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北京高三英语阅读真题分类

发布时间: 2023-07-09 04:39:20

『壹』 高考英语阅读理解

2010 北京卷 D 段
The Cost of Higher Ecation_免费的大学教育不合理
这篇文章逻辑推理非常严密,正反方阐述也相当有力。标准总分总结构。

Indivials should pay for their higher ecation.
A university ecation is of huge and direct benefit to the indivial. Graates earn more than non-graates. Meanwhile, social mobility is ever more dependent on having a degree. However, only some people have it. So the indivial, not the taxpayers, should pay for it. There are pressing calls on the resources of the government. Using taxpayers' money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them.
Full government funding is not very good for universities. Adam Smith worked in a Scottish university whose teachers lived off student fees. He knew and looked down upon 18th-century Oxford, where the academics lived comfortably off the income received from the government. Guaranteed salaries, Smith argued, were the enemy of hard work; and when the academics were lazy and incompetent, the students were similarly lazy.
If students have to pay for their ecation, they not only work harder, but also demand more from their teachers. And their teachers have to keep them satisfied. If that means taking teaching seriously, and giving less time to their own research interests, that is surely something to celebrate.
Many people believe that higher ecation should be free because it is good for the economy. Many graates clearly do contribute to national wealth, but so do all the businesses that invest and create jobs. If you believe that the government should pay for higher ecation because graates are economically proctive, you should also believe that the government should pay part of business costs. Anyone promising to create jobs should receive a gift of capital from the government to invest.
Therefore, it is the indivial, not the government who should pay for their university ecation.

『贰』 2018高考英语阅读理解北京卷D篇浅析

首先,文本选自洛杉矶时报http://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-autonomous-vehicles-planning-20180309-story.html  2018年3月9日发表的名为If we don't plan for them, autonomous vehicles could make our car-dominated transit system even worse的文章。

看原标题可以得出几个信息:1.目前有plan,2.car−dominated transit system是关键问题3.even worse,也就是有前提条件,然后才可能出现某种预期。

这篇阅读理解试题选文的特点是,1.文章是国外主流媒体新近更新的文章,相对于高考日期来说是比较新的。2.题材相对比较前沿——关于无人驾驶汽车。相对来说的新科技话题,具有一定的信息引领性。同时,无人驾驶也是目前比较有争论的话题,所以任何一篇文章都不会完全从某一个角度独立来分析阐述这一现象,除非绝对的专业测评或者技术等视角,普通评论或者描述文章一定都会有或多或少的利弊分析,因为这是未知因素会有所影响的一个话题。本文也不例外,但是本文经过改编后明显把话题倾向性定位在positive 上,整体看不出明显的问题,但是会有对客观事实的微小不尊重。这是从阅读理解试题选文的真实性信息来考虑的。本文读者受众没有刻意的区分和归类以及倾向性,文章也不算纯粹的科普文,属于普通的说事文吧,依然是侧重introce and describe ,因为没有明显的正反观点的对比,文中对比主要体现在现象的比较,所以涉及argumentation 的成分很少。基于此,本文的行文,正常来说要围绕提出问题——分析问题——解决问题来进行。

试卷文本和原文比较有大量删减改编。

首先看改编后的标题Preparing Cities for Robot Cars关键信息定位在preparing cities。但是我们在正文当中是否能够找到关键信息来支持标题核心信息,我认真阅读后,还是不明朗。但是原选文标题比较符合原选文的核心内容。而且此标题从语言角度来说也不好理解,所以标题不做更多解释。

(2018•北京)阅读理解D

标题Preparing Cities for Robot Cars

试题文章第一段

原本想和原文比较一下改动部分,但是改动太大,就省略了吧,很明显感觉改动得不是很好。比如prospect被替换为possibility 这个在理解文本含义上可以理解,但是假如作为精读去点对点分析,就会不如原词汇那么妥帖,我只能用这个词来形容。看prospects词汇解释:

以此例来说明改编的可能的不准确性,文本下面部分的改编的类似问题不再重复说明。

The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. 开篇点“题”,把无人驾驶汽车的现存状态通过一个语义对比句展示出来。告知读者本文是围绕无人驾驶汽车现状的某个问题阐述的。接下来的test,cleared the way 暗示一是有测试环节,二是有相关辅助环节。

California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. 这是本文中围绕标题而出现的最重要的关键信息。暗示cities在无人驾驶领域所可能做出的贡献。

But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.

此处有本文的一个题点关键词regulated,提示regulation 对于无人驾驶未来走向的重要性。看48题:

As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?         

A. Safety.             

B. Side effects.                   

C. Affordability.           

D. Management.

题干部分有关键信息词author ,major 所以就限定是本文作者的重点的……关注点,所以需要透彻理解本文所传递的信息是什么,还要结合选项内容来看。同时结合原文看,本文是把safety 部分内容删除掉了,而我们看四个选项事实上都可以,四个选项和客观真实性是保持一致的,至于本试题当中认为限制答案为D,从做题角度会有很多解释,但是这样的试题不严密,且,好的试题不会用major来限定。

第二段

While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also ……段首用了一个暗含转折,实际上是语义的一个侧重“确定”的句子,使用了while …also表达,前后两者都存在,但是此处侧重强调后者的意思。那么也就是说safety 问题是现存的一个相关焦点,但是这里作者想要强调also后面的内容。所以,从全文角度看,经过改编的文本有了作者或者文章态度上的些许不同,本段和原文比较有部分词汇改编删减,但是基本符合要求,没有大的变化。

接下来的内容作者具体描述无人驾驶汽车的优势和特色,包括停车管理,环境保护,以及和出租车公司等相比较的更多的便利,原文提到了优步等出租公司的disadvantageous ,但试题文本有删减,所以个别信息在理解上会觉得有模糊的感觉,不透彻。本段结束。

在此,我们就可以暂停,看试题:

47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.         

