猜词法在英语阅读中的运用
⑴ 英语阅读理解解题技巧:猜词
1 通过因果关系猜词
通过因果关系猜词,首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系,然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关或掘判联词表示前因后果。例如:
You shouldn’t have blamed him for that,for it wasn’t his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因,可猜出blame的词义是"责备"。
2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词,一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组,如happy and *,即使我们不认识*这个词,也可以知道它是愉快的意思;二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词,如Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars,and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的Venus、Mars、Jupiter均为生词,但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星"这一义域。通过反义词猜词,一是看表转折关系的连词或副词,如but,while,however等;二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语,如:He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思,即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。
3.通衫改过构词法猜词
在阅读文章时,我们总会遇上一些新词汇,有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意,而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用,此时,如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识,这些问题便不难解决了。
4.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如:But sometimes,no rain falls for a long,long time.Then there is a dry period,or drought.
从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨,于是便有一段干旱的时期,即drought,由此可见drought意思为"久旱","旱灾"。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is,or,that is,in other words,be called或破折号等来表示。
5.通过句法功能来推测词义
例如:Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词,我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同类关系,同属fruit类,因此它们是两样水果,准确地说,是菠萝和椰子。
6.通过描述猜词
描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如:The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole.It is fat and walks in a funny way.Although it cannot fly,it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更散枣详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
⑵ 英语阅读中的猜词技巧
英语阅读中的猜词技巧
在英语阅读中,我们自然会遇到许多生词。下面是我分享的英语阅读中的猜词技巧,欢迎大家阅读!
一、针对性解释
针对性解释是作者为了更好地表达思想,在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性,利用它们猜词义比较容易。
1.根据定义猜测词义
如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义,理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。例如:
Anthropology is the scientific study of man.
由定义可知,anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”。
In slang the term “jam” constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.
同样,从上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。
定义句的谓语动词多为:be,mean,deal with,be considered,to be,refer to,be called,be known as,define,represent,signify,constitute等。
2.根据复述猜测词义
虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细,但是提供的`信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以是适当词、短语或是从句。
同位语,例如:
Semantics,the study of the meaning of words,is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.
此例逗号中短语意为“对词意义进行研究的学科”。该短语与前面生词semantics是同位关系,因此我们不难猜出semantics指“语义学”。
在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接,有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等。
二、内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系,然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。
1.根据对比关系猜测词义
在一个句子或段落中,有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述,我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。例如:
Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know.His brother,in contrast,is quite humble and modest.
该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词,但是句中短语in contrast(相对照的,相对比的)提示我们supercilious和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后,我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的,傲慢的”。
2.根据比较关系猜测词义
同对比关系相反,比较关系表示意义上的相似关系,例如:
Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系,以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。
表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly,like,just as,also等。
3.根据因果关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中,若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。例如:
Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
根据原因状语从句的内容,我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。
There were so many demonstrort in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.
此句为结果状语从句,根据从句的描述“许多者”,我们便可推知elbow的词义为“挤、挤过”。
三、外部相关因素
外部相关因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时,就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如:
Husband :It’s really cold out tonight.
Wife:Sure it is.My hands are practically numb.How about lighting the furnace?
根据生活经验,天气寒冷时,手肯定是“冻僵的,冻得麻木的”。
The snake slithered through the grass.
