有关七年级英语阅读的论文
在日常学习、工作或生活中，大家或多或少都会接触过作文吧，作文可分为小学作文、中学作文、大学作文（论文）。一篇什么样的作文才能称之为优秀作文呢？以下是我整理的七年级英语作文8篇，希望对大家有所帮助。
七年级英语作文 篇1
Christmas is one of the most important celebrations of the year for the western countries. It falls on the twenty- fifth of December and has the same importance as Chinese New Year to people with English backgrounds. The celebration is for the birth of Jesus Christ, who is the son of God in Christianity. Now days Christmas is no longer only celebrated by the Christians, but by most people from all over the world.
On the twenty- fourth of December everyone gets excited for it’s the day before Christmas which is called Christmas Eve. The children are usually sent to bed early and are warned that “Santa Claus will only come and give you a present if you be good.” The younger kids actually believe that Santa will come down the chimney on the sleigh that’s pulled by his reindeers. Food like short bread and beer are prepared for Santa when he comes, however most times parents just eat them. Some children put socks and sacks up for the holding of the presents (that their parents put in). xzhufu.com
Rise and shine on Christmas morning! The children are always the first ones to wake up, some even do at four. Present wrappers everywhere! They look into their presents with a big smile on their face and oh dear….I hope no one’s disappointed. I feel sorry for anyone that got pink underwear. Children play while dinner is prepared by the alts. The Christmas dinner are usually eaten together by relatives. The tradition of Christmas pudding and roosters are usually eaten with deserts afterwards. The rest of the day is usually games and fun before the good days all come to an end.
I wish everyone a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!
七年级英语作文 篇2
I have a good weekend.On Saturday morning，I do my homework. After lunch, I go shopping with mymother. At about five o’clock, I go to play basketball with my friend. On Sunday, I watch a football game on TV. I often help my mother do housework. I watch TV with my parents in the evening. Then I go to bed at nine o’clock. I’m very happy on weekends.
我有一个美好的周末。星期六早上，我做我的作业。午饭后，我和我的母亲去购物。大约5点，我和我的朋友一起玩篮球。星期天，我在电视上观看足球比赛。我经常帮助妈妈做家务。晚上我和我的父母看电视。然后我在九点钟去睡觉。周末我很快乐。
七年级英语作文 篇3
As can be seen from the graph，there have been sharp changes in the age distribution of drug addicts. To be concrete， the teenage addicts only made up 10 percent of all the drugsters in 1982 while the ratio rose up to 65 in 20xx.
The causes for them are not hard to find. First ,teenagers’ fearless curiosity about everything new has led some of them into this marsh. Second， many of the young addicts turned for the first time to drugs for escape either from their failure in the national entrance exams or from their parents’ breakup. And above all， our ecation in the harmfulness of drugs has been far from adequate to build teenagers’ sound resistance to drugs. To sum up， the causes mentioned above must call for more of our concern， and effective measures should be taken to check the trend.
Obviously the drastic change will exert great impact on inzials and the whole society.
For one thing， drug-taking does great damage to the health of drug users.. For another， some drug users commit robbery or even murder their parents and relatives to get money to buy drugs， which poses a great threat to the social security and the social stability. Therefore， it is high time we did something to put an end to this trend.
七年级英语作文 篇4
给老师的短信 A Message to the Teacher
Every year, when Teachers’ Day comes, the students will organize some activities for the teachers and show their respect. Sending flowers and cards are the most popular way. Since I came to middle school, I would always think of my former teachers who taught me in primary school. I would never forget them for the things they passed to me. When Teachers’ Day comes, I will send the messages to them and show my gratitude and they would reply. When I back to my hometown and sometimes met them, they would speak highly of me because I impressed them so much. Every small act will be remembered by others and decides what kind of person we are.
每年,当教师节来临的时候,学生会给教师组织一些活动，以表尊重。送花和卡片是最受欢迎的方式。自从我来到中学,我总会想起我以前的小学老师。我永远不会忘记他们传授给我的东西。当教师节来临的时候,我会发送短信给他们,表达我的感激之情,他们会回复。当我回到我的家乡,有时遇到他们,他们会赞扬我,因为对我印象深刻。每一个小小的举动会被别人记住,那会决定我们是什么样的人。
七年级英语作文 篇5
Two years ago, I like to eat instant noodles very much, the instant noodles smell so delicious, because there are tasty flavor in it.
两年前,我很喜欢吃方便面,方便面看起来很美味，因为闻着就有美味的味道。
When my mother was not at home, I would buy the instant noodles, as the time went by, I found my skin became bad and I would not like to eat rice. I felt so bad, my mother told me that I should not eat so much instant noodles, they contained no vitamins and also frustrated my appetite.
当我妈妈不在家,我会买方便面,随着时间的流逝,我发现我的皮肤变得糟糕,我不喜欢吃米饭。我感觉如此糟糕当我妈妈告诉我,我不应该吃太多方便面,他们没有微量元素，影响食欲。
I realized my problem and started to stay away from instant noodles, then my appetite became good and I wanted to eat rice again. Instant noodles are junk food, we’d better eat it less.我意识到我的问题,开始远离方便面,我的胃口好了,我想要吃米饭了。方便面是垃圾食品,我们最好少吃。
七年级英语作文 篇6
Wow, you even the table! My family finally moved into a new building, at the same time, I also have my own small room, was quite happy! My room as a whole are light pink, wall is pink, the ceiling is pink. Mother said that the color is warm in winter and cool in summer, and looks very bright. By the way, on the high ceilings, a lovely rabbit light hanging, whenever I came into the room it will enthusiastically and looked at me, if is a stranger, thought is a flying yutu! And a pregnant mother rabbit, because it is stomach is so big! My bed! In my the left side of the room, with pink bed sheets, bedspreads, and pink bed is pink pillow, and the color of the room is the same! That kind of feeling, warm, very quietly elegant, very fresh, very comfortable! My study desk is in the left front of the small bed, on the table is really colorful! A small bookcase with a three layers, a layer on the bottom of the smaller, lay my strawberry shape small cups, very beautiful, a look like a really strawberry, but it is orange. , the middle layer is below a layer of a little larger, there is one of my favorite above all sorts of fairy tale books. The third layer to put my cute little doll, they put all kinds of lovely modelling, it is a doll's house. Beside the bookshelf is my small desk lamp, it is a folding burger,, as long as I see desk lamp, just want to laugh. On one occasion, the younger brother to my home to proce, the desk lamp of he saw me, go up and then bite, have nearly gave his teeth. Don't blame her little brother, take it seriously, every time I write my homework, the saliva can not but flow. ? My room is lovely! Have time I will show you around!
哇，好戏连台呀!我家终于搬进了新楼房，同时呢，我也就有了属于我自己的小房间，真是太开心啦! 我的房间整体都是淡淡的粉色，墙壁是粉色的，天花板也是粉色的。妈妈说这个颜色冬暖夏凉，而且看上去还很明亮。对了，在高高的天花板上，吊着一盏可爱的兔子灯，每当我进房间时它都会热情地看着我，如果是外人来了，还以为是一只飞天玉兔呢!并且还是一只怀孕的母兔，因为它的肚子好大呀! 我的床呢!位于我房间的左侧，床上铺着粉色的床单，床罩，还有粉色的床被，粉色的枕头，和房间的颜色是一致的哟!那种感觉，暖暖的，很淡雅，很清新，还很舒服呢! 我的学习桌就在小床的左前方，桌子上面真是丰富多彩啊!有一个三层的小书架，最下面的一层比较小，放着我的草莓形状小水杯，很漂亮的，一看就像一个真的草莓，不过它是橙色的。，中间的一层比较下面的一层要大那么一点点，上面放着我最喜欢的各种童话书。第三层放了我可爱的小玩偶，他们摆出各种可爱的造型，简直就是一个玩偶之家。 书架的旁边是我的小台灯，那是一个折叠的汉堡，惟妙惟肖，我只要看见台灯，就想哈哈大笑。有，小弟到我家来串门儿，他见了我的台灯，上去就咬了一口，差点把他的牙硌掉。不怪小弟把它当真的，每次我写作业的时候，口水就忍不住流下来。 怎么样?我的房间可爱吧!有时间我就带你参观一下喽!
七年级英语作文 篇7
1. My Friend（我的朋友）
I have a good friend. Her name is May. She is 12 years old.Her telephone number is 87634966 Her birthday is March 5th. She is good at English and Chiese.She often plays the piano. She likes reading books and listening to the music. Her hobbies are reading and listening to music. She is a nice girl. We often help each other. We are good friends.
2.假设你是李枚，下面的照片是你的全家福，请你写一篇文章介绍你的家庭。Hello,everyone!I'm LiMei.Look! This is my family photo. This is my grandmother. She is 58. This is my father. He is a teacher. He is 36. and my mother is 36, too. Who’s that boyOh, he is my brother. He is 13 and I am 12. My brother and I are students.
3.假设这是TOM的房间，请你用80词左右介绍他的房间。
Look! This is Tom’s room. His photos are on the wall. His T-shirt is on the bed. His baseball bat is behind the dresser. The keys are in the drawer. The computer is on the desk. Where is Tom’s baseballOh, It’s under the bed. What is on the floorThey are Tom’s shoes, socks and computer games. What do you think of Tom’s room
4.写一篇文章介绍你的朋友JIM所拥有的体育器材和他喜欢的体育运动。
Jim has a great sports collection. He has 10 basketballs, 4 footballs,2 ping-pong balls, 15volleyballs and 9 baseballs. He doesn’t have a ping-pong bat, but he has 8 tennis rackets. Of all the sports, He likes tennis best. He likes sports very much, because he thinks sports are good for health. He often plays tennis and basketball with his friends after school.
1.我有一个好朋友。她的名字叫梅。她12岁。她的电话号码是87634966 。她的生日是3月5日。她擅长英语和汉语。她经常弹钢琴。她喜欢看书和听音乐。她的爱好是读书和听音乐。她是一个好女孩。我们经常互相帮助。我们是好朋友。
2.大家好！我是LiMei.看！这是我的全家福。这是我的祖母。她58岁。这是我的父亲。他是一名教师。他36岁。我的母亲也是36岁。那个男孩是谁？哦，他是我哥哥。他13岁，我12岁。我的哥哥和我都是学生。
3. 瞧！这是汤姆的房间。他的照片挂在墙上。他的T恤在床上。他的棒球棒在梳妆台后面。钥匙在抽屉里。计算机在书桌上。汤姆的棒球在哪里？哦，在床底下。地板上是什么？它们是汤姆的'鞋子，袜子和电脑游戏。你觉得汤姆的房间怎么样？
4.吉姆拥有一个大的体育用品收藏。他有10个篮球，4个足球，2乒乓球，15个排球和9个棒球。他没有一个乒乓球球拍，但他有8个网球拍。在所有的运动中，他最喜欢打网球。他很喜欢运动，因为他认为运动是对健康有益的。他经常在放学后和他的朋友们打网球和篮球。
5.自我介绍
My name is Wang Ming.My birthday is June 5th. I am Chinese. I am a student.I study very hard.My favorite subject is English. I like it because it is interesting. I can play the piano and the
trumpet, but not very well. I love swimming and I am good at it.Of all kinds of movies, I like comedies best. I think they're interesting. I’m one of the best students in my class. My teachers all say I am a good student.They all like me and I like them, too.