A. help deal with transportation-related problems     

B. provide better services to customers

C. cause damage to our environment                   

D. make some people lose jobs

题干中使用了pay attention to ,而这个题干是完全可以修改成一个更地道的句子的,也可以是问答方式,不是填空式。重点又在author 和attention 来限定信息,也就是可以推测,题目需要做答的是作者在本文中想要表达的观点,那么根据文本内容,c项是可以否定的。abd都不是可以完全限制的信息,也就是都有可能性,只是a项更符合出题人的思路,所以答案是A。

接下来看下一段内容,

Do we want to — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most alts own indivial self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.

段首一句属于段落衔接句,用设问的形式引出来。一方面提示读者思考,给出自己的思维判断,同时引出下面作者想要陈述的内容,此句看关键词worsen ,也就是说,作者暗示的观点是现有的交通的诸多不利因素,对于无人驾驶汽车来说会是什么样的一种对比分析结果呢?而通过上文中作者的情感态度,大致可以判断,下文作者想要阐述的是如何规避现有交通的不利因素。通过阅读试卷上的文本,我感觉此段信息和句首信息不一致,而且不符合常理,所以我再次查阅原文,因为在手机上编辑,顺便简单截图一下,如下:

通过阅读原文,可以了解,此处被命题人删除掉了,但是此举就完全改变了文章的行文思路和意义的正常表达。因为在提到了无人驾驶汽车的优势以后,作者做了一个imagine ,也就是假想内容,而此假设导致的结果就是满街的无人驾驶汽车,而此句也被命题人删除了,但是这些信息是非常关键的信息,是管理者要解决无人驾驶汽车所要面对的关键问题,删除后,就不能体现初衷含义了,而且阅读时会晦涩,不能够真正表达真实场景。具体语言不做分析解释,接下来看下一段,

A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could rece carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first  commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.此段因为删除掉的信息,而会觉得没有自然的过度和衔接。在介绍了环保和降低使用成本等优势以后,作者把话题引到了首批无人驾驶汽车的试用上,

commercially available,almost certainly,technologyas well as liability and maintenance issues,这些词是属于此处的主要信息词,提示下面举措的原因,命题人没有在此处命题,而是避开,命制了一个所谓猜测词义题目。来看试题:

49.What does the underlined word "fielded" in Paragraph 4 probably mean?         

A. Employed.                       

B. Replaced.                     

C. Shared.                       

D. Reced.

根据field所在原文语境,提示,鉴于一些考量首先要把无人驾驶技术应用于叫车服务领域。field在此处取其名词“领域”的动词含义“应用于某一领域”,在此,也就是把车辆服务划分了,可能有:公共交通,私人汽车,叫车服务等等。所以在理解此词的时候需要理解原语境的微妙提示,而不是简单来随意根据主观判断下结论,尽管结论可能也不是太离谱,至少我查了很多词典,没有查到field的英英解释为employ。细节不做分析。继续下一段,

Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 

最后一段,我们看它的情感态度,一个对未来的期待和展望,是建立在对现有一些问题和技术的解决和确认的基础上的,也就是说,作者的观点态度中规中矩,但最后一句还是表达了对未来无人驾驶汽车的正面期待。结尾段,对整个上文信息做了概括总结,综合了上文信息点。看最后一题:

50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?         

A. Doubtful.                     

B. Positive.                     

C. Disapproving.                     

D. Sympathetic.

答案是B。这个不多说,假如发散开来还有很多内容能够阐述。

总结一下:

本题目选自主流外刊,时间比较新,话题比较新。命题人对文本进行了一定量的改动删减,个人认为已经影响了准确和地道信息的传递,这是不太看好的地方。文本语言和结构没有特殊难点,试题命制也没有深度思维理解的题目,所以考虑试题安排难度,应该不是难题范畴。解读本文本相当于外刊解读的一个过程了。所以说高考题目文本精良,和外刊解读和运用分割开来不是一个真命题。我记得16年北京好像也是D篇,也是命题人做了一些删减改编,而使得整个行文不达意,试题缺少信息支持。这是一个不可忽视的命题问题。

没有时间和精力做更精细的分析。

下面是试题原文:

Preparing Cities for Robot Cars

The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.

While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help rece traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.

Do we want to — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most alts own indivial self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.

A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could rece carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.

Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 

47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.         

A. help deal with transportation-related problems     

B. provide better services to customers

C. cause damage to our environment                    D. make some people lose jobs

48.As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?         

A. Safety.                   

B. Side effects.                 

C. Affordability.           

D. Management.

49.What does the underlined word "fielded" in Paragraph 4 probably mean?      A. Employed.                     

B. Replaced.                     

C. Shared.                       

D. Reced.

50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?         

