改变人们阅读方式英语
A. 要一篇网上阅读的优缺点或者一篇网上阅读比传统阅读重要的英语论文。600字左右。好的话可以追加100分
哥们，修改一下使用吧！！！！！
网络时代的到来，对人的发展产生了前所没有的影响。对网络时代下的网络阅读与传统阅读进行了分析对比，并在这个基础上说明在网络社会里传统阅读还有其存在的合理性和必要性。对新时代的读者来说，网络阅读和传统阅读同样重要。
论文关键词：网络时代；网络阅读；传统阅读
科技作为第一生产力，发展到互联网的产生乃至大规模地被应用在人类的日常生活中，人们活动的自由空间大大扩展了，也给人们带来越来越多摆脱自然制约的自由。尽管互联网对人类的影响到底有多深远仍需时间去印证，但勿庸置疑的是互联网的出现的确拓展了人类行为自由的维度，为人的自由全面发展提供了巨大的可能性，给人类带来了一场具有深远意义的变革。
作为虚拟的存在，互联网能充分以表达自由来体现人的思想自由，表达又将思想外化为行为，网络行为自由更加突出了行为主体的自觉性和个性，人们越来越成为“自已把握自己、自己创造自己”的人。随着自由时间的增加，除了在网络上舒适便捷地处理各种公私事务，接受更大量的信息、知识外，网络的兴起，还使人们可以领略并不相识之人的真知灼见，或是在某专业领域中与同好者进行切磋，更可以获得思想上的放松——因为网络社会自由、民主、免费而开放。互联网打破了传播的传统单向模式，为不同身份等级各异的人们提供了自由交流的平台，宽容的精神被培育出来，孤立被逐渐消解，而对异端的歧视和打击替换成了尊重和专注的倾听，人们得以真正作为“国家的主人”取得决策所需的信息，参与到公共事务的决策中。
在另一方面，政府也“可以掌握网络使它成为有用的宣传工具，也可以开放网络使它成为和人民直接沟通的工具，使之成为人民表达意见的论坛”。网络时代的到来既是那么虚拟又是那么现实与真实，作为网络时代的读者我们应该如何面对网络阅读和传统阅读是一个至关重要的问题。
网络时代的特点体现在阅读方面就是人们不再受空间和时间的限制，只要有网络，人们可以随时随地浏览世界各地的各种信息，同时阅读到自己喜爱的各类作品。人自由的限制被大大缩小，在网络上，人有的时候真的可以做到“随心所欲”。毋庸讳言，网络的出现，改变了现代人的生活方式和阅读模式，网络阅读的方式越来越受到很多人的喜爱，也有着其无可比拟的优越性。
但网络阅读真的能代替传统阅读还是个值得商榷的问题，这个问题在国内学界已经有很多的学者提出了不同的看法和意见，本文将就传统阅读在网络时代下的生存状况做一番探讨，意在表明传统阅读同样存在有网络阅读的不能比的优越性以及在我们这个网络大行其道的社会同样有其存在的道理和理由。
一、网络时代与阅读
网络的出现以及网络的普及使世界变成了一个地球村，方兴未艾的网络不仅连通了世界，使人们之间的联系越来越紧密，形成了～种全新的人类社会生活方式，而且越来越深刻地进入当代社会各个领域，对社会的发展进程构成了一种不得不面对的新的环境变量。在阅读方面，互联网的出现，极大地缩短了知识和信息的传播周期，成为人们获取信息和与外界交流的一个重要方式。
我们知道阅读是人类获得知识和信息的重要手段。在某种程度上，阅读量的多寡是愚昧与睿智的分界线。人类文明的发展，使人类的阅读模式不断发生变化，其主要表现在被阅读物的物理载体的改变上。文字和图形最早是被雕刻在石头和木头上，后来又有了竹简、帛书、直到纸张被发明出来，人类的阅读量有了突飞猛进的增长。而计算机的普遍应用以及互联网的发展使人类的阅读量达到了前所未有的丰富程度。在网络文化的冲击下，作为人类社会传统教育三大基石之一的阅读正在发生着“一场强大的裂变”。因此可以说，网络的出现使人们的阅读方式多样化，阅读内容变得更加的丰富，人类文明也进一步发展。作为一种新型的阅读方式正以其优越性冲击着传统的阅读模式。
1.网络阅读的阅读方式
网络阅读是一种由文本的变化所带来的新的阅读方式，专指网络文化语境中的阅读活动，即借助计算机、网络技术来获取包括文本在内的多媒体合成信息和知识，完成意义建构的一种超文本阅读行为，也称“网上阅读”。其阅读方式主要有在线阅读和下载之后阅读两种。
在线阅读主要是指用户在网上打开相关网页找到自己需要的内容直接在网页上面阅读，从而获得自己想要的信息和知识。这种阅读方式对计算机以及网络速度有一定的要求。下载之后阅读主要是指用户从相关网站下载自己所需要的信息存放在自己的电脑或其他电子阅读器上进行阅读。总的来说，这两种阅读方式都依靠于网络和电脑，离开这两种载体阅读就无法进行。
2.网络阅读的优越性
作为一种新型的阅读方式自然有着其他阅读方式所不具备的优势，就网络阅读来说主要于以下几个方面的优势。
第一，信息的全面与搜索的便捷。网络的连通使不同国家、不同地域的读者之间跨越时空限制而互通信息，加之网络特有的超文本链接方式，使网络形成一个巨大的信息资源数据库。而且计算机的存贮空间所能承载的信息量是纸质载体无法比拟的，据估计，每天网上刊载的免费阅览的新信息将近100万页，这是世界上英文图书出版产量的lO倍多，而今后3年网上刊载的东西将超过自印刷机发明以来，以印刷形式出版的总和。网络强大的信息搜索功能，加快了读者查询资料与信息的速度，节省了查找资料的时间，便捷了读者的阅读，缩短了获取信息的时间。
第二，增强了读者的主体能动性。网络有一个极为明显的优势就是互动性，每个读者都能通过网络进行交流，发表自己的看法和见解，不再像传统阅读那样读者在很大程度上只是一个被动的接受者。从而使读者思路开阔，参与意识和主动性增强，增加读者作为阅读主体的能动性，激发读者的阅读兴趣和爱好。
第三，读者可以获得更多的阅读自由。网络阅读的虚拟性可以使阅读者自由自在、无拘无束，排除人们阅读过程中的种种不良心理因素，使读者可以在网络世界自由的发挥，充分的阐述自己的观点和见解。
3.网络阅读的不足与缺陷
然而任何事物都具有两面性，网络也同样如此，在具有众多优点的同时也同样存在诸多的不足与缺陷。
首先，网络时代也是一个信息爆炸的时代，信息量大是网络阅读最大的优点也就是其最大的缺点，太多的信息无法给人一个准确的选择，因为网络世界的信息实在是太多，并且随时在改变，最后变得和垃圾没有两样。杂多的信息，导致人们选择的困难，到底什么样的信息是我们所需要的，作为读者的主体有时很难去判断，因此多到最后就变成了“无”，就进入了一个阅读的悖论。正因为如此，如何通过阅读获得知识是一个很重要的问题。
怀特海说：“一定要等到你课本都丢了，笔记都烧了，为了准备考试而记在心中的各种细目全都忘记时，剩下的东西，才是你所学到的。”信息并不等于知识，任何信息只有内化为自己的东西之后才能算是知识。另外，网络信息的良莠不齐，甚至各种粗俗黄色的信息资源的存在，使一些并没有多少判断力的读者反受其害，不仅不能增长知识，反而影响了读者的健康发展。所以网络并不一定能给读者带来知识，这其中还需要读者理性的思考与判断。
其次，网络阅读的一个基本条件是要拥有电脑和网络，这对许多人来说还是一件奢侈品。另外，网络阅读的环境和氛围并不是非常的理想，这也就必然造成了读者阅读的困难，所以网络阅读也只是一部分人能享受，并不能普及到每位渴求知识的读者。
再次，网络阅读在一定程度上对人的健康有很大的影响。长时间一个姿势坐在电脑前阅读，容易引起各种疾病的发生，如颈椎病、腰椎病等，特别是上网成瘾的“网虫”，眼睛长时间接受显示器的光电刺激，更容易引起近视。还有显示器也具有一定的辐射，或多或少对人都是有害的。
二、传统阅读及其优越性
1.传统阅读存在的合理性与必要性
网络环境拓宽了高校图书馆的教育职能，使图书馆对学生的教育深入到能力与素质的培养。网络阅读丰富了读者获得知识的方式和途径，为大学生的阅读开辟了广阔的空间。可在拓宽了大学生的知识面的同时，又可能造成阅读兴趣的泛化和情感的缺失。传统文本阅读的退化虽然是信息化、数字化时代的一种文化现象，但阅读毕竟是一种与文字文化相始终的人类认识和学习的基本方式，绝大多数的人类文化知识遗产仍是以书籍的形式保存着。读者熟悉其格式，对其使用非常熟练，有着丰富的阅读经验。因此传统的文本在网络时代将担负起情感唤起与心智互动的重任。网上阅读只是社会提供给我们的一种新的选择，它还远远没有达到淘汰传统阅读的程度。
正如著名作家张抗抗所说：“上网为人排遣孤独的同时也能使人更加孤独；网络给人一个广阔的天地的同时也会使人与实在的生活隔绝；网络给予人们高科技带来的便捷与享受，却同时疏离了绿地和自然；网络使人成为世界上知道信息最多，却同时又是思考最少的人，当我们被笼罩在那覆盖全球的巨网之下，狂热迷乱之中，还有没有透气的网眼让我们呼吸?”因此，传统阅读不可能消亡，网络阅读也不可能取代传统阅读的存在，这二者必将以两种不同的方式存在，这也是人的一种需要。
2.传统阅读的优越性
进入21世纪后，人类社会将逐步进入知识经济时代。以知识为基础的知识经济，任何人都需要包括书本知识在内的知识。传统的文本图书不仅不会消亡，而且会发挥越来越大的作用，主要是因为传统文本图书具有网络图书所无法比拟的优势。
首先，传统阅读作为一种人们所习惯的阅读方式，能帮助读者提高获得和利用信息的能力，更有利于读者把信息转为知识。传统文本不像网络文本那样，造成一种泥沙俱下的局面，大量无效信息充斥界面，使人难辨真假，而是删除了众多的语言垃圾，便于读者的选择。所以读者只要掌握了信息的检索方法通过目录、文摘，就很容易找到自己所需要的真正信息。
其次，传统阅读有利于人的身心健康。传统纸质文本的对比度大，稳定性强。油墨与纸的对比度是120：1，而且文献的字与画是不动的，很适合人们阅读。分辨率高，色彩效果好，插图与绘画的分辨率为600—1000dpi；其彩图颜色协调、鲜艳、生动，给人以悦目舒适之感。同时传统纸质文本既可以随时变换阅读姿势，也可以随时调整阅读方式也不用担心辐射对身体造成的危害，既安全，又自然。能给人以舒适的感觉，能够较长时间阅读也不感到疲劳，有利于吸收知识信息。
人们在手与纸的接触中之中，享受着文化的巨大快乐。传统阅读的随时随地性以及阅读的方便性更是老少皆宜，当人们捧着一本书的时候，亲切感就会油然而生，就象是华人对筷子的依恋一样。在手指与纸的相触之中，似乎还带着油墨香味的纸张营造了一种阅读的氛围。尤其是那些一读再读的书，泛黄的书页，已经被嚼了无数遍的文字、承载了记忆中相伴成才的内涵，是冰冷的电脑屏幕永远无法取代的。于是，金庸先生风趣地说：“我对2l世纪文明甚至有点惧怕，到时候全是网络，书本都没有了、这个我不能接受。”