6. My English Teacher（我的英语老师）
Miss Wang is my English teacher. She looks very young.She's about thirty years old, and she wears glasses.She's funny . But she is strict with us. She wants us to study hard, Her lessons are interesting. We are very happy in her class and we all like her lessons. She is a good teacher, and we all like her.
7.Music Lovers Wanted（招聘音乐爱好者）
We need more music lovers in our club. Do you like musicCan you singCan you danceCan you play the violin, the piano, the guitar or the drumsIf your answers are “yes”, then you can join our music club. Please call Gina at 612-5568.
8. （谈谈你对电影的看法）Of all kinds of movies, I like comedies best. I think they're interesting. My favorite actor is Jackie. I like his movie King of Comedy. I think it’s a successful comedy. For action movies, I like The Lord of the Ring best. It’s exciting. I like documentaries because they’re true stories. I like only some thrillers. Many thrillers are scary and boring.
5.我的名字是王明.我的生日是6月5日。我是中国人。我是一个学生.我学习很努力.我的最喜欢的科目是英语。我喜欢它，因为它很有趣。我可以弹钢琴和吹喇叭，但不是很好。我喜欢游泳并且我很擅长.在所有种类的电影中，我最喜欢喜剧片。我想他们很有趣。我是我班上最好的学生之一。我的老师都说我是一个很好的学生.他们都喜欢我，我也喜欢他们。
6.王老师是我的英语老师。她看起来很young.She的约三十岁，她穿glasses.She很有趣。不过，她严格要求我们。她要我们努力学习，她的课很有意思。我们非常高兴，在她的课堂，我们都喜欢她的课。她是一位好老师，我们都喜欢她。
7.我们需要在我们的俱乐部更多的音乐爱好者。你喜欢音乐吗？你能唱歌吗？你能跳舞吗？你能拉小提琴，钢琴，吉他，打鼓呢？如果你的答案是“yes”，那么你可以加入我们的音乐俱乐部。请致电612-5568吉娜。
8.在各种各样的电影中，我最喜欢喜剧片。我想他们很有趣。我最喜欢的演员是成龙。我喜欢他的电影“喜剧之王”。我认为这是一个成功的喜剧。至于动作片，我最喜欢“指环王”。它令人兴奋。我喜欢纪录片，因为他们是真实的故事。我只喜欢一些恐怖片。许多恐怖片都太恐怖和无聊。
9.请你写一篇短文介绍你的周末生活。
I have a good weekend. On Saturday morning ,I do my homework. After lunch, I go shopping with my
mother. At about five o’clock, I go to play basketball with my friend. On Sunday, I watch a football game on TV. I often help my mother do housework. I watch TV with my parents in the evening. Then I go to bed at nine o’clock. I’m very happy on weekends.
10.以 My Favorite为题，写一篇短文
My favorite subject is English. I like it because it is interesting. I have English every day. I can speak a little English. I join the school English club. Every afternoon I go there to talk in English. I can see the English movies and read English books. I think it is useful for me. I want to learn it well. I like English very much.
11.介绍你的一日三餐。
Hello, everyone! I don’t like sports, but I like eating very much. I eat a lot food every day. For breakfast, I like milk, eggs and bread a lot . For lunch, I like French fries, chicken, hamburgers and apples. For dinnerr, I like fruits, vegetables and rice.
12.My Day（我的一天）
I get up early at six every day. After doing some morning exercises, I read English for twenty minutes. At seven I have breakfast. After breakfast I take my schoolbag and go to school. Our class begins at eight, and we have four classes in the morning. After lunch at 12 o’clock, I take a short rest in the classroom. We have three more classes in the afternoon.After school at five , I go back home. I often help my mother do some housework. Sometimes I watch TV. After dinner, I begin to do my homework. Then I take a shower. I go to bed at nine thirty.
9.我有一个美好的周末。星期六早上，我做我的功课。午饭后，我和我的母亲去购物。大约5点，我和我的朋友一起玩篮球。星期天，我在电视上观看足球比赛。我经常帮助妈妈做家务。晚上我与我的父母看电视。然后我在九点钟去睡觉。周末我很高兴。
10.我最喜欢的科目是英语。我喜欢它，因为它很有趣。我每一天都有英语课。我会讲一点英语。我参加了学校的英语俱乐部。每天下午我去那里用英语交谈。我可以看英文电影和阅读英文书籍。我想这对我来说是有用的。我想学好它。我非常喜欢英语。
11.大家好！我不喜欢运动，但我很喜欢吃。我每天吃很多食物。早餐，我非常喜欢牛奶，鸡蛋和面包。午餐，我喜欢薯条，鸡肉，汉堡包和苹果。对于晚餐，我喜欢水果，蔬菜和大米。
12.我每天早上六点起床。做了早操后，我读英语20分钟。七点吃早餐。早饭后，我带上我的书包去上学。我们的课始于八点，我们早上有四节课。在12点吃午饭后，我要在教室里作短暂的休息。我们在下午还有3节课。在5点放学后.我回到家里。我经常帮助
妈妈做一些家务，有时候我看电视。晚饭后，我就开始做家庭作业。然后我冲个澡。我在九点半去睡觉。
七年级英语作文 篇8
Taking care of our environment is our ty.But how we can do to make our environment more beautiful? At first,we must make ourselves clean.For example,we must wash our clothes when they are dirty.We should not litter waste things about,and draw on the wall.We mustn＇t spit in public or cut down trees. We should plant more trees around our nEighbourhood.We should pick the rubbish up and throw them into the stbin when we see them. We must make our world more and more beautiful,don＇t you think so?
㈡ 七年级英语作文
无论在学习、工作或是生活中，许多人都写过作文吧，作文根据体裁的不同可以分为记叙文、说明文、应用文、议论文。如何写一篇有思想、有文采的作文呢？下面是我为大家收集的七年级英语作文9篇，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
七年级英语作文 篇1
the First Day of Spring Festivaltoday is the first day of the chinese new year. i wear a new sweater and shoes. some one always take the presents and smile at every one. they wear red clothes.
you can play the firework but don’t play in the room. we can eat many chinese food ,zong-zi,jiao-zi…. today may be a good day,because many marry—cars running in the street.
older people always say today we must eat many good luck food.
七年级英语作文 篇2
I have a good friend，he’s a lovely boy. He’s strong and tall，he has short black hair and small eyes，he has a small mouth and a big nose，he likes sports and computer game.
He’s a good student，too. He studies hard，he listens to his teachers carefully and likes to answer her teacher’s questions，he likes chinese and english，he likes reading books，too.
Oh! he’s lv xuanyu，i love him very much！
七年级英语作文 篇3
Nowadays mobile phones are becoming more and more popular among the middle school students. Some think it is good for students to bring a mobile phone. But some people do not think so. They think it is bad for students to bring a mobile phone. Because the students will use mobile phones to play games, sent text messages, watch movies, etc which will do harm to their study. And if a mobile phone ring in the class, the teacher and students would be disturbed. In my opinion, we can bring mobile phones to school.
As we know, the 21st century is a modern age and full of information. A mobile phone is one of the quickest tools for us to exchange information. The mobile phone is a fashionable and useful invention, so we ought to make the best use of it. Suppose there’s a sudden accident, it is more convenient for us to dial for help immediately. There’re also some games in the mobile phone. We can relax ourselves by playing them when we’re tired of our studies. In my opinion, it’s not wrong to follow the fashion, but the most important thing is how to use the mobile phone in a right way and do not disturbed others.
七年级英语作文 篇4
Hello! I’m a student from Class 10, Grade 7. Let me tell you something about my school life. It’s very intersting.
Classes begin at 7:50 am. I have five classes in the morning. In the afternoon, I have three classes. We studay many subjects. They are English, art, history, biology and some other subjects. My favorite subject is English. It’s easy and interesting. I like P.E. and music, too. Our P.E. teacher is very funny. But I don’t like history at all. I think it’s difficult and boring.
After school, I like playing soccer on the playground with my classmates. Sometimes I go swimming. Every Tuesday and Thursday, I go to the library.
I like my school life a lot.
你好!我是一个学生类,7年级。让我告诉你一些关于我的学校生活。它非常有趣。
类从7点50分开始。在早上我有五类。在下午,我有三个类。我们学习许多科目。他们是英国人,艺术,历史,生物和一些其他科目。我最喜欢的科目是英语。很容易和有趣。我也喜欢体育和音乐。我们的体育老师很有趣。但我不喜欢历史。我认为这是困难和无聊。
放学后,我喜欢和同学一起在操场上踢足球。有时我去游泳。每个星期二和星期四,我去图书馆。
我很喜欢我的.学校生活。
七年级英语作文 篇5
Last week I lost my lunch money my mother gave me. I was worried and sad.
My best friend Xiaomei gave me her only 10 yuan and told me that was her pocket money. I believed that.
Then I knew the money was saved by her from breakfast and she wanted to buy a new bag. It moved me.
翻译：
上星期我把妈妈给我的午饭钱丢了，我又着急又伤心。
我的好朋友小梅把她仅有的10元钱给了我，并告诉我这是妈妈给的零花钱。我相信了。
后来我才知道那是她从早饭中省下来想给自己买个书包的，这件事让我感动极了。
七年级英语作文 篇6
i spent this holiday very quick, on the 1st may, we went to the zoo, there were crowded there, so many travelers coming from all over the country to have some fun ring the holidays.on 2nd may, i visited my relatives with my parents, we had a great lunch together, the resturant were crowded as well.on 3rd may, we went to shopping in the mall, after the shopping we went to watch a new movie. all the other days lefti didn’t go anywhere, no only becasue i still have some homework,but also there were almost all crowded in everywhere!