根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识,我们可以推断出slither词义为“爬行”。
综上所述,利用各种已知信息推测、判断词义是一项重要的阅读技巧。在实践中,我们可以灵活运用上面提到的几种猜测技巧,排除生词的障碍,顺利理解文章想内容,提高阅读速度和阅读的准确性。
;⑶ ielts阅读考试的猜词技巧
ielts阅读考试的猜词技巧
阅读理解中几种常见猜词技巧
作为泛读(Extensive Reading)的一种,阅读理解在国内各类考试中都举足轻重。雅思,托福,英语专业四、八级,还有大学英语四、六级,各类考试中的阅读理解侧重点不同,但万变不离其中。很多同学都认为,突破词汇是解决阅读理解的唯一途径。词汇固然重要,但是在应试型的阅读理解中,掌握一些猜词法未尝不是行之有效的方法。(小德老师提示)考试中的阅读理解大多为细节题,即针对个别句子和段落进行提问,所以各位童鞋不要在阅读整篇文章,了解文章大意上浪费过多时间。(通常只有20%的题目是主旨题。)拿到文章,先浏览几道问题的属性,细节题几道,主旨题几道。如果细节题占大多数,直接用Scanning找到答案所在句子,精读这几句找出答案。如果时间充裕,再处理主旨题。废话少说,介绍几种猜词法吧。
1. Definition (根据释义猜词) 在有些文章中,某些生词的词义在下文中可以得到解释或说明。这些解释有时以定义、定语从句、同位语形式出现;有时用破折号、括号、冒号、引号等符号引出;还有时用that is, or, that is to say, in other words等引出。 例如: Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 根据定义可知,anthropology就是研究人类的科学,由此可推出anthropology是人类学。 He takes a special interest in botany which concerns the study of plants. 根据定语从句中which concerns the study of plants可知botany是植物学。
2. Examples (根据例子猜词) 在有些文章中,下文所举的例子给读者提供了猜测生词的重要线索。 例如:Generally, we like to read periodicals, such as Time Magazine, Newsweek, and Reader’s Digest. 我们可以根据后面所举的例子Time, Newsweek, Reader’s Digest推断出periodicals的意思是期刊
3. Synonym(根据同义词猜词) 例如: The hot tropical weather created a feeling of lassitude and encouraged laziness. 此句中,连词and连接并列成分created a feeling of lassitude和encouraged laziness两个短语。其中created与encouraged都是动词,而lassitude与laziness对应。,我们通过laziness进而推断出lassitude的大概意思是困乏,无力,无精打采。
4. Antonym (根据反义词猜词) 英语中,常见的表示转折的的词有:but, however, though, otherwise, on the other hand 等。 例如: If you agree, write Yes; while, if you dissent, write No. 此句中的 Yes 和 No 明显表明先后分句为对比,相反关系。前句表示肯定,后句表示否定,由此,我们可以推断出dissent与agree意思应该相反,意为 不同意,不赞成。 Mr. Green always is punctual for everything, but for some reason he was late for an important meeting last week. 此句中,连词but可以断定前后分句为转折关系,所以punctual 应该与后面分句中的 he was late for意思相反,进而推断出punctual 的意思是守时的',准时的。
5. Cause and Result (根据因果关系猜词) 例如: Mary didn’t notice me when I came into the classroom, because she was completely engrossed in her reading. 这个例句的意思是,当我走进教室的时候,玛丽没有注意到我,因为她正在***地看书。根据逻辑关系,我们可以推断engross可能就是全神贯注的意思。 There were so many demonstrators in Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.
此句为结果状语从句,根据从句的描述so many demonstrators和crowd,我们便可推知elbow的词意为挤,挤过。
6. Prefix(根据前缀猜词) 例如: As you are receiving my note by E-mail, it’s wise to remember how easily this wonderful technology can be misused, sometimes unintentionally, with serious consequences. 此句中,misuse是在use前加上了前缀mis-,表示误、错,从而判断出misuse表示错用,误用;unintentionally是由intention→ intentional→ intentionally→ unintentionally演变而成的,从而不难推出其意为不是有意地,无心地。
7. Suffix(根据后缀猜词) 例如: Insecticide is applied where it is needed. 此例句中,后缀-cide 表示杀------者,杀灭剂,结合大家熟悉的词根insect(昆虫),不难猜出insecticide意为杀虫剂。 Then the vapor may change into droplets. 此句中,后缀-let表示小的,而词根drop指滴,滴状物。将两个意思结合起来,便可推断出droplet的词义为小滴,微滴。
