中石油职称英语都是阅读理解
『壹』 中石油职称英语阅读精讲：Happiness Index
金钱可以买到幸福吗?下面这篇阅读文章内容是关于幸福指数调查的，欢迎大家阅读。不要忘了做后面的习题哦。
Happiness Index 幸福指数
1. In terms of happiness, your spouse—if you have one—is worth $100,000 a year.
1、就幸福而言(in terms of 依据;按照)，你的配偶(spouse)——如果你有的话——值10万美元一年(a year)。
2. That's the finding of two economists who have tried to put a monetary value on happiness by measuring the emotional value of everything from religion to racial discrimination in dollars.
2、这就是两位经济学家研究的结果(finding n. 发现;调查的结果; economist n. 经济学家)，他们试图从金钱的角度来衡量幸福，以美元为单位(in dollars)，对从宗教到种族歧视等各种情感进行估价(who 引导的定语从句修饰two economists; try to do sth. 试图做某事;monetary value 货币价值;emotional value 情感价值;religion n. 宗教;信仰;racial discrimination 种族歧视)。
3. Such a calculation, admits economist David Blanchflower, is "
a little bit off the wall" and may prompt wry comments within some marriages on "cashing in".
3、经济学家大卫·布兰奇弗劳尔(简称DB)承认(admit vt.)，这种计算是“有点离奇”(a little bit 有点儿; off the wall 荒诞的;疯狂的)，并可能引起不当的想法(prompt vt. 激起;促进;wry adj. 扭曲的; comment n. 评论;意见)，认为有些人结婚是为了 “从中捞取好处” (cash in 兑现)。
4. The two economists are, of course, speaking of averages. They have used an annual survey of some 1,500 Americans from 1972 to 1998 to measure self- reported happiness and the factors that go with it. But it turns out that the happiness value of a stable marriage is "incredibly high", says Dr. Blanchflower, a professor at Dartmouth College in Hanover, N.H., whose study has just been published by the National Bureau of Economic Research in Cambridge, Mass. "Don't give it up lightly."
4、当然，这两位经济学家是就一般人(或中等水平)而言的(speak of 提及;谈到)。他们从1972年到1998年每年(annual adj. 年度的;每年的)对大约1500名美国人进行调查，衡量(to measure … 不定式作目的状语)他们自述的幸福和产生幸福的因素(that go with it定语从句修饰前面置词the factors;it 指的是什么?答案就是“自述的幸福”;go with 伴随;)。结果表明(it turns out that 原来是…)，一个稳定的婚姻的幸福值“髙得令人难以置信(incredibly adv.)”，布兰奇弗劳尔(DB)博士如是说。布兰奇弗劳尔博士是新罕布什尔州汉诺威市达特默思大学教授， 他的研究成果新近已由马萨诸塞州(Mass)剑桥市的全国经济研究局发表(本句考点：现在完成时被动语态，by 后面的机构不用深究是什么;just adv. 刚刚)。他还说：“不要轻易放弃婚姻。”(give up 放弃)
5. Blanchflower and his partner Andrew Oswald, an economist at Warwick University in Britain, begin with this question: "Taken all together, how would you say things are these days—would you say that you are happy, pretty happy, or not so happy?"
5、布兰奇弗劳尔和他的合作伙伴(partner)——英国华威大学的经济学家安德鲁•奥斯瓦尔德(简称AO)，是以这个问题开始(begin with)他们的调查的：“总的来说(all together 一起;同时)，你会怎样描述近况——是快乐、相当快乐，还是不怎么快乐?”(how would you say…用两个特殊疑问句提出问题;谓语say后接两个宾语从句。)
6. The survey results include detailed characteristics of those surveyed, such as whether they are married, divorced, single, their income level, race, gender, etc. With that data, they found which factors are associated with greater happiness.
6、调查结果包括(include)被调查对象的详细特征(detailed characteristics of those surveyed;记得the +adj. 可以当名词用，如the poor 穷人;这里的those surveyed 是不是也是一样，也可以当名词用，即“被调查对象”)——比如是否(whether)已婚、离异、单身，收入水平、种族和性别(gender)等情况。他们运用这些数据找出了那些与更高程度幸福相关的因素(which引导的名词性从句做宾语;be associated with 和…联系在一起;与…有关)。
7. Extra money does buy some happiness. But (it is) not as much as many would suspect. Constructing a sort of happiness index that assigns 3 to "very happy", 2 to "pretty happy", and 1 to "not too happy", the two reckon that an extra dollar provides 0.00000409 in additional happiness. Or $10,000 would give you 0.04 units of extra happiness.
7、额外的金钱的确(does强调，加强语气)可以买到某种幸福。但是并不像许多人料想的那么多(suspect vi. 怀疑;猜想)。他们设计了一种幸福指数：3表示“非常幸福”，2表示“相当幸福”，1表示“不太幸福”(that 引导的定语从句修饰a sort of happiness index; assign to 分配给;指定到)。他们俩由此估算出(reckon vt. 测算;计算)，每额外增加1美元，幸福就会增值 0.00000409(additional adj. 附加的，额外的)。或者说1万美元可以使你的幸福增值0.04个单位。
8. The two economists, using this index, assign a dollar value to other factors associated with more or less happiness.
8、这两位经济学家用这种指数(using this index)以美元为单位对与大大小小的幸福相关的(associated with more or less happiness过去分词做定语，修饰other factors)其他因素进行了估价。
9. Using that index, a lasting marriage is worth $100,000 per year compared with being widowed or divorced. Being "separated" is the greatest depressant of happiness, followed closely by the death of a spouse.
9、采用这种指标可以看出，与鳏寡或离异(being widowed or divorced)相比(compare with 与…相比较)，持久的婚姻每年价值10万美元。“分居”(being "separated")是对幸福最大的抑制剂(depressant)，紧随其后的(抑制剂)是丧偶(followed…过去分词做定语)。
10. Second and subsequent marriages are less happy than first marriages on average.
10、一般来说(on average 平均;偏意：通常)，第二次婚姻和以后的(subsequent)再婚都不如第一次婚姻幸福。
11. A 16-year-old whose parents divorced has a lower level of well-being in althood.
11、一个双亲离异的16岁孩子(whose parents divorced定语从句修饰a 16-year-old; divorce vi. 离婚)在长大成人之后拥有较低程度的幸福(well-being n. 幸福;康乐;althood n. 成年)。
12. "Marriage is believed by psychologists and psychiatrists to provide a protective effect to mental well-being," the authors note.
12、这两位作者指出：“心理学家和精神病学家认为婚姻是对精神健康的一种保障。(psychologist n. 心理学家; psychiatrist n. 精神病学家; protective effect n. 保护任用;防护作用; mental n. 精神的;心理的)”
13. Blanchflower suspects the decline in the happiness level of Americans from the early 1970s to the late 1990s, despite rising incomes, may be attributed to the rise in divorce.
13、布兰奇弗劳尔认为，尽管(despite prep.尽管; n. 轻视;蔑视;憎恨)从1970年代初期到1990年代末期美国人的收入增加了(rising in comes)，但是他们的幸福程度却降低了，这或许应归罪于离婚率的升髙(be attributed to 归因于…)。
14. Other findings include:
14、其他的发现包括：
15. To bring African-Americans up to average happiness levels, they would need an extra $ 30,000 in annual income.
15、要使非洲裔美国人的幸福程度上升到平均水平，他们的年收入(in annual income)还需要增加3万美元。
16. This, the authors speculate, may be the impact of
racial discrimination. Over the past few decades, however, their happiness level has risen. "Blacks have made up some ground," they say.
16、这两位作者认为(speculate vt. 推断)，这种较低的幸福程度可能是种族歧视的结果(impact n. 影响;效果; racial discrimination n. 种族歧视)。然而，在过去的几十年中，他们的幸福程度已经上升了。两位作者说:“黑人已经取得了一些进展。”
17. Unemployment is highly damaging to men's happiness. It would take $ 60,000 a year to offset being jobless.
17、失业对男人的幸福损伤极大(damaging adj. 有破坏性的;损害的)。要补偿这种无业状况(to offset being jobless 不定式做目的状语;offset vt. 弥补;抵消)一年需要6万美元。
18. 'Men's happiness has trended up. Women's sense of well-being, though higher than that of men, has fallen "noticeably". Policies aimed at ending discrimination against women apparently have not boosted their happiness overall.
18、男人的幸福程度越来越高了。女人的幸福感虽然比男人的要高一些(though higher than that of men;that 指sense of well-bing),但已有“明显(noticeably adv.)”下降。那些旨在消除女性歧视的(aimed at ending discrimination against women 过去分词做定语，修饰policy-policies)政策显然还未从总体上提高她们的幸福程度(apparently adv. 显然地; boost vt. 促进;增加;overall adv. 全部地;总的说来)。
19. The ecated tend to be happier than those less ecated, even when separated from the higher income that often accompanies greater ecation.
19、受教育多的人趋于比受教育少的人更幸福，即使在拿不到高薪时也如此，虽然高薪常常与高学历相关(separate from 分离; accompany vt. 陪伴;伴随;直译为：即使是拿不到与高学历相关的高薪，受教育多的人也比受教育少的人更幸福)。
20. Happiness and life satisfaction are U-shaped according to age. In the United States, people's sense of well-being sinks to a low around 40 and then rises.