这个假期过的很快,5月1日,我们去了动物园,那里也很拥挤,所以许多游客来自全国各地有一些有趣的假期。5月2日,我和父母拜访了我的亲戚,我们一起度过了美好的午餐,餐厅也很拥挤。5月3日,我们去商场购物,购物后我们去看一部新电影。所有其他天lefti没有去任何地方,不只是因为我还有一些作业,但也到处都是几乎所有拥挤!
七年级英语作文 篇7
报纸和网站 Newspapers and WebsitesNewspapers and websites are two major new media in the world today, both of which can provide us with lots of news and information. But they're different in some ways.
报纸和网站是两个主要的新媒体在当今世界上，都可以为我们提供大量的新闻和信息。但他们在某些方面有所不同。
Newspapers enjoy a longer history and often come out daily with more reliable news and information. They can be carried and read almost anywhere you like. So many people like reading them. But they can only contain texts and photos.
报纸上享受一个较长的历史，往往更可靠的新闻和信息日报。他们可以通过阅读几乎任何你想去的地方。很多人喜欢阅读。但他们只能包含文本和照片。
On the other hand, websites are quite new and popular, especially among young people. Websites have not only texts with pictures but also audios and videos, which makes stories more interesting. What's more, they are updated from time to time. So the latest news is always seen on websites instead of in newspapers. But it is not quite convenient for people without a computer connected with the Internet to get information from websites.
另一方面，网站是很新的，流行的，尤其是在年轻人中间。网站不仅有图片文字，而且音频和视频，这使得故事更有趣。更重要的是，他们不时更新。所以，最新的消息是，而不是在报纸网站上看到的。但是它不太方便，因为没有与互联网相连从网上获取信息。
七年级英语作文 篇8
My father engaged in decoration instry, work very hard every day. My mother is a housewife, at home to take care of our kids. My sister on the third grade primary school! In the last semester, I and she in school together to the same schools! My little brother, was only a year old, he is very likable, grow fat, very cute.
我父亲从事装饰行业，每天都很努力工作。我妈妈是家庭主妇，在家照顾我们的孩子。我妹妹上小学三年级!在上学期，我和她一起上了同一所学校!我的小弟弟，只有一岁，他很可爱，长胖，很可爱。
七年级英语作文 篇9
My Day
Today is Monday. I get up at 6:00. I have my breakfast at about 6:30.Then I clean my room, wash my face and brush my teeth. I have noodles for breakfast. I go to school at 7:00. I do morning exercises at 7:50.
We have four classes in morning. At 11:30, I’m very hungry. I have lunch at school. I go to bed at 12:00 in the noon. We have three classes in the afternoon. I have computer claand art classes.
I like them very much. I go home at 5:30. I do homework after school. My sister、brother and I watch TV at 8:00 in the evening. Then I wash my face and brush my teeth. I go to bed at 10:00.
㈢ 初一关于阅读的英语作文及翻译
阅读可以带给我们更好的故事体验，同时拓宽我们的思维和眼界。那么用英语该怎么谈论阅读呢?下面我精心整理了初一阅读的英语作文，供大家参考，希望你们喜欢!
初一英语作文：我喜欢阅读I like reading
I like to read books, because a good book, contains a wealth of knowledge and good feelings. Reading a good book is across time and space, dialogue with wisdom and noble people.
Reading makes me rich knowledge, purify the soul. Book is the ocean of knowledge, it is graally broadened my horizons, improve my ability. I have benefited a lot from reading this is self-evident.
Reading is a golden key for me open the door to knowledge, reading is like the sun light up bright future for me.
The book, not ll, inflexible. But like a person, lively and interesting. A good book is the best teacher, is a friend, is a partner. World writer gorky once said: "books are the ladder of human progress."
Because of this, I like reading, it makes my writing improve a lot, gave me a lot of harvest.
Love books! It will make you have a lot of harvest.
我喜欢读书，因为一本好书，蕴含着丰富的知识和美好的情感。阅读一本好书就是跨越时间和空间，同睿智而高尚的人对话。
读书使我丰富了知识，净化了灵魂。书是知识的海洋，它在潜移默化之中开拓了我的眼界，提高了我的才干。读书使我受益匪浅这是不言而喻的。
读书是一把金钥匙为我打开知识宝库的大门，读书就像太阳为我照亮美好的前程。作文
书，不是枯燥的，呆板的。而是如同一个人一样生动，有趣。一本好书是良师，是益友，是伴侣。世界文豪高尔基曾经说过：“书是人类进步的阶梯。”
因为这样，我喜欢读书，它让我的写作水平提高了许多，给了我许多收获。
爱书吧!它会让你有许多收获。
初一英语作文：阅读的好处 The Benefit of Reading
Speaking of reading, many people are excited because reading brings them both knowledge and entertainment. By reading, we can learn lots of information and know our history. But for some people, reading is not their priority. They will choose to watch movies to have fun. However, I think people can benefit a lot by reading.
说起读书，很多人都很兴奋，读书不仅能带给他们知识，而且也能带给他们娱乐。通过读书，我们能得到很多信息，了解我们的历史。但是对于一部分人来说，阅读并不是他们的首选。他们会选择看电影来找乐子。但是，我认为，读书能让我们获益。
First of all, reading can let us know what have happened in history. Since history is recorded in books, if we read books, then we can not only what have happened in history but also we can better understand the great figures of the age.
第一，读书能让我们知道历史。历史都被记录在数中，如果我们读书的话，我们不仅能了解历史，而且我们也能更加了解时代伟人。
Secondly, reading can enrich our knowledge. By reading, we can know different kinds of things, how things happen and how to avoid bad things from happening. Books record a wide range of things about life. Through reading, we can know various aspects of life.
第二，读书能让我们丰富我们的知识。通过读书，我们能了解很多事物，了解到事件是怎么发生的，怎么避免不利事件的发生。书本记录着社会的方方面面。通过读书，我们能了解生活的方方面面的知识。
Thirdly, reading teaches us skills. There are so many books about how to learn a certain language, how to get a good job, how to become popular in your circle, how to cook and so on. Thus, these kinds of books can make us more skillful if we do a certain thing.
第三，我们能通过读书来学习一些技能。很多书都是写关于怎么学会一门语言，怎么找到一份好工作，怎么让自己在圈子中更受欢迎以及怎么烹饪等之类的东西。通过这些书，我们能在做事的时候更加熟练。
All in all, we can find lots of benefits through reading.
总之，我们能够通过读书收获很多。
初一英语作文：阅读的重要性The Importance of Reading
As the development of the world, there is more and more entertainment for people to kill time. Reading used to be an important amusement. But now there are less and less people fond of reading. But there are still a large number of people stand on the side of reading. For me, I think reading is very important. The reasons are as following.
随着世界的发展，越来越多娱乐供人们消磨时光。阅读在过去常常就是一种重要的娱乐。但现在却越来越少人喜欢阅读了。但仍然还有很多人是喜欢看书的。对我来说，我认为阅读是很重要的。理由如下。
First of all, reading can broaden our vision. The main way we learn the things happen long time ago is according to the book. People will try their best to write the things in their stage in their way. When we read books, we have the opportunity to learn everything. The content in the books contains the knowledge all over the world and every aspect. We can read the knowledge about biography, science, technology, culture, economic and so on from the book. It is hard not to broaden vision from reading.
首先，阅读可以开阔我们的视野。我们了解很久以前发生的事情的主要方式是通过阅读。人们用他们自己的方式尽自己最大的努力写关于他们那个年代的事情。我们看书的时候，我们才有机会了解到一切。书中的内容包含知识的方方面面。通过书籍我们可以了解到关于传记，科学，技术，文化，经济等方面的知识。从阅读中，我们的视野很难不被拓宽。
Secondly, reading can cultivate our taste. I am sure that reading some elegant sentence or the beautiful things described in the book will make us feel relax and comfortable. And we all know that the more knowledge a person has, the better-behaved he will be. I think this is the charming of reading. If there are more people like reading, the world will become more civilized.
其次，阅读可以陶冶我们的情操。我相信阅读一些优美的句子或者书中描述的美丽东西会使我们感到放松和舒适。我们都知道一个人拥有的知识越多，那个人就会表现得越好。我觉得这就是阅读的魅力。如果有更多的人喜欢阅读，这个世界会变得更加文明。
The importance mentioned above just a part of reading. It has so many advantages that I can’t list all in a short time. It is irreplaceable in human beings’ life.