A. Doubtful.                     

B. Positive.                   

C. Disapproving.                   

D. Sympathetic.

『叁』 高考英语阅读理解题解题技巧详解

高考英语阅读理解题解题技巧详解

英语阅读理解题的难度在不断增大,考生们也大多知难而进。下面是我为大家带来的高考英语阅读理解题解题技巧,欢迎阅读。

一、四选一型阅读

高考阅读不同文体按照题型分类主要分为五大类:细节题、推理题、主旨大意题、词义句意猜测题、结构顺序题。

1、细节题解题技巧

细节题,顾名思义,就是指针对文章的某个细节而设置的试题。细节题的命题方法很多,如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查、也可能是将文章中的几个细节(通常是四个)放在一起要求考生判断是非(选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项)或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时,一个常用的方法就是运用定位法,即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子,与选项进行比较从而确定答案(此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换)。

现在围绕上述的定位理论,引申出几个小的技巧:

(1) 关键信息定位法。这个主要是细节题,如涉及到数字(日期、时间、价格等),就可以在文章中快速圈出数字,再找出目标数字及相对应的细节作息,还有人物姓名、地点名词等等,其他的还包括一些提示情节发展,或条纲性关键字眼,如First, Next, Finally等等。

As a young girl growing up in the 1930s, I always wanted to fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. I got a taste of that dream in 2011,when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. (2011年高考英语北京A篇)

What happened to the author in 2011?

A. She flew an airplane

B. She entered a competition

C. She went on a hot air balloon ride

D. She moved into a retirement community

解析:此题属典型细节题,通过题干中的时间in 2011不难定位到文中粗体字部分,很容易可以锁定正解为C。

(2) 同义定位法。英文中可以用Paraphrase表示。同义定位就是指问题所用的关键词和文中的不一致,但属于同义性质,同义转换其实是在关键间的基础上拐了个弯。

He longs for conversations with an editor who will help him turn his good ideas into great ones. He wants someone to get excited about what he's doing and to help him turn his story idea upside down and inside out, exploring the best ways to report it. He wants to be more valuable for your paper. (2010年高考英语北京B篇)

What does the reporter want most from his editors in their talks?

A. Finding the news value of his stories.

B. Giving him financial support.

C. Helping him to find issues.

D. Improving his good ideas.

解析:此题属细节题,定位方式为同义定位法。题干中的talks和文章中conversations对应,而want most和longs for对应,这样不难得出答案为D。

小结:在阅读中,精准快速的定位加上正确的理解力才能保证做题的量与质。定位法是需要在做题的过程中有意识的培养的,做题的技巧也是可以总结的,关键是要自觉培养这种分析归纳和总结的意识以及能力。

2、推理题解题技巧

推断题定义:在理解原文字面意思的基础上,通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示,做出一定的判断和推理,从而得到文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。

出现特征:在考题中经常出现的词有infer, imply, indicate, conclude, learn from, probably, most likely, prove /according to等。

She turned up at the doorstep of my house in Cornwall. No way could I have sent her away. No way, not me anyway. Maybe someone had kicked her out of their car the night before. “We're moving house.'; “No space for her any more with the baby coming.” “We never really wanted her, but what could we have done? She was a present.” People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.

How did the author feel about Goldie when Goldie came to the house? (2010年高考英语北京A篇)

A. Shocked. B. Sympathetic. C. Annoyed. D. Upset.

解析:由题目得知:是考察作者的态度题。首先定位到文章作者的话语和行为,即

(1) No way could I have sent her away. No way, not me anyway.

(2) We never really wanted her, but what could we have done? She was a present.“

(3) People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.

可知作者对它是正的情感,排除C,D.再由作者对它的不舍,答案选B

3、主旨大意题解题技巧

Topic/Title型-使用逆推法

(1) 要在阅读原文基础上,仔细考虑选项是否与文章主题有密切联系

(2) 再看选项对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何

(3) 要注意题目是否过大或者过小

(4) 要避免下列三种错误

概括不够(多表现为部分代整体,导致范围过小)

过度概括(多表现为扩大范围)

以事实、细节代替抽象概括的大意。

Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergency alert (警报) system using text messages delivered to cell phones.

Text messages have been popular in recent years, particularly among young people. The wireless instry's trade association, CTIA, estimates(估计) more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month.

The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act, a 2006 federal law that requires improvements to the nation's emergency alert system. The act tasked the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies.

“The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves and their families before, and ring, disasters and other emergencies,” FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said, following approval of the plan.

Participation in the alert system by carriers -telecommunications companies is voluntary, but it has received support from the wireless instry.

The program would be optional for cell phone users. They also may not be charged for receiving alerts.

There would be three different types of messages, according to the rules.

The first would be a national alert from the president, likely involving a natural disaster. The second would involve “approaching threats”, which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. The third would be for child abction (绑架) emergencies, or so-called Amber Alerts.

The service could be in place by 2010.( 2008年高考英语山东卷B篇)

66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A. Cell Phone Alerts Protecting Students

B. Cell Phone Alerts by Wireless Instry

C. Cell Phone Alerts of National Disasters

D. Cell Phone Alerts Coming Soon

解析:D。主旨大意题。第一段开门见山,提出将创建一个全国性的短信警报系统;最后一段重申主题,对这种新系统的未来进行展望。因此最准确的标题是D。A项错在protecting students;B项错在by wireless instry;C项错在National Disasters。

4、词义句意题解题技巧

要求考生通过阅读上下文,结合中学生应有的赏识来推测尚不熟悉的词或者词组的意思。出现特征:划线或者引号

解题方法之一:根据上下文,往往是本句中的同位关系进行猜测。

Weeks later, standing before this unfriendly mass, I was totally lost. Oh well, I lowered the paper and sat down at my desk, burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report, it all became clear, “My report is on George Washington, the man who started the American Revolution.” The whole world became quite! How could I know that she meant that George Washington?