20、幸福程度与对生活的满意程度(life satisfaction)随着年龄的'增加而呈U形曲线(according to 根据，按照)。在美国，人们的幸福感在40岁左右降至低谷(sink to 堕落到)，然后又开始上升。
21. Perhaps, the authors suggest, people adapt to their circumstances, relinquish some unfulfilled aspirations by the middle of their lives, and enjoy life more.
21、这两位作者建议人们也许应该适应环境(adapt to 适应; circumstance n. 环境;境遇)，经历中年时(by the middle of their lives)放弃一些仍未实现的抱负(relinquish vt. 放弃; unfulfilled adj. 未实现的;没有成就感的; aspiration n. 渴望;抱负，志向)，从而充分地享受人生。
22. Being religious has a positive effect.
22、宗教信仰对人有积极影响(positive adj. 积极的)。
23. Overall the number of children and siblings a person has doesn't have an impact on their happiness. But for those under 30, happiness decreases proportionately to the number of both children and siblings. Blanchflower and Mr. Oswald found it in a separate study,"The Rising Well-Being of the Young".
23、总体上来讲，一个人所拥有的孩子和兄弟姐妹的数量((that) a person has 是the number of children and siblings的定语从句; siblings n.兄弟姐妹)对他们的幸福并没有影响(have an impact on 对于…有影响)。但是，布兰奇弗劳尔和奥斯瓦尔德先生在另一项名为“年轻人日益增高的幸福感”的课题研究中发现，对于那些30岁以下的人来说，幸福感会因孩子和兄弟姊妹的增多而成比例地下降(proportionately adv. ; separate adj. 单独的;分开的)。(注意：…found it …中的it指的是前一句话的内容，即“对于那些30岁以下的人来说，幸福感会因孩子和兄弟姊妹的增多而成比例地下降”;在“阅读理解”的题目中，经常会提出这样的问题，如某句中的it或that或they指的是…，四选一;所以要好好分析)
24. Blanchard suspects this has to do with the stress associated with having lots of kids.
24、布兰彻德认为(suspects)这必定是由于孩子多而压力增大的缘故(has to 不得不; do with忍受;this仍然是指上面那句话的内容;直译为：布兰彻德认为这是由于不得不忍受与孩子多有关的压力而造成的)。
25. Surveys in Britain give "noticeably similar results" to those in the US. But people's level of satisfaction has remained about the same from the early 1970s to the late 1990s.
25、在英国的调查得出了与在美国的调查“明显相似的结果”。但是，从20世纪70年代初到90年代末，人们的满意程度几乎一直没有变化(has remained about the same)。
1. …, whose study __________the National Bureau of Economic Research in Cambridge, Mass.
A. have just been published byB. has just been published by
C. has just published byD. has just been published
2. With that data, they found which factors are associated __________greater happiness.
A. withB. inC. toD. of
3. Extra money does buy some happiness. But it is not as much as many would __________.
A. surroundB. surpriseC. succeedD. suspect
4. A 16-year-old __________has a lower level of well-being in althood.
A. whose parents divorcedB. who parents divorced
C. whose parent divorcedD. whose parents divorce
5. Blanchflower suspects the decline in the happiness level of Americans from the early 1970s to the late 1990s, __________rising incomes, may __________the rise in divorce.
A. despite; be attributed of
B. despite; be attributed to
C. despite; is attributed to (may+原形，因此C错)
D. despite; be attracted to
6. Women's sense of well-being,__________.
A. though higher than that of men, but has fallen "noticeably"
B. through higher than that of men, has fallen "noticeably"
C. though higher than that of men, has fallen "noticeably"
7. Perhaps people __________their circumstances, relinquish some unfulfilled aspirations by the middle of their lives, and enjoy life more.
A. adapt to B. adopt in C. adapt inD. adopt into
『贰』 中石油职称英语一般考多少课
中石油职称英语一般考5课。根据查询相关公开信息显示：据查询相关公开信息显示，中石油职称英语考试一般包括缓启迟英语语法、词汇、阅读理解、写扰李作等多个科目，考试难度较大，需要考生具备一定的英语水平和应试能力。旁巧
『叁』 中石油职称英语阅读理解文章讲解
中石油职称英语阅读理解文章讲解
在今后的1000年里，我们的世界会面临哪些问题呢?下面是我整理的中石油阅读理解：21世纪的趋势，希望能帮到大家!
Trends for 21st Century 21世纪的趋势
1.What problemswillour world encounter in the next1,000 years? Social scientistsand economists, farming experts and environmentalists posethis question and examinedata and informationfrom surveys.
1、在今后的1000年里(in the next1,000 years)，我们的世界会面临哪些问题呢?(特殊疑问句语序; encountervi. 遭遇)社会科学家、经济学家、农业专家和环境保护主义者提出(pose)了这个问题，并对调查所得的数据和信息(data andinformation from surveys)进行了研究。
2. In every field, experts examine changes to understandthe state of the field.To understand a country’s economy,economistscheck growthin an instrysuch assteel.To understand the state ofbusiness, they maylook atthe number of building permitsfornew houses. The informationlearnedshows increases or decreases. Important trends emergein each field.
2、各个领域的专家都通过对变化的研究来了解该领域的状况。为了了解一个国家的经济状况(To understand a country’s economy)，经济学家对某个行业，如(such as)钢铁业的增长情况(growth)进行调查。为了了解行业的状况(To understand the state of business)，他们可能会调查新房建造许可证的发放数量(the number of 数量;buildingpermits 施工执照;建筑许可证)。得到的资料(learned过去分词作定语，修饰the information)能显示出增长或减少的情况，各个领域的重要趋势就能体现出来(emerge vi. 显现;浮现;暴露)。
3. Population
3、人口
4. Population is importanttoevery person on Earth. Peopletendto live longerin most places. In Central Europe,however,life spanis droppingbecausehealth careis notwhatit was a few years ago. Factorsaffectinggeneral healthinclude excessive smoking，drinking ofalcoholandpolluted water supplies.
4、人口多少对地球上的每个人都很重要。在大多数地区(in most places)人们的寿命越来越长(tend to dosth. 倾向于;往往会)。但在中欧，由于卫生保健(health care)不如前几年，人的寿命(life span)正在缩短(is dropping)。影响大众健康(affecting general health)的`因素包括吸烟过度(excessive smoking)，酗酒以及饮水污染(alcohol n. 酒精;polluted adj. 受污染的; watersupplies 供水)。
5. The population explosiononour planethas been increasingat an alarming ratebutthe percentage of increaseis decreasing.One out of every five peopleon Earth is Chinese,yetChina’s growth ratehas slowed.Asthe number of womengoingto schoolincreases, the growth rate declines.
5、我们星球上的人口的爆炸正在以惊人的速度(at an alarmingrate)加剧着，不过增长的百分比(the percentage of increase)在减小。地球上每五个人中就有一个(One out of every five people)是中国人，但中国的人口增长速度己经减慢了。随着(as)受教育(going to school修饰the number ofwomen)的妇女越来越多，人口增长率正在下降。
6. FoodProction
6、粮食生产
7. The proction of grainseemsto be decreasingmainlybecauseof climate changes. Natural disasterslike storms and floodshavewashed awaymany crops.
7、谷物产量似乎正在减少，这主要是由于气候的变化。暴风雨(storms)和洪水(floods)这类自然灾害(natural disasters)毁掉了许多庄稼。(wash away 冲走;冲垮)
8.With lessland forcattle and sheep,less meat like beefand lamb is being proced. Proction of chicken, turkey and fishhas increased,however. The amount of ocean fishhas not increased,butfish farm proctionhas.
8、由于(with)可供饲养牛羊的土地减少了，牛肉和羊肉生产越来越少(less meat like beef and lamb is beingproced现在进行时被动语态)。不过鸡肉、火鸡肉和鱼的产量提高了。但海鱼(ocean fish)的产量没有提高，只是人工养鱼场(fish farm)的产量提高了。
9. Fish farming is veryefficient:procing a kilogram of fish utilizesless than2 kilograms of feed.In contrastittakes2.2 kilograms of feedtoproce 1 kilogram of chicken. Onekilogram of beefrequires7 kilograms of grain. People,therefore, may eatless red meatinthe future andmore fish.
9、养鱼业(fish farming)的生产效率相当高(efficientadj. 有效率的)：生产1公斤鱼只需要不到2公斤的饲料(less than 少于;小于;不超过;utilize vt.利用)，而(in contrast 与此相反;相比之下)生产1公斤鸡肉需要2.2公斤的饲料，生产1公斤牛肉需要7公斤谷物(grain)。因此，人们将来可能会少吃红肉(牛肉、羊肉等)(less red meet)，多吃鱼类(more fish)。
10. Energy
10、能源
11.Usingfossil fuelsfor energyhas not changed very muchbutwindenergy useis increasingsignificantly. Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Britain, and America havelarge wind power projects. China, India,Mexico, New Zealand, and Ukraine are also developing wind power.
11、以化石燃料为能源的情况(Using fossil fuels for energy)没有发生多大变化，但是(but)对风力的利用正越来越受到重视(is increasingsignificantly)。丹麦、德国、荷兰、英国和美国都有大型风力发电项目(large wind power projects)。中国、印度、墨西哥、新西兰和乌克兰也正在开发风力发电。
12. Energy fromnuclearpower plantsissteadily increasingbutthe problem ofdangerous wastelimits growthin many regions.Becausemany electrical companies consider nuclear energytoo expensive，the trend istowardless dangerous sources of energy.
