大学英语四级阅读理解所有的真题
大学英语四级考试满分：710。听力（35%）249分、阅读（35%）249分、综合（10%）70分、写作和翻译（20%）142分。
12月英语四级阅读理解真题解析
仔细阅读：
Have you ever wondered how acceptable it is to hug or touchsomeone ?
46.C)Its absence might suggest a lack of warmth in interpersonal relationships .
47.D)How close the communicator‘s relationships are .
48.B) They take touching as a cultural norm in social interactions.
49.A)Men can show friendship in public through physical affection.
50.D)Take other people's preference into consideration .
From climate change to the ongoing pandemic (大流行病) and beyond ，the issues facing today's world are increasingly complex and dynamic .
51.A)It faces problems that are getting more varied and compli-cated.
52.C) People are divided about the nature of interest .
53.D)How a growth mindset of interest can contribute to crossdisciplinarythinking.
54.C) Making innovative procts needs multidisciplinary procts.
55.B) Broadening their interests .
提高四级阅读理解成绩的方法
1、了解文章main idea(主要意思)
做英语阅读理解就好像做语文阅读理解时一样，要知道这篇文章的主旨或者说是中心思想，对文章所讲的主旨内容和它的中心思想做到心里有数。达到一种高度——只要一做英语阅读理解题，脑子里就要条件反射的蹦出main idea，然后再去阅读问题和文章。
2、先看问题，再粗读文章
带着寻找main idea的思想，先去看一遍问题，把问题中的关键词圈出来，然后再去粗略的读一遍文章。在读的时候，不用做到每个单词都看懂，每句话都能翻译出来。只要对文章大致上有一个了解就够了，这样文章的main idea也就出来了。
要注意的是，在读到觉得跟所问问题有关联的句子的时候，可以先用笔把句子勾出来，在上边标记上有关联的问题的题号，然后接着往下读。
3、精读问题和所标记的句子
读完通篇的同时，也把跟问题有关的的句子画出来了，这个时候再去精读标记的句子，仔细研究问题和跟问题有关的句子，琢磨其意思，尽量做到胸有成竹，然后再回答每一个问题。
② 历年来英语四级真题阅读理解及翻译
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③ 四级阅读答案问题
不知
④ 公共英语四级阅读考试题
本文是一篇公共英语四级的阅读理解考试题及答案(答案在文章尾部)，希望能帮助大家顺利通过考试!
Section III Reading Comprehension(45 points) 阅读理解
Text 1
No one should be forced to wear a uniform under any circumstance. Uniforms are demeaning to the human spirit and totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniforms tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an indivial but only lives to function as a part of the whole. The indivial in a uniform loses all self-worth. There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a large, more important concept. What could be more important than the indivial oneself? If an organization is so weak that it must rely on cloth and buttons to inspire its members, that organization has no right to continue its existence.
Others say that the practice of making persons wear uniforms, say in school, eliminates all envy and competition in a matter of dress, such that a poor person who cannot afford good-quality clothing, why would anyone strive to be better? It is only a short step from forcing everyone to wear the same clothing to forcing everyone to drive the same car, have the same type of house, eat the same type of food. When this happens, all incentive to improve one’s life is removed. Why would parents bother to work hard so that their children could have a better life than they had when they know that their children are going to be forced to have exactly the same life that they had? Uniforms also hurt the economy. Right now, billions of dollars are spent on the fashion instry yearly.
Thousands of persons are employed in designing, creating, and marketing different types of clothing. If everyone were forced to wear uniforms, artistic personnel would be unnecessary. Salespersons would be superfluous as well: why bother to sell the only items that are available? The wearing of uniforms would destroy the fashion instry which in turn would have a ripple effect on such instries as advertising and promotion. Without advertising, newspapers, magazines, and television would not be able to remain in business. Our entire information and entertainment instries would founder.
41、The author’s viewpoint on uniforms can best be described as __________.
A. practical
B. hysterical
C. radical
D. critical
42、Judged from its style, this passage might be found in __________.
A. a children’s comics book
B. an editorial in a paper
C. a sociology textbook
D. a political platform
43、It can be inferred that the author believes that __________.
A. indivials have no self-worth when they become part of an organization
B. indivials are more important than organizations
C. indivials are not so important as organizations
D. indivials are the same important as organizations
44、The author brings in the example of a parent striving to make life better for his children to make the point that __________.