8. Compounded Words(根据复合词的各部分猜词) 例如; Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output. 此句中,highlight通过分析发现,该词是由high(高的,强的)和light(光线)两部分组成,合在一起便是以强光照射,使突出的意思。Bullfight is very popular in Spain. 例句中的bull(公牛)和fight(打,搏斗)结合在一起,指西班牙颇为流行的一种体育运动:斗牛。
9. Experience(根据常识猜词) 例如: People who refuse to comply with the law will be punished. 根据常识,往往受到惩罚的常常是不遵守法律的人。由此,我们可以推断出comply的意思是遵从,服从。
总之,利用各种已知信息推测、判断词义是非常重要的阅读技巧。在实践中,我们可以灵活运用上面提到的几种猜测技巧;排除生词的障碍,理解文章的思想内容,提高阅读速度,从而在考试中获得高分。
⑷ 中考英语动态:学会如何猜测词义 提升中考阅读水平(一)
摘要: 英语阅读中,我们常常会遇到一些不认识的短语或单词春灶竖,又或者认识的单词短语在文章中被赋予了新意义和解释。当这些单词短语并不阻碍理解文章的主要内容时,我们便可以忽略它;但如果这些词汇短语影响了对文章的理解
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英语阅读中,我们常常会遇到一些不认识的短语或单词,又或者认识的单词短语在文章中被赋予了新意义和解释。当这些单词短语并不阻碍理解文章的主要内容时,我们通常便可以忽略它,但如果这些词汇短语影响了对文章的理解,这就需要我们来根据上下文来猜测单词或短语在文中的意思了。这种情况下,掌握猜词的技巧则显得尤为重要。猜测词义可以辩备在一定程度上考查考生的逻辑推断能力,也是阅读能力的一个重要组成部分,频繁出现在各种考试中。在英语阅读中根据上下文猜测词义,有助于锻炼同学们分析问题、解决问题的能力,有助于扩大词汇量。
通常,猜测词义可采用以下几种方法:
一、定义猜词法
即根据定义猜测词义的方法。需要定义或解释的单词或短语大多是专有名词、生僻词或文中的关键词,作扒大者为了使读者正确理解它们,就得做出较浅显的解释或说明。
例一: Giraffe is an animal with a very long neck, four legs and orange skin with dark spots.
根据后面对 Giraffe 的解释,它的词义为“长颈鹿”。
例二: Anthropology is the scientific study of man.
由定义可知 Anthropology 的词义为“研究人类的科学”即“人类学”。
例三: What is plagiarism? It is using others’ ideas and words without clearly mentioning where the information is from.
根据定义我们知道plagiarism的词义为“剽窃”。
二、定语从句
定语从句对先行词起限定、修饰或解释作用,因此我们可以利用定语从句来推测先行词的词义。
例一: Second generation Puerto Ricans who were born in New York but who have returned to the island, are called Nuvoricans.
Nuvoricans 的词义可以由Second generation Puerto Ricans后面的两个定语从句来得到, 即生在纽约,后又回到波多黎各的人。
例二: Psychophysiology is a science which deals with the relationship between mind and body.
根据定语从句我们可以看出Psychophysiology的意思为“身心联系的科学”,即“心理生理学”。
三、同位短语或同位语从句
同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接,有时也用破折号、分号、引号和括号连接。
例一: According to a report published on the British medical magazine, The Lancet, a study of ten German mobile phone users found that when they turned on their phones, their blood pressure goes up by 5 to 10 millimeters of mercury.
根据句法结构的知识,我们知道The Lancet是the British medical magazine的同位语,由此可知The Lancet是一个杂志的名称。
例二: Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.
两个逗号中间的短语the study of the meaning of words是Semantics的同位语,意为“对词义进行研究的科学”, 即“语义学”。
四、对比结构
寻找文中相互对比、相互对照的线索来确定生词的含义。
在此类文章中,通常会出现一些表示意义转折、对比的词语:however, but, on the other hand, on the contrary, instead of, while, unlike, not, although, yet, despite, in spite of, in contrast, etc.
例一: A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.
根据句法结构可知the adept workers和 the unskilled ones.为对比关系,意义相反。由the unskilled ones可推出the adept workers为熟练工人。
例二: Someone liked milk, but others abhorred it.
通过but我们知道abhor是like的反义词,意为“厌恶”。
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高考英语阅读理解九大猜词技巧
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高考英语阅读理解九大猜词技巧
一、利用定义或解释(definition or explanation)
Signal words: means, refers to, be called, beknown as ,can be defined as, in other words,that is, that is to say, 定语从句…..etc.