62. The underlined word “burning” in Para. 3 probably means _______.(2012年北京,B篇,62,答案D)

A. annoyed B. ashamed C. ready D. eager

解析:从burning这个词来说,意为“发热的,强烈的,燃烧的`”,后面紧跟动词词组“find out”说明在寻找时刻的心情是很紧张和急迫的,最后是一个宾语从句,是我曾经做错过什么,那么这个题目显然就是选择和“渴望的,热切的”词义,显然为D选项。

5、结构顺序题解题技巧

常见提问方式:

How is the passage organized?

Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?

The author develops the passage mainly by….

解题思路:

(1) 注意主题段。主题段通常在文章的开头,简要概括文章的中心思想,

(2) 找出或者总结每段的主题句。主题句可能在段落的开头,也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。如何确定主题句的方法见主旨题之main idea型。

(3) 最后根据每段主题确定段与段之间的结构关系,承上启下,使文章行文连贯,逻辑严密。为突出主题,作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章,通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。

The Diet Zone: A Dangerous Place

Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet… We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet procts that we have stopped thinking about what diet procts are doing to us. We are paying for procts that harm us psychologically and physically(身体上).

Diet procts significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet procts allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale(秤)instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels.

On another level, diet procts have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don't have to work to get results. Diet procts make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle.

The danger of diet procts lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients(营养成分). Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calories only because the diet instry has created chemicals to proce these wonder procts. Diet procts may not be nutritional, and the chemical that go into diet procts are potentially dangerous.

Now that we are aware of the effects that diet procts have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet procts, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them. (2008高考英语北京卷E篇)

75. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

解析:文章第一段点明节食产品在误导人们;第二段说明节食产品对人们心理上的影响;第三段说明节食产品误导人们认为不费劲就可以减肥,即对人们身体上的危害;第四段说明节食产品的危害;第五段说明人们应该慎重对待节食产品,故从文章结构上看应该是B项正确。

二、七选五型阅读

考生需要在语篇信息存在缺失的情况下,准确理解整篇文章,特别是设题部位前后句的逻辑关系,通过上下文的线索进行判断,预测下文,然后做出正确判断。

命题分析:我们如果把整篇文章看成一个信息群,这个信息群实际上是由两大信息版块构成的:

已知信息:原文在五处空缺之外的没有被挖掉的信息

待选信息:七个待选选项中的信息

这两个信息板块间绝不是孤立的,而是有紧密的互动逻辑关系,连起来是一篇完整的文章。

考试题型对学生的考察能力来看无外乎两个方面:

(1) 把握整篇文章的布局和逻辑层次关系

(2) 把握微观信息间关联性(即空格前后句间关系)

解题方法:词汇同现、词汇复现、代词妙用、数字线索、逻辑线索。

Muzak

The next time you go into a bank, a store, or a supermarket, stop and listen. What do you hear? _____ (71) It's similar to the music you listen to, but it's not exactly the same. That's because this music was especially designed to relax you, or to give you extra energy. Sometimes you don't even realize the music is playing, but you react to the music anyway.

Quiet background music used to be called “elevator (电梯) music” because we often heard it in elevators. But lately we hear it in more and more places, and it has a new name “Muzak”. About one-third of the people in America listen to “Muzak” everyday. The music plays for 15 minutes at a time, with short pauses in between. It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning, and between three and four in the afternoon, when people are more tired.______ (72)

If you listen to Muzak carefully, you will probably recognize the names of many of the songs. Some musicians or songwriters don't want their songs to be used as Muzak, but others are happy when their songs are chosen. Why? _____ (73)

Music is often played in public places because it is designed to make people feel less lonely when they are in an airport or a hotel. It has been proven that Muzak does what it is designed to do. Tired office workers suddenly have more energy when they hear the pleasant sound of Muzak in the background. _____ (74)Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.

_____ (75)They say it's boring to hear the same songs all the time. But other people enjoy hearing Muzak in public places. They say it helps them relax and feel calm. One way or another, Muzak affects everyone. Some farmers even say their cows give more milk when they hear Muzak!( 2010年高考英语北京卷)

A. Some people don't like Muzak.

B. The music gives them extra energy.

C. Music is playing in the background.

D. Factory workers proce 13 percent more.

E. Muzak tends to help people understand music better.

F. They ge t as much as $4 million a year if their songs are used.

G. Muzak is played in most of the big supermarkets in the world.

答案:CBFDA

代词妙用:代词指代前面提到的thing, 所以只要找到与代词含义一致的词就可搞定。

71空格后面出现“It's similar to the music you listen to,”那么我们只要分析出其中的“it”的具体指代即可,通过题目及略读下文,我们很容易知道该文介绍一种音乐,而且第一段故作悬念,一直未给出其名字,所以我们只要找到选项中包含音乐一词而没有点名缪扎克一词的即可,很容易锁定BC选项,因为B项意义与下文相去甚远,故舍B取C没商量。

75空格后出现“They say it's boring to hear the same songs all the time.”,同理,我们就要确定“they”的具体指代,首先由于“say”的出现,我们锁定“they”为人的复数,所以轻松锁定ADF,所谓真金不怕火来炼,D显然逻辑不通,F由于其主语也为人,段落第一句永远不会出现意思不明的代词(we, you 除外,因为它们可以明确指代广义的人),故轻松排除F选出真金A。