A. parents have responsibilities for their children
B. uniforms would be less expensive than clothing for children
C. uniforms cause dissension between parents and children
D. indivial motivation would be destroyed by uniforms
(本题分值：1.5分)【正确答案】D
45、The last word of the passage "founder" probably means __________.
A. collapse
B. shrink
C. disappear
D. establish
Text 2
A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise ll existence.
Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality.
Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. "I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner—amazing." Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly.
The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to "translate" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word "friend", the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and indivial interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
46、In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ___________.
A. rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US
B. small-minded officials deserve a serious comment
C. Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors
D. most Americans are ready to offer help
47、It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ___________.
A. culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship
B. courteous convention and indivial interest are interrelated
C. various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends
D. social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions
48、Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ___________.
A. to improve their hard life
B. in view of their long-distance travel
C. to add some flavor to their own daily life
D. out of a charitable impulse
49、The tradition of hospitality to strangers ___________.
A. tends to be superficial and artificial
B. is generally well kept up in the united States
C. is always understood properly
D. has something to do with the busy tourist trails
50、What’s the author’s attitudes toward the American’s friendliness?
A. Favorable.
B. Unfavorable.
C. Indifferent.
D. Neutral.
Text 3
Today, there are many avenues open to those who wish to continue their ecation. However, nearly all require some break in one’s career in order to attend school full time. Part-time ecation, that is, attending school at night or for one weekend a month, tends to drag the process out over time and puts the completion of a degree program out of reach of many people. Additionally, such programs require a fixed time commitment which can also impact negatively on one’s career and family time. Of the many approaches to teaching and learning, however, perhaps the most flexible and accommodating is that called distance learning.
Distance learning is an ecational method, which allows the students the flexibility to study at his or her own pace to achieve the academic goals, which are so necessary in today’s world. The time required to study many be set aside at the student’s convenience with e regard to all life’s other requirements. Additionally, the student may enroll in distance learning courses from virtually any place in the world, while continuing to pursue their chosen career. Tutorial assistance may be available via regular airmail, telephone, facsimile machine, teleconferencing and over the Internet. Good distance learning programs are characterized by the inclusion of a subject evaluation tool with every subject. This precludes the requirement for a student to travel away from home to take a test.
Another characteristic of a good distance-learning program is the equivalence of the distance-learning course with the same subject materials as those students taking the course on the home campus. The resultant diploma or degree should also be the same whether distance learning or on-campus study is employed. The indiviality of the professor/student relationship is another characteristic of a good distance-learning program. In the final analysis, a good distance learning program has a place not only for the indivial students but also the corporation or business that wants to work in partnership with their employees for the ecational benefit, professional development, and business growth of the organization. Sponsoring distance learning programs for their employees gives the business the advantage of retaining career-minded people while contributing to their personal and professional growth through ecation.
51、According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of part-time ecation?
A. It requires some break in one’s career.
B. It tends to last too long for many people to complete a degree program.
C. It affects one’s career.
D. It gives the student less time to share with the family.
52、Which of the following is NOT an advantage of distance learning?
A. The students may choose his or her own pace.
B. The students may study at any time to his or her convenience.
C. They can pursue their chosen career while studying.
D. Their tutorial assistance comes through regular airmail, telephone, facsimile machine, etc.
53、What benefit will distance-learning program bring to a business?
A. Recruitment of more talented people.
B. Good image of the business.
C. Better cooperation with universities.
D. Further training of employees and business growth.
54、What benefit will distance learning bring to an employee of a business?
A. Professional growth.
B. Good relationship with the employer.
C. Good impression on the employer.
D. Higher salary.
55、Which is not the characteristic of distance learning?
A. It includes a subject evaluation tool with every subject.
B. Its course uses the same subject materials as those students taking the course on the home campus.
C. A distance-learning program has a place only for students.
D. The relationship of the professor/student is characterized by indiviality.
Text 4
I remember the way the light touched her hair. She turned her head, and our eyes met, a momentary awareness in that raucous fifth grade classroom. I felt as though I’d been struck a blow under the heart. Thus began my first love affair. Her name was Rachel, and I mooned my way through the grade and high school, stricken at the mere sight of her, tongue-tied in her presence. Does anyone, anymore, linger in the shadows of evening, drawn by the pale light of a window—her window—like some hapless summer insect? That delirious swooning, asexual but urgent and obsessive, that made me awkward and my voice crack, is like some impossible dream now. I would catch sight of her, walking down an aisle of trees to or from school, and I’d become paralyzed.