上面所提到的重要性只是其中一部分。阅读有很多的优点，在短时间内我都不能一一列举我不能列举。它在人类的生活中是不可替代的。
㈣ 初中英语阅读教学存在的问题与解决策略教育论文
初中英语阅读教学存在的问题与解决策略教育论文
在平平淡淡的日常中，说到论文，大家肯定都不陌生吧，论文是进行各个学术领域研究和描述学术研究成果的一种说理文章。你知道论文怎样才能写的好吗？下面是我整理的初中英语阅读教学存在的问题与解决策略教育论文，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。
初中英语阅读教学存在的问题与解决策略教育论文 篇1
初中是学生语言发展的一个举足重轻的阶段，初中的阅读课是阅读能力培养的重要阵地，是广大英语教师探讨和研究得最多的教学组成部分。但是总的来说，初中英语阅读教学的状况并不理想，学生普遍存在着阅读速度慢，理解能力弱的现象。尽管教师和学生都在这一块投入了较多的时间和精力，但是与学习效果不能成正比，形成一种“高耗低效”的现象。不少的学生在英语考试当中阅读题得分普遍偏低。应该如何改变这种高投入低效率的现象，提高阅读教学质量，切实提高学生运用语言的能力，笔者从实际教学出发，对新课标下的初中英语阅读教学进行研究和探索，发现当前阅读教学当中存在的一些问题，对其进行分析并提出对应的优化对策。
一、英语阅读教学存在的问题
1、词汇量不足够、阅读速度慢。
词汇是语言的基本单位，学习任何一种语言都不能够忽视词汇的学习。已有的研究表明，要想阅读系列等级读物，必须达到95%的理解。也就是说，在阅读时，学生必须认识现有等级读物中95%的词，才能够做到快速顺利阅读。但是，由于学生的词汇量小，阅读的时间不够多，阅读的速度又由于词汇障碍而很慢，从而导致他们接触英语词汇的机会很少，词汇量小又引起他们在阅读过程当中容易引起挫败感，使得学生对阅读失去兴趣或失去信心，从而产生一种不良的循环。
2、课外阅读量少，不能为理解提供充分的输入。
学习任何一种语言，最有效的方法是置身于这种语言的文化背景当中去。我们在阅读一篇文字时，要达到对文字的理解，有时候不仅仅需要对词汇的熟悉认识，更需要对该段文字的背景知识的了解。而目前来说，初中生的英语阅读量偏少，不能为理解文章提供充分的输入，并且，过小的阅读量不利于词汇的积累与语言综合水平的发展。
3、教学模式单一，对阅读教材只限于对课文表层的理解。
阅读教学模式单一，阅读教材单一拘泥于学生对所读教材的表层理解，学生不能够对所读文章的重点进行有效推断，难以正确把握文章脉络，从而影响对文章理解的准确性。许多教师甚至还使用一问一答的教学方式，让学生回答的问题都是教师事先确定好的，学生只处于一个被动应付的局面，不利于培养学生的发散性思维和学习主动性。有些教师在日常阅读教学实践当中，把阅读当作精读，阅读教学就是讲解生词，罗列搭配，补充词组，逐句逐段地分析句子结构、语法等；而有的教师则把阅读当作课外阅读，划出词组，提供个标准答案，学生自读完以后只了解了个故事情节。由于教法单一、陈旧，学生接触到的教材基本是课本和试题，难以激发他们的阅读兴趣，更没能够发展他们的推理能力、归纳能力及感受能力。
二、适应新课改大背景下的阅读教学方法
《英语课程标准》指出“英语课程改革的重点就是要改变英语课程过分注重语法和词汇知识的讲解与传授，忽视对学生实际语言运用能力培养的倾向”，新课程要求对学生的培养目标要从以前的“双基”为主转到提高学生的阅读理解能力为主，并且增加了课外阅读量的要求，下面笔者尝试着谈一谈优化阅读教学的一些方法： 1、合理安排步骤，掌握阅读技巧，提高阅读能力。
阅读教学的开展应该具有步骤性，包括“读前”、“阅读”、“读后”三个步骤。阅读前，应该激活文化背景知识，减少阅读理解障碍。在日常阅读教学当中，经常会发生这样的情况，即尽管学生自己掌握了足够的词汇和语法知识，但仍然无法完全理解全文。原因就在于他们缺乏相应的文化背景知识，不具备在阅读过程中激活已有知识的能力。所以教师应开展各种各样的读前活动，开展读前活动时可以参照学生用书中的插图，图片。或者利用挂图，甚至录像VCD等。使得学生对所要阅读的内容有了一定的感性认识和背景文化支持。而阅读中，则应立足课堂，活用教材。阅读中教师所设计的活动应该以训练学生的阅读技能为目标，视教材为渠道，培养学生搜集和处理信息的能力，根据上下文猜测生词意思的能力，读懂并抓住大意的能力，培养学生的语篇分析能力。比如，在教学八（下）Unit3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?时，课前让学生预先收集与UFO相关的信息，可以查看有关的书籍、电视电影，并与同学交流讨论。阅读前，展示关于UFO的电影片断，展现图片，让学生看着图用下列词汇来描述UFO来临时的情景：land，getoutof，alien，while，surprised，anywhere，kid，right，runaway，happen。阅读时对学生进行引导，让他们说出每一段的段落大意，并进行语句语篇的讲解分析，以使学生对文章结构有更清晰的认识。阅读后则主要是及时对学生读语篇的理解程度进行检查，可以利用课文后附的练习，也可以自行设计，或检查学生对课文中的事实、情节等表层的理解，或检查学生对课文尝的理解。使学生挖掘文中内涵，开展创造性思维。
2、精读与泛读相结合，课内与课外相结合。
近年来各种类型各种等级的英语考试都更加注重阅读，阅读的比重在各种英语试题当中越来越大。新课标也对初中英语阅读技能提出了更高的要求。这也就反映了阅读的量应该相应的增加，但是阅读的量不应该盲目的增加。在阅读教学中，应该区分精读与泛读，课内与课外，并且使之有机地结合起来。因此，教师应该结合教材中的主题，补充各类贴近生活、贴近时代的课外阅读材料。课内进行精读，并加以细致的指导；课外进行泛读，培养学生的语感与开拓学生视野，丰富词汇。例如，教师可以为学生们订阅英语报、英语杂志。课堂上精讲课文内容，讲解词组、语法、分析句子结构与段落等等，然后给学生选定的报刊、杂志上的文章或某一段落，让他们在课外自行阅读并按照老师讲解的方法进行分析，报刊杂志上的其他文章则只要求他们进行泛读，并在课内抽取一定的时间来谈他们课外阅读的体会。
3、加强文化背景知识的积累。
课文的教学一般都涉及三个方面的知识，分别是语言知识、阅读技能和文化背景知识。我们在教授学生课文的时候，不仅仅只是要求他们认识词汇，理解字面意思与了解文章故事内容而已，更希望他们能够在教师的帮助下欣赏浅显的英语文学作品。文化背景知识的积累，又会加深他们对文章的理解，甚至会有助于提高他们的推理能力。在阅读教学中，教师应该注意引导学生融入到教材的文化内容中去，对比文化现象的异同，适当介绍英语国家社会制度、历史、民族习性以及价值观等文化现象，进一步提高他们英语阅读分析的能力，初步培养英语作品鉴赏能力。
初中英语阅读教学存在的问题与解决策略教育论文 篇2
教学质量是学校的生命线，教学质量管理是学校管理的重要工作。在课程改革背景下，学校教学质量的提高不能也不允许通过加大学生的课业负担来实现，要做到轻负担、高效益，只有落实有效教学，构建高效课堂。有效教学的核心是教学的效益。所谓“有效教学”，是指通过一段时间教学后，学生能获得具体进步或发展，学生能否得到最大化的进步和发展是衡量有效教学的主要指标。落实有效教学需要继承、借鉴、创新。纵观当前有效教学实施的过程，还存在很多问题，主要表现在：理念不新、备课不实、内容不齐、整合不力、方法不活、评价不新、发展不全。对实施有效教学过程中存在的这些现象，我们必须更新观念、制定制度、创新手段、优化行为，加强有效教学的指导，将有效教学的理论主张及操作要求内化为教师教学的需要。
一要加强学习，落实培训
教师教学理念认识不到位，其原因不仅仅在教师一方，学校也有责任。课程改革多年，而新课程学习培训方面，各级教育行政部门虽然开展了一些有成效的工作，但培训面相对狭窄，每年真正参加上级培训的名额非常有限，往往只能派部分优秀的教师教干参加。让每位教师深刻领会新课改的精神是实现有效教学的基本前提，教育行政部门和学校需加大培训力度，统筹安排，积极引领教师对新课程理念进行自学与研讨。学校要立足本校实际搞好校本教研：集体备课、教研活动、听课评课等要分期、分批有计划地进行，要对课标理念和教材易忽视的内容以小专题的形式进行研究和挖掘，形成具体的带有案例性质的解读材料。
二要明确要求，规范教学
实施有效教学，落实在课堂，关键在教师。因为教师的教学习惯一旦形成，要彻底改变并非易事，所以，仅靠目标管理来改变教师教学行为远远不够，需要有统一的标准来衡量、规范，因此需要在备课、上课、作业、教学方法选择等方面制订一系列标准。例如备课方面做到备教材、备学生、备教学法、备辅导（阅读），课堂教学务实不务虚，真正把学生当成学习的主人，课堂教学坚持从“教会知识”转向“教会学习”，力戒拖沓无神的“催眠课”与急风骤雨式的“填鸭课”。作业方面做到布置之前审核，以精当、适量、有层次为标准，克服作业布置的随意性，做到布置之后批阅要及时、认真、准确、全面等。
三要以学定教，顾及全面
现代教学理论强调教学以学生为主体，本质上说教学的教程就是学生学习的过程。教师是学生学习活动的计划者、组织者、引导者。因此，要立足学生，研究他们的学习需求与学习特点，从学生的具体需求与特点出发，结合课程标准的各个阶段目标，去设计教学目标和教学过程。教学方法的选择要根据学生的特点并结合教材内容，尽可能地利用学校现有的现代化教学设备，增强学生学习的主动性、互动性，提高学习参与率和自主学习能力，提升教学实效。
四要开发资源，拓宽渠道
校本课程资源的开发对教师来说确实有难度，但开发校本课程怎么搞应从学校实际出发，可简可繁。有能力形成课程体系的，可从教材研究、课程设置等方面系统整理，没有能力的，可针对学习内容和学生学习兴趣去收集整理一些拓展性材料，用学生感兴趣的内容去补充学习内容，从而开辟课程资源，增加学生吸取知识的渠道，有效地提高教学效果。
五要“授之以渔”，养成习惯
苏霍姆林斯基曾说过：“对于个人教育来说离开自我教育是不可思议的'。”要求教师加强自学指导，培养学生自主学习的习惯。自学就是要求学生学会自己提问，爱因斯坦说过“提出一个问题往往比解决一个问题更重要。”因此，教师要多引导学生动脑，少替代学生思考，让学生养成独立思考和自我质疑的习惯。教师要经常给学生布置预习任务并指导预习，对学生预习情况进行检查。久而久之，就会使学生在反复强化中逐渐养成预习、质疑和独立解决问题的习惯。教师还要关注学生情感、个性、意志品德、作业习惯等非智力因素的情况，通过针对性地训练和家校互动等方式，让学生在各个方面向积极的、可持续发展的方面发展。
六要注重评价，倡导反思
教学评价的目的主要是为了改进教师的教学，完善教学过程，有效地促进学生的发展。教学评价包括“教”的评价和“学”的评价两方面。在“教”的评价中，要强调教师的自我评价。教师可借助写教学反思的形式来进行，要让教学反思促进教师的自我成长，把反思的重点放在方法（如何反思）、角度（从哪些方面去反思）、连续性与实效上。教学反思一方面是每节课后的教学反思，另一方面是阶段性教学行为反思，因为只有把短期反思与阶段反思结合起来，使教师对自己的教学有深刻的认识并有较大的改进，才能达到“反思”的真正目的。教的评价还要结合有效教学，建立对教学每个环节的评价细则，形成领导点评、教师互评、日常评价和阶段性总结评价相结合，通过评价改进教学。“学”的评价要强调评价手段多样化。对学生的评价不能只用成绩报告书作为终极评价手段，平时对学生要采用动作、神情、体态、语言等表扬方式，经常性的随机激励评价，丰富评价的手段。教学中可构建“比、学、赶、超”的评比制度，开展教师评、学生评、师生互评、当堂现场评、课后个别点评等多种形式的评价，并在评价中通过建立学生成长记录等完善评价激励机制，发挥评价的促进功能。
总之，实施有效教学既近在眼前，又任重道远。我们必须在思想上重视，从方法上创优、内容上突破、细节上关注，才能取得实效、高效。固然，目前存在的每一个问题、采取的每一项策略都不是一蹴而就的，但只要我们管理者付出艰辛的劳动和不懈的努力，有效教学一定会显现。
初中英语阅读教学存在的问题与解决策略教育论文 篇3
摘要 ：课堂是教学活动的主阵地，课堂评价是建立促进学生全面发展的评价体系中最为重要的环节。新课程提倡学生积极主动地学习，这有利于学生的全面发展。但在现实教学中，学生积极主动学习、热情参与教学过程的状况与新课程的要求还有一段距离。小学英语课堂评价还存在一些现实的问题。有效的激励性评价策略能够充分调动学生的积极性，对促进小学生积极主动地学习具有重要意义。因此，在小学英语教学中，充分发挥课堂激励性评价的作用是促进学生积极主动学习、提高英语课堂教学质量等的有效途径。
关键词 ：课堂评价；问题；策略；英语教学论文
1引言
面对新要求，怎样才能通过科学的课堂即时评价促进学生的发展、提高教学质量呢?这是摆在教育工作者面前突出的、值得探索的新课题。
2课堂评价的概念界定
关于课堂评价的定义各式各样，但核心基本相同，即教师在课堂教学过程中，为判断学生的学习情况，促进学生的学习，了解自己的教学效果，而对学生的学习信息采集、分析与利用。从不同的角度分析，课堂评价具有多种类型。例如，从评价内容看，有学习行为评价、学习结果评价、发展趋势评价等。对评价类型的分析与把握，有助于我们科学地建立并合理地使用教师课堂评价标准。本文所述教师课堂评价，仅指即时性评价。
3课堂评价存在的问题及其原因
3.1存在的问题
随着新理念的提出，课堂即时性评价在一定程度上得到了实施，但没发挥其真正的作用。目前课堂评价存在的不足有：评价语言和标准单一、僵化；评价主体单一；鼓励与夸奖的滥用；纠错方式不恰当；缺少体态评价。没有对不同层次学生的区别对待。
3.2存在问题的原因
3.2.1教师受传统评价理念的影响传统教育模式中，教师是权威的，教师单向评价学生。在新课改下，传统评价思想依然存在，学生评价老师和学生互评在课堂上也不多见，老师掌握着课堂评价的主动权，必然造成评价主体单一。3.2.2教师对评价功能意识淡薄有的教师为了体现新课改的精神,在课堂上大量运用“万能”的“Good,OK”来表扬学生。老师不指出读得好，好在哪里；对又对在哪里。学生听了表扬当然高兴，可这有利于学生的提高吗？教师淡忘了评价的功能。3.2.3教师对激励性评价片面理解在小学英语课堂上，教师在评价时不恰当地使用激励性策略，有的是浮夸的，甚至学生出现严重错误时都一味地鼓励学生。3.2.4教师对学生的心理认识不清小学五年级阶段的学生被称为学龄中期阶段或少年期，是各方面蓬勃的、不均衡的发展时期。他们的自尊心开始增强，有的教师忽略了学生的心理感受，当面批评指责学生，造成了不良的学习效果。
4激励性评价策略
4.1概念阐述
激励性口头评价是指在课堂教学情境这一特定语境的制约下，当学生的某一行为完成后，教师通过激励性的语言对学生的行为进行价值判断，激发学习动机，诱发其兴趣，进而促使学生积极主动地发展。
4.2策略
4.2.1转变教师观念和课堂教学方式要想新的教学理念付诸于实践，解放教师的思想是前提。有的教师说：“只要学生学到东西就可以了，不一定非要展示。”可见其根本就不重视学生是否参与课堂，教师都不重视那又怎会激励学生去参与呢？而观念的转变要落实在实际的课堂中。英语课堂中如何创设语境是教师要着重思考的问题。毫无疑问，小学生更喜欢在游戏中学习。4.2.2课堂评价应充满人文关怀小学英语课堂教学中，教师的评价应凸显对学生的人文关怀，体现对学生个性的尊重，评价必须坚持正确的人文价值取向。4.2.3要真诚地爱学生，做到客观公正一堂小学英语课上，学生每回答一个问题，教师就表扬加分，每说一段话，教师就奖励一张贴纸。从案例中可以看出教师没有考虑活动的难易程度，一味进行雷同的表扬。教师要做到客观公正，需针对不同的学生、不同的行为作出不同的口头评价，让学生感到“老师的评价就是针对我的。”4.2.4鼓励学生自评、互评积极鼓励学生自评和互评，进行面对全体学生的多主题评价。教师在评价某一位学生时可以推而广之，对集体进行激励；也可以开展学生互评。当然，这意味着教师的责任将更重，要机智地引导学生进行正面、友善的互评，否则会导致同学间关系的紧张、矛盾的产生，从而破坏集体的团结。
参考文献：
[1]陈婉琳.熊德信.课堂即场评价型教学评析与启示——以中山大学夏纪梅教授教学艺术为例[J].福建论坛(社科教育版),2008,(10).
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;㈤ 求一篇关于 “如何提高英语阅读”的英语论文