举例:
Pruning is important because it encourages thegrowth of tender shoots(嫩芽), or young leaves oftrees.(B)
The word "pruning" means______
A. Regular cutting(修剪) of the plants
B. Frequent watering
C. Regular use of chemicals
D. Growing the plants high in the mountain
二、利用普通常识和经验(common sense or experience)
举例:
1. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.
"ocelot" means _________________(an endangered wild cat)
2.The period of adolescence, the period between childhood and althood ,may be long orshort.
"adolescence" means___________(The period between childhood and althood)
三、利用同义/同位语(similarity/appositive)
Signal words:for example ,for instance,such as ,like,as---as,etc.
举例:
The largest player – Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Center offers a wide variety of choices,such as deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favoriteof the tourists. (C)
The words "deluxe sedans," "minivans" and "station wagons" used in the text refer to ____.
A. cars in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers
四、利用举例(from examples)
Signal words: as, like, the same as,unlike,but,however, on the contrary, while,instead…ect.
举例:
1. The snow was falling.Big flakes drifted(飘)with the wind like feathers.
2. Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shyperson who does not like to go to parties or makenew friends.
五、利用比较或对比(comparison or contrast)
(1)Overwork may cause diseases.
over(过分的、过量的)+work=overwork“工作过度”。
(2)There was a dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.
dis “不” + satisfied“满意的=dissatisfied “不满意的”。
六、利用构词法(Word formation):前缀、后缀、复合、派生等
举例:
1. Is he intelligent or stupid?
2. Most women in Ghana--- the ecated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the youngand old--- work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives andmothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is wellknown and well deserved.(C)
The underlined word "illiterate" in the passage means ____.
A. Repeated B. reiterated. C. unecated D. sick
七、利用同义词或反义词(Synonym or Antonym)
举例:
Signal words:because,since ,so, such......that,so......that, ect
I feel that since you are my superior(上司), it would be presumptuous of me to tell youwhat to do .(B)
The word "presumptuous" is closest in meaning to "____" .
A.full of respect B. rude and too confident
C.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet
八、利用原因与结果关系猜词(from Cause and Result)
The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked asan engineer.(A)
A. work B. study C. name D. interest
九、利用上下文的`语境(context or related information)
更多练习:
1. A good teacher works in quite a different way.His audience take an active part in his play: they askand answer questions, they obey orders, and if theydon't understand something, they say so.
The word "audience" in the paragraph means____.
A. students
B. people who watch a play
C. people who act on the stage
D. people who listen to something
答案:A
解题关键:常识 teacher-----students
2. When some kind of pain killer(止痛药) was brought out recently, researchers found thatthe colours turned the customers off because they made the proct look weak andineffective(无效的).
⑹ 面对雅思阅读生词的七种猜词方法
面对雅思阅读生词的七种猜词方法
即使进行了大量的单词记忆,但是在雅思考试中还是难免有不认识的单词。下面我就给大家介绍下雅思阅读中的七种猜词方法,帮助考生有效快速猜中词义,理解文章。
猜词方法一、利用定义式线索进行猜测
定义是作者为了更好地表达思想,在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或 词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性,利用它们猜测词义比较容易。例如:Kinetic energy is the energy of moving particles. Kinetic enegry 可能是生词,由定义可知,表语是说明主语性质内容的。所以kinetic energy就是“运动粒子的能量”。再如Typhoons are cyclones,storms with strong winds rotating around a low-pressure center.如果cyclones是生词,推断该词义的线索就是其后面的解释“绕低气压中心形成的暴风雨”由此我们可知cyclones的意思是“绕低气压中心形成的暴风雨”。在这种解释中定义句的谓语动词多为:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。