再次，电子图书只能在办公室、图书馆、和家庭固定的计算机上来看，不能随时地更换阅读场所，而且还受供电、通信、计算机等级等诸多因素的影响。而传统文本书刊则可随时随地的阅读，它不需要任何设备，翻开即读，随身携带走到哪里，读到哪里，符合人们阅读习惯。无论是在沙滩游玩，还是在车上旅行，无论是睡觉前的时光，还是沐浴后的休闲，都可以拿本书，自由自在地细细品味，真可谓随心所欲。另外网络阅读只是少数一部分人的享受，而传统阅读则可以使每一个愿意读书的人都能享受到。
传统文本正因为具备以上优点，所以读者拥有量非常大，它历经上千年的洗礼，在今天已建立起完整发达的编辑、生产、发行系统。不论是城市、乡村、大街小巷、机场、车站，随时随地都可获得。传统阅读这种阅读方式不会消亡，图书馆这一事物不会消亡，传统图书馆依然占主导地位。当然随着人们阅读方式的多样化，图书馆的结构或样态也肯定会变化。
三、传统阅读和网络阅读在网络时代并存
在网络时代，传统阅读仍然是读者最经济地获取信息资源的重要途径，但在网络时代仅仅只有传统阅读将无法真正的实现人的全面自由发展，因此在新时代的读者必须把两种阅读方式加以结合。
我们知道阅读本身就是一种认知过程，人们通过它探索未来和创造自我，在网络阅读环境中，信息接受方式和内容的变化必将使阅读者的思维方式、认知方式，乃至世界观、人生观发生变化，并最终改变其阅读和生活习惯。而传统阅读则通过其纸质的载体可以给读者一种特有的书香气息，给读者营造一个静、雅、美的求知氛围，还能克服网络阅读非经典化、文化积淀等问题，即时、实用的信息乃至叙事文化信息的获取将大部分由网络阅读分担；而纯粹的文化积淀和思想整理的任务则由专门撰写的传统阅读来完成。所以英国情报学家K.J麦克格雷指出：“没有任何一种媒介可以完全取代另外一种媒介，总的情形是相互补充并逐步统一起来以解决一个特定的交流问题。”总之就是传统文本必然存在着一些网络文本所不具有的优点和作用，而读者在阅读上是有着不同层次的需要的，所以读者在阅读的时候就不能只注重于某一种文本而忽视另一种。
对于青少年来说更要加强自身素质，处理好网络阅读和传统阅读的关系。北大肖东发教授就曾指出，对年轻人来说，时间有限，应注意精力的分配，不能只上网不读书，有时间到图书馆多看看书、书评，对网上的东西要时刻保持清醒的头脑。因为网络阅读本身即一种非经典阅读。阅读经典需要一种笨重的态度，必须放慢速度来感受那种丰富的精微；而网络阅读是种碎片式的、浮光掠影、浅尝辄止的阅读，人们在网上很难长时间集中注意力，只能是一种鼠标飞点的浏览性阅读。总之，在网络时代下，网络阅读将会进一步发展，而传统阅读也不可能消亡，二者必将在同一片天空下共同发展，互相促进
B. 一篇英语作文 网络对阅读的影响
Network on the impact of reading
The reader is reading from the literature (recorded knowledge of the carrier) to obtain and use information and knowledge of social practice, the process of physiological and psychological processes. Reading is a basic human access to knowledge and means an important way, as is the text of which have begun, is a text record of human understanding of natural and social practice experience as a symbol, a symbol that they start to have all kinds of literature, , And will have to read the information on the documents. With the social development so far, with the emergence of computer technology, digital and network technology popularization and development of electronic audio book market, expanding the carrier carrying information resources has changed, people's reading habits and books published by the Also means increasing occurrence. According to the 2006 Fourth National Survey of the National Reading: Chinese on-line reading from l999-year rate of 3.7 percent to 27.8 percent in 2005, the average annual growth rate of 107%. Experts point out that digital technology and the development of the Internet has changed the Chinese people's reading habits. The author believes that such a major impact in the following aspects.
A digital network for the promotion of reading
Access to information resources more convenient and efficient. Computer technology has brought about in areas such as storage and retrieval facilities, so that the carrier of information resources in the form of great changes have taken place, most of the information resources have been digitized, from paper to electronic resources, changes in resources, making many In looking for information resources and access to really become faster and more convenient. With the emergence of the network, the Earth is reced to a "village", the distance is no longer an obstacle to the dissemination of information, access to a more simple and quick. In addition, the network is also promoting the digital information resources to enhance the process, more and more digital information resources, networking, in order to more convenient and efficient access to needed resources, the emergence of Bai, Google, Sohu, and other search engines, which Greatly changed the way people access information model, greatly improved people's reading needs of satisfaction.
Study guide channel at the same time promote the reading of the paper to read the literature. Sina, Sohu, Tencent network, have been launched to study the channel. Sina read channel to provide readers with the most comprehensive and timely book, the first dedicated to the latest series of books for lovers of literature to build the most influential Chinese-language original network and communication platform for the community. Sohu to provide the main channel of gender studies, history, news, life, and other types of e-books, launched a grand son of the original channel for users to provide a more simple and convenient platform for work release. Such a platform for readers to read with pleasure, as well as mutual exchanges between the buy-to-read their own books have played a role in the promotion of good.