12、核电厂(nuclear powerplants)提供的能源在稳步上升，但因为核电厂的有害废料(dangerous waste)问题，在许多地区其发展受到限制。由于许多电力公司都认为核能代价太大(too expensive太昂贵)，因此总体趋势是发展危险性小的能源(less dangerous sources of energy)。
13.Whilenatural gasuse is increasing，use of coalas fuelis decreasing. Naturalgas, an outstandingenergy source，can be used to heat homes, make electricity, and power cars.
13、随着(while)天然气使用量的增长，煤炭作为燃料的使用量(use of coal as fuel)正在减少。天然气这种优质的(outstandingadj. 杰出的)能源可以用于家庭取暖、发电和驱动汽车。(be used to dosth. 被用来做…)
14. Economics
14、经济
15.Ascountriesaround the world trademore withone another,more procts are available.Butthefast development of the world economywillbring aboutmany new problems.Withfewer trees, the paper instry is procing more paper fromrecycled materials.However,the paper-making processunfortunately damages the planetasit useslarge amounts of water, burnsfossilfuelsand proces large amounts ofchemicalwaste.
15、随着(as)世界各国之间贸易量的增加(one another 彼此，通常为三者以上;each other 彼此，通常为两者之间; trade vi. 交易)，可买到的产品越来越多(be available 可供使用的)。但世界经济的快速发展会带来许多新问题(bring about 引起;导致)。由于树木减少，造纸厂更多地依靠再生材料(recycled materials)造纸，但不幸的是(unfortunately)，造纸工艺(the paper-making process)也对我们的星球造成损害(damages)，因为(as)它要用大量的水，燃烧大量的化石燃料(fossil fuels)，而且还会产生大量的化学废料(chemical waste)。
16. Automobile proctionisdown,whilebicycle proctionis up. Crowded highways，high gasoline costs, and ease of bicycling are three reasons forthis change.
16、汽车产量在下降，而(while)自行车产量在上升。导致这一变化的三个原因是：高速公路拥挤不堪(crowded adj.拥挤的)，汽油价格昂贵，而骑自行车出行轻便自如(ease n. 轻松;悠闲)。
17. Health
17、健康
18.Three major health trendsexistaswe begin the new century. Health careis better thanever.Medical research breakthroughs includefinding tumors earlyand saving livesthrough CAT scans and surgery. Surviving cancer is a new trend. HIV/AIDS,however，is spreadingquicklyall over the world.
18、在我们迈入新世纪之际，呈现出了三个主要的健康趋势(three major health trends)。(1)卫生保健工作不断改善(better thanever 好于以前)，(2)医学研究领域有新的突破(breakthrough n. 突破;突破性进展)，包括利用CAT扫描(即计算机化X射线轴向分层造影扫描)和外科手术(surgery n.)来及早发现肿瘤并挽救生命(findingtumors early and saving lives)。癌症病人的生存率得到提高也是一个新趋势。然而，艾滋病(HIV/AIDS)却正在全世界迅速蔓延(spread vi. 传播)。
19. The third major trend istowardan attitude of indifference. Peopleseem to have forgottenwaysto keep diseases under control.Althoughmedical sciencehad achievedcontrol overseveral dangerous diseases,some are returning. For instance, tuberculosis, once a dangerous killer, was cured. Now the disease is appearingagain.
19、(3)第三个趋势是人们的态度变得越来越无动于衷。人们似乎已经忘记了(seem to have forgotten 不定式的完成时形式)如何控制疾病(to keep diseases under control不定式作定语，修饰ways)。虽然(although)医学早已能够控制若干危险的疾病(control over 控制;支配;征服)，有些病却正在卷土重来(some are returning)。例如(for instance)，曾经是危险杀手(once a dangerous killer)的肺结核原本已被消灭(was cured)，而现在这种疾病又死灰复燃了。
20. Nature
20、自然
21. Pollutioncontinuesto affect our forests and water.The bird population is decreasingbecause ofoil spills and spreading cities. Seas and oceans are changing.Treesarecut down, more soilwashesaway, and water qualityis affected.Many of these trees are in our rain forestswhere thick areas of plants and trees, home for many birds andanimals，aredisappearing.
21、污染不断破坏着我们的森林和水源(continue to do sth.; continue 后接不定式作宾语)。由于(because of)海上石油泄漏(oil spills; spill n. 溢出)和城市不断扩大，鸟类的数量正在减少。海洋在改变，树木遭砍伐(被动语态;cut-cut-cut;cut down 消减;砍倒;wash away 冲走)，越来越多的泥土被冲走，水质(water quality)受到了影响(被动语态)。许多热带雨林中的树木遭到砍伐，那里茂密的(thick)植物和树木原本是许多鸟类和动物的家园，现在却正在消失。
22. Conclusion
22、结论
23.Ourchallengesfor this new centuryare clear. The problems ofnumerousinhabitants onthis small planetwill continue to be important toeach of us. These challenges showthatall of usneedtobeinvolved insolving the problems.May wefind new waystoaccomplish the task?
23、在新世纪中，我们所面临的挑战是显而易见的(clear)。在这个小小星球上(on this small planet)的很多人面对的问题(the problems of numerous inhabitants; numerousadj. 许多的; inhabitantn. 居民;居住者)仍将是关系到我们每个人(each of us)的重大问题。这些挑战表明，我们所有人(all of us)都必须参与解决这些问题(need to do sth. 需要做某事;be involved in参与，被卷入…中;涉及到…)。但愿我们(may we)能找到新的途径去完成这一使命(to accomplish the task不定式作定语，修饰new ways)。
关于本文的两点说明：
在做“阅读理解题”时，需要特别注意but, however,while, although等“转折连词”，理解它们前、后句子所要表达的意思。
as在本文中出现了几种不同用法，as可是考试中的“大热门”。
conj.(连词)：因为;随着;虽然;当…时
As(随着)the number of women going to school increases, the growth rate declines. (第5段)
As(随着)countries around the world trade more with one another, more procts areavailable. (第15段)
However, the paper-making processunfortunately damagesthe planetas(因为)it uses large amounts of water, burns fossil fuels and proces large amountsof chemical waste. (第15段)
Three major health trends existas(当…时候)we begin the new century. (第18段)
prep.(介词)：当作;如同;以…身份
To understand a country’seconomy, economists check growth in an instrysuch as(比如)steel. (第2段)
While natural gas useis increasing，use of coalas fuel(作为燃料)is decreasing.(第13段)
练习：
1. encounterin the next 1,000 years?
A. What problems will our world B.What problems our world will
2. The proction of grain mainly because of climate changes.
A. seems to be decreased B.seems to be decreasing
C. seems to decrease D.seems to is decreasing
3. Natural disasters like storms and floods have washed amany crops.
A. away B. out C. in D. to
4. With less land for cattle and sheep, less meat like beef andlamb .
A. are being proced B.is procing
C. is being proced D.is proced
5.However, the paper-making process unfortunately damagesthe planet it uses large amounts of water, burns fossilfuels and proces large amounts of chemical waste.
A. as B. so C.if D. with
6. Automobile proction is down, bicycle proction is up.
A. which B. while C. where D.when
7.The third major trend is toward an attitude of .
A.difference B. indifferent C. indifference D. different
8.These challenges showthat all of us solving the problems.
A.need to are involved in B.need to be involved
C.needs to be involved in A.need to be involved in
;『肆』 中石油职称英语阅读理解材料分析及参考答案
中石油职称英语阅读理解材料分析及参考答案
你是否想过聆听也有对错之分?至今，很少有人思考过这个问题。下面是我整理的中石油职称英语阅读理解材料，欢迎阅读!
Listening Faults 聆听的误区
1. Have you ever thought of listening as something you could do right or wrong? Few people had, until recently. Now it is being proved that most of us aren't letting our ears do all they should to help us. And we are losing out in ways both large and small, which is too bad when we realize that good listening can be very valuable indeed. In fact it is surprising just how big a part our two listening ears play in our success in school, in our careers, in our relations with family and friends.
1、你是否想过聆听也有对错之分?至今(until recently)，很少有人思考过这个问题。目前已经证明，大多数人没能让耳朵尽其所能来帮助我们。当我们意识到有效的倾听是多么重要时，我们才知道自己在很多方面(in ways)都有所损失，这真是太糟糕了(which is too bad)。事实上，两只耳朵在我们的学匀、工作和与家庭、朋友的关系里扮演的角色之重要实在令人惊讶(surprising)。
2. Therefore, how we listen is extremely important. Yet it has been proved that most of us are guilty of from one to nine bad listening habits.
2、因此，如何聆听极其重要。然而，事实证明下面提到的九个聆听坏习惯中或多或少都能在大多数人的身上找到。
3. Few of us want to be poor listeners or even realize that we are-until we meet up with situations which show us.
3、没有人愿意做一个不会听话的人，即便就是这样的人，本人也意识不到，除非事实明摆在眼前。
4. Take Janet, for instance.
4、以简尼特为例。
5. It came as a horrid shock to her to learn on the way to Sunday school one morning that she was to have read certain chapters in the Bible and be prepared with a little talk on them that day. And no wonder Janet was surprised. She thought she had been listening in class the week before. But apparently the words had bounced right off her ears. Why? How had she listened wrong?