72此题虽然不是明显的后文出现代词,但其前亦有代词出现,“It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning,”下文承接上文,肯定有联系,找出“it”的具体指代-the music, 轻松选出B项。(注:也可应用词汇复现法)

词汇复现法:情非得已时选择的一种方法,知道与前后文中有词汇重复的选项即可,有时也可指含义一致的词汇,如72

73前文中“but others are happy when their songs are chosen”有“their songs”, F项亦有相同词汇出现,放进去,意思通晓明白,搞定。

74后文中“Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.有”percent more“,D项亦有相同词汇出现,且意思连贯,选出即可。

72题中前句中出现”when people are more tired. “能够与”tired“相对应的四选项中只有”energy“,累了对应能量,亦可做出此题。

;

『肆』 高考英语阅读理解文章分几类

1、记叙文
记叙文又可分传记类和故事类。传记类文章在阅读中时间是全文的关键,根据时间我们可以找到相关的事件,抓住文章的主要内容。故事类文章情节性较强,阅读时要注意故事中的时间、地点、人物和发生的事件,这些都是文章中的主要内容和信息,对于准确理解文章十分重要。
2、说明文
说明文是对事物的形状、性质、特征、成果或功用等进行介绍,解释或阐述的文章。把握所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键。说明事物特征的方法很多,主要有定义法、解释法、比较法、比喻法、数字法、图表法、引用法和举例法等。(1)数字说明文在阅读数字说明文时要特别注意文中数字的含义,从这些数字中可以找到文章的主要内容。(2)解释说明文解释说明文着重说明事物的本质、特征和功用等。许多科普文章都属于这一类。在阅读这类文章时要学会解决what,how,why等一类的问题。它们是文章的关键。如能带着这些问题阅读,将会更迅速抓住文章的主题。(3)比较说明文比较说明文是通过对比方法说明问题。在阅读这类文章时要善于把握全篇陈述的基本倾向。作者在谈论一个有争议的问题时总要顾及到争议的各个方面。但是,在一般情况下,作者的陈述总要倾向于某一种观点。
3、应用文
应用文涉及的范围比较广,包括广告、通知、书信等。应用文一般语言简洁,省略及不规范的句子较多。阅读时一般要求考生全面掌握文章中提供的信息,并运用这些信息去解决问题。因此对题干的理解尤为重要。

『伍』 2012北京高考英语试题及答案

第一部分:听力理解(共三节,30分)
第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,共7.5分)
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有一道小题,从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话或独白后,你将有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话或独白你将听一遍。
例:What is the man going to read?
A. A newspaper
B. A magazine
C. A book
答案是A。
1. Who answered the phone?
A. Mike B. Henry C. Tom
2. What’s the woman’s favourite food?
A. Italian. B. Chinese. C. Indian
3. When does the first flight arrive in Detroit?
A. 5:18am. B.6:10am C.8:50am
4. What is the woman looking for?
A. Zoo B. Telephone C. Tennis court
5. What will the weather be like at the weekend?
A. Cloudy. B. Snowy. C. Sunny

第二节(共10小题,每小题1.5分,共15分)
听下面4段对话或独白,每段对话或独白后有几道小题,从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前,你将有5秒钟的时间阅读每小题。听完后,每小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白你将听两遍。

听第6段材料,回答第6至7题。
6. Where are the two speakers?
A. In the hotel B In a shop C. In a restaurant
7. How much did the man pay in the end?
A. $115. B. $130 C. $140

听第7段材料,回答第8至9题。
8. What did the man do last weekend?
A. Watched TV. B. Stayed at home. C. Visited a friend
9. What will the woman probably do this weekend?
A. Play tennis. B. Do some shopping C. Go to a dance

听第8段材料,回答第10至12题。
10. Where are the new houses?
A. On the main road. B. Close to a bus station. C. Near the sports center.
11. What does the woman like most about the new houses?
A. The garden. B. The space. C. The quietness
12. How does the man feel about the woman’s suggestion?
A. Delighted. B. Disappointed. C. Uninterested.

听第9段材料,回答第13至15题。
13. What can’t the students do without a teacher?
A. Hold parties.
B. Complete the Safety Sheet.
C. Use any emergency equipment.
14. Why are the students asked to tie back their loose hour in the lab?
A. It may catch fire
B. It may cover their eyes.
C. It may pass chemicals to their faces.
15. What is the speech mainly about?
A. Laboratory regulations.
B. Safety instructions.
C. After-class activities.

第三节(共5小题:每小题1.5分,共7.5分)
听下面的一段对话,完成第16至20五道小题,每小题近填写一个词,听对话前,你将有20秒钟的时间阅读试题,听完后你将有60秒钟的作答时间,这段对话你将听两遍。
Telephone Cancellation Request Form
Account Name Edward 16
Telephone No. 17
Home Phone Plan Nonrefundable(不退款) 18 pre-paid plan
Reason for Cancellation 19 house
Cancellation Date Required 20 9, by 5:00 pm