With the rise of the Internet, on-line shopping platform came into being, then there have been ordered on the books related to Web site: Joyo, Bertelsmann on-line bookstores, Dangdang ... ... online bookstore network to integrate the information flow and logistics, which So that the transmission of information, logistics and smooth flow of funds to facilitate the purchase of readers. Book online bookstore full range of books full of information to allow readers to choose, 365 days a year 24 hours a day, leaving home will be able to buy books, convenient and efficient clearing security, lower operating costs make relatively inexpensive. To facilitate the purchase of books to promote enthusiasm for the purchase of books, which encourage people to read more activities.
Network to enhance the interest in reading. Internet technology has brought a reading of the evolution and diversity, new technology for a new approach read the proction, that is, reading the text and on the basis of a new approach read, or read the Internet. The reader is reading networking with computer networks, such as the reader technology and sound like, maps, text symbols, such as interactive reading, convenient access to information, audio-visual information, with the aid of diagrams, interactive, there is no limit of time and space, and other characteristics , In a variety of media cooperation with the completion of the related materials to read, easy-to-read not only those who understand, better enhance their understanding of reading the contents of the memory of the indivial and divergent thinking. All decisions of the network will greatly enhance the people's interest in reading.
Second, digital and network connection to the reading of obstruction
Internet access to China's relatively late time, the Internet was first introced in China, a survey showed that more Internet users to chat more interested in making friends, and other relatively low-end demand, online games and then to promote the vigorous development of a number of Internet users play games much增加. Whether friends or chat game entertainment, are a basic low-end entertainment use. This makes the Internet is now a large number of procts and services tend to focus on the public's demand for entertainment, information and entertainment-oriented and timeliness. A variety of tools to the public entertainment provided more entertainment options, entertainment seems to be the spirit of the times, greatly reced the space for open thinking and cultivate a critical spirit, inspire imagination, creativity training, and other reading activities.
Online games affect people's reading activities. Online games now become the mainstream of the Internet, World of Warcraft, Fantasy Westward Journey, Dance Mission, and so on ... ... journey of the game too much to attract a great deal of attention, according to the CNNIC in January 17, 2008 release " Twenty first Internet survey "show that the usage of online games is 59.3 percent, Internet users play online games, the average ration is 7.3 hours per week, equivalent to 1 year in nearly a month spent on online games, 21.3 percent of Internet users play games online games a long time more than 10 hours / week. No matter little old, men and the woman can find the games, online games attract a lot of people's time and energy to take an interest, investment, many people inlge in this, diverted for other activities such as reading time, In addition to the online games have to spend money on the spread for the purchase of books.
Online video has been distributed for people to read. According to the CNNIC published the "Twenty-first Internet survey" show that online video viewing ratio of 76.9 percent, 1.6 million people have been enjoying the network television programs. The emergence of the network, people look at movies, soap operas simply more convenient, PPLive, PPS television network, and so on to see Thunder internet site just to name a few television movies, you can allow people to be able to watch movies online TV, live broadcast sports, sports games, anime , Variety, news, financial information ... ... so many convenient platform for people to watch the film to enhance people's interest in the film, a decrease of the people of this time for reading.
Chat with friends, community networks to attract a lot of people's attention diverted people's attention to read. Real-time communications in China is very popular in China's Internet users IM usage has reached 81.4 percent, on the first end-result of the Internet, that is, Internet users after the first thing through instant messaging chat is the ratio of 39.7 percent. In addition, various kinds of community networks have mushroomed, people in the virtual community of life, recreation, or learn to express their views on certain things, view, find and leisure, entertainment-related information. According to the "Twenty-first Internet survey" shows that 65.7 percent of Internet users said the Internet had made the contents of the messages or upload. These can be shown that the degree of emphasis on reading less and less, a lot of people have looked into the entertainment network.
Finally, it is worth mentioning that the network is now reading is a kind of "light reading", that is, as opposed to paper-based network to read the information is read some of the more simple, is a kind of "fast food" meals "Extensive Reading." Includes a traditional reading of the creation of highly imaginative, but also concive to the cultivation of people's thinking in the abstract, rational thinking, but also concive to the cultivation of human culture and dignity of the cultural consciousness. The reading on the network, sound, color, as may be disruptive, and so the reader's mind, to rece the effect of reading and information network disorder and turbulence would not rule out some of the loss of readers to read the mind get lost in the direction of reading, reading The ultimate goal in the away side, so immersed in the virtual world, unable to extricate themselves. There is a network to stimulate public participation in discussions, often just a simple glance at the title of the article, began to participate in the comments, there is no in-depth understanding of the content of the article to pass on the true information, the lack of serious reflection after the reading.
The author of the above is my views, digitalization and networking on the impact of reading is indeed growing, and things are generally double-edged nature of the band, which requires people to pay attention to continue to carry forward the good and bad to curb its development. On the current situation, to be a strong proponent of the idea of reading science, it is necessary to do deep tradition of reading to do a good job at the same time to change the entertainment-oriented network of the situation, so that the network is more concive to learning to read, the more concive to open up people's thinking, but also concive to the The training was critical spirit, but also concive to stimulate imagination and creativity training.
C. 如何提高英语的阅读和写作文
1. 一篇关于如何提高英语阅读的英文作文
阅读是主动地、积极地获取信息的创造行为，是培养学生通过视觉感知书面文字符号并获取信息能力的途径，更是提高听、说、写能力的有力杠杆，它在英语学习中起着至关重要的作用。在近几年的高考英语试卷中，阅读的分值（阅读理解，完形填空，改错）占了整个试卷分值的一半以上。99年高考英语试卷阅读理解的篇幅在增长，难度也有所加大。笔者认为要提高英语阅读水平，学生需做到以下几点：
一、多采用Top-down阅读法
自上而下（Top-down）阅读是从语篇整体出发，把注意力集中在通过文字符号获取信息上，即按文章所给的标题先对文章的内容与含义作出推断，理解作者所要表达的意思。
运用自上而下的阅读法的关键是培养学生预测、推断文章内容和含义的能力，从而提高阅读理解能力。
通过略看文章的总体结构安排或文章的标题来预测文章的内容及深层含义，可从下列几方面去推测：
1.文章写了哪几方面的内容？
2.作者将从哪几方面来阐述？
3.内容将如何发展下去？