5、一天早晨，在去教会的周日学校的路上，她突然记起她应该要读过《圣经》中的几个章节，并且还要准备好在那天就这几个章节作一个小小的发言，这让她非常震惊。也难怪简尼特有此反应。(And no wonder Janet was surprised.)她以为一个星期前自己在课堂上认真听讲，但很显然，这些话只是从她耳边掠过。为什么?她错在哪里?(过去完成进行时had been doing; 过去完成时had+过去分词)
6. There are about nine ways of listening that net us nothing but trouble, according to Dr. Ralph Nichols of the University of Minnesota. If we recognize and try to conquer them, we can step up our listening ability by about twenty-five percent and thereby greatly increase our chances for success in our daily lives.
6、明尼苏达州立大学的Ralph Nichols博士认为，有9种聆听的情形给人们造成麻烦。如果认识到并且努力克服它们，我们的聆听能力就能提高25%，从而(thereby)大大增加我们在日常生活中成功的机会。
7. Unless you are very unusual indeed, says Dr. Nichols, you must plead guilty to several of the following bad listening habits:
7、Ralph Nichols博士认为，除非你非常特殊，否则的话，你一定会承认(plead guilty)自己有下面提到的坏习惯。
8. Daydream Listening: You can think about four times as fast as the average person speaks. So you have quite a bit of spare thinking time while waiting for the words to come in. Unconsciously, you use this time, if you are a poor listener, to let your thoughts drift elsewhere.
8、白日梦式聆听(Daydream Listening)(1)：人思考的速度比平均的说话速度快4倍。因此，在等待别人说出下一句话时，你会有一段空余的思维时间。如果你是一个差劲的聆听者，你的思绪就会不知不觉地(unconsciously)在这段时间飘走。
9. For instance, your teacher is giving you some background material on American history. Your mind is with him at first. Then other thoughts drift into that spare thinking space. Without warning, they have taken over your mind entirely… I mustn't forget to go downtown after school for Mother. If only my bike was fixed! Maybe I can get Joe to come over Saturday and help me… Your thoughts drift on. Suddenly, with a jolt, you hear these words: "Now we'll have a little test on what I have been explaining." Ouch!
9、比如说，你的老师正在讲述美国历史的背景资料(some background material on Anmerican history)。起初你注意地听着;之后，其他的念头就会进入那段空余的思维时间(that spare thinking space);然后在没有任何预兆(warning)的情况下，完全占据(take over)你的整个大脑……“一定别忘记放学后替母亲进城(go downtown)办事。“要是我的自行车修理好了该多好!，也许能让Joe星期六过来(come over)帮我……”你的思绪就这样漫无目的地飘荡(drift on)，突然间，你听到这样令人震惊的话：“现在，就我刚才讲的(on what I have been explaining)进行一个小测验(have a little test)。”真糟糕啊!
10. So what to do to keep daydreams from filtering in? One way is to put that extra thinking time to work-on the subject. Sum up what the speaker is saying; look for major points. Pretend you are going to have to repeat his ideas. Put his words into your words. It isn't easy. It takes effort and time to learn. But the results are sure to surprise and please you.
10、那么，怎样做才能阻止(keep from)“白日梦”钻进来(filtering in)呢?一个方法是把这些多出来的思维时间用来考虑一些跟主题有关的.事。例如，概括(sum up)一下发言人说的话;找出他的发言要点;假定你要重复他的观点，将他的话用自己的方式重新复述一遍(Put his wrods into your words)。要做到这些并不容易，你必须付出时间和精力去学习。但是，结果肯定是出乎意料和愉快的。
11. Shut-Ear Listening: Maybe you feel you already know what the speaker is going to say. Or his subject couldn't interest you less. You turn off your ears-and who knows what you may be missing or when a little knowledge on that subject may come in mighty handy? Anyway, why take the risk?
11、充耳不闻式聆听(Shut-Ear Listening)(2)：可能你觉得早已经知道发言者将要说什么;或者，他讲的主题根本不能吸引你，因此你“关闭”了耳朵-那么，谁知道你可能错过了什么?谁又知道什么时候他讲的可能会派上用场(come in mighty handy)?不管怎样，为什么要冒这样的风险呢?
12. "That's-What-You-Think" Listening: You have your own pet ideas on certain subjects. You don't like to hear anything which might make you question them. So when anyone begins arguing on the other side, you simply stop listening. Instead you plan what you are going to answer. Anyone who refuses too often to listen to the other side of a question risks becoming narrow-minded-an exasperating and unattractive trait in the other fellow. Is it any more becoming to you? No thanks, you say, and decide to hear the other fellow out. Maybe he is right. Maybe you are. But you can give him a better argument on your viewpoint if you hear what he says.
12、内心排斥式聆听(That’s-What-You-Think Listening)(3)：对于某些主题你会有自己的观点，就不愿意听到与之相左的见解。因此，当别人开始陈述与你相反看法时，你干脆不再听。只是思考着自己该怎样回应。那些经常拒绝倾听对立意见的人往往会变得思维狭窄(narrow-minded)-这在别人眼中是一种令人恼怒和厌烦的表现(an exasperating and unattractive trait)。你现在还想成为这样的人吗?你会说，当然不。然后决定去认真地听完别人的阐述(hear the other fellow out)。可能他是正确的，也可能你是正确的。但是，如果你听了他的观点，你就可以用自己的观点(on your viewpoint)更好地去反驳他
13. Fake Listening: You pretend to be giving close attention. You toss in a few nods and yeses at the right moments, you hope. This is a common faulty listening habit that fools no one. Your eyes give you away, if your absent-minded answers don't. And can you think of anything more infuriating than to be given the same treatment? Also, it is extremely difficult to respond satisfactorily to words you didn't hear. Good conversations, if not friendships, have been sacrificed to this habit.
13、佯装式聆听(Fake Listening)(4)：你假装在注意听;还期望自己在恰当的时刻(at the right moments)能够点头附和(toss in a few nods and yeses)。这种常见的坏的聆听习惯欺骗不了任何人。即使那些不着边际的(absent-minded)回答没露馅，你的眼睛也会出卖(give away)你。你认为有什么能比受到(听众)这样的对待(to be given the same treatment)更让人生气呢?而且，对自己没有认真聆听的问题做出满意的回答是极其困难的。这样一个坏习惯让你失去的可能不仅仅是交流，甚至可能是与别人的友谊(Good conversations, if not friendships, have been sacrificed to this habit.)。
14. Over-My-Head Listening: You are convinced that the subject is beyond you, so you depart, at least in spirit. You may be right. And then again you may be wrong. If you let the words enter your mind, you may be surprised to discover that they make sense. But even if they are as strange as Greek to you, you should try to listen and understand. Otherwise you may find some day that you must attempt to grasp an over-your-head idea and be totally unable even to try.
14、不知所云式聆听(Over-My-Head Listening)(5)：你确信(be convinced that)正在谈论的主题超过了你的理解范围(beyond you)，于是你起身离开(depart)，至少也是心猿意马(in spirit)。你可能做的对;但你也(then again)可能是错的。如果你用心去听，就可能会惊讶地发现这些话很有道理(make sense)。即使这些词句像希腊语一样晦涩难懂(as strange as Greek)，你还是应该尽力去聆听和理解。否则有一天你会发现自己处在这样一种境地：必须要听懂某些艰深的内容，但自己却连基本的能力都没有。
15. Memory Test Listening: Some people think that trying to memorize a series of facts is good listening. They are wrong. For instance, you are getting a story for your school paper on an assembly speaker. He makes a series of points. You try to memorize them. But while you are busy planting facts A, B, and C in your mind, repeating them over and over, you are losing out on facts D and E. Better to look for main ideas. You will find them more useful and easier to recall later.
15、记忆测试式聆听(Memory Test Listening)(6)：有人认为有效的聆听(good listening)就是将所有的细节(a series of facts)都记住。他们错了。比如(for instance)，你想从某人的大会发言中为自己的论文汲取素材，他罗列了很多点，你努力去记住它们。当你忙着重复条条观点(repeating them over and over)，想把它们牢牢地记在脑子里(planting facts A, B, and C in your mind)时，却恰恰忽略(lose out on)了其余内容。最好的方式是抓住要点(look for main ideas)，你会发现它们更有用(more useful)，而且更容易帮助你回忆(而且过后回忆起来更容易)。
16. Take-It-All-Down Listening: When you try to get too many of the speaker's words on paper, part of your mind must be concerned with your note-taking. You are unable to concentrate fully on what he is saying. You risk losing valuable points. Where note-taking is necessary-and you may be surprised to find out how often it isn't if you concentrate fully on listening-try to jot down only a memory-jogging word or two. Or put the main ideas on paper after the speaker has finished. The more complete attention you give the speaker, the easier it will be to recall his ideas later.
16、全部记录式聆听(Take-It-All-Down Listening)(7)：当你奋力记录说话人的尽可能多的词句时，一部分注意力(part of your mind)必然会集中(be concerned with)在“笔记”之上。因此，你不能全力倾听，就可能错过有价值的信息。笔记是必须的，但如果你全神贯注地听，并不时记下(jot down)一两点内容以帮助记忆，你会惊讶地发现，并不是所有的东西都需要记录(how often it isn’t)，甚至(or)可以在演讲结束后再记下要点。对发言者的关注越多，事后就越容易回忆起他的主要观点。
17. Personality Listening: You become so concerned with the way the speaker looks or how he talks that what he says fails to penetrate. Perhaps unconsciously you decide that a person who dresses or speaks like that can't have much to say. That could be a very false conclusion. Who knows what you may be missing? It's the old story: you can't judge a gift by the package. Better to judge him after you have heard him out.