第二部分:知识运用(共两节,45分)
第一节 单项填空(共15小题:每小题1分,共15分)
从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
例:It’s so nice to hear from her again ______, we last met more than thirty years ago.
A. What’s more B. That’s to say
C. In other words D. Believe it or not
答案是D。
21. —Look at those clouds!
—Don’t worry. ______ it rains, we’ll still have a great time.
A. Even if B.As though C. In case D. If only
22. By the time you have finished this book, your meal ______ cold.
A. gets B. has got C. will get D.is getting
23. One learns a language by making mistakes and ______ them.
A. corrects B. correct C.to correct D. correcting
24. Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt ______ he could have expressed it differently.
A. why B. how C. that D. whether
25. George said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he ______.
A. wouldn’t B. didn’t C. hasn’t D. hadn’t
26. When deeply absorbed in work, ______ he often was,he would forget all about eating or sleeping.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
27. _______ with care, one tin will last for six weeks.
A. Use B. Using C. Used D. To use
28. Many people have donated that type of blood; however, the blood bank needs _____.
A. some B. less C. much D. more
29. —Have you heard about that fire in the market?
— Yes, fortunately no one _____.
A. hurt B. was hurt C. has hurt D. had been hurt
30. Our friendship _____ quickly over the weeks that followed.
A. had developed B. was developing
C. would develop D. developed
31. ______ at the door before you enter my room, please.
A. Knock B. Knocking C. Knocked D. To knock
33. We ______ the difficulty together, but why didn’t you tell me?
A. should face B. might face
C. could have faced D. must have faced
34. Do you think this shirt is too tight ____ the shoulders?
A. at B. on C. to D. across
35. Don’t handle the vase as if it ____ made of steel.
A. is B. were C. has been D. had been

第二节 完形填空(共20小题;每小题1.5分,共30分)
阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Inspiration
“Mama, when I grow up, I’m going to be one of those!” I said this after seeing the Capital Dancing Company perform when I was three. It was the first time that my __36__ took on a vivid form and acted as something important to start my training. As I grew older and was __37__ to more, my interests in the world of dance __38__ varied but that little girl’s dream of someday becoming a __39__ in the company never left me. In the summer of 2005 when I was 18, I received the phone call which made that dream a __40__; I became a member of the company __41__ back to 1925.
As I look back on that day now, it surely __42__ any sense of reality. I believe I stayed in a state of pleasant disbelief __43__ I was halfway through rehearsals (排练) on my first day. I never actually __44__ to get the job. After being offered the position, I was completely __45__. I remember shaking with excitement.
Though I was absolutely thrilled with the change, it did not come without its fair share of __46__. Through the strict rehearsal period of dancing six days a week, I found it vital to __47__ up the material fast with every last bit of concentration. It is that extreme __48__ to detail (细节) and stress on practice that set us __49__. To then follow those high-energy rehearsals __50__ a busy show schele of up to five performances a day, I discovered a new __51__ of the words “hard work.” What I thought were my physical __52__ were pushed much further than I thought __53__. I learned to make each performance better than the last.
Today, when I look at the unbelievable company that I have the great __54__ of being a part of, not only as a member, but as a dance captain, I see a __55__ that has inspired not only generations of little girls but a splendid company that continues to develop and grow-and inspires people every day to follow their dreams.
36. A. hobby B. plan C. dream D. word
37. A connected B. expanded C. exposed D. extended
38. A. rarely B. certainly C. probably D. consistently
39. A. director B. trainer C. leader D. dancer
40. A. symbol B. memory C. truth D. reality
41. A. bouncing B. dating C. turning D. tracking
42. A. lacks B. adds C. makes D. brings
43. A. while B. since C. until D. when
44. A. Cared B. Expected C. Asked D. Decided
45. A. motivated B. relaxed C. convinced D. astonished
46. A. challenges B. profits C. advantages D. adventures
47. A. put B. mix C. build D. pick
48. A. Attention B. association C. attraction D. adaptation
49. A. apart B. aside C. off D. back
50. A. over B. by C. with D. beyond
51. A. function B. meaning C. expression D. usage
52. A. boundaries B. problems C. barriers D. efforts
53. A. necessary B. perfect C. proper D. possible
54. A. talent B. honor C. potential D. responsibility
55. A. victory B. trend C. tradition D. desire

第三部分:阅读理解(共两节,40分)
第一节(共15小题;每小题2分,共30分)
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
The Basics of Math—Made Clear
Basic Math introces students to the basic concepts of mathematics, as well as the fundamentals of more tricky areas. These 30 fantastic lectures are designed to provide students with an understanding of arithmetic and to prepare them for Algebra(代数) and beyond.
The lessons in Basic Math cover every basic aspect of arithmetic. They also look into exponents(指数), the order of operations, and square roots. In addition to learning how to perform various mathematical operations, students discover why these operations work, how a particular mathematical topic relates to other branches of mathematics, and how these operations can be used practically.
Basic Math starts from the relatively easier concepts and graally moves on to the more troublesome ones, so as to allow for steady and sure understanding of the material by students. The lectures offer students the chance to “make sense” of mathematical knowledge that may have seemed so frightening. They also help students prepare for college mathematics and overcome their anxiety about this amazing—and completely understandable—field of study.
By the conclusion of the course, students will have improved their understanding of basic math. They will be able to clear away the mystery(神秘性) of mathematics and face their studies with more confidence than they ever imagined. In addition, they will strengthen their ability to accept new and exciting mathematical challenges.
Professor H. Siegel, honored by Kentucky Ecational Television as “the best math teacher in America,” is a devoted teacher and has a gift for explaining mathematical concepts in ways that make them seem clear and obvious. From the basic concrete ideas to the more abstract problems, he is master in making math lectures learner-friendlier and less scary.
With a PhD in Mathematics Ecation from Georgia State University, Dr. Siegel teaches mathematics at Central Arizona College. His courses include various make-up classes and a number of lectures for future primary school teachers.
If the course fails to provide complete satisfaction to you, you can easily exchange it for any other course that we offer. Or you can get your money back.