在阅读时要注意不同的英文文体，因为文体对信息的组织和布局模式有着重大影响。训练掌握各种英语文体的结构特征，有利于归纳文章和进行逻辑推理。例如：记叙文以叙事为主必定有三个要素：情节、人物和背景。情节的发展多以时间、地点的转移为线索。因此，阅读记叙文时，必须抓住时间这条线索，以人物为中心，弄清故事的发生、发展、结局。再如议论文和说明文有一个共同点，就是段落大多有主题句（较多地出现在段首或段末），要抓住主题句，发掘每一个主旨，弄清文章的中心论点，以便更加详细地预测文章的内容，吃透整篇文章的表层及深层含义。
二、正确处理好精读与泛读间的关系。
精读和泛读是阅读时两种主要方法，两者相辅相存，不可偏废也无法代替。
1.注重阅读材料的选择。
选择合适的精泛阅读材料是提高英语阅读的重要手段。选择字数为200左右，后面配有习题的阅读材料为宜。阅读材料体裁要多样化——叙事类、科普类、议论或说明类、广告类等。要注重文章的实用性。所选材料的难易程度以理解正确率达60%~70%，生词量不超过4%为恰当。
2.精读泛读相辅相存。
2. 怎么样才能提高英语的阅读理解和写作能力
英语中的阅读是读者利用自己的语言知识和背景知识，对读物所进行的一种积极的思维过程。
培养并提高学生的所说读写能力是中学英语教学的主线；使学生掌握良好的阅读方法，提高学生的阅读理解能力是当前中学教师对学生素质教育的一大课题。笔者结合多年来的英语课堂教学实践，就如何提高学生的阅读理解能力作如下分析： 一、要求学生了解阅读理解的过程。
阅读是对书面信息进行认识构建的心理语言过程，了解这一过程对提高阅读效率起着决定性的作用，此过程至少可分为三大层次： 1、字面理解层（Literal prehension Level）：这一层是指读者仅仅理解文章的字面意义，辨认和回想文章大意、细节、事件发生的顺序、人物特征和因果关系等。 2、推论理解层（inferential prehension）：这是读者根据文章的结构，从字里行间推测词义、文章大意、事件发生顺序、细节和人物特征的过程。
3、评论理解层（evaluative prehension level）：这是读者凭借自己的阅读经验和语言能力、分析、评价文章的优劣的过程。如评估信息的确切性，事件发生的可能性以及证明事实的可信性等。
上述阅读理解的三大层次有助于我们认识它们在阅读过程中相互间的关系和作用。字面理解层主要依靠语法能力或语言能力完成；推论理解层主要依靠阅读技巧和语言能力来完成；而评价理解层则是读者与作者的观点融合的过程。
二、向学生介绍提高阅读理解能力的方法： 1、不断扩大词汇量。语言的学习是语言知识积累的过程。
要求学生进行词汇的积累，能为今后的再学习奠定基础。扩大词汇量的具体方法有：①利用构词法猜测生词意义。
常见的词缀有-,im-,un-,dis-等前缀及-or, --ist,-tion等后缀；同时，也可利用转化法及合成法。这是扩大词汇量，提高阅读理解能力的好方法。
②利用语境，分析句子结构的关系，结合常识来推测词的意义，如同位语关系、反义关系、因果关系等，对文章句子理解的基础上猜测词义，加强阅读理解的能力。③运用归纳法，即把同一类词归纳在一起，如把有关货币与金融的词汇、文艺与体育的词汇归纳在一起记忆。
2、巩固掌握所学语法知识。语法是语言的组织规律，是关于词形变化和组词成句的规则。
熟练掌握和运用语法知识，如时态、语态、语气，从句等，这些都有助于提高我们的阅读理解能力。 3、拓宽知识面，增加背景知识。
我们要充分理解阅读材料，准确把事因、动机、细节、写作意图和态度等运用常识及背景知识去理解文章所传递的信息，运用读者头脑里的知识去消化、吸收文章内容。如果对文章所涉及的历史、文化、政治、经济、宗教、风土人情等知识缺乏了解，就不能真正读懂文章的内涵，从而导致理解困难，背景知识的题材多样，内容广泛，涉及的背景知识包括天文地理、风土人情、政治历史、文化教育、科学技术、交通环境、人物传略等。
这些知识要求学生在日常的学习英语过程中，要善于积累，不断地了解各国的情况，拓宽语言学习的知识面，增加自身的背景知识。 4、熟练掌握阅读技巧。
①摒弃那种先看文章后看问题再看文章的作法，采用先读问题后看文章。两者比较，后者不仅少看一遍文章，节约了时间，而且后者这种有目的，阅读效率更高。
②采用由下而上的阅读方法（the bottom -upapproach to reading）。读者通过从小的单位着手，如：单词、词组、句子、段落，先理解他们的意思。
再将它们连接成文章，而后理解整篇文章的意思。 ③采用由上而下的方法（the top -downapproachto reading）此方法先是读者利用他对文章主题及题型的知识，对文章中所将包含的内容进行推测，然后通过自己的阅读对所猜测的内容进行校对。
当今读者将②③两种方法结合来理解课文的内容，而且这种方法已越来越受到人们的欢迎，我们今后不妨也可一试。 ④采用浏览阅读方式，即读者很快浏览标题、付标题，从而对文章的大意有所了解，并且找出文章中一些重要的信息。
而并非仔细地阅读，眼睛通常从文章的一头迅速地移到另一头，了解文章的大意中心，并且决定哪些是重要的，哪些是次要的，这种阅读方式使读者无需浪费太多的时间，从而查找出有用的内容，尽快地了解到文章的大意。 ⑤采用扫描型阅读方式。
即快速地阅读文章查找自己所需信息，如在电话簿中查一号码，在字典中查找某一单词的意思等，采用此方法的关键是读者必需知道自己要找什么，而不需逐词逐句地进行阅读。这种方法适用 于读者在复习文章、研究文章、写论文、列表格、查地图时。
⑥采用细读方式（read in detail）。这种方式要求读者仔细地、深入地对文章中的字、词句进行分析、研究。
不仅要求读者了解字面意思，而且要求读者把握文章细节，了解到文章所隐含的意思。 ⑦采用评读方式（critical reading）。
即读者对所读文章进行评论，提出自己的观点见解。这就要求读者充分使用句法的逻辑的文章的文化背景知识，对文章作深入细致的研究，从而更好地陈述自己的观点见解。
三、纠正学生不良的阅读习惯及阅读方法。具体表现在： 1、慢读许多学生误认为读得越慢，理解程度越高。
然而，心理学与心理语言学研究。
3. 如何提高英文阅读能力 英文作文
In the modern age of information, reading truly is a fundamental survival skill. Here are ten tips that anyone can use to improve their reading skills:1. You don't have to be a great reader to get the point.Some people read fast and remember everything. Others read slowly and take a couple of times to get all the information. It doesn't matter, really, so long as when you read, you get the information you're seeking.2. Know WHY you're reading.Are you reading for entertainment or to learn something? Decide why you're reading before you start and you'll greatly improve your prehension and your enjoyment.3. You don't need to read everything.Not every magazine, letter, and email you receive contains information you need. In fact, most of it is simply junk. Throw it away, hit the delete key! Just doing this will double the amount of time you have available to read.4. You don't need to read all of what you DO read.Do you read every article of every magazine, every chapter of every book? If so, you're probably spending a lot of time reading stuff you don't need.Be choosy: select the chapters and articles that are important. Ignore the rest.5. Scan before you read.Look at the table of contents, index, topic headers, photo captions, etc. These will help you determine if, a) you have a real interest in this reading, and b) what information you're likely to get from it.6. Prioritize your reading.You can't read everything all at once (and wouldn't want to). If it's important, read it now. If it's not, let it wait.7. Optimize your reading environment.You'll read faster and prehend more if you read in an environment that's fortable for you.8. Once you start, don't stop!Read each item straight through. If you finish and have questions, go back and re-read the pertinent sections. If you don't have questions, you got what you needed and are ready to move on.9. Focus.Remember, you're reading with a purpose, so focus on that purpose and the material. If you lose interest or keep losing your place, take a break or read something else. You can keep track of where you are by following along with your hand. This simple technique helps you focus and increase your concentration.10. Practice!The more you read, the better reader you'll bee (and *** arter, too)! So, feed your mind: read!。
4. 英语作文该怎样提高英语阅读与写作
English learning, including listening, speaking, reading and writing various skills training, one of the most basic should be reading ability. Now in the English exam, reading ability demanding. Read the questions in the exam scores, and has a large proportion of the score, often determines how many students grades. English reading content involves a wider range of history, about the reality of life, the article, also have the narrative of economy, science and technology, military, etc, this paper has pared to read the contents of the students interest and widely knowledge, strong ability to understand the *** ysis judgment.。
5. 怎么提高英语的阅读水平和写作水平
怎么提高英语的阅读水平和写作水平
由词到句的训练阶段
听写单词、词组、句型。词是句子的基本单位。在教学中，我很注意加强词汇方面的训练，让学生积累写作的词汇。在所学的每个单元的对话和课文中，都有很多单词、词组、习惯用语和句型。每个单元我都坚持听写单词、词组。有时我讲英语，有时讲中文，要求学生写出相应的英语单词和词组。对于课文中的重要句型，我事先叫学生标出，正确分析其句子结构，注意中英文排列顺序的异同，然后叫他们读熟，第二天上课时利用几分钟时间进行听写。有时全班交来批改，有时抽查一小组或叫学生打开书，对照课文自己更正。
用所学的单词、词组和句型造句。在学完每篇课文后，我一般都要求学生用我所给的单词、词组及句型造句。在课堂上，我针对每个单元所学的单词、词组及句型进行操练。课后，我及时布置一些中译英练习或用我给定的词语造句，这样起到同步巩固词语的作用。
一句多译练习。平时引导学生多做一些一句多译练习，有助于启发学生的写作思路。考试时选择自己最有把握的句子灵活地表达同一内容，就会减少失误，提高得分率。通过做汉译英练习，暴露出学生受母语影响的问题，对这些问题老师要及时进行评讲和纠正，有利于培养和规范学生的英语表达能力。
由句到段的训练阶段
这个阶段主要以改写或缩写课文为主。学生在学习课文时积累了不少词汇、句型，在此基础上要求他们改写或缩写课文是练习写作的极好机会。我们所学的对话、课文，文字优美、语言地道、题材广泛，我们不妨借助这些对话课、课文进行一系列的写作训练，如改写、缩写等。
结合课本，进行各种体裁的书面表达
在我们所学的课文中，有记叙文、日记、通知、便条、书信等，还有科普文章、广告和说明等多种体裁，文中还有大量的插图，可以利用图片让学生进行看图说话写作。要学好英语写作就必须从课文练起，从一些常见的文体练起，由短到长，由浅入深，循序渐进地进行。
抄写、背诵课文和默写范文
培养学生的英语写作能力，以课文为中心训练写作能力非常重要，因为课文中的句子就是规范的地道的英语范文。因此，每学完一篇课文或对话，我都给学生划出一些重要句型，叫学生抄写、背诵，然后默写出来。第二天老师要及时检查或抽查。此外，还应多读一些简易的英语课外读物，如《中学生英语》、《中学生英语读写》（高中版）、《英语周报》、《21世纪报》等。这些刊物上都有写作导练、单元练习、期中、期末检测题中的书面表达范文等。这些作文比较适合中学生的实际水平，不仅可以帮助学生巩固和活用课本里所学的知识，也为提高写作能力打下更坚实的基础。我们不妨把它们抄下来背熟。这样持之以恒地进行下去，对我们的写作会有很大的帮助。
可以多找一些精彩的范文，背下来，也可以多读一些精彩的英语原文文章或书籍，学习一下人家的写作思路。最重要的，我觉得是应该有人辅导，你可以找个辅导班，不用学习很长时间的，有老师辅导的话学习起来就比较快，而且可以少走不少弯路的，学习的效果也比较好，能掌握的比较扎实。
D. 关于读书的方法英语作文带翻译
以下是 英文写作翻译频道为大家整理的《关于读书的方法英语作文带翻译》，供大家参考。更多内容请看本站 写作翻译 频道。
We all known that reading should focus on method, but what methods are good for reading? Firstly, the difficulty of the book you read should be moderate. Too difficult or too easy are not so good. If you find a book is too difficult to read, just put it aside and find an easier one instead. Secondly, read the books that are beneficial for you, which can help you in your career as well as in life. Thirdly, for those simple books or those without deep meanings, you can scan over them, but for those meaningful and beneficial, you should read them intensively and remember to take notes. Finally, don't be shy to ask questions, because anyone could be your teacher. These approaches are general ones and each of you should have your own reading methods that make your reading fruitful.