She always seemed so poised, so self-possessed. At home, I’d relive each encounter, writhing at the thought of my inadequacies. We eventually got acquainted and socialized as we entered our adolescence, she knew I had a case on her, and I sensed her affectionate tolerance for me. "Going steady" implied a maturity we still lacked. Her Orthodox Jewish upbringing and my own Catholic scruples imposed an inhibited grace that made even kissing a distant prospect, however fervently desired. I managed to hold her once at a dance—chaperoned, of course. Our embrace made her giggle, a sound so trusting that I hated myself for what I’d been thinking. At any rate, my love for Rachel remained unrequited. We graated from high school, she went on to college, and I joined the Army.
When World War II engulfed us, I was sent overseas. For a time we corresponded, and her letters were the highlight of those grinding endless years. Once she sent me a snapshot of herself in a bathing suit, which drove me to the wildest of fantasies. I mentioned the possibility of marriage in my nest letter, and almost immediately her replies became less frequent, less personal. Her Dear John letter finally caught up with me while I was awaiting discharge. She gently explained the impossibility of a marriage between us. Looking back on it, I must have recovered rather quickly, although for the first few months I believed I didn’t want to live. Like Rachel, I found someone else, whom I learned to love with a deep and permanent commitment that has lasted to this day.
56、According to the passage, how old was the author when his first love affair began?
A. Before he entered his teens.
B. In his early teens.
C. In his middle teens.
D. When he was just out of his teens.
57、How did the author behave as a boy in love?
A. His first love motivated him toward hard study.
B. His first love evoked sentimental memories.
C. He was overpowered by wild excitement and passion.
D. He fulfilled his expectations and desires.
58、According to the passage, what held them back from a loving kiss?
A. Her Jewish origin did not allow it.
B. His Catholic adherence forbade it.
C. They were not sure whether it was proper or ethical to kiss in line with their religious decorum.
D. Kissing was found to be inelegant or even distasteful.
59、According to the passage, what was Rachel’s response to the author’s tender affection before the war?
A. She recognized and accepted his love affectionately.
B. She thwarted his affection by flatly turning him down.
C. She fondly permitted him to adore her without losing her own heart to him.
D. She didn’t care for him at all and only took delight in playing with his feelings.
60、Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
A. Statement and example.
B. Cause and effect.
C. Order of importance.
D. Linear description.
【参考答案】
(一)
41.C42..B43.B44.D45.A
(二)
46.D47..A48.C49.B50.
(三)
51.A52.D53.D54.A55.C
(四)
56.A57.C58.C59.C60.D
⑤ 2020年12月英语四级真题答案（三套全）（华研外语版）
2020年12月英语四级考试已经结束，沪江第一时间为大家准备了四级真题答案，快来对答案吧！
四级写作试题及点评
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四级听力理解答案
听力新闻
第1套听力新闻
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听力长对话
第1套听力长对话
第2套
听力篇章
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(注：四六级考试是花卷，大家对答案时要看选项内容，不要只核对ABCD。)