56. What does the course Basic Math mainly cover?
A. Algebra. B. College Mathematics.
C. Arithmetic. D. Mathematics Ecation.
57. What benefits can students expect from Basic Math?
A. Stronger imaginative ability.
B. Additional presentation skills.
C. More mathematical confidence.
D. Greater chances of becoming teachers.
58. What can we learn about Professor H. Siegel?
A. He is a guest lecturer at Kentucky Ecational Television.
B. He is to deliver 30 lectures in Basic Math.
C. He works in Georgia State University.
D. He specializes in training teachers.
59. Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from?
A. A news report. B. A book review
C. A lesson plan. D. An advertisement
字数受限制了,

『陆』 【急急急】2010北京高考英语完型以及abcd四篇阅读的翻译

第二节完形填空(共20小题;每小题l . 5分,共30分)
阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,从每题所给的一、乙、丙、丁四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
我遇见了内德尔在第九年级上stage-design队演出,她是一位董事。几乎立即我爱她。她有一种不愉快的声音和讲话直率,36她是鼓舞和激励。由于某种原因,她留下了深刻印象,我和我的工作。
内德尔太太问我对我的37。她想知道我认为我们应该38点。起初我不知道怎样回答因为我知道39阶段设计!但我慢慢开始回应她的40。它是因果:她认为我有意见,所以我开始41人。她信任我完成的事情,所以我完成他们完美。她喜欢42我,所以我开始出现油漆越来越多。她相信我,所以我开始相信自己。
43年内德尔太太说,“试试。我们可以在这44个!”我开始服用45。我是如此害怕失败,但突然有没有失败——只有46的东西。我蘸到油漆刷和47创建。
害羞,安静的新生获得成功的那一年。我是在48程序
“学生艺术助理”,因为时间和精力,我会在。就在那一年我49我想用我的余生做舞台设计。
在这50stage-design团队内德尔太太彻底改变了我。我不仅是更强大和更比我以为,但我也有51个强烈的兴趣和一个世界我不知道它的存在。她教我不到52的人认为我应该做的:她教我冒险,不是53。内德尔太太是我的安慰当我难过。54我一直激励着我做的事情,我从来没有想象过55。
第三部分:阅读理解(共两节,40分)
第一节(共15小题;每小题2分,共30分)
戈尔迪的秘密
她出现在门口,我的家在康沃尔。没有办法,我可以让她离开。不,不是我。也许有人把她踢出他们的汽车的前一天晚上。”我们搬家。”;“没有空间再替她与婴儿的到来。”“我们永远不会真的想要她,但我们有什么可以做?她是一个礼物。”人们寻找各种借口遗弃动物。她是一个最美丽的狗我见过。
我把她叫做金嗓子。如果我知道会发生什么事,我一定会
她更有创意的名字。她是如此的不安在那几天。她几乎没吃什么东西,有这样一个阴郁的气氛。有什么我可以让她开心,这似乎。天堂知道发生了什么事,她在她以前的所有者的。但最终在第一周结束时她平静下来。总是在我的身边,不管我们出去长时间散步或坐在火。
这就是为什么它是这样一个冲击时,她离开我的一天,当我们出去散步。我们离家很远,当她开始叫起来,变得非常不安。我终于忍不住她,她不再和跑沿着小路朝远处的一间农舍她尽可能快。
我到了农场,我感到非常疲倦和沮丧与歌。但是当我看到她舔(舔)四只小狗(幼犬)我开始感到同情他们。”我们不知道她出了什么事,说:“妇人在门口。”我带她走了一天,快的小狗出生后,她就消失了。”她一定试图回到他们迷路了,”男孩从她的背后。”
我必须承认我想念歌,但我有硬块,她看起来很像她妈妈。我学到了一个教训:不判断人。

公开信给编辑
我有一个有趣的谈话,记者近日---一个为你工作的人。事实上,他是一个最好的记者。他想离开。
你的记者给了我他的简历(简历)及复印件六的故事,他为你写的。标题显示了他们的骄傲的你。以极大的热情,他谈到了他是怎样发现问题(问题),他们的做法,而写的,它告诉我他是最好的。我确信你会恨失去他。令人惊讶的是,你的记者是不开心的。事实上,他告诉我,他很喜欢他的工作。他有一个伟大的任务(分工),并且说你运行一个大文件。这将是你很容易让他,他说。他知道,值他。他赞赏的责任,你给了他,他的职业的所有权,并享有自己的自由。
那他为什么要寻找出路?
他对我说,因为他希望他的编辑他提出更高的要求。他想推,挑战新高度,教练。
记者认为,好的故事源于好问题,但他的编辑通常要多久将故事时,它会在哪里,它可以发挥,与预算是多少。
他渴望对话编辑器谁将帮助他把他的想法变成伟大的。他希望有人兴奋的他在做什么,以帮助他把他的故事构思颠倒、内外,探索的最佳途径,报告。他想成为更有价值的纸。这是你想要的他,太,不是吗?
所以你的记者让我思考。
我们最好的希望留住我们最好的记者,编辑,摄影师,艺术家——每个人——就是努力确保他们得到他们所需要的帮助,以达到他们的潜力。如果我们做不到,他们会找人。