我们都知道阅没橡租读应该枯兆注重方法，但是什么方法对阅读才是好的呢？首先，你读的那本书的难度应该适中。太难或者太简单都不好。如果你发觉一本书太难读就把它放到一边，找一本容易一点的。其次，读对你有益的书，它能在事业和生活上帮助你。再次，对于那些简单或是没有深刻意义的书，你可以浏览一下；但是对于那些有意义且如渣有用的书，你就应该大量阅读并做些笔记。最后，不要羞于问问题，因为每个人都能成为你的老师。这些方法都是普遍的方法，每个人都应该有自己的阅读方法让你的阅读更充实。
E. 英语作文：人们阅读的不同原因
Reading has two types, one is recreation type, is obtaining a type.
Pastime reading like other pastimes, is a human in order to adjust the height of the physical and psychological tension, relieve tiredness and a kind of spiritual activity. Pastime reading for reading subject knowledge accomplishment, aesthetic ability does not make excessive demands, as long as have the realistic, empirical knowledge of the people can be engaged in the reading. Reading main body does not attempt to reading material cutting depth and interpretation, not for aesthetic purposes, but not to ask to read the text in depth reading and thinking the creative new ideas, but it is expressed in the process of reading level and consumption. On the choice of reading material, reading subject is from feeling and interest, and rarely consider the text value and artistic value thought.
Acquired reading can be divided into two types. The first is with pastime reading diametrically opposite. In the face of reading the text, reading main body attitude is obtained by reading knowledge, enlighten the mind. In the process of reading for the text to convey the surface or shallow layer meaning of simple cognitive and master to meet, but eager to obtain new aesthetic experience and survival of enlightenment, and make our own spiritual realm and thought up into the hitherto unknown height. This reading of the super realistic utilitarian makes reading in reading the body becomes an indispensable and irreplaceable, the senior spiritual activities. This kind of reading with clear purpose, reading main body in the entry on the text before, do some preparation work, such as understanding and text knowledge about the information in the reading of the text, the receiving process, pay attention to refine, absorb and digest the text to convey new information, and then with the inherent thinking through the conflict, coexist and achieve integration degree. In the process of reading and ability training and knowledge to accept both.
Another access reading is actually a pastime reading extension, i.e. in the text of the reading process, originally held for recreational purposes is graally from the text to obtain higher spiritual enjoyment and aesthetic expectations are replaced. This method of obtaining a reading than before, the purpose of desalination, for reading main body self-discipline demand is not high, the subject of reading the text from the shallower to the deeper cognition, hold and re-creation is composed of its own in the reading process of changing desires graally lead and import. Therefore, on the subject of reading in the reading process of mental state, the more relaxed, and reading object between more full of tension, and therefore subject to object reading text initiative is also more prominent, more easy to reach for a text creative reading and interpretation necessary for the independent free state. Of course, this kind of reading to the reading main body oneself accomplishment, knowledge is more demanding. Because in the course of reading from the text, to get a feel for the reason of surface meaning above, shaded by the deep connotation, without sufficient knowledge and the esthetic ability is absolutely impossible.
If the text will appear to humans into civilized society, then, for word reading ability or not, can be used as a division of civilization and civilized people sign.
In our present university department of Chinese literature ecation, literary history, literature, the writer's life and creation research, while the writers are abstract and conceptual explanation, lack of targeted, to cultivate the students' aesthetic ability and thinking ability the experience introction. The result is the abstract literature, writers and other ideological knowledge, students are familiar; as to the appreciation of literary works, in addition to a commonplace talk of an old scholar style theme theory, artistic characteristics on, again also could not say why, more do not talk to go up to obtain very high aesthetic enjoyment, or hypertext creative interpretation. Results make the fresh and vivid literary art, become dry didactic tools or wording templates, literary creation and appreciation of literature lost its idealism.
To change this situation, we have to pay more attention to the literature appreciation ability, should first concern is for reading instruction, we should make sure people's recreational reading, because it helps to cultivate people's reading interest and habit, and there is a need to advocate and encourage people to get reading; and then to make practical reading and reading program. For a bibliography compiled, in must be excellent works under the premise, as far as possible to compile some interesting, beautiful, charming, attractive works. Of course, the culture of people beyond the reality of utilitarian reading habits, proper guidance is indispensable. Because of the known as the classic and worthy of reading texts, have quite one part is beyond the range of ordinary readers, if there is no corresponding aesthetic ability and thinking ability, people often can not grasp the text itself, not to mention the understanding and absorbing the essence of the.
Reading is a long-term, days and months multiplying the influence character by environment, mental activity. Read influences an indivial quality the most basic, most the part of core -- values, aesthetic values, moral values and outlook on life. Reading is not only a personal understanding of the world and the thinking process of the world, is also a personal spiritual self reflection process, namely by reading to self-examination, self-improvement, thus form the introspection and thinking habits, so it becomes very important to people.