Reading is one of the four basic skills which learners are required to master if they want to learn a foreign language. English reading can improve reader’s perception so as to give a lot of help to improve listening, speaking and writing. It can increase knowledge, widen their visions, and enhance their interest in English. However, in China, in foreign language learning, many learners seem to have difficulty in reading accurately and efficiently. To help the learner become a more efficient reader, it is crucial to improve their reading ability. This paper clearly states how we should improve reading ability by adopting the following methods: improving language knowledge, enlarging the reader’s schema, forming a good habit of reading, applying reading skills, be confident and active in reading. [Key words] reading ability; language knowledge; reading schema knowledge; reading skills 1. Introction These days the influence of the English language is increasing. Today no matter you like it or not, English is the closet thing to a lingua franca around the globe; English is very widely used for business. Between different countries, most business letters around the world are written in English, and three quarters of the world’s books and newspapers are made in English. Reading is one of the four basic skills which learners are required to master if they want to learn a foreign language. English reading can improve reader’s perception so as to give a lot of help to improve listening, speaking and writing. It can increase knowledge, widen their visions, and enhance their interest in English. So it is clear that it’s very important to do a lot of English reading. But the problem is that many English learners seem to have difficulty in reading accurately and efficiently. Moreover, in various international and domestic examinations, English reading has taken larger and larger part. In this situation, how to improve English reading draws more and more attention. This paper tries to state some points as how to help English reader improve their reading ability. 2. Improve your language knowledge The language knowledge here mainly refers to vocabulary and grammar. Your language knowledge can help you read both fast and with high comprehension. 2.1 Vocabulary The English language has about 750, 000 words, and more new words are coming into use daily. Also, words are constantly being redefined. Each word takes additional meanings as time passes until it has many meanings. It has been proved that the readers with small store of vocabulary will find it very difficult in reading comprehension. How to solve this problem? According to the study of Hatch and Brown，learners' strategies for 1earning vocabulary fall into five essential steps: 1) having sources for encountering new words; 2) getting the forms of the new words; 3) learning the meanings of the words; 4)making a strong memory of the words; and 5) using the words. This word acquisition theory not only manifests the inner rule or vocabulary learning but also reveals the three important aspects of vocabulary learning: word form, word meaning and word use.[1] Therefore, we can build up our vocabulary from the following aspects: Firstly, learn about word formation. You can enlarge your vocabulary by using the rules of word formation, Many words in the English language are made up of word parts called roots, prefixes, and suffixes, like“ sad ”, “sadly”, “sadness”, and so on. Therefore, this method is used to help readers get the meaning of an unknown word by analyzing the word structure, which is by dividing words into usable parts such as roots, prefixes and suffixes. If you know a number of commonly used prefixes, roots and suffixes, they will be of use in unlocking the meanings of unknown words that you find in your reading. For example, when you know the word “courage”, “ encourage，discourage，courageous” will not be new to you.[2] Secondly, collect the new words you often meet in reading. That doesn’t mean encouraging you to consult the dictionary whenever you meet a new word in reading. The appropriate way is to try to guess the word meanings from context clues, from the words around it, and then you will graally know the clear meaning of the word after meeting it often. And now, if you look it up in the dictionary, you will have a good memory of it. Thirdly, learn a certain number of new words by heart every day. Young students have good memories. It is possible for you to memorize some words every day without much difficulty. You can choose some words for yourself, which is very helpfu1. When you meet these words in your reading，you will feel easy, “Aha, I’ve known their meanings. ” You will feel confident and more interested in reading. 2.2 Grammar Language is composed of words and grammatical structures. The accurate rate of comprehension is based on the mastering degree of the words and grammar. In case of learning a language, for instance, a child or a beginner who learns a foreign language, learns some words first, then begins to get in touch with the regulation of sentence --grammar, then he can use words to make sentences himself. Only by understanding the rules of the game, you can win the game. Sometimes, we find some learners recite a large number of words and they can say the meaning of them as they see them, but when these words are arranged into a sentence, these learners cannot make sense of them. Why? That is because they are not familiar with grammar. Grammar is the skeleton, which proces the variety of different words combinations. We know that if you thread coins with a cord, you can carry away many coins at a time easily; if the coins scatter on the floor, it is hard to pick up every one. Grammar is like the cord to give life to the combination of words and make the expression diversified. It makes us know the approval, interrogatory or surprising tone and the like. Mastering grammar is the basic step to make progress on English reading. More exercises on grammar are all too good and no harm can come of it. Sometimes, in the reading, you will find that comprehension of an entire passage depends on your ability to understand a single sentence. Sentences, which are very long, sentences, which have more than one meaning, or sentences, which contain difficult grammatical patterns often, cause comprehension problems. In this case, readers should keep the following points in mind. (1) If the sentence is long, try to break it up into small parts: The general then added, “The only reasonable solution to the sort of problems caused by the current unstable political situation is one of diplomacy and economic measures and not the use of military force.” You should read the sentence like this:” The only reasonable solution to the sort of problems/caused by the current unstable political situation/is one of the diplomacy and economic measures/and not the use of military force.” (2) Look for key words that tell you the relationship within a sentence. “The West had sent armies to capture and hold Jerusalem; instead they themselves fell victim to new ideas and subtle influences,” “ Instead ”indicates that something happened contrary to expectations. 3. Enlarge your schema about various topics and things “The importance of reader’s knowledge of the world has been long emphasized in the reading processes. The role of this previously acquired knowledge in language comprehension has been formalized as schema theory.”