17、关注个人式聆听(Personality Listening)(8)：过分关注讲话者的长相(the speaker looks)或是他说话的方式(how he talks)，那么他所说的内容(what he says)就很难入心(fail to penetrate)。也许你会下意识地(unconsciously)认为这样穿着或这样讲话的人(a person who dresses or speaks like that)不会说出什么有见地的话来(can’t have musch to say)。这样的结论实属错误(这可能会是一个非常错误的结论)。谁能知道你会错过什么?俗话说(it’s the old story)，不要从包装来判断礼物的价值(人不可貌相)。最好在倾听完(hear out)之后再作评价。
18. Half-An-Ear Listening: Often other sounds compete for your attention-and win. Your father gives you a list of errands. But his voice must compete with, say, your favorite song on the radio. Later, you find that half an ear wasn't enough. You didn't listen to your father's words closely enough to hear and remember them. You have to telephone home for a repeat performance. And you can't really blame your father for being irritated. Better to turn off the radio, shut the door on competing noises, if possible. If not, guard against your tendency to listen to distracting sounds.
18、半个耳朵式聆听(Half-An-Ear Listening)(9)：常常会有其他的声音来吸引(compete for)你的注意力--还占了上风。比如，父亲正在给你交待要办的事情(a list of errands)，他的声音不得不与收音机里传来的你最喜欢的歌声相抗衡(compete with)。后来你发现这样“半个耳朵听”根本不行，因为你没有听到并记住父亲的话，于是只能打电话回家再次询问。你实在不能责怪父亲为此发火(irritated)。如果可能，最好关掉收音机、关上门挡住繁杂的噪音(把吸引你的声音关在门外)。如果不可能，管住你自己不要被这些声音所吸引。
19. So there are the forces-some within ourselves, some outside-that work against us in our efforts to listen. But once we learn what they are and how to fight them, we are well on our way to getting rid of wasteful listening habits.
19、所以，某些因素(-既有内在的，也有外在的-)总是阻碍(work against)我们去全力倾听。然而，一旦认识了它们并了解如何去克服，在聆听时我们就一定能够改掉(get rid of)这些耗时低效的坏习惯。
练习：
1.Yet it has been proved that most of us are guilty____ one to nine bad listening faults.
A from of B of from C in from D from in
2. But apparently the words had ____ right off her ears.
A bind B bound C bounded D bounced
3. There are about nine ways of listening that net us ____ but trouble.
A anything B something C nothing D one thing
4. Unless you are very unusual indeed, says Dr. Nichols, you must _____ guilty to several of the following bad listening habits.
A please B plead C pleasure D plus
5. Without warning, they have taken ____ your mind entirely.
A place B over C off D down
6. So what to do to keep daydream from _____ in?
A filtering B filling C filled D feeling
7. Anyone who refuses too often to listen to the other side of a question risks becoming ___.
A broad-minded B narrow-minded C mindful D strong-minded
8. You pretend _____ close attention, but you are thinking something else.
A giving B to giving C to be giving D to be given
9. Your eyes give you ____, if your absent-minded answers don’t.
A up B in C away D off
10. If you let the words enter your mind, you may be surprised to discover that they make ____.
A sense B sensible C sensitive D sensation
11. But while you are busy _____facts A, B, and C in your mind, you are losing out facts D and E.
A to plant B planting C plant D to planting
12. You are unable ____ fully on listening.
A to contribute B to concentrate C to conclude D to concern
13. Where note-taking is necessary---and you may be surprised to find out ____ it isn’t if you concentrate fully on listening---try to jot down only a memory-jogging word or two.
A how much B how often C how many D how old
14. You become so concerned with the way the speaker looks or how he talks ____ ___ he says fails to penetrate.
A so, what B that, which C so, that D that, what
15. Your father’s voice must compete _____ your favorite song on the radio _____ your attention.
A for, for B for, with C with, for D with, of
16. And you can’t really blame your father for ______.
A irritate B being irritating C irritating D being irritated
17. Once we learn what they are and how to fight them, we are well on our way to ___ wasteful listening habit.
A get rid of B rid of C getting rid of D be got rid of
答案： 1B 2D 3C 4B 5B 6A 7B 8C 9C 10A11B 12B 13B 14D 15C 16D 17C
;『伍』 中石油职称英语阅读理解材料分析及参考答案(2)
17. Personality Listening: You become so concerned with the way the speaker looks or how he talks that what he says fails to penetrate. Perhaps unconsciously you decide that a person who dresses or speaks like that can't have much to say. That could be a very false conclusion. Who knows what you may be missing? It's the old story: you can't judge a gift by the package. Better to judge him after you have heard him out.
17、关注个人式聆听(Personality Listening)(8)：过分关注讲话者的长相(the speaker looks)或是他说话的方式(how he talks)，那么他所说的内容(what he says)就很难入心(fail to penetrate)。也许你会下意识地(unconsciously)认为这样穿着或这样讲话的人(a person who dresses or speaks like that)不会说出什么有见地的话来(can’t have musch to say)。这样的结论实属错误(这可能会是一个非常错误的结论)。谁能知道你会错过什么?俗话说(it’s the old story)，不要从包装来判断礼物的价值(人不可貌相)。最好在倾听完(hear out)之后再作评价。
18. Half-An-Ear Listening: Often other sounds compete for your attention-and win. Your father gives you a list of errands. But his voice must compete with, say, your favorite song on the radio. Later, you find that half an ear wasn't enough. You didn't listen to your father's words closely enough to hear and remember them. You have to telephone home for a repeat performance. And you can't really blame your father for being irritated. Better to turn off the radio, shut the door on competing noises, if possible. If not, guard against your tendency to listen to distracting sounds.
18、半个耳朵式聆听(Half-An-Ear Listening)(9)：常常会有其他的声音来吸引(compete for)你的注意力--还占了上风。比如，父亲正在给你交待要办的事情(a list of errands)，他的声音不得不与收音机里传来的你最喜欢的歌声相抗衡(compete with)。后来你发现这样“半个耳朵听”根本不行，因为你没有听到并记住父亲的话，于是只能打电话回家再次询问。你实在不能责怪父亲为此发火(irritated)。如果可能，最好关掉收音机、关上门挡住繁杂的噪音(把吸引你的声音关在门外)。如果不可能，管住你自己不要被这些声音所吸引。
19. So there are the forces-some within ourselves, some outside-that work against us in our efforts to listen. But once we learn what they are and how to fight them, we are well on our way to getting rid of wasteful listening habits.
19、所以，某些因素(-既有内在的，也有外在的-)总是阻碍(work against)我们去全力倾听。然而，一旦认识了它们并了解如何去克服，在聆听时我们就一定能够改掉(get rid of)这些耗时低效的坏习惯。
练习：
1.Yet it has been proved that most of us are guilty____ one to nine bad listening faults.
A from of B of from C in from D from in
2. But apparently the words had ____ right off her ears.
A bind B bound C bounded D bounced
3. There are about nine ways of listening that net us ____ but trouble.
A anything B something C nothing D one thing
4. Unless you are very unusual indeed, says Dr. Nichols, you must _____ guilty to several of the following bad listening habits.
A please B plead C pleasure D plus
5. Without warning, they have taken ____ your mind entirely.
A place B over C off D down
6. So what to do to keep daydream from _____ in?
A filtering B filling C filled D feeling
7. Anyone who refuses too often to listen to the other side of a question risks becoming ___.
A broad-minded B narrow-minded C mindful D strong-minded
8. You pretend _____ close attention, but you are thinking something else.
A giving B to giving C to be giving D to be given
9. Your eyes give you ____, if your absent-minded answers don’t.
A up B in C away D off
10. If you let the words enter your mind, you may be surprised to discover that they make ____.
A sense B sensible C sensitive D sensation
11. But while you are busy _____facts A, B, and C in your mind, you are losing out facts D and E.
A to plant B planting C plant D to planting
12. You are unable ____ fully on listening.
A to contribute B to concentrate C to conclude D to concern
13. Where note-taking is necessary---and you may be surprised to find out ____ it isn’t if you concentrate fully on listening---try to jot down only a memory-jogging word or two.