阅读有两种类型，一种是消遣型的，一种是获得型的。
消遣型阅读如同其他消闲方式一样，是人类为调节高度紧张的身心，消除工作疲劳而进行的一种精神活动。消遣型阅读对于阅读主体的知识素养、审美能力不作过高要求，只要具备现实的、经验性常识的人皆可以从事此项阅读。阅读主体并不试图对阅读材料进行深度切入和阐释，也不是出于审美目的，更不是为了求得对阅读文本深度阅读和思考后所获得的富有创见的新思想，而是表现为阅读过程中的平面化和消费性。对阅读材料的选择，阅读主体更多是从感觉和兴趣出发，而很少考虑文本的思想价值和艺术价值。
获得型阅读又可分为两种类型。第一种是与消遣性阅读截然对立的。面对阅读文本，阅读主体所持的态度是通过阅读获得知识，启迪心智。在阅读过程中不以对于文本所传达出的表层或浅层意蕴作简单的认知和掌握为满足，而是渴望获得新的审美感受和生存启示，进而使自己的精神境界和思想飞升到前所未有的高度。这种阅读的超现实功利性使得阅读于阅读主体而言成为一种不可或缺、无可替代的高级精神活动。这一种阅读由于有着较为明确的目的，阅读主体在进入对文本接受之前，会做一些相关的准备工作，比如了解与文本有关的知识信息，在对阅读文本的接受过程中，注意提炼、吸收和消化文本传达出的新信息，进而将之与自身固有的思想经过冲突、并存而达到融合的程度。阅读过程中的知识接受和能力培养同时并重。
另一种获得型阅读其实是消遣性阅读的延伸，即在对于文本的阅读过程中，原本持有的消遣性目的逐步为从文本中获得更高的精神享受和审美感受的期望所取代。这一种获得型阅读较之前一种，目的性淡化，对于阅读主体的自律性要求不高，阅读主体对于文本由浅入深的认知、把握和再创造是由其自身在阅读过程中的不断变化的欲求逐步引领和导入的。因此，就阅读主体在阅读过程中的心理状态而言，更显放松，与阅读客体之间更富有张力，因而主体对于客体即阅读文本的能动性也更为突出，更易于臻至对于文本进行创造性阅读和阐释所必需的自主自由状态。当然，这种阅读对于阅读主体的自身素养、知识储备的要求更高。因为在阅读过程中，要想从文本中获得感觉之上的理性、表层意义遮蔽之下的深层内蕴，没有足够的知识储备和审美能力是断然不可能达到的。
如果说是文字的出现将人类送入了文明社会，那么，对于文字阅读能力的掌握与否，可以作为划分文明人与非文明人的标志。
在我们目前的大学中文系的文学教育中，重文学史、文学思潮、作家生平和创作研究，而对于作家作品则只是抽象化和概念化地讲解，缺乏有针对性的、能够培养学生审美能力和思考能力的经验介绍。结果是对于抽象的文学史、作家的作品等观念形态的知识，学生往往如数家珍；至于具体的文学作品的赏析，除了老生常谈式的主题论、艺术特色论之外，就再也说不出个所以然了，更谈不上获得极高的审美享受，或者进行超文本的创造性阐释了。结果使原本鲜活而生动丰富的文学艺术，变成了干巴巴的道德说教的工具或是遣词造句的范本，文学创作和文学欣赏失去了理想主义色彩。
要改变这种状况，就要重视对文学作品欣赏能力的培养，首先应关注的是对阅读的指导，既要肯定人们的消遣性阅读，因为这有助于培养人们的阅读兴趣和阅读习惯，又有必要提倡和鼓励人们进行获得型阅读；然后制订切实可行的阅读书目和阅读计划。对于阅读书目的编选，在肯定是优秀作品的前提下，尽可能编选一些有情趣的、优美的、有魅力的、有吸引力的作品。当然，在培养人们超越现实功利性的阅读习惯时，适当的引导也是必不可少的。因为在被称为经典而值得阅读的必读书目中，有相当一部分是超出普通读者的经验范围的，如果没有相应的审美能力和思维能力，人们便往往无从把握文本本身，更不用说理解和吸收其中的精华了。
阅读是一项长期的、日积月累的、潜移默化的精神活动。阅读影响着一个人素质中最基本、最核心的部分——价值观、审美观、道德观和人生观。阅读既是一个人了解世界和思考世界的过程，又是一个人心灵自我观照的过程，即通过阅读来反省自我、提升自我，从而养成内省和深思的习惯，因而它对于人的成长至关重要。
F. 改变人们传统的阅读方式很难英语
你好！这句英语翻译为：It's very hard to change the way of people's traditional reading way!
G. 互联网对人们阅读习惯的影响英语作文
网络对人际交往的影响 The Impact of Internet on Interpersonal Communication
WhenI first set my eyes on a father and his daughter, I heard the father ask abouthis daughter's school life. To my surprise, the girl told his father to readher blog so that he can get what he wants.
在我第一次看到一对父女的时候，我听到父亲在问女儿的学校生活。令我吃惊的是，女儿告诉父亲去看她的博客就可以知道他想了解的东西。
Now,the Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.It has influenced us a lot, especially on our interpersonal communication.
现在互联网在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的作用。它对我们的影响很大，特别是在我们的人际交往中。
Forone thing, the Internet makes the interpersonal communication more convenient.We can contact with each other no matter when and where. The Internet makesfull use of time and space. What’s more, we can also share our daily life andknowledge through QQ, MSN, and blog with others. For another thing, theInternet speeds up our interpersonal communication. We can save time to do ourwork. However, the Internet also brings about many problems, such as safety problems,cheating and so on. Many people spend too much time on the Internet, and theydon't have time to interact with person in real life, which result in theabsence of ability in communication in reality.
一方面，互联网使人与人之间的交流更方便。不管何时何地我们都可以互相联系。互联网都是充分利用时间和空间的。更重要的是，我们也可以通过QQ，MSN和博客分享我们的生活。另一方面，互联网有助于我们的人际沟通。我们可以节省时间来工作。然而，互联网也带来了很多问题，如安全问题，作弊等等。很多人花太多时间在互联网上，他们没有时间和现实生活中的人交流，这导致在现实生活中交际能力的缺失。
Ithas both advantages and disadvantages to interact through the Internet. We canget to the problem in our work and study. Last but not lest, we have to talkwith people and develop our ability to communicate in reality.
通过互联网交流既有优点也有缺点。我们可以在我们的工作和研究的问题。最后但并非最不重要的，我们必须在现实生活中与别人交流并培养我们的沟通能力。
网络对大学生的影响The Influence of the Internet on College Students
The usage of Internet becomes one of the most controversial topics in the society. As a college student, I believe Internet is beneficial to me more than the way it harms me. There are many advantages for using Internet.
因特网的使用成为一个社会中最有争议的话题。作为一名大学生，我认为互联网是对于我是利大于弊的。使用互联网有很多优点。
First, I can best use my time to find information online instead of going to different libraries. Also, the information can be dated back in decades ago. It is very helpful to use those information as reference and historical proof. In the library, it is hard to find so much "old" information. Another advantage to use Internet is that I can stay home and have a lecture online. It is much more convenience to me because I can stay warm to have class in the winter time instead of spending two hours on the bus and physically attend class. In addition, Internet provides me a better way to communicate with my friends and professors. I can get response from my professor in a few minutes instead of waiting outside of his door for hours. Some of my friends are living in a foreign countries, I can simply just drop him an email whenever I can and get a message from him very quick. It is much better than waiting for letters. Also, the email will not lose while the letter might be losing in the process of delivery.
首先，我可以充分利用我的时间去网上查找信息而不是去各个图书馆。同时，网上的信息可以追溯到几十年前。把那些信息作为参考或历史凭证是很有帮助的。在图书馆里，很难找到那么“老”的信息。使用互联网的另一个优势是，我可以呆在家里在网上听讲座。对我来说是很方便的，因为我可以，在冬天的时候保持温暖上课而不是花两个小时坐公共汽车而且心不在焉的上课。此外，互联网为我和我的朋友与教授提供了一个更好的交流方式。我可以在几分钟内得到我的教授的回应，而不是在他的门外等几个小时。我有些朋友是住在国外的，我可以随时给他发邮件，也可以很快的得到回信。这比等待的信件好得多。同时，邮件不会丢失而信件则有可能在运送过程中丢失。
However, there are also disadvantage of using Internet. For example, I might spend too much time on the Internet to concentrate on my study. Also, there is a chance that I am cheated because of the Internet purchasing. Last, Internet has lots of information, both helpful and harmful. There might be too much tempatation that I will access some of the harmful information I can on the Internet.
但是，也有使用互联网也是有缺点的。例如，我可能会花过多的时间在互联网上而无法专注于我的学习。同时，因为网购我也可能有被受骗的机会。最后，网上有大量的信息，既有有益的也有有害的。在互联网上可能有太多的诱惑，我会获得一些有害信息。
Even though the usage of Internet has both positive and negative effect to me, I still consider Internet is a symbol of technology development. I believe I can use the Internet very well as long as I know how to control myself.
即使使用互联网对我既有积极的也有消极的影响，我仍然认为互联网是技术发展的象征。我相信只要我知道如何控制自己，我能很好地使用互联网。
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H. 是互联网改变我们的阅读和书写为题的英语作文
How Is the Internet Changing Literary Style?
[On 10 June 2008, the journal n+1 sponsored a debate under the title “The Internet: We All Live There Now,” at the Kitchen. The panelists were Mark Greif, Moe Tkacik, Ben Kunkel, and me; Keith Gessen was the moderator. Here’s a transcript of my talk.]
Good evening. In my talk tonight, I would like to raise the question, How is the internet changing literary style? The question has at least two aspects. First, Which traits of style change when writing goes online? Second, What are the forces that cause these changes to come about? There is a third aspect, a moral one, which I will try to defer answering until the end of my talk but which shadows the first two, namely, Are these changes an improvement?