[3] According to schema theory, comprehending a text is an interactive process between the reader’s background knowledge and the text. The more you already know, the less you need to find out. A good reader does not read passively only for the prepositional meaning of each sentence, but more importantly, he reads for the meaning at the pragmatic level. He can understand not only its surface meaning decided by vocabulary and grammar, but also the real purpose of the writer in using a particular piece of language. He does this by creating an effective discourse between himself and the writer to negotiate meaning. 4. Form a good habit of reading If you are reading for meaning，try to read fast. Some people read very slowly. They think that reading slowly helps them understand better. That is not right. As a mater of fact, the faster you read, the better you understand. The expression“haste makes waste” does not apply to reading. Remember, nothing hurts concentration more than reading too slowly. Your mind will keep up with your reading speed if you ask it to. By always reading at your top speed, you challenge your understanding and make it easier for your mind to concentrate on the materia1. To improve your reading speed, you must get rid of the following bad habits: a．Point at words or hold a pen or a pencil or ruler under the line while reading; b．Mumble the words to yourself or say the words in your mind，though other people cannot hear you reading; c．Read back from time to time; d．Stop reading at occurrence of the unknown words to look them up in the dictionary.[4] A good reader should develop a correct method of reading. That is to train himself to read attentively ( not to read back) and silently (not to read aloud), sentence by sentence, not word by word. Whenever meeting a new word, try to guess the meaning from the context. Consulting the dictionary from time to time not only affects one’s reading speed and the comprehension of the reading material, but also gets the reader frustrated. 5. Apply various reading skills 5.1 Prediction
㈥ 初中英语阅读教学中的课堂提问初探学术论文
初中英语阅读教学中的课堂提问初探学术论文
阅读是英语学习的重要手段，是获取信息的重要途径，阅读教学旨在培养学生的阅读理解能力，使其掌握基本阅读技巧，扩大知识面，培养学习英语的兴趣。而关系到阅读教学质量，最为讲究的要数课堂提问了。课堂提问是教师最重要的语言活动之一，它是指在课堂教学中教师根据特定的教学目的和要求，针对相关的阅读材料，设置一系列问题情境，要求学生思考回答，教师通过提问引导学生运用已经学过的知识经验回答问题，提高分析质疑能力，从而获得新的知识。课堂提问是教学中使用率最高的一种教学手段。教师提问设计得得体、精巧，能把学生引入“问题情境”，激发学生探索知识的热情，培养学生英语表达的兴趣和习惯。
下面我就从三方面入手，探讨自己对初中英语阅读教学中课堂提问这一重要环节的些许看法和认识。
一、课堂提问的数量
课堂提问的次数越多越好吗？回答当然是否定的，课堂提问效果的好坏并不受其数量的直接影响。课堂提问次数的多少取决于阅读材料的难易程度，取决于学生的英语水平和相关的背景知识。教师在备课时应侧重于问题的设计和提问的技巧，不必考虑提问是否达到45人次还是80人次这样的量，更不能为了凑数而“明知故问”。如果阅读材料浅显易懂，学生又掌握了大量的相关文化背景知识，有关课文表层理解方面的问题就可以少提甚至不提，以腾出时间让学生熟悉课文内容，为阅读后的言语交流活动打好基础。虽然课堂提问效果的好坏不单纯取决于提问的数量，但一堂成功的阅读课，必须保证师生间一定数量的课堂交流，即一定的提问次数，而且提问覆盖面要尽可能广，让每个学生都有课堂交流的机会。
二、课堂提问的质量
在英语阅读教学的设计中，教师应该注意提问的质量，提的问题要明确具体，要有启发性，难易适当，能为学生所理解，符合学生的水平，使学生有思路可循，而不能含糊不清、模棱两可；提问要有训练思维能力的价值，学生不动脑筋回答不了，但经过努力是一定能答出来的；提问对象要普遍，对不同性质、不同程度的问题要适当地让不同程度的学生回答；问题与问题间在内部凉席上要互相衔接、首尾相连、层层深入；问题设计要有计划性，要全面安排提问内容，不能信口开河。据此，教师在问题设计时，要精心组织，甚至对某一个问题学生可能有几种回答，对于学生这样或那样的回答怎么引导、怎么分析、怎么有意识地训练学生能力等，都要在事先有所估计、有所考虑。
三、课堂提问的技巧
目前英语阅读教学中的.课堂提问存在一些问题，如：提问浅显，答案多是能够直接回答的，不利于学生进行独立思考；师生交流时学生的覆盖面不够广，多是尖子生回答多，中下游学生回答少。
我根据自己的英语教学实践，就提问技巧再进一步谈谈：
1、提问应注意难易适度，忌过浅过深
教师在提问时应难易适度。如果教师的提问过于简单，学生几乎不动脑筋就可以将答案脱口而出，课堂气氛看似热闹，实际效果收之甚微，不利于学生发散性思维的发展；过难，学生利用所学知识解答不了，那么调动学生的积极性就无从谈起了。因此，教师在设计问题时，应该在学生现有的知识积累的基础上，在现有的逻辑思维水平上，培养学生的兴趣，发展学生的智力。 2、提问应注意内在联系，宜层层推进
教师提出的问题还要符合逻辑性，要按照教材的内容层层设问，问题之间构成必然的内在联系，前一个问题是后一个问题的基础，后一个问题是前一个问题的深化，层层推进，步步为营。对于教材中的一些难点和重点，我们在设计时应尽量准备一些铺垫性的问题，依据学生现有水平，想方设法化难为易、化繁入简，一环扣一环，逐步解决“大”问题。从心理学和教育学的角度看，这是符合学生认知规律的。
3、提问应注意面向全班，忌以偏概全
教师提问时应当面向全体学生，先把问题提出来，让学生思考后再指名学生回答。如果教师先指名后提问，别的学生会觉得事不关己，就不再主动思考了。教师提问还要面向好、中、差三类学生，根据问题的难易程度选择相应层次的学生作答，使每个学生都能有所收获、有所提高。
4、提问应注意恰当评价，宜是非分明
有丰富课堂教学经验的教师，对于学生的回答不会不作出处理，不会不作出恰当的评价，这个教学环节不能省，不能松。当教师自己评价学生的回答时，必须肯定学生什么地方答得好、答得正确，什么地方答得不正确，并指出原因。这样做，就能使学生掌握的知识是非分明、界限清楚，思维能力得到有效培养；切忌对学生的回答作出含糊不清的评价。不少青年教师恰恰忽略了这一点，我认为这一点应足够重视，评价环节疏忽不得。
综上所述，在英语阅读教学中，课堂提问的确是一门艺术，把握得好，不但能帮助学生提高阅读理解能力和自学能力，形成良好的阅读习惯和正确的阅读技巧，而且能激活学生相关的知识网络，促进学生积极思维，引导学生对阅读材料作出正确的评价。英语阅读教学是一个极为复杂的动态结构，其中任何一个环节都关系到阅读教学的整体质量。
课堂提问，作为英语阅读教学的聚焦点，更要做全面的理论研究和反复的实践探索。只有深入钻研教材，了解学生，才能对提问的角度、引导的方法、预期的效果等做到心中有数，作出合乎科学的设计，而不是随心所欲、任意发问；这样的阅读教学才能为学生今后的发展和终身的学习打下良好的基础。
;㈦ 七年级英语作文
在日常学习、工作抑或是生活中，大家对作文都再熟悉不过了吧，作文可分为小学作文、中学作文、大学作文（论文）。一篇什么样的作文才能称之为优秀作文呢？下面是我为大家整理的七年级英语作文5篇，欢迎阅读与收藏。
七年级英语作文 篇1
Some people think that keeping pets is a good thing. They say that it is an hobby which should had. They also claim that pets make lives more colorful and entertaining for both women and men.
有些人认为养宠物是一件美好的事情。他们说，（养宠物）是一个应该拥有的爱好。他们也声称养宠物可以使生活更加多彩，并给男人和女人带来更多趣味。
On the other hand, there are many people who say that pets should be banned. They point out that pets are responsible for disease which hurt property, and for injuries suffered both by the people who kept them and by innocent other people. They also say that pets are a waste of money and resources.
另一方面，也有很多人说应该禁止养宠物。他们指出宠物是造成伤害（身体）性能的疾病的原因，并且会使养宠物的人和其他无辜的人受伤。他们也说，养宠物是一个浪费钱和资源（的事）。
My own point of view is that we should had the hobby of keeping pets. While at the same time making them harmless. In addition, we should restrict the keeping the pets to some area.
我的观点是我们应该有养宠物的爱好。尽管（我们）同时要使它们少受伤害。另外，我们应该禁止在某些区域内养宠物。
七年级英语作文 篇2
at college, i missed my parents a lot. as the term was drawing to an end, i eagerly looked forward to going home. and i planned to do a thousand and one things ring the vacation. above all, i wanted to help my mother with housework. i also wished to read many hooks which my teachers had recommended.
however, at home, my mother would never let me do anything. she completely deprived me of sharing her work. as soon as i opened a book to read,she would sit down beside me and ask me about all kinds of things at the college. to please her,i told her one thing after another,and soon i forgot all about books. even when i was actually reading,she would, now and then,insist that i should eat an egg or drink a cup of tea.
when i left home at the end of the vacation, not a thing in my plan had been carried out. but i felt very happy. i believed much more deeply than before in the old saying: home, sweet home. there's no place like home!
在大学里,我想念我的父母说学期即将结束,我热切地期待着回家。我打算在假期里做一千零一件事情。最重要的是,我想帮我母亲做家务。我也想读许多钩子老师推荐。
然而,在家里,我妈妈不会让我做任何事。她完全剥夺了我分享她的工作。当我打开一本书阅读,她会坐在我旁边,问我关于大学各种各样的`东西。请她,我告诉她一件接着一件,很快我忘了所有关于书籍。即使我实际上是阅读,她会,现在,然后,坚持认为我应该吃一个鸡蛋或喝一杯茶。
当我离开家的假期结束的时候,没有一件事在我的计划已经完成了。但我觉得很开心。我认为比以前更深入的说:家,甜蜜的家。没有地方比得上家!
七年级英语作文 篇3
Hello! I’m a student from Class 10, Grade 7. Let me tell you something about my school life. It’s very intersting.
Classes begin at 7:50 am. I have five classes in the morning. In the afternoon, I have three classes. We studay many subjects. They are English, art, history, biology and some other subjects. My favorite subject is English. It’s easy and interesting. I like P.E. and music, too. Our P.E. teacher is very funny. But I don’t like history at all. I think it’s difficult and boring.
After school, I like playing soccer on the playground with my classmates. Sometimes I go swimming. Every Tuesday and Thursday, I go to the library.
I like my school life a lot.