A how much B how often C how many D how old
14. You become so concerned with the way the speaker looks or how he talks ____ ___ he says fails to penetrate.
A so, what B that, which C so, that D that, what
15. Your father’s voice must compete _____ your favorite song on the radio _____ your attention.
A for, for B for, with C with, for D with, of
16. And you can’t really blame your father for ______.
A irritate B being irritating C irritating D being irritated
17. Once we learn what they are and how to fight them, we are well on our way to ___ wasteful listening habit.
A get rid of B rid of C getting rid of D be got rid of
答案： 1B 2D 3C 4B 5B 6A 7B 8C 9C 10A11B 12B 13B 14D 15C 16D 17C
『陆』 中石油职称英语考试题型是什么样的
你从内部网上，好像 有模拟试卷的，你也可以问刚刚考过的同志。我是2008年考的，当时的题型记得是单选，阅读和翻译（英译汉和汉译英），不知道现在改成了什么样子。
『柒』 中石油职称英语的阅读理解的分值是多少
5篇 每篇4道题 每题1.5分
应该是逗祥30分吧
今年4月14日考试，这会儿问这个问题，如果不是高老迟手，估计要过就有些痛苦了。侍指李
『捌』 2016中石油职称英语都有什么题型
2016职称英语试卷主要是六种题型，词汇选项、阅读判断、概括大意完成句子、阅读理解、补全短文、完形填空，各部分试题分值分布情况如下图：
『玖』 中石油职称英语考试阅读理解精讲
Why To Mark a Book 怎样在书上做标记
1. You know you have to read "between the lines" to get the most out of anything. I want to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of your reading. I want to persuade you to "write between the lines." Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading.
1、你知道读书必须要阅读“字里行间的言外之意”，以求最充分的理解(to get the most out of anything)。我劝(persuade)你在读书过程中(in the course of your reading)做一件同等重要的事情(to do something equally important);我劝你“在字里行间里写字”。不这样做(unless)，就达不到最有效的阅读效果。
2. I contend, quite bluntly, that marking up a book is not an act of mutilation but love.
2、坦率地说，我认为(contend)，在书上涂抹标记(marking up a book)不是一种损毁行为(an act of mutilation)，而是爱。
3. You shouldn't mark up a book which isn't yours. Librarians (or your friends) who lend you books expect you to keep them clean, and you should. If you decide that I am right about the usefulness of marking books, you will have to buy them. Most of the world's great books are available today, in reprint editions, for a modest sum.
3、当然，你不应该(shouldn't)在不属于你的书上做标记。借给你书的图书管理员(或者你的朋友)希望你保持书的整洁，你应该这样做。如果你认为我说的在书上做标记颇有益处这番话是对的，你就得自己买书。现在，绝大部分世界上的好书都有再版(reprint edition)，我们很容易买到，并且价格合理(a modest sum)。
4. There are two ways in which you can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes, and furniture. But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it. An illustration may make the point clear. You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher's icebox to your own. But you do not own the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your bloodstream. I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good.
4、一个人拥有书的方式有两种，第一种是花钱(by paying for it)取得(establish)财产所有权(property right)，就像(just as)你花钱买衣服和家具一样。但是，这种购买行为仅是拥有书的前提(prelude to possession)。只有你将它化为自己的一部分后，你才完全占有了它(full ownership comes);同时，把你自己融入书中的最好方法就是在书中写字(by writing in it)。打个比方可能使这个观点更清楚(An illustration may make the point clear)。你买了一块牛排(beefsteak)，把它从屠夫的冰箱里移到了你自己的冰箱里。但是，从最重要的意义上说(in the most important sense)，你并没有拥有这块牛排，除非你吃下它并将它吸收进你的血液(bloodstream)之中。我的观点是(I am arguing that)，书的营养也必须应该被“吸收到血液”中，才能对你有所裨益。
5. Confusion about what it means to own a book leads people to a false reverence for paper, binding, and type-a respect for the physical thing-the craft of the printer rather than the genius of the author. They forget that it is possible for a man to acquire that idea, to possess the beauty, which a great book contains, without staking his claim by pasting his bookplate inside the cover. Having a fine library doesn't prove that its owner has a mind enriched by books; it proves nothing more than that he, his father, or his wife, was rich enough to buy them.
5、对于“拥有书籍”的真正含义的(about what it means to own a book)误解(confusion)使人们错误地崇敬(a false reverence)纸张、装订和样式-这是对物质的崇敬(a respect for the physical thing)-是崇敬印刷工人的技艺(craft)，而不是书籍作者的才华。他们忘记了，即使不在(without)封面里贴上藏书票(by pasting his bookplate inside the cover)表明自己对书籍的拥有，人们也可以从一本伟大的著作中获得它的精神(to acquire that idea)，领略它的美丽(to possess the beauty)。一个好书房并不能证明它的主人学富五车;仅仅(nothing more than)说明他、他的父亲或是他的妻子有钱买书而已。
6. There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers-unread, untouched. (This deluded indivial owns woodpulp and ink, not books.) The second has a great many books-a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. (This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.) The third has a few books or many every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back. (This man owns books.)
6、书籍拥有者可以分为三种。第一种人拥有全部的标准成套书和畅销书(best-sellers)--既没读过，也没碰过(unread, untouched)。(这种人占有的只是纸浆和油墨，不是书籍。)第二种人藏书很多--其中几本(a few of them)被通读过(read through 仔细阅读)，大部分(most of them)则浅尝辄止(dip into 浏览, 稍加审视)，但是所有的书都跟新买时一样整洁光亮(as clean and shiny as the day they were bought)。(这种人可能想使书籍真地为其所用，但因错误地过分关注书籍的外观而裹足不前。第三种人藏书或多或少--因不断使用，每本书都书角卷起(dog-eared)，破旧不堪(dilapidated)，装订破损，书页松散(loosened)，全书从扉页至末页都画满了记号，涂满了字句(scribble)。(这种人才是书的真正拥有者。)
7. Is it false respect, you may ask, to preserve intact and unblemished a beautifully printed book, an elegantly bound edition? Of course not. I'd no more scribble all over a first edition of "Paradise Lost" than I'd give my baby a set of crayons and an original Rembrandt! I wouldn't mark up a painting or a statue. Its soul, so to speak, is inseparable from its body. And the beauty of a rare edition or of a richly manufactured volume is like that of a painting or a statue.
7、你可能要问，将一本印刷精美、装帧雅致的书保存完好，难道也是不恰当的吗?当然不是(of course not)。我绝不会在一本初版的《失乐园》上乱涂乱写(scribble)，就像我不会把一幅伦勃朗的原作连同一盒蜡笔交给我的孩子任意涂抹一样!(no more…than 与…同样不) 我决不会在一幅绘画或者一座雕像上做标记。可以说，它们的灵魂与它们的躯体是不可分的。(be inseparable from 不可与...分开) 精美的善本或丰富的卷册就像一幅绘画和一座雕像。
8. But the soul of a book can be separated from its body. A book is more like the score of a piece of music than it is like a painting. No great musician confuses a symphony with the printed sheet of music. Arturo Toscanini revered Brahms, but Toscanini's score of the C-minor Symphony was so thoroughly marked up that no one but the maestro himself could read it. The reason why a great conctor makes notations on his musical scores-marks them up again and again each time he returns to study them-is the reason why you should mark your books. If your respect for magnificent binding or typography gets in the way, buy yourself a cheap edition and pay your respects to the author.
8、但是，一本书的灵魂能够从它的躯体里分离出来。与其说它像一幅画(a printing)，还不如说它更像一首乐曲的总谱(the scroe of a piece of music; scroe【音乐】总谱;(电影等的)配乐; a piece of music 一段音乐;一首音乐;一首乐曲)。任何伟大的音乐家都不会将一首交响曲(a symphony)和一张印刷的乐谱相混淆。托斯卡尼尼非常崇敬(revere)博拉姆斯，但他的C小调交响曲的乐谱上画满了标记，以致(that)只有大师本人 (no noe but the maestro himself) 才能看懂。为什么一个伟大的指挥家(a great conctor)会在乐谱上做记号(make notations)-甚至每次研究都会重复标记-其中的奥妙正是你应该在书上做记号的原因。如果你对华美的(magnificent)装帧和印刷的尊重妨碍(get in the way)你读书的话，就给自己买一种便宜的版本，同时对书的作者表达敬意就可以了。
9. Why is marking up a book indispensable to reading? First, it keeps you awake. (And I don't mean merely conscious; I mean wide awake.) In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written. That marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had, or the thoughts the author expressed.
9、为什么在阅读过程中在书上做标记是必不可少的(indispensable)呢?首先，它会使你保持清醒。(我指的不是仅仅神智清醒(merely conscious);我的意思是它能使你全神贯注(wide awake)。)其次(in the second place)，如果阅读(reading)是一种能动的行为，那么它就是思考，而想法(thinking)常常需借助口头的或书面的语言来表达出来。做过记号的书，通常是读者认真思考过的书(the thought-through book)。最后，写可以帮助你记住阅读时的思想，或作者所表达的思想。
10. If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it must be active. You can't let your eyes glide across the lines of a book and come up with an understanding of what you have read. Now an ordinary piece of light fiction, like, say, Gone 14h'th the Wind, doesn't require the most active kind of reading. The books you read for pleasure can be read in a state of relaxation, and nothing is lost. But a great book, rich in ideas and beauty, a book that raises and tries to answer great fundamental questions, demands the most active reading of which you are capable. You don't absorb the ideas of John Dewey the way you absorb the songs of a popular singer. You have to reach for them. That you cannot do while you're asleep.