There are so many different styles of writing online that my description can’t help but be impressionistic and subjective. Precisely because of that abundance and variety, however, there may be no other way to proceed, so, with your inlgence, here goes.
There is relatively little fiction and poetry online, by which I mean, fiction and poetry that is native to that environment, written with the intention of being read there. This is puzzling. Whatever the sickliness of poetry as a genre, fiction is one of the most robust and profitable forms of printed literature. An inkling of an answer occurred to me not long ago while I was reading the opening pages of Philip Larkin’s novel Jill. In the book’s first scene, Larkin describes an awkward boy taking the train to college for the first time. The boy’s mother has packed him sandwiches, but he’s embarrassed to eat before strangers, so he secretly crams one down his throat in the train restroom and flushes the rest down the toilet, only to discover, when he returns to his seat, that his fellow passengers have all taken out their lunches.
The précis I’ve just given compresses the action of several pages into several sentences, and thereby makes the prose sound more eventful than it is. What struck me when I read it was how wonderfully calm it is. It makes no effort to seize the reader’s attention. It assumes, rather, that the reader has taken the risk of extending his attention unsolicited, almost as a gift, which the novelist will do his best to repay by the quiet and steady work of elaborating a world and the way that one character sees it.
The internet is inhospitable to that kind of quietness. If your browser were to happen on such a page, your eyes would likely go blank with impatience. Who is this guy? Why aren’t there any links?And, more damningly, Is anyone else reading this? A text on the internet rarely takes for granted your decision to read it or to continue reading it. There is often, instead, a jazzy, hectoring tone. At home my boyfriend and I use a certain physical gesture as shorthand to describe it. To make it, extend your index fingers and your thumbs so that your hands resemble toy pistols. Then waggle them before you, like a de in a cheesy Western, while you wink, dip your knees, and lopsidedly drawl, “Heyyy.” The internet is always saying, “Heyyy.” It is always welcoming you to the party; it is always patting you on the back to congratulate you for showing up. It says, You know me, in a collusive tone of voice, and Wanna hear something funny? and Didja see who else is here? This tone is not absent from print; in fact, no page of New Yorkmagazine is without it. Certain decorative effects in language may be compatible with it, but it seems to be toxic to imagination.
What styles do thrive on the internet? I’ve kept a blog for several years, and although its readership is tiny, I of course notice when the hits rise and fall. I seem to get more readers when I post frequently, when I write about people or topics in the headlines, when I have been drawn into a conflict, and when I write something that speaks to a self-image that a group of people share. Over the years I’ve graally revealed more personal details; I still reveal very little, comparatively, but enough to entitle me to say that I feel a tug there, too. Perhaps the tugs that I feel are a better data source, come to think of it, than my blog’s underemployed hit counter. If I were to interpret those tugs, I would say that writing on the internet tends to be more popular when it satisfies the reader’s wish to be connected—the wish not to miss out. The writer, too, may have such a wish. I admit that I love it when another blog links to mine; there is great consolation in the feeling of having a posse. And of course many readers online are also writers there. Perhaps these feelings of “groupiness” explain a few more traits of internet style. There is a greater tolerance online for sloppy and inexact writing—not merely for typos but for a generalized kludginess of thought, especially the errors that the usage stickler H. W. Fowler named “haziness,” “swapping horses,” and “unequal yokefellows,” which may all be loosely described as changing your mind about the grammatical structure of a sentence halfway through writing it—and such tolerance is to be expected if people are reading primarily for the sake of a feeling of belonging. One also finds more flattery and more insults online, another hint that online readers are more interested in affiliation and in the feelings associated with including and excluding other people.
This willingness in readers to overlook form raises a question as to whether online writing entertains, in the traditional sense of the word. I am not sure that it does. Reading online does not seem to me to be a pleasure in itself but a response to irritation. That is, it is not like eating an ice cream cone; it is like scratching an itch. I am only reporting on my own feelings here, of course, but while I am doing so, let me report a further kink in them. Between us, my boyfriend and I subscribe to more than a dozen magazines, and if I pick one up, I know instantly that I am goofing off. Online reading, however, fails to set off my leisure detection system. Part of the failure may be perceptual—online reading takes place while I’m sitting in front of my laptop, immobilized, as I am when working. But I think, too, that online writing may, even in its supposedly silly moments, be covertly work-like: there is a fair amount of tedium in its unedited prose. Many of the jokes and references are only comprehensible to regular visitors. No one, my hit counter tells me, reads blogs on the weekend. And reading online prose is not refreshing. An action movie leaves the viewer juiced; a novel may leave the reader wistful. But reading blogs, in my experience, leaves me more addled and nervous than when I began. This work-like character makes the internet particularly corrosive , by the way, to the proctivity of those who work at home, such as writers. Through web browsing, the freelancer communes with the procrastinating office drone—at his peril, because the freelancer receives no weekly paycheck.
By this point, you will have gathered from my references to feelings and to social context that the definition of literary style that I’m working with is broad. I suppose I define it as the way a writer expresses himself in words, and I would defend the breadth of my definition by arguing that whenever a writer expresses himself he also chooses how he will present himself—even if he chooses to keep his personal self out of view, insofar as that is possible. A writer is someone who has turned his self-presentation in language into an art or a profession, just as an actor has his self-presentation in person. Feelings and social context—or rather, linguistic effects that suggest feelings and social context—may be as crucial to a writer as metaphor and diction.
In defining style this way, I am borrowing from the sociologist Erving Goffman’s 1959 book The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. It was Goffman’s insight that in their structure, many daily encounters are a milder version of the one that we are acting out here tonight. There are usually two teams—tonight, for instance, it’s the panelists up here vs. the audience out there. Each team performs for the other. Each side tries to define the situation that they find themselves in, to their advantage by conveying an impression. Up here, we’re trying to seem thoughtful but not too pompous; out there, you’re trying to seem interested but not naïve. You may also, by the way, be performing for one another, as may we. Our tools up here include our words, our facial expressions, and our clothes, and every sign we give, or inadvertently give off, has, according to Goffman, “a promissory character.” In other words, while we speak, you’re going to be trying to decide whether we live up to the promise our words and manner imply. If we’re unlucky or unskillful, you may decide we’re pretending to be something we’re not. Thankfully, we’re not always onstage, laboring under the stress of maintaining what Goffman calls our “front.” Last night, some of my fellow panelists and I met for a private dinner, to strategize in a place where you wouldn’t be able to hear us. At that dinner, I could have safely listed all the many books about the internet I haven’t read; alerted to my deficiencies, my comrades would then know to steer questions about them away from me tonight, without any need for me to give a signal and without you in the audience being any the wiser. Goffman calls such spaces “back regions,” or, more colloquially, “backstage areas.”
I. 九种快速阅读英语的方法与快速阅读英语的技巧
人的大脑分为左右两部分，各自分管并对不同的信息内容处理:其中右脑主要是对图形和图像进行记忆和加工，而左脑主要是处理诸如逻辑、数字、文字等非形象化的信息。下面就是我给大家带来的九种 快速阅读 英语的 方法 与快速阅读英语的技巧，希望大家喜欢!