起搏和暂停
莎拉设法善待她的老朋友史提夫的新妻子,但贝蒂从未似乎有什么要说的。而莎拉觉得贝蒂不耽误她最后的谈话,贝蒂向史提夫抱怨莎拉从不给她一个说话的机会。这一问题已与期望起搏和暂停。
交谈是一轮游戏。当我们的习惯是相似的,是没有问题的。但如果我们习惯的不同,你可以开始谈话之前,我完成了或没有轮到你当我完成。这就是发生在贝蒂和莎拉。
这可能不是巧合,贝蒂,谁料之间相对较长的停顿的转动,是英国,莎拉,预期相对较短的停顿,是美国。贝蒂经常感到打断了莎拉。但贝蒂自己成为一个灭弧室和发现自己做最会说话的,当她遇到了从芬兰来的客人。莎拉有难的时候,一些发言者来自拉丁语在美国和以色列。
一般现象,然后,是小对话技巧,如起搏和停顿,导致人们得出结论,不是谈话风格,但个性和能力。这些习惯的差异往往是依据危险的成见(思维定式)。这些社会现象可以有很大的个人后果。例如,一个女人的美国西南部到居住在东部城市带的工作人员。在人事部门一起聚会,她一直在寻找合适的时间打破——并没有发现它。虽然回到家她是外向,自信,她在华盛顿被认为是害羞的退休。当她被评价在今年年底,她被告知要参加一个培训课程因为她不能说话了。
这就是为什么略有差异,会话风格——小东西喜欢微秒pause-can有很大影响一个人的生活。结果在这种情况下是一个判断的心理问题——甚至在介意自己的女人,谁真的不知道是什么毛病和注册的自信训练。

高等教育成本
个人(个人)应支付他们的高等教育。
大学教育是巨大的和直接的个人利益。毕业生赚的比非。同时,社会流动性越来越依赖于有一个学位。然而,只有一些人有它。所以个人,不是纳税人,应为它付出。有迫切要求对资源(资源)的政府。用纳税人的钱帮助少数人赚取高收入在未来不是其中之一。
政府的全额资金(资助)不是很好的大学。亚当·斯密曾在苏格兰大学的教师生活学费。他知道,看不起,18世纪的牛津,那里的学者生活宽裕的收入从政府获得的。保证工资,斯密认为,被敌人艰苦的工作;而当学者懒惰和无能,学生们同样懒。
如果学生支付他们的教育,他们不仅工作努力,而且还需要更多的从他们的老师。和他们的老师,要让他们满意。如果这意味着教学认真,和更少的时间对他们自己的研究兴趣,这当然是值得庆祝的事情。
很多人认为,高等教育应该免费因为它是良好的经济(经济)。许多毕业生显然有助于国家的财富,但这样做的所有企业,投资(投资)和创造就业机会。如果你认为政府应该支付高等教育毕业生的经济生产力,你也应该相信政府应该缴纳的部分业务费用。任何人都希望创造就业机会应该收到的礼物,资金来自政府投资。因此,它是个人,而不是政府,谁应该支付他们的大学教育。

望采纳,。。

『柒』 2020年北京高考英语卷真题试卷答案解析(WORD文字版)

高考像漫漫人生路上的一道坎,无论成败与否,只有努力过、拼搏过,这段青春也就无悔了,执的是自信之笔,答的是满意之卷,放松心情,去迎接挑战,相信自己一定会很出色,本文为大家介绍关于2020年北京高考外语卷的点评解析,即外语卷WORD文字高清版,一起了解。
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1、总体评价:英语试卷选材新颖、题材丰富、体裁多样,富有教育性、时代感,语言真实、地道,符合考生的认知水平和心理特点,试题的设计规范、严谨,没有偏题怪题,呈现了语言交际情境的真实性、实用性和合理性,有利于对考生学科核心素养的考查。

2、倡导核心价值、体现真善美:今年的高考英语试卷,在试题选材和立意之中,紧密联系当代社会生活,处处体现生活中的真善美。考生答题时,既要读懂文章内容,也要理解作者字里行间流露出的情感和价值观,这有助于启发考生树立正确的价值观,进行积极的

3、本套试卷凸显了英语在介绍外国文化,推动中外文化交流中所扮演的角色。通过不同话题和体裁的语言材料,小到课堂教学大到历史事件,向考生呈现出丰富多样的西方文化。比如,阅读C篇介绍了一个全球性的图书交流平台,有利于培养考生用英语参与全球文化交流的能力和意识。
二、2020年北京高考最新新闻分享
2020年高考语文作文试题北京卷“二选一”:
1、2020年6月23日,北斗三号最后一颗卫星成功发射,整个系统55个卫星织成一张“天网”每一颗都有自己的功用。以材料“每一颗都有自己的功用”为话题,自选角度,自拟题目,写一篇议论文。
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三、北京高考英语图文推荐 1、2020年北京高考英语试卷难度系数点评及答案解析(WORD文字版)

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『捌』 一道11年的北京高考英语阅读理解题,求解

64. The underlined word “engage” in Para.4 probably means ______.
答案A. explore 探讨
The real reason why I ask students to leave technology at the door is that I think there are very few places in which we can have deep conversions and truly engage complex ideas.
66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the author ______.
答案是D. values technology-free dialogues in his class
I’m not saying that I won’t ever change my mind about technology use in my history class, but until I hear a really good reason for the change ,I’m sticking to my plan. A few hours of technology-free dialogue is just too sweet to give up.
本文 谈的是 不用 电脑等设备 所以是作者 把 在课堂上 不用电脑等设备 的 会话讨论 看的很重要 too sweet to give up.太好了以至于 不能放弃

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