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四级阅读理解答案
选词填空
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长篇阅读第1套
长篇阅读第2套
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(注：四六级考试是花卷，大家对答案时要看选项内容，不要只核对ABCD。)
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四级翻译试题及关键词翻译
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注：答案以最终出版的试卷为准。
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英语四级估分提示
1.大学英语四级考试题型及分值比例2.大学英语四、六级考试分数解释
??? ? ?大学英语四、六级考试的分数报道采用常模参照方式，不设及格线。四、六级考试的卷面原始总分为100分，报道总分为710分。各单项报道分的满分为：听力249分，阅读249分，写作和翻译212分。
四级考试的常模群体选自全国16所高校的约三万名非英语专业的考生；六级常模群体选自全国五所重点大学的约五千名非英语专业的考生。每次考试等值后的卷面分数都参照常模转换为报道分。四、六级考试报道总分为710分，计算公式为：
公式中TotSco表示总分，X表示每位考生常模转换前的原始总分，Mean表示常模均值，SD表示常模标准差。每次四级考试等值后的卷面分数都将参照此常模公式转换为报道分数。
相关热点：
四级答案
四六级应试宝典
新概念词汇
⑥ 英语四级 阅读理解 ，求题目及答案解析
四级仔细阅读答题技巧：
(1) 细节题
在做细节题时，首先应当仔细阅读题目，弄清题目的具内体要求容，以及所给4个选项，然后在题目或选项中确定关键词，再利用关键词回文章中定位，找出文章中相对应的细节性句子，与4个选项进行对照，以确定正确答案。
(2) 主旨题
首先要确定文章有无主题句，以及主题句在文章中的位置。文章的主题句通常位于首段或尾段，有时也出现在文章的中间段落。段落的主题句通常位于段首或段尾，有时也在段落的中间。
(3) 推理题
推理题在大学英语四级考试阅读理解中是比较难的一类试题，切忌主观臆断，推理必须基于文章中的具体事实细节。做题时虽不能直接找到答案，但一定要在文中找到推测的依据，进行合理严密的推断。
(4) 观点态度题
在回答态度类问题时，对文章体裁的考查是一个非常重要的方面。一般来说，在说明文中作者的态度是客观的(objective)或中立的(neutral);而在议论文中，作者的观点才会显得多种多样。
⑦ Psychologists take opposing views是哪年的四级阅读理解真题
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⑧ 大学英语四级阅读真题长难句型分析
大学英语四级阅读真题长难句型分析
引导语：下面我就给大家带来大学英语四级阅读真题长难句型分析，谢谢您的阅读，祝您阅读愉快。
长难句一
Although some of the more ambitious programs require new investments in servers and networks to support collaborative software, most distance learning courses can run on existing or minimally upgraded ( 升级) systems. (07.12 Passage 1)
分析主干：courses can run (on...)
Although 引导让步状语从句。investment in...表示“在......方面的投资”。不定式to support... 是宾语investment 的补足语，“项目需要投资来支持相关软件”(因为)support 的逻辑主语不是programs 而是investment，所以该不定式应该是补语，而非目的状语)。译文：虽然一些规模更大的课程需要斥资增加新的服务器、扩建网络来支持配套的软件，但大部分远程教育课程可以在现有的或稍加升级的系统上运行。
长难句二
While many good and useful claims are being made, it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of the procts they buy. (05.6 Passage 2)
分析主干：it is clear that...
句首的While 引导让步状语从句，“尽管”......。it is clear......中，it 是形式主语，省略连接词that 的从句there is...才是句子的真正主语。in ensuring...是there be 句型的状语成分，“在确保......方面”。ensuring 后面接的是省略that 的宾语从句。
译文：虽然有许多好而有用的声明，但是，很明显，要确保购买者完全知晓所购产品对环境的影响还需要很长的时间。
长难句三
They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think, "Geez, if it could happen to him,..."(08.12 Passage 1)
主干：They only come in
1.when引导时间状语从句，而且引导两个并列的从句：a friend drops dead...以及they think...。引号中的是直接引语，作think的宾语。
2.本句在理解上的一个难点是，they think究竟是与they come in并列还是与a friend drops dead并列。从语言形式上看，两种理解都可以;但从语义逻辑上看，应该是“他们只有在想到...的时候才来”，把they think归到时间状语从句中更合理。
译文：只有当一位朋友在高尔夫球场猝死时，他们才来看医生。他们会想到：“哎呀，如果这样的事能发生在他身上，...”
长难句四
Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind. (07.6 Passage 1)
分析主干：I would fight...
when 引导时间状语从句。本句理解上的难点不在语法结构，而在语言本身所表达的'内容。was pushed into...表明作者不是主动参与这类争论的。an argument on...“在......方面的争论”。on my behalf “代表我自己，为我自己。”
译文：有时候，当我与别人争论左脑与右脑的问题，或者是先天天赋与后天培育的问题时，我会马上站在我的立场以及所有女性同胞的立场上给予狠狠的反驳遥。
长难句五
As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come out from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen. (07.6 Passage 2)
分析主干：the ideas will come out and let themselves be captured...