九种快速阅读英语的方法与快速阅读英语的技巧(一)
九种快速阅读英语的方法：
Preview the mrial you're going to read. Look at main headings, chapter divisions, and other relevant mrial--to develop clues about the structure of the work。
1、先预览一下你的阅读材料。注意主标题、章节分配、和其他相关材料，旨在构筑阅读材料的结构布局。(拓展：)
Adjust your reading speed as you read the mrial. Slow down when you need to be sure that you comprehend a section of mrial. Speed up if you are already familiar with (or don't need to know) other sections。
2、在阅读的同时调整阅读速度。对于需要理解领会的篇章，放慢速度;而对于已熟知(或不需要知道)的内容，快速读过。(拓展：)
Readers can dramatically improve their reading speeds by taking in several words in the line of text at one time (instead of sounding out each word, or focusing on each letter of the word. Compr programs like Speed Reader or Rapid Reader are designed to help readers improve reading speeds with fhing letters and words. You may also want to learn more about other techniques。
3、可以通过一次在一行里加入数个词的方法，来显著提高阅读速度，而不是逐字逐句去读出那些词来。有些，如“速读”和“快读”，就是专门设计通过闪烁字母和单词来提高人们阅读速度的。或许你还需要学习其他一些技巧来达到这点。(拓展：快速阅读记忆训练)
提高英文阅读速度的九种决窍
Another way to improve your reading speed is to focus on the key words in the sentences. A significant amount of reading time is wasted on conjunctions, prepositions, or articles (i.e. a, an, the, but, and, or, nor, but, etc。)。
4、提高阅读速度的另一个方法是，注意 句子 中的关键词。我们在连词、介词和冠词上浪费了太多时间，如：a, an, the, but, and, or, nor, but等。(拓展：)
Use a pacer like a or your finger--as a focal point to draw your eye across the line or down the page. A pacer can help you increase your speed and rece re-reading. A pacer can also help you to keep track of what you are reading。
5、使用“节奏器”，例如一支笔或手指，以在阅读一行或一页时，形成一种注视焦点。节奏器不仅能帮你提高速度，还能避免重复阅读，并协助了解阅读内容。(拓展：)
Talk about what you've read. Some readers find that by talking about their reading with friends or fellow students, they are able to effectively synthesize the mrial。
6、谈论你所读的内容。有人发现，读后与朋友或同学谈论他们读过的内容，可以有效地综合理解所读内容。(拓展：)
Detine a reading schele that works for you. You may find that you can't concentr on the mrial for more than an hour (or a half hour). Also select a time of the day when you are alert and ready to read。
7、安排一个适合自己的阅读计划表。可能你会发现自己无法专心阅读超过一小时(甚至半小时)，这时你就需要一个计划。同时，还要注意挑选一天中思维清晰且适于阅读是时候来读。(拓展：)
Find a reading spot, where interruptions or distractions will not disturb your reading。
8、找到自己的“阅读地点”，即那些不会打扰或分散你注意力的地方。(拓展：)
Practice. Practice. Practice. The best way to improve your reading speed is to practice reading. Try out some of these techniques, and then pect the strgies that work best for you。
9、练习、练习、再练习。提高阅读速度的最好方法，就是练习。尝试上述方法，再结合自己完善它们。
在进行正式的视读练习前，可做一些辅助练习，改变过去落后的音读习惯。
1. 卡片闪示法。
每张卡片写上一个短句或 成语 (逐渐增加句长)，用极短的时间性眼前闪示后，马上把这句复述出来。最
好两个人一同练习，互相为对方准备卡片，训练效果更佳。
2. 组读法。
把一段文字按词组或 短语 划分，用竖线隔开，然后以分割后的词组或短语为单位来进行快速，逐步发
展到以句为单位，各阶段都要在读完后进行复述。
需要注意的是，不论划分的单位多大，都要在一次眼停注视时读完，不允许视线移动!
3. 舒尔特表快速点数法。
舒尔特表是心理学中用来研究和发展心理感知速度的图表
要求：
① 眼与点保持30厘米距离。
② 视线集中右表心，余光顾及全表。
③ 眼球不动，用不超过25秒的时间依次默读表中1-25数字。
特别提醒
1. 应重视呼吸训练，它是快速阅读的基础。
2. 练习时不要戴隐形眼镜，以免造成损伤。
九种快速阅读英语的方法与快速阅读英语的技巧(二)
快速阅读英语的技巧：
1.快速泛读
平时要养成快速泛读的习惯。这里讲的泛读是指广泛阅读大量涉及不同领域的书籍，例如小说、科普、历史、哲学、人文等方面的 文章 。要求读得快，理解和掌握书中的主要内容就可以了。确定一个明确的读书定额，定额要结合自己的实际，切实可行，可多可少。例如每天读10页，一个学期以18周计算.就可以读大约10本中等厚度(每本约120页)的书。
2.计时阅读
课余要养成计时间渎的习惯。计时阅读每次进行10～15分钟即可，不宜太长。因为进行计时快速阅读时，精力高度集中，时问一长，容易疲劳，造成精力分散，反而乏味。阅读时先记下“起读时间”(starting time)，阅读完毕，记下“止读时间”(finishing time)，即可计算出每次阅读的速度。随手记下，长期坚持，效果必定明显。
3.略读
略读又称跳读(skipping reading)或浏览(glancing)，是一种专门的、非常实用的快速阅读技能。所谓略读，是指以尽可能快的速度阅读，如同从飞机上鸟瞰(bird’s-eye view)地面上的明显目标一样，迅速获取文章大意或中心思想。换言之，略读是要求读者有选择地进行阅读，可跳过某些细节.以求抓住文章的大意，从而加快阅读速度。据统计，训练有素的略读者(skimmer)的阅读速度可以达到每分钟3,000～4,000个单词。
当跳读练习熟练之后，可以进行扩大视力识读文字的单位长度的训练。首先进行5个单词的练习，练习时主视区总应放在中间，即主视中间的3个单词，两边单词用余光扫视。例如：
在练习5个单词达到熟练之后，就可加宽视区练习，一下看6～7个单词，甚至达到9个单词，逐渐加宽视区范围，延长目光移动长度，这样就能缩短凝视时间，达到快速阅读的目的。
在进行快速阅读时，先粗略地浏览一下文章，看是否有自己工作和学习需要或感兴趣的资料和信息，然后确定此文章是否值得细读。在查找资料时，如果没有充足的时间，而又不需要高度理解，就可以运用略读技巧。“不需要高度理解”并非指略读时理解水平可以很低，而是说略低于一般阅读速度所取得的理解水平是允许的。
一般阅读的目标是在保持一般阅渎速度的条件下，获得尽可能高的理解水平，通常达到70%或80%。略读时，理解水平略低一些是预料之中的事，平均理解率达50%或60%就可以了。
略读可以运用下列技巧：
(1)利用印刷细节，如书或文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等，对书或文章进行预测略读(preview skimming)。预测略读要了解作者的思路、文章方式(模式)，以便把握大意、有关的细节及其相互关系。
(2)以一般快速阅读速度(200～250个单词/每分钟)，阅读文章开头的一、二段，力求抓住文章大意、背景情况、作者的文章风格、口吻或语气等。
(3)阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意，然后略去细节不读，以保证略读速度。
4.寻读
寻读又称查读，同略读一样，寻读也是一种 快速阅读技巧 。
寻读是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息，如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等，而对其他无关部分略去不读的快速阅读方法。运用这种方法，读者可以在最短的时间内掠过尽可能多的印刷材料，找到所需的信息。例如，在车站寻找某次列车或汽车的运行时刻，在机场寻找某次航班的飞行时刻，在图书馆查找书刊目录，在文献中查找某一日期、名字、数字或号码等，都可运用这种方法。
作为一种快速寻找信息的阅读技巧，寻读既要求速度，又要求准确。具体地说，寻读带有明确的目的性，要有针对性地选择问题的答案。因此，可以把整段文字直接映人大脑.不必逐字逐句过目。视线在印刷材料上掠过时，一旦发现有关的内容，就要稍作停留，将它记住或摘录.既保证寻读的速度，又做到准确无误。
寻读与略读不同。略读时，读者事先对材料一无所知，而寻读则是在读者对材料有所了解的情况下进行的。例如，寻读电话号码簿，读者知道受话人的姓名，还知道电话号码簿是按姓氏的字母顺序排列的。这样，在寻找Jackson的电话时，就可以利用书页上方的标识词，按姓氏字母顺序很快翻到以J开头的书页，从而很快找到Jackson名下的电话号码。
寻读可以运用下列技巧：
(1)利用材料的编排形式。资料多半是按字母顺序排列的，如词典、索引、邮政编码簿、电话号码簿以及其他参考资料簿等。当然并非所有资料都是按字母顺序排列的，例如，电视节目是按日期和时间排列的，历史资料是按年代排列的，报纸上的体育版面是按比赛类别( 足球 、 排球 、 网球 )排列的等等。不管资料来源怎样，它都是按照某种逻辑方法排列，例如，要知道某事是何时发生的，要查日期;某事是谁做的，要查人名等。
(2)利用章节标题和说明。寻读时，首先看文章标题或章节标题，确定文章是否包含自己所需要的材料，或者哪一部分包含哪些材料，这样可以直接翻到那个部分，寻找相关材料。
(3)抓住提示词。读者找到包含所需信息的章节，准备寻读。这时，要留心与具体信息有关的提示词。例如，在报纸 体育运动 版上寻找某 田径运动 员的某项运动成绩，他的国籍就是提示词;在 网络 全书上寻找纽约市的人名，翻到New York City那一词条后，population，census，inhabitants等都是提示词。找到提示词就可以获得所需信息。