你好!我是一个学生类,7年级。让我告诉你一些关于我的学校生活。它非常有趣。
类从7点50分开始。在早上我有五类。在下午,我有三个类。我们学习许多科目。他们是英国人,艺术,历史,生物和一些其他科目。我最喜欢的科目是英语。很容易和有趣。我也喜欢体育和音乐。我们的体育老师很有趣。但我不喜欢历史。我认为这是困难和无聊。
放学后,我喜欢和同学一起在操场上踢足球。有时我去游泳。每个星期二和星期四,我去图书馆。
我很喜欢我的学校生活。
七年级英语作文 篇4
the First Day of Spring Festivaltoday is the first day of the chinese new year. i wear a new sweater and shoes. some one always take the presents and smile at every one. they wear red clothes.
you can play the firework but don’t play in the room. we can eat many chinese food ,zong-zi,jiao-zi…. today may be a good day,because many marry—cars running in the street.
older people always say today we must eat many good luck food.
七年级英语作文 篇5
Qingming rain have, the pedestrian on the road......" This year's solar terms, we will silently recite the poem of Du Mu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, to express our yearning for our forefathers.
On this day, we will come to the tomb, put a bunch of flowers and burn some money to express our thoughts and blessings for our loved ones, and pray silently for them to live happily and happily on the side of heaven as well as us. At this time, we can not help but remember the years they have spent together with us, and those pictures seem to be all the same, and I can't help but weep.
The scenery of the distant spring reflects my eyes, the birds sing the sonata of spring, the peach red and green of the mountain, the golden rape flower, the bud and the leaf, the bud of the green oil grow out, and it is a spring of spring and the scene of the revival of all things. This is a season full of expectation and blessing. At the time of Qing Ming, let us in such a special day, we cherish the memory of the past, but also to the future full of hope, cherish life, let our life more meaningful, do not waste such a good life. We need to have a renewed understanding of life and make every day full and substantial, so that we won't let ourselves regret and be able to afford others.
㈧ 怎样提高英语阅读能力论文七千字
如何提高学生英语阅读能力
摘 要：阅读是语言运用中最频繁的一种活动，又是现代人类认知世界最基本的方法，也是人们获取信息的重要的手段，还是提高英语水平最有效的途径，因此中学英语教学往往将“读”放在四大技能之首，把阅读教学作为教学重点。
关键词：英语；阅读；能力；培养
英语阅读能力的高低直接关系到英语学习的好坏，遗憾的是，我们的阅读教学效果并不尽如人意。由于传统的英语教学过多的承担了词汇、语法等语言基础知识的教学任务，英语教师常把大量的时间、精力用于知识点传授、复习、掌握和操练上，对于阅读训练，尤其是以语篇能力、思维能力和阅读技巧为核心的阅读能力训练不足，导致学生的阅读能力没得到实质的提高。
随着初中英语阅读量不断增加，初中学生思维能力的局限越来越成为阻碍学生提高英语考试成绩的一大障碍。而阅读理解题更是越来越多地检测学生对文章的隐含意义、逻辑结构等的理解和对主旨大意的概括，问题的答案多数隐藏在文章的脉络之中，学生通常无法直接从字面意思中获得，必须开动脑筋、激活思维。因此，要想在英语考试中取得高分，学生必须学会灵活运用分析、综合、归纳、判断、推理等思维方法。由此看来，当前如何提高学生英语阅读能力已成为迫切需要解决的英语教学课题。
一、影响学生英语阅读能力的因素
1.不良的阅读习惯
（1）出声阅读，此习惯的主要弊端就是影响了阅读速度。出声阅读往往以不同形式表现出来，不一定有声音，有时可能是无声地动动舌，喉，嘴唇等，但这无疑会阻碍眼睛的扫描速度，多了声音这一阶段，所以要训练养成直接利用视觉来阅读的好习惯。
（2）过于精读，由于平时英语教学着重于对词组的积累，长句难句的分析，很多学生在实际阅读中，往往边读边分析句子，碰到不懂的单词，停下来查字典。结果是句子读懂了，可对文章的把握却不知所述，不仅影响了阅读速度，还扼杀了阅读兴趣。所以要培养自己猜词的能力，利用上下文意，而不是靠查字典。
（3）复读过于频繁，即指读完一句或一段，有回过头来再读一遍。这严重影响了阅读速度。这是学生阅读自信心不强的表现。
2.忽略阅读技巧
大多数中学生在实际阅读中，都是简单地看似按顺序的操作，先文章，再来做题。有所不知的是，运用了一些阅读技巧之后，会达到事半功倍的效果，如，精读与泛读相结合，略读，寻读，以及猜词的技巧。灵活运用阅读技巧，能让阅读能力有一个质的飞跃。
阅读量小，知识面太窄。大多数学生只在课堂上进行相关阅读训练，很少通过报刊，杂志去丰富自己，对于中西文化的差异的陌生，同样给阅读带来不利影响。
阅读思维的欠缺。部分学生满足于表层理解而忽视深层理解和评价性理解，对于不能在文中直接找到答案的题目，不知所措，缺乏对文章实质的理解及思考，所以要训练总揽全文大意的能力，通过语段归纳，主旨句的分析来提高这方面的能力。
二、培养学生多种阅读方式的能力
要想提高学生的阅读能力，还应该培养学生多种阅读方式的能力。第一是，限时细读。在限定的时间内通过呈现理解性问题（一般5小题）引导学生对所读内容进行分析、比较、推理、综合、归纳、总结，以便把握短文的实质和内容的各个细节，然后让学生口头或书面回答问题。第二是，倡导合作式阅读活动。在阅读教学中，课题组精心设计各项任务，由学生通过各种形式的小组活动来合作完成。教师培养学生的合作意识和合作学习能力，让学生了解对方的观点，学会表达自己的观点。第三是，复述短文。在培养阅读能力的同时，通过复述短文激活学生储存于长期记忆中的知识能力模块，进而提高学生的语言和言语表达能力。第四是，开放性设问。运用发散性思维，围绕教师布置的话题，在短文的基础上得以启发，开阔视野，发挥想象，陈述自己的观点，并在课堂上进行交际活动，提高自己解决问题的能力。
三、学会猜测生词，进行计时阅读
在阅读过程中常常会碰到一些生词。在一般情况下，不必见到生词就查字典，以保持阅读的连贯性，不至于影响阅读的速度和对文章的整体理解。那么，该怎么办呢？一方面可以通过构词法来分析判断词性或词义。另一方面可以根据上下文的内容，语气来判断其含义。如果遇到个别难以猜测而又影响对文章理解的单词，就该查阅一下词典。大纲规定：初中生的阅读速度为每分钟400到500个词，理解正确率达到百分之七十。因此，常做计时训练，以提高自己的阅读速度和理解能力。
四、加强学生背景知识的掌握
在以往的英语阅读教学中，教师往往只注重阅读课文本身的讲解，甚至细化的每个句子，每个单词的掌握，而忽视了对于背景文化知识的介绍。事实上，了解一定的背景知识，对英语阅读会起到事半功倍的效果。教师可以分主题在每个学期中利用专门的时间给学生讲解一些关于外国背景文化的知识。比如，教师可以在多年英语阅读题材情况的了解基础上，分风俗、礼仪、饮食、教育等等，向学生大致讲解世界各主要国家的情况。教师也可以在讲到相关英语阅读文章时，顺便介绍各国相关文化背景知识。
五、坚持阅读训练
学生每学完某些句型后，老师要提供一些难易程度与课文相当的短文、对话进行阅读。这些短文，对话后的练习尽量围绕相关的句型结构特点设计，这样，常用句型就能按照记忆规律多次以不同形式展现在学生面前，学生识别常用句型的能力就会培养起来。因此，坚持阅读训练既可以熟悉且熟练掌握学过的常用句型、又可以挖掘学生内在潜力，更有效地提高学生的阅读能力，形成良好的阅读习惯，是学好英语中的重要一环。
六、重视课外阅读
重视课外阅读指导，选择合适的阅读材料，扩大课外阅读量，加大信息输入。我们要重视课内、外阅读。不能只课堂上阅读，课外也要增加阅读量，这样阅读能力才会逐步提高。学生在选择阅读材料时，往往无法判断是否适宜。所以教师要关注学生的阅读情况，及时提出合理的建议。阅读材料的恰当与否直接影响到学生的阅读兴趣和效果。特别是农村中学生他们手里的资料不多，他们的阅读量特别需要增加，努力加大信息输入是农村中学生的首要任务。由于条件的限制我在课外是通过精选材料给学生复印发给他们。所选材料主要注意材料内容的趣味性；材料难度要适中，要适合学生的实际水平；材料的题材要多样性、要广泛，能扩大学生的知识面，开阔视野。材料要具有鲜明的时代性。可涉及科学技术、经济改革、卫生环保、休闲旅游等热门话题。通过阅读，不仅有利于学生扩大词汇量、丰富语言知识、开阔视野、开拓思路，还有利于学生理解英、美等国家的文化背景、生活习俗、思维习惯及英语特有的语言表达方式，从而提高阅读能力和英语运用能力。
总之，学生阅读能力的提高时一个长期而漫长的过程，如何使外语教学理论付诸于教学实践，教学实践又促使教学理论的飞跃，是摆在我们外语教学工作者面前的重要任务。我们要不断加强自身英语教学的理论学习，提高自己的英语阅读教学能力，并用它来指导学生的学习，提高学生的英语阅读能力。
㈨ 英语阅读的认知观论文
英语阅读的认知观论文
摘要： 英语阅读过程中陈述性知识和程序性知识相互依赖、相互作用，对意义理解具有重要作用。文章指出，知识是构成英语阅读能力的认知元素，是学习者解读意义的媒介、技能和策略。信息的编码与解码是学习者运用知识准确理解语言、文化和情感意义的能动的认知过程。
关键词： 知识；意义；英语阅读；理解
引言
哲学家赖尔（Ryle G.）于1949年将知识区分为陈述性知识（declarative knowledge）和程序性知识（proceral knowledge）[1]。后来认知心理学家加涅（Gagne RM.）和安德森（Anderson JR.）等把它们应用于人类的学习理论和认知理论研究。我国学者皮连生教授通过多年研究，提出了广义知识理论。[2]他认为，知识分狭义知识和广义知识。狭义知识仅指陈述性知识；而广义知识包括陈述性知识和程序性知识。程序性知识是技能，是人们运用规则对外办事的程序性知识，（即认知技能，cognitive skills和动作技能，motor skills）以及运用规则对内调控的程序性知识（即策略性知识strategic knowledge），是有关“如何做”的知识。
阅读是一个信息加工过程。人们为研究这些问题进行了大量而富有成效的研究，提出了不同的阅读理论与模式：自下而上模式（the bottom-up model）、自上而下模式（the top-down model）、互动模式（interactive model）和图式理论（schema theory）。[3]本文运用当代认知心理学广义知识理论，从英语阅读过程分析与讨论陈述性知识和程序性知识对学习者理解语言意义、文化意义以及情感意义的认知作用。
1 陈述性知识
阅读是通过视觉感知语言符号后大脑处理、加工与理解信息意义的心理过程。[4]阅读材料一般承载着三方面的信息：语言信息（词汇、语法等语言结构）、文化信息（历史、政治等）和情感信息（作者的观点、态度等）。因此，成功的阅读意味着学习者能正确解读阅读材料中的语言意义、文化意义和情感意义。那么，在英语阅读认知活动中，陈述性知识对语言、文化和情感信息的编码和译码究竟起到了怎样作用？