句首的as 引导时间状语从句。主句部分是复合谓语，有两个由and 连接的并列谓语。
译文：随着话语开始流淌，思想也会逐渐明朗化，使自己呈现在你的笔记本或者屏幕上。
长难句六
While she awaits the outcome, the government has granted her permission to work here and she has returned to her job at Ben & Jerry‘s. (06.6 Passage 2)
分析主干：the government has granted her permission and she has returned to...
While 引导时间状语从句。本句主句是由and 连接两个分句构成的并列句，两个分句都用了现在完成时，与状语从句的一般现在时对照来看，表明主句中的两个动作都是在await 期间完成。grant 后面接了双宾语，间接宾语是her，直接宾语是permission。
译文：在她等待结果出来期间，政府给予她在美国的工作许可，她已经返回到她在Ben & Jerry 冰激凌连锁店的工作岗位。
长难句七
Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade, I had to accept the fact that I was co-opting (借用) my daughter‘s experience. (07.12 Passage 2)
分析主干：I had to accept the fact...
Because 引导原因状语从句。该从句用了know little about...结构，about 有两个宾语。that 引导的从句是即farm animals 和angels，中间用or 连接，两个名词分别都有定语从句加以修饰。主句部分fact 带有that 引导的同位语从句。
译文：因为我对会使用工具的家畜和上一年级的天使一无所知，所以我得承认这样的事实：我在借用我女儿的经验。
长难句八
The I SO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on proct packaging, because terms such as “environmentally friendly”and “non-polluting”cannot be verified. (05.6 Passage 2)
分析主干：院The standards ban claims本句只含一个原因状语从句，结构上较为简单。值得注意的是，句中的名词词组大多含有修饰成分，如：The ISO labeling standards, claims on proct packaging, terms such as...。
译文：ISO 标识标准禁止在商品的包装上出现模糊的或会引起误导的产品说明，因为我们无法证明类似“环保”、“无污染”等这样的字样。
长难句九
While the kinds of instruction offered in these programs will differ, distance learning usually signifies a course in which the instructors post syllabi (课程大纲), reading assignments, and scheles on Websites, and students send in their assignments by e-mail. (07.12 Passage 1)
分析主干：distance learning signifies a course
1.句首While 引导状语从句，有让步、对比之意。
2.in which 引导定语从句修饰a course，该从句本身是and 连接两个分句构成的并列结构，两个分句分别讲到有关老师和学生的情况。post... on Websites 结构中，post 含有3 个宾语。
译文：虽然网络课程提供的教学形式会各不相同，但远程学习通常都表现为这样一种课程：教师将课程大纲、阅读作业及课程进度安排在网站上公布，学生通过电子邮件提交作业。
长难句十
While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so. (07.6 Passage 2)
分析主干：they cannot work...
While 引导让步状语从句，“尽管......”。从句中的employ 表示“采用”，不定式to get...作目的状语。work in parallel“并行不悖地起作用”。no matter how 也引导让步状语从句，表示“无论多么......”。
译文“尽管要完成定稿这两种思维都不可或缺，可是它们却不能并行着参与写作过程-----无论我们多么认为原本如此。
长难句十一
Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be "well,"in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations. (06.12 Passage 2)
分析主干:people may be "well"
主句的主语people 有一个who 引导的定语从句修饰。if 引导条件状语从句，从句中的they can 是省略形式的定语从句(相当于they can maintain)，修饰health。
译文：在这种新的意义上来说，甚至有生理疾患或缺陷的人也是“健康的”，如果他们在面对身体缺陷时尽力去达到可能的最好健康状况的话。
长难句十二
Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be "well,"in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations. (06.12 Passage 2)
分析主干:people may be "well"
主句的主语people 有一个who 引导的定语从句修饰。if 引导条件状语从句，从句中的they can 是省略形式的定语从句(相当于they can maintain)，修饰health。
译文：在这种新的意义上来说，甚至有生理疾患或缺陷的人也是“健康的”，如果他们在面对身体缺陷时尽力去达到可能的最好健康状况的话。
长难句十三
Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the page as the deadline draws near. (07.6 Passage 2)
分析主干：you will believe that... and you will end up staring...