10、如果(你的)阅读的目的不仅仅是(more than)消磨时间(passing time)，那就应该是一种积极的思维活动，仅仅让你的眼睛在书上扫视一遍，你不可能对所读的'内容(what you have read)有所理解。当然，一部普通的消遣小说(light fiction)，比如说(like, say,)《飘》，并不需要那种最积极的思维式的阅读。作为消遣的书，可以轻松地读而不会有所失。但一本思想丰富、文字华美，试图提出(raise)带根本性的重大问题并加以回答的伟大著作，则要求你尽可能地进行(of which you are capable; be capable of v.能够)最积极的阅读。你不可能像欣赏(absorb)流行歌曲那样领略(absorb)杜威的思想。你要花力气才能获得，漫不经心是做不到的。
11. If, when you've finished reading a book, the pages are filled with your notes, you know you read actively. The most famous active reader of great books I know was President Hutchins, of the University of Chicago. He also had the hardest schele of business activities of any man I know. He invariably read with a pencil, and sometimes, when he picked up a book and pencil in the evening, he found himself, instead of making intelligent notes, drawing what he called "caviar factories" on the margins. When that happened, he put the book down. He knew he was too tired to read, and was just wasting time.
11、如果，你读完一本书的时候，书页上写满了你的批注(your notes)，你就知道自己的阅读是积极的(actively)。我知道的最有名的采用积极方式阅读伟大著作的人(the most famous active reader of great books)是芝加哥大学的校长哈金斯。他也是我所知道的公务最繁忙的人(the hardest schele of business activities of any man)。他读书时总是(invariably= always)拿着铅笔。有时，当他在晚上拿起书和铅笔的时候，发觉自己并没有(instead of)在做有意义的笔记(intelligent notes)，而是在页边空白处(on the margins)乱涂乱画一些他称之为“鱼子酱工厂”(caviar factories)的东西。一出现这种情况，他就会放下书本。他知道自己太累了以致读不下去，(再继续看书)完全是在浪费时间。
练习:
1.I want to persuade you _______ something equally important in the course of your reading.
A doing B to do C to doing D have done
2. There are two ways _____ you can own a book.
A by which B of which C in which D with which
3. I am arguing that books must _____ your bloodstream to do you any good.
A absorb in B be absorbed in C soak in D suck in
4. Confusion about ____ it means to own a book leads people to a false reverence for paper, binding and type—the craft of printer rather than the genius of the author.
A which B that C what D whose
5. They forget that it is possible for a man to acquire that idea, to possess the beauty, which a great book contains, without _____ his claim by ____ his bookplate inside the cover.
A starting, pasting B staking, passing C staking, pasting D stake, paste
6. Having a fine library doesn’t prove that its owner has a mind _____ by books.
A rich B colorful C enriching D enriched
7. The second has a great many books--a few of them read through, most of them ____, but all of them as clean and shiny as they ____.
A dipped into, bought B dip into, were bought
C dip into, buy D dipped into, were bought
8. A book is _____ like the score of a piece of music _____ it is like a painting.
A no more, than B more, than C same, as D too, to
9. Why is marking up a book ____ to reading?
A dependable B indispensable C dependent D disposal
10. A book that raises and tries to answer great fundamental questions, demands the most active reading _____ you are capable.
A to which B of which C by which D to what
答案： 1B 2C 3B 4C 5C 6D 7D 8B 9B 10B
『拾』 中石油职称英语阅读讲解：To Be Content with One's
这是一篇关于中国人的“乐天知命”的观念的文章，后面附有翻译和练习题，欢迎大家阅读。
To Be Content with One's Lot
乐天知命(be content with 以…为满足;lot n. 命运)
1. Peter Hessler described two lifestyles and asked his Chinese students to choose the one they preferred, either a very long yet ultimately average and uneventful life, or a very exciting, fan-filled life that only lasted 24 years. Almost all of his 20 something year old students chose the first option. This surprised Peter because, from his experience with American youths, he was sure the Americans wouldn't have chosen a long, uneventful life.
1、彼得•赫斯勒(简称PH)请他的中国学生在以下两种生活方式(two lifestyles)中选择其一(they preferred定语从句，修饰the one;prefer vi. 喜欢;ask sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事)：一种是平庸却长寿(uneventful adj. 平凡的)，另一种是只能活24年(that only lasted 24 years)却享乐无比。那些20岁左右(something adj. 大约，没想到还有这个意思，所以要特别注意)的学生们几乎都选择了第一种生活。彼得十分惊讶，在他看来美国青年并不会如此一致地选择平庸但长寿的生活(可译为：这令彼得十分惊讶，因为以他对美国青年的经验，他认定他们不会选择平庸但长寿的生活)。
2. The Chinese traditionally think (that) an uneventful, but long life is better than a short life fall of fan and adventure. There's even an idiom for the traditional Chinese attitude, "A good death is worse than a lazy life." This saying reveals a deeply ingrained sense of optimism and acceptance of fate. It's nothing at all like the Western idea of heroes made through tragedy.
2、无聊无趣(平凡的)但天长地久地活下去，好过(is better than)冒生命之险求得享乐的短命，这似乎是中国传统的价值观(直译为：具有传统观念的中国人认为：平凡但长寿要好过沉浸于快乐与冒险的短寿)。有习语(idiom)为证(attitude n. 态度)：“好死不如赖活着。”它透露出根深蒂固的乐观与宿命(acceptance of fate; acceptance n. 接受; fate n. 命运)(saying n. 谚语;reveal vt. 透露;ingrained adj. 根深蒂固;optimism n. 乐观;)。与英雄产生于悲剧(tragedy n.)的西方价值观完全不同(It's nothing at all;at all 根本;完全，用于否定句中)。
3. 30 years ago, at the beginning of China's reform, a group of intellectuals believed the acceptance of one's lot would hurt the growth of the People's Republic. The way they saw it, the Westerners' "seafaring culture" had allowed them to expand and advance while China's "agrarian culture" had shut the country off from the world and kept it focusing on itself.
3、30年前改革开放之初(at the beginning of China's reform)，一批知识分子(intellectuals)认为乐天知命、安于本分的传统观念(the acceptance of one's lot; lot n. 命运，没想到还有这个意思，所以要特别注意)有害于中华民族的发展。在他们看来(The way they saw it)，西方的“蓝色文明(seafaring culture航海文化)”使其开放、进步(allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人作某事);而(while)中国的“黄土文化(agrarian culture耕地文化)”使之封闭、守旧(shut off 切断;keep doing sth. 一直做某事;focus on 集中于)。(这翻译翻的，短的翻长了，长的翻短了，要好好体会)
4. Researching the unique traits of a nationality can reveal a number of interesting features. David N. Keightly is a professor of history at the University of California Berkeley and he made a study of the unique attitudes of the Chinese people. He believed their acceptance of fate originates from a geographical standpoint. The birthplace of the Chinese civilization is the Central Plains where the climate has less variation than the Mediterranean or the Near East. China's two main rivers, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, both run from West to East, and don't change much in latitude. This means the cultivation both upstream and downstream are very similar. This uniformity of the agrarian culture reced the incentive for mutual trade and the need for people to travel very far. Hence, the exchange of thoughts, ideas and technology became restricted and the ancient Chinese culture tended to isolate itself within their regions of influence.
4、研究一个民族的某种特性是件有趣的事情(Researching the unique traits of a nationality现在分词短语做主语;unique adj. 独特的;独一无二的;trait n. 特性;品质;feature n. 特色，特征，特点;直译为：研究一个民族的特质可以揭示许多有趣的事情)。美国加州大学伯克利分校的历史学教授大卫•凯特利(简称DNK)研究分析了(made a study of)中国人乐天知命的独一无二的人生观(the unique attitudes)。他认为这种特性(宿命，即接受或满足于命运的安排)源于中国特有的地理环境(originate from 起源于; geographical adj. 地理的; standpoint n.立场;观点)。与地中海和近东地区相比，中国文明的发祥地中原地区的气候类型更加有规律可寻(where引导的定语从句修饰the Central Plains; birthplace n. 出生地;variation n. 变化;直译为：中国文明的发源地是在中原地区，这里的气候与地中海和近东地区相比，更加缺少变化)。中国的两大主要河流——黄河和长江——都是自西向东流，而且它们的纬度(latitude)变化也不大，这意味着河流上游和下游(both upstream and downstream)所种植的农作物类型差别不大(cultivation n. 耕种;培养;similar adj. 相似的)。因此就缺乏了相互贸易的动力(the incentive for mutual trade)，中国的古代文明自然就成为农耕文明(uniformity n. 均匀性;一致;incentive n. 动机;刺激;mutual adj. 共同的;相互的;the need for…的必要;直译为：上下游“耕地文明”的一致性减少了相互贸易的动力及人们向更远处旅行的必要)。而那些很少旅行的人们就没有可能去交流思想和技术，封闭由此产生(restricted adj. 受限制的;isolate vt. 使隔离;使孤立;直译为：因此交流思想和技术受到限制，中国古文化趋于在自身势力范围内自我封闭)。
5. According to Professor Keightly's theory, the climate of ancient China was very good. This would create a sense of optimism in the Chinese culture. In comparison, the people of the Mediterranean and the Near East had to face more natural disasters and were less optimistic. Besides the geographical factor which influences the development of cultures, Keightley believes the Chinese practice of ancestor worship has significantly influenced the makeup of the Chinese people. Keightley says, "I believe, the cultures that engage in ancestor worship are going to be conservative cultures. They're not going to find new things attractive because, that will be a challenge to the ancestors. There's no room in this culture for a skeptic."