陈述性知识是人有意识掌握的、以命题（proposition）方式储存在大脑中的事实、概念、或观念构成的信息，是有关世界“是什么”的知识。而命题是人们从事物的知觉信息中抽取出主要意义而忽略其细节特征的一种表征方式[5]。它具有抽象性和概括性。因此，学习者所获取有关英语的陈述性知识反映出他们对英语语言及其文化规律性的认知结果。在英语阅读认知活动中，学习者要理解阅读材料的语言意义，必须提取头脑中储存的英语词汇知识和语法知识（陈述性知识）。心理学的研究表明，在理解某一词语时，学习者会自动检索自己陈述性记忆中的“心理词典”（ mental dictionary ），即首先激活陈述性记忆中的有关该词的知觉以及该词的所有含义，然后根据上下文做出选择。比如：要准确理解“He lost the match and also lost the chance to play in the finals.”句中 “finals”的词义时，学习者会自动激活该词的所有含义：“最后的”、“决赛”、“期末考试”和“报纸每日发行的最后一版”，并能根据语境迅速确定“final”是“决赛”，而不是其他含义。可见，理解词义首先需要具备词汇知识。学习者的心理词典内容越丰富，其提取词义的速度就越快。同理，分析句子结构、理顺词句间复杂的`语法和逻辑关系离不开语法知识。要准确理解“He has built a mansion overlooking Lake Washington that he’s packed with high-tech gadgetry and TV monitors” （徐小贞，《新世纪职高高专英语》，上海外语教育出版社，2005）这个句子，必须对这个结构较复杂的句子进行语法分析，理顺“overlooking Lake Washington”和 “that he’s packed with high-tech gadgetry and TV monitors”与“mansion”之间的语法关系，即现在分词短语和定语从句分别作名词“mansion”的定语。
解读语言意义需要语言知识；理解文化意义必须依赖文化背景知识。陈述性知识作为世界知识，它涉及英语语言知识和英语文化背景知识。认知心理学的研究发现，图式（schema）是陈述性知识的综合表征形式，是对范畴（category）中的规律性进行编码的一种形式（nderson R.C. & D. P. Pearson，1984）[6] 。图式既是一种知识表征形式，又是相互关联的知识构成的完整的信息系统，它是建立在个体经验基础上的、有层次的动态结构。比如，“打电话”的行为图式包括摘机、拨号、问好、交谈、告别和挂机一系列的动作程序。即便电话内容有所不同，但打电话的动作程序是大致相同的。图式的这种结构性与程式性为读者加工新信息提供了认知模式（cognitive model）和理解框架。安德森（Anderson，A.）和利恩奇（Lynch，T.）的听力理解研究表明，听者的意义建构是通过更广泛的信息资源所获得的，这种信息资源既包括图式（schematic）知识又包括情境（contextual）知识[7]。这表明我们并不仅仅依赖于传入耳中的语音性质来获得意义，还必须运用大脑中储存的图式知识对输入信息进行加工和意义建构。此外，图式还可以解释话语中词汇的多义（polysemy）现象（Lehnert W.G.）。读者读到 “ The royal proclamation was finished. The king sent for his seal.” 这个句子时，之所以不会将句中的“seal ”（印章）误解为 “海豹 ”；是因为句中的“seal ”、“the royal proclamation”和“king ”属于同一图式。可见，图式能帮助读者消除歧义（ambiguity）、准确地提取词义。就文体图式而言，论说文有论说文的文体图式；记叙文有记叙文的文体图式，等等。英语新闻的编辑图式（who、when、where、 what、why、how）无疑有助于学习者更迅速、准确地理解新闻的内容。安德森（Anderson .R. C.）认为，在阅读理解中，图式具有为同化新信息提供信息框架的作用。[8]让我们看一段文字材料：
The procere is quite simple. First，you arrange things into different groups. Of course，one pile may be sufficient depending on how much there is to do. If you have to go somewhere else e to lack of facilities that is the next step，otherwise youare pretty well set. It is important not to overdo things. That is，it is better to do too few things at once than too many. In the short run this may not seem important but complications can easily arise. A mistake can be expensive as well. At first，the whole procere will seem complicated. Soon，however，it will become just another facet of life. It is difficult to foresee any end to the necessity for this task in the immediate future，but then one can never tell. After the procere is completed one arranges the materials into groups again. Then they can be put into their appropriate places. Eventually they will be used once more and the whole cycle will have to be completed. However，this is part of life.[9]
一般读者看完后会觉得这段文字难以理解。为什么会这样呢？这主要是因为读者没有将新信息与自己头脑中的图式知识建立起有机联系。如果将这段文字加上标题“Washing Clothes”， 这时读者有关“洗衣服”的图式就被激活，理解起来也就更容易、更准确。
另一方面，文化背景知识有助于学习者更好地理解阅读材料的内容，准确把握阅读材料的文化意义。不同的阅读材料涉及不同的内容，如政治、哲学、历史、地理、教育、体育，民俗，等等。因此，我们难以想象一个对哲学知之甚微的读者能看懂有关哲学的文章或书籍。从认知意义上说，学习者获取的陈述性知识越丰富，在认知英语的过程中形成的英语语言与文化图式就越多，其理解事物的能力就越强。语言学家努南（Nunan D.的研究也发现，在阅读理解中，背景知识比语法知识起的作用更大。[10]
在解读文本情感意义的过程中，陈述性知识以语言形式所承载的概念、命题的方式为学习者提供了分析、概括、综合和推理的文字依据。学习者通过运用这些概念和命题来分析与理解作者的观点或态度。比如，阅读 “Two Kinds of Football”（李观仪.《新编英语教程》上海外语教育出版社，1999）这篇文章后，要求学生分析作者对足球运动的态度，并作出正确评价。要理解作者的态度，学生必须从文章的字里行间找出作者对足球运动态度方面的信息，如“American football … is the American national sport”，“It excites tremendous enthusiasm”，“American football has a reputation of being a brutal and dangerous game. This reputation is not really deserved”，“Soccer games can now draw crowds of over 70 thousand in cities where baseball attracts a mere 20 thousand spectators”，“Soccer is being brilliantly promoted，like any other promising American proct”；然后进行分析、整合、概括和推断；最终对作者的态度作出客观、正确的评价：作者对足球运动持“赞成”态度。
综上所述，在阅读理解中，陈述性知识对学习者理解阅读材料中的语言意义、文化意义和情感意义都起着重要的媒介或“桥梁”作用。然而，在意义理解的过程中，学习者仅有陈述性知识是不够的，还需运用必要的阅读技能与策略。
2 程序性知识
程序性知识对学习者阅读技能与策略的形成与发展具有重要意义。程序性知识是运用规则做事的技能。就英语阅读而言，这些“规则”主要指阅读技能和阅读策略（策略性知识）。程序性知识的产生式“条件---行为”规则告诉我们，“规则支配行为”。只有满足用规则做事的条件，才能实施与之相符合的行为。这说明在阅读理解过程中，陈述性知识和程序性知识是相互依赖、相互作用的。要充分理解文本意义，学习者必须掌握有关英语阅读技能与策略方面的陈述性知识，并能根据词、句、篇不同层面的信息加工的需要灵活选择与运用与之相符合的词义提取技能、语句理解技能、篇章理解技能。如理解段落大意通常使用“主题句”（topic sentence）阅读技能。就英语阅读词义理解技能来说，有构词法、同义词、反义词、上下义、上下文、定义、解释、重述、识别指代关系等。英语教学实践证明，经过大量实际练习，这些技能不仅会日趋熟练，而且能有效地促进学习者对词义的理解。
另一方面，作为阅读策略，程序性知识的作用主要体现在帮助学习者有效地设定阅读目标、选择阅读技能等，以调节与监控他们分析、综合、判断、概括思维活动，提高意义理解的速度与质量。学习者知道英语阅读技能方面的陈述性知识，但如果不能根据阅读材料的性质和阅读目标的需要灵活选择合适的阅读技能，这无疑会影响其阅读理解。假如学习者的阅读目标只是了解文章大意，那么应选择略读（skimming）策略，然后对自己的略读过程进行监控，即有意识地按照略读的三个步骤进行阅读——首先通读文章的起始段和结尾段；然后细读其他段落的主题句；最后浏览与主题句相关的信息词。[11
通过以上分析我们可以看出，英语阅读能力是由陈述性知识、程序性知识和策略性知识构成的（这里的‘能力’指学习者通过获取和运用知识所形成的能力，不包括能力的先天因素）。陈述性知识、程序性知识和策略性知识在阅读认知活动中扮演着不同的“角色”，但它们互相依赖、互相作用，共同促进学习者对语言、文化和情感意义的理解。
3 结语
本文运用广义知识理论阐明了英语阅读的认知观：英语阅读能力是由陈述性、程序性和策略性知识构成的。意义理解是一个互动的过程。词义的理解离不开句子；语篇理解又以词句的理解为支撑。意义理解的过程既有自下而上（bottom-up）的信息加工，又有自上而下（top-down）的信息加工。在英语阅读认知活动中，知识既各司其职，又相互联系、相互作用，对学习者解读文本意义起到了媒介、技能与策略的作用。广义知识理论认为，英语阅读理解不仅是学习者接受信息的过程，而且是他们运用知识主动加工信息、准确解读文本的语言、文化和情感意义的认知过程。
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[6]Anderson，R.C. & Pearson，D.P.1984. A Schema-theoretic View of Basic Processes in Reading Comprehension. In Carrell，Devine & Eskey（ed.）Introctive Approaches to Second Language Reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[7]Anderson，A.and Lynch，T.1988.Listening.Oxford: Oxford University.
[8] 同 [5].
[9]Carroll，D.1986. Psychology of Language. Monterey，California：Brooks/Cloe Publishing Company.
[10]Nunan，D. 2001.Second Language Teaching and Learning.Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[11] 程晓堂等.英语学习策略[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002.
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