久远的未来要比思考即将发生的未来更为容易。当今技术的可能发展及它的社会影响结果非常复杂,或许最好的办法是让科幻小说家和未来学家去探索我们能想象到的种种可能。这正是我们发行《弧》的原因之一,该新刊物旨在探索不远的未来。
但是,如果采用一个更为长远的视角,我们便能对惊人数量的事情做出很有把握的预测。通常,过去掌握着通向未来的钥匙:目前,我们已经充分了解有关地球历史和人类历史的长期发展模式,这使我们能对子孙后代的生存环境做出有根据的预测。
这种长远的视角使我们对未来的悲观态度更像是一股短暂的风潮。诚然,未来绝非一片光明。不过,我们已经有足够的知识去降低许多曾经威胁前人生存的危险,以及去改善后人的命运。
考研英语阅读词语解析
dedicated['dedi.keitid]adj. 专注的,献身的,专用的
overall[əuvə'rɔ:l]adj. 全部的,全体的,一切在内的
strike[straik]n. 罢工,打击,殴打 v. 打,撞,罢工,划
adaptable[ə'dæptəbl]adj. 能适应的,适应性强的,可改编的
planet['plænit]n. 行星
immediate[i'mi:djət]adj. 立即的,即刻的,直接的,最接近的
pessimistic[.pesi'mistik]adj. 悲观的,悲观主义的
population[.pɔpju'leiʃən]n. 人口 ,(全体)居民,人数
opportunity[.ɔpə'tju:niti]n. 机会,时机
evolution[.i:və'lu:ʃən]n. 进化,发展,演变
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