5、凯特利教授相信中国古代的气候良好(according to 根据;直译为：根据凯特利教授的理论，中国古代的气候良好)，因此生成了中国文化中的那种乐观主义(a sense of optimism)。相比较之下(in comparison)，无论是地中海还是近东，都面临着更多的自然灾害(more natural disasters; disaster n.灾难;不幸; have to do sth. 不得不做某事)，因而少了些乐观。除了地理环境对文化发展的影响(直译为：除了影响文化发展的地理因素外)，凯特利教授认为中国人对祖先的崇拜(the Chinese practice of ancestor worship;practice of ….有…的习惯;practice n. 惯例，没想到还有这个意思，所以要特别注意;ancestor worship 祖先崇拜)也极深地(significantly)影响了中国人的特性(makeup n. 天性)。凯特利教授相信：“这种祖先崇拜(that engage in ancestor worship定语从句修饰the cultures;engage in 从事于;参加;忙于)的文化，是一种保守的(conservative adj.)文化(be going to do sth.)。你不会去发现新的有吸引力的东西(new things attractive)，因为那是对祖先的挑战(challenge)。中国文化中没有怀疑的余地(skeptic n. 怀疑者)。”
6. Chinese people tend to want to return to the past, while Westerners are always looking towards the future. By comparing their lives to the past, it creates an unlimited feeling of satisfaction. With no other desires, people in ancient times had the opportunity to coexist harmoniously with nature. They worked towards an existence where their social development was in sync with the natural world. This sort of self-satisfaction and oneness with nature helped Chinese people develop a more optimistic attitude towards life.
6、中国人趋向于回顾过去(tend to do sht.倾向于做某事; want to do sth. 想要做某事)，而西方人更多的是展望未来(look towards 期待)。与过去相比较(compare to… 与…比较)，就会对当下的生活生出无限的满足感(an unlimited feeling of satisfaction; unlimited adj. 无限制的)。无欲无求(desire n. 欲望;要求)，在古代，人们就能够定下心来与自然和谐相处(to coexist harmoniously with nature 不定式做定语，修饰the opportunity; opportunity n. 机会;机遇;coexist vi. 共存;和平共处;harmoniously adv. 和谐地)，努力达到天人合一的境界(where 引导的定语从句修饰an existence; work towards 争取;努力达到;existence生存方式;存在;sync n. 同步)。这种自我满足以及与自然和谐共存，使中国人产生出乐观的生活态度。
7. The Westerners have the opposite approach because they fear the uncertainty of the future. This leads them to work hard in changing their current situation in the hope of making tomorrow better than today. During this process, it's almost impossible to abide by the rules of the natural world or human nature. The idea of being content with one's lot is hard-pressed to take hold in this sort of environment.
7、西方人的观点与此相反(the opposite approach 相反的看法)，源于对未来的不确定感(fear vt. 害怕;为…担心;uncertainty n. 不确定性)，这促使他们努力改变现状(lead sb. to do sth. 引导某人做某事;current situation 现状)，以期明天比今天更好(in the hope of希望)。在努力的过程中难免会违反自然规律和扭曲人性(不定式短语是真正的主语，由于主语较长，在英语中习惯将其置后，而用it是形式主语，同时表语提前;abide by 遵守;直译为：在努力的过程中，遵守自然规律和人性几乎是不可能的)。乐天知命、安于本分的价值观在这样的文化氛围中(in this sort of environment)是难以形成的(to take hold 不定式作结果状语;hard-pressed adj. 处于困境的;take hold 生根;直译为：满足于自身命运的价值观在这样的文化氛围中是难于生根的)。
8. Over these past few decades, the ideas of the West and the East have practically been reversed. The Chinese people have little choice but to drop the traditional idea of being content with one's lot if they want to improve their economic standing. They now emulate the West in opening up and becoming more enterprising. Unfortunately, this process of chasing materialistic dreams results in the destruction of nature. People have had to deal with increasing pressure and the income gap between rich and poor has become larger and larger. People are beginning to realize that the traditional idea we inherited from our ancestors, of being content with what one's lot, makes a lot of sense. As the West has forged ahead over the centuries, on the basis of its enterprising attitude, corruption and malpractice has kept pace. Today, the West is turning towards the East to find a way out.
8、有趣的是，近几十年来(over these past few decades)，至少在表面上，东西方似乎呈现出一种互换的态势(have practically been reversed; reverse vt. 颠倒)。中国人因为经济的落后，不得不抛弃(drop)传统的乐天知命观，学习西方的`进取和开拓(emulate vt. 模仿;尽力赶上;open up 开创;enterprising adj. 有事业心的有进取心的;直译为：如果中国人想要改善他们的经济状况，不放弃传统的乐天知命观，他们可选择的道路不多，现在他们开始效仿西方人的开创和进取精神)。不幸的是(Unfortunately)，在尽全力追逐物质主义的过程中，环境遭到破坏(chase vt. 追逐;materialistic adj. 唯物的;result in 结果是;destruction n. 破坏;摧毁)。社会财富分配不均衡(income gap 收入差距)，人们不得不承受巨大的心理压力(两个现在完成时态的并列句;people 做主语时，其谓语动词(包括助动词)要使用复数形式)。这令人意识到老袓宗“乐天知命”的价值观念自有其道理(we inherited from our ancestors 是定语从句，修饰the traditional idea;inherit from 从…继承…;make a lot of sense 很有道理;老师说过，逗号之间的句子多数用于补充说明，有时可以跳过，方便分析句子的成分，而不会影响整个句子的意思)。西方人在数百年的无休止进取后，弊端丛生(forge ahead 取得进展;锐意进取;on the basis of 根据;基于…; corruption n. 贪污，腐败;malpractice adj. 玩忽职守;keep pace 并驾齐驱)，如今也纷纷转向东方的价值观寻找出路(to find a way out 不定式做目的状语;turn towards 转向;find a way out找到出路)。
9. Maybe there's something in the text-message that's doing the rounds on the Internet, when it says, "Once you're 50, pretty and ugly look the same. Once you're 60, high-rank and low-rank look the same. Once you’ re 70, lots of money and little money look the same. Once you're 80, men and women look the same. Once you're 90, living and dying look the same."
9、最近有一则网上流行的短信(that’s doing the round on the Internet做定语修饰the text-message)：“到了五十，好看难看一个样;到了六十，官大官小一个样;到了七十，钱多钱少一个样;到了八十，男的女的一个样;到了九十，活的死的一个样。”(look the same 看起来一样)
10. In a way, the message, pretty much, suggests that, even though China exported computers to America and Chinese people have traded in their bikes for BMWs, the past thirty years of reform hasn't changed our traditions and, the idea of being content with one's lot has never left our bones.
10、在某种程度上，这条短信似乎(pretty much 几乎)暗示(suggest vt.)：改革开放30年，尽管(even though)中国生产的电脑已经卖到了美国(export to 向…出口;输出到)，并且中国人已经丢掉自行车，开起了宝马(trade in…for… 以旧换新)，但仍没有改变他们的传统，乐天知命的价值观(the idea of being content with one's lot)仍在骨子里，不曾磨灭。(本段翻译做了小改动)
1. … or a very exciting, fan-filled life that only_______24 years.
A. lastedB. laterC. lateD. last
2. This _______ reveals a deeply ingrained sense of optimism and acceptance of fate.
A. saysB. saidC. sayingD. say
3. The Westerners' "seafaring culture" had allowed them_______while China's "agrarian culture" had shut the country off from the world and kept it _______ itself.
A. expanding and advancing; focusing on
B. to expand and advance; focus on
C. to expand and advance; focusing on
4. He believed their acceptance of fate originates _______ a geographical standpoint.
A. toB. fromC. intoD. of
5. This would create a sense of _______in the Chinese culture.
A. optimisticB. optimismC. pessimismD. pessimistic
6. They worked _______ an existence _______ their social development was in sync with the natural world.
A. towards; whereB. backwards; whichC. towards; while
7. Over these past few decades, the ideas of the West and the East _______ .
A. have practically reversed
B. have practically been reversed
C. be practically reversed
8. _______, this process of chasing materialistic dreams results _______the destruction of nature.
A. unfortunate; inB. fortunately; in
C. unfortunately; from D. unfortunately; in
9. People _______ had to deal with increasing pressure and the income gap between rich and poor _______ become larger and larger.
A. has; hasB. has; haveC. have; haveD. have; has
有关翻译要求和原则的说明——
由严复老师提出的翻译要求和原则，常在文言翻译中被人提起，具体是文言文翻译要做到“信、达、雅”三个字。翻译原则，不仅仅用于文言，外语翻译也一样的。
“信”是指译文要准确无误，就是要使译文忠于原文，如实地、恰当地用另一种语言把原文翻译出来。
“达”是指译文要通顺畅达，就是要使译文符合翻译后的语言的语法及用语习惯，字通句顺，没有语病。
“雅”就是指译文要优美自然，就是要使译文生动、形象，完美地表达原文的写作风格。
“信、达、雅”是翻译的三种不同境界。我们不是翻译家，因此在翻译时我们要基本做到“信”，力争做到“达”，就足够了。
有关常见词汇的偏意——
记得在某个英语培训中，老师特别提到考试中会对常见词汇的“偏意”进行考核，因此我们在学习中也要加强学习和记忆。如，
capital n. 首都;偏意：n. 资金
suggest vt. 建议;偏意：vt. 暗示
……
本文中出现的常见词汇“偏意”有：
lot 许多;大量;偏意：n. 命运;一块地
practice n. 实践;练习;偏意：n. 惯例
something pron. 某事;偏意：adj. 大约