猜词方法二、根据进一步阐述猜测词义
虽然进一步阐述不如定义那样严谨、详细,但是提供的'信息足以使我们猜出生词的词义。复述部分可以是适当的词,短语或者句子。例如Experts in kinesics, in their study of body motion as related to speech ,hope to discover new methods of communications. 逗号中短语的意思是“对肢体语言进行研究的学科”。短语与前面生词kinesics是同位关系,因此我们不难猜出kinesics指“肢体语言学”。在这种复述当中,构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接,有时也使用破折号,冒号,分号,引号,和括号等。另外同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, 等副词或短语出现。另外一种会以定语从句的形式出现如从句Obesity, which is a medical disorder that affects approximately 20-30% of the population of the United States of America. It is an excessive accumulation of body fat that results from the storage of excess food energy calories in the body's fat cells. 根据生词obesity后面的非限制性定语从句which is a medical disorder that affects approximately 20-30% of the population of the United States of America. It is an excessive accumulation of body fat that results from the storage of excess food energy calories in the body's fat cells. 我们可以推断出 obesity的含义,即“过度肥胖”。
猜词方法三、根据举例猜测词义
恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索,例如The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past. 句中“战争”和“重大科学发现”是生词的实例,通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的 大致词义“重要的”。
猜词方法四、根据上下文的语境关联猜测词义
例如Computers have been used for most kinds of crime, including fraud theft, larceny, embezzlement, burglary, sabotage, murder and forgery, since the first cases were reported in 1985. 这句话中有许多生词出现,但通过上文的crime和murder一词,我们可以知道这些下划线词都是与犯罪有关的词。在考试中,就不必费心去考虑它们的具体意思,知道大概类别即可。再如Goran Ivanisevic fears only one service in tennis -- Michael Stichs. His toss is always the same: the straight one or the topspin. Sampras has a good serve and Becker too, but Stichs is the toughest to read.在此例中,大多数词用于网球运动中的一些专门词汇,我们可以不必理会,而主要关注认识的那些词。这样能够大概理解此句讲的是网球选手Goran害怕某种service, 通过上下文大致可得知这是指网球运动中的一个动作(比如发球、扣球等)。其实,service就是“发球”的意思。从形容词straight可知Stichs发球的特点,而且他是最难预测的一个。这样一来就可以很好地把握文章内容了。
猜词方法五、根据对比关系猜测词义
在一个句子或段落中,有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述,我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。 例如:Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy, unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends. Gregarious, 对许多人来说可能是个生词,但是句中单词unlike可以提示我们Gregarious和后面的词unsociable person是对比关系。分析出这种关系后,我们便能猜出意为Gregarious是“爱交际的”。
猜词方法六、根据常识性线索猜测题义
这是指根据篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识来猜测词义。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时,就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如:The cat came quickly through the grass towards the birds ,when it was just a few from the feet from the victim, it gather its legs under itself and pounced.如果pounce 是生词。推测该词我们可以凭借我们的常识,我们知道当猫看到鸟时,通常它会先把爪子收起来,然后再突然向小鸟发起进攻。由此可以推断pounce一词的意思是“突然攻击”。
再如It's really cold out tonight. My hands are practically numb. 根据生活经验,天气寒冷时,手肯定是numb “冻僵的,冻得麻木的”。
猜词方法七、利用构词法猜测词义
此法包括利用前、后缀及合成词猜测词义。
7.1前、后缀猜测词义
英语中的前缀、后缀构词颇多,且特定的"缀"往往表示特定的含义,把握住这一点,可起到"以不变应万变"的效果。例如He had been overworking and fell ill at last. overwork是由前缀over-加动词构成,over有"超过,过于"之意,overwork意思是"工作过多,劳累过度"。再如,overburden负担过重,overcharge要价过高,overdo做得过分。英语中常用的前缀还有:mis-错,误:misfortune不幸;mislead误导;mismanage处理不当mid-中央:midnight半夜;midway半路under-低于:underdone半生不熟的;underestimate 低估;anti-反对:antibody抗体;anticyclone反气旋;antifreeze防冻剂。还有一些后缀派生词:例如1)You must stop dreaming and face reality.(-ty为名词的标志); 2)The country is trying to popularize ecation. (-ize为及物动词的标志,再如realize, modernize)。
7.2利用合成词猜测词义
Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening, and everyone partakes in for fun. 根据短语构成及上下文意思看,此处partakes in相当于takes part in。再如break out-outbreak(名词"爆发"),set out-outset(名词"起始"),come in-income(名词“收入”)。
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