本句主句是and 连接两个分句构成的并列句。前一个分句中，that 引导的从句作believe 的宾语，该宾语从句中又包含一个由than 引导的比较状语从句。后一个分句中，谓语部分是end up doing 结构，staring...作主语补足语。
译文：你很有可能会以为这样加工整理素材会让你时间不够用，结果是最后随着交稿日期的逐渐临近，你将只是盯着稿件发呆。
长难句十四
Organized by the New York-based nonprofit Earth Pledge, the show inspired many top designers to work with sustainable fabrics for the first time. (09.6 Passage 1)
分析主干：the show inspired designers
本句是简单句。过去分词短语Organized by...在句中作状语，用以补充说明主语的背景信息。谓语部分用了inspire sb. to do 结构，不定式短语to work with...是宾语补足语。
译文：这次时装秀由总部位于纽约的非盈利组织Earth Pledge 主办，激发了许多顶尖设计师第一次使用不破坏生态平衡的布料设计时装。
长难句十五
This week Wal-Mart is set to announce a major initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organic: it will buy transitional (过渡型的) cotton at higher prices, thus helping to expand the supply of a key sustainable material. (09.6 Passage 1)
分析主干：Wal-Mart is set to announce a (major) initiative: it will buy (transitional)cotton...
1.本句冒号后的内容是对前文initiative 的详细阐述，相当于一个同位语从句。
2.冒号前的分句中，谓语动词用了be set to do 结构，过去分词短语aimed to...是initiatives 的后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。
3.冒号后的分句中，结构简单，其中helping to...是现在分词短语，作谓语动词buy 的状语，表示目的。
译文：本周沃尔玛超市准备出台一项重大举措，目的在于帮助棉农种植有机棉：沃尔玛将以更高的价格收购过渡型的棉花，以此帮助扩大一种重要有机原材料的供应。
长难句十六
Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales. (07.12 Passage 2)
分析主干：I offered suggestions (for...)
句首的Telling 是现在分词，作状语，表示伴随动作：它带了一个宾语从句，从句的表语writer 后接了一个作定语的现在分词guiding...。主句部分的介词for 带有三个名词作宾语，与suggestion 连用，表示“对.......的建议”。
译文：我对自己说，我只是一个有经验的作家，在指导身边的一位年轻作家。我对她的那些故事中的人物尧冲突及结局提出建议。
长难句十七
Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment (非直接接触) of emailing would make it easier to lie. (06.6 Passage 1)
分析主干：Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars...
不定式to be the biggest liars 在句中作宾语emailers 的补语。现在分词reasoning在句中作伴随状语。that 引导从句作reasoning 的宾语。该宾语从句又包含一个原因状语从句，由because 引导。
译文：有些心理学家原以为人们在电子邮件中最容易撒谎，理由是：欺骗使人感到不舒服，所以电子邮件这种非直接接触的媒介能让人的谎言更容易说出口。
长难句十八
Consumers are being confused and misled by the hodge-podge ( 大杂烩) ofenvironmental claims made by household procts, according to a “green labeling” study published by Consumers International Friday. (05.6 Passage 2)
分析主干：Consumers are being confused and misled by...
本句用了现在进行时的被动语态，含两个谓语动词confused 和misled。过去分词短语made by...和published by...分别修饰前面的名词claims 和study。
译文：根据消费者国际组织在星期五发表的野绿色商标冶研究报告，消费者受到了各种家居产品五花八门的环保声明的误导，都被搞糊涂了。
长难句十九
I have also witnessed a player reacting to his opponent蒺s intentional and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could ring the course of play. (05.6 Passage 1)
分析主干：I have (also) witnessed a player reacting
reacting 在句中是现在分词，作宾语a player 的补语;by... hitting...是reacting 的方式状语，hitting 作介词by 的宾语。as hard as he could 是比较结构，表示“尽力”。
译文：还有一次我看到过一个球员在比赛中因为对方的一个有意犯规阻挡，而故意使足了力气把球砸向对方。
长难句二十
Or perhaps someone will casually glance through your credit card purchases or cell phone bills to find out your shopping preferences or calling habits. (08.6 Passage 2)
分析主干：someone will glance...
本句是个简单句，谓语动词glance 后接介词短语through purchases or bills。不定式短语to find out...在句中作状语，表示“无意中一瞥”的结果。
译文：或者有人会随意翻阅你的信用卡购物单或手机话费单，以此来了解你的购物喜好或通话习惯。
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