女权英语阅读

『壹』 急求一篇与女性有关的英文文献附带中文翻译

和同性恋倾向方面。本文拟从她成长的家庭、
男权统治秩序及她幼年遭遇的性侵害来透视她的女权主义思想渊源。
关键词：弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫；女权主义思想；家庭环境；男权统治；性侵害
弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫堪称文学史上影响深远的作家之一，不仅因其以《到灯塔去》、《海浪》等作品扬起
了意识流的风帆，而且还以《一间自己的房子》吹响了女权主义的号角。但在四、五十年代，英国文学评
论界却对她颇有微词。从70 年代以来，在英国文学研究领域却又涌起了一股对她重新研究的热浪，人们
研究她作品中的女性主义、她的意识流写作手法及其文学评论，甚至有人研究她的“发疯”、癖好、相貌
等等，因此她再次成为现代主义文学研究关注的焦点。尤其是近年来，关于她的研究更多集中在其女权主
义思想和同性恋倾向方面。但这位曾多次参与妇女解放运动、发表了无数关于妇女问题的论著及众多小说、
并提出了许多女性文学话语权利的作家却“拒绝承认她所持的‘女权主义’立场，甚至对‘女权主义’这
一称谓都十分反感”（伍厚凯，1999，p. 321）。那么，她到底是不是女权主义者？她的女权主义思想又是
如何形成的？笔者以为，她的女权主义思想与她成长的家庭、男权统治下的社会大环境及早年所受的性侵
害等密不可分。本文拟以多维视角透视她的女权主义思想渊源。
笔者以为，伍尔夫之所以否认自己的女权主义立场，是因为任何文学作品一旦被贴上“主义”的标签，
则和时代的政治背景休戚相关。而时代过去了，就意味着该作品也失去了其应有的光环。因此，几乎所有
作家都不愿意其作品被冠以“主义”。伍尔夫也不例外。尽管她拒绝承认自己所持的“女权主义”立场，
但她的小说却处处洋溢着饱满的女性意识。其处女作《远航》就漫画式地描绘了一个“女权主义者”形象。
她高谈阔论，风头甚劲，试图为女性争得与男性平等的权利，但却处处以帝国的男性统治者和政客为楷模，
潜意识里无法摆脱男权体制的控制。主人公这无奈的处境表明了作者的忧虑与彷徨，同时也启迪人们，妇
女必须为争取权利而行动；《夜与日》运用了象征手法，“夜”代表女性，意指想象、情感和直觉，而“日”
则代表男性，涵盖着对事实、理性和逻辑的崇尚。这一主题蕴涵了男女两性的对立互补，应相互融合的关
系；在《雅各之室》里，作者凸现了男女两性之间无法协调的裂痕，也强调了两性之间的沟通无比重要；
在《到灯塔去》中，兰萨姆夫妇的品质更是形成了鲜明的对比：男性死板僵化，恪守逻辑，女性灵活敏锐，
无所不思，体现了女性对事物及人际关系深刻的洞察力；在弥漫着幻想色彩的《奥兰多》中，主人公经历
了400 多年之久的人世变幻，其性别也在沧海桑田般世事变迁中阴阳交替：他由起初的翩翩少年、王室宠
臣转而变成了花容月貌的少妇，并创作了47 部作品。在这个身兼两性的人物身上，无疑寄托了伍尔夫对
于性别的思索，也是值得后世女权主义者反复玩味的不可忽视的杰作。在《一间自己的房子》里，她明确
提出了“双性同体”的美学思想，这部著作可谓其女权主义思想成熟的标志。她批评作家执着于自己的性
别，都用自己头脑的单一侧面在思考与写作，便都不是自由的、完美的。她指出这既不能归咎于男人，也
【作者简介】李利（1965－），女，陕西蒲城人，西安外国语大学教育学院副教授；研究方向：外语教学、英美文学。
对弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫女权主义思想的多维透视
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不能归咎于女人，应归罪于一切使人特别感觉到“性”的人以及他们所铸造的传统观念体系。她认为理想
的艺术家应该是男性气质与女性气质的兼容，两性交融才是优秀作品的创作源泉。
从以上作品的题旨，我们不难看出，弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫无疑具有清醒的女权主义意识。虽然在以往的
一些文学史中，她被认为是不食人间烟火、对政治漠不关心的唯美主义艺术家。然而，她的作品如《一间
自己的房子》、《三基尼金币》、《论妇女与小说》、《论简·奥斯丁》及《空袭中的沉思》等却充分证明了她
对妇女与文学及反男权战争的思考。她犀利的笔锋直指男权社会。她认为，男性撰写的历史使女性处于失
语状态，阉割了女性作为人类的另一半的话语权；父权制使女性成为作家的道路举步维艰；相对于男性，
妇女文学具有一些男人所无法企及的独特的品质；战争和男权有一种必然的内在联系，而女性品质则可以
使人类避免自我毁灭的厄运。她将战争与男权联系起来，这独到的见解无疑表明她的性别立场。在纳粹炮
声隆隆中，她以《三基尼金币》发布了独特的反战宣言。此后，她在给一名律师的信中反诘到：“难道不
是父权制度使你们趋向战争吗？”她认为妇女天生具有和平、抚慰的特质，可以极大地缓解男人的攻击欲、
狂妄和凶残。然而，“许多大门还对我们妇女关闭着，或者最多只是开启了一条小缝。”她还将家庭中的男
权主义与政治上的法西斯主义关联起来：“众人的世界与自我的世界紧密联系，前者的暴政奴役衍化出后
者的暴政与奴役。”在她看来，要解决战争问题首先得解决妇女问题。如果不解决男权统治下女性受教育
和就业的问题，那么男性操纵世界的姿态便随时可能爆发战争。故而，她的《三基尼金币》“是那一时期
批判上层人物和国家纠结在一起的纳粹精神的最激烈的作品”（S.M.Gilbert & S.Gubar，1985，p. 1225）。
由此可见，伍尔夫以其言其行彰显了女权主义思想从萌芽到成熟的艰辛历程。她不断追求男女平等，
渴望用一种双性同体的心灵进行创作。同时，她又肯定了女性自己的文学传统和明显的女性风格的存在。
毋庸质疑，她是女权主义思想举足轻重的发轫者之一。她这一思想的形成根植于其成长的家庭、男权统治
下的社会体制及早年所遭遇的性侵害。
她出生于 19 世纪末期的一个知识贵族之家，貌美惊人，才华横溢，气质非凡。其家学可谓源远流长，
家庭成员大都受过良好教育，从事法律、教育、写作或在政府部门担任公职。父亲莱斯利·斯蒂芬(1832-1904)
是19 世纪的著名作家和编辑。姑妈卡罗琳·爱米丽亚打破世俗，终生未婚，写了许多著作宣传女权主义
思想，对伍尔夫影响极大。另一位对她思想有所影响的女性是萨克雷的长女、莱斯利的前妻哈丽特的姐姐
安妮·伊萨贝拉，伍尔夫亲切地称这位女作家、萨克雷著作编辑者、女权主义者为“安妮姨妈”。《夜与日》
中的希尔伯里夫人即以其为原型。此外，伍尔夫受父母的影响根深蒂固，她反复申说对父母的回忆缠绕了
自己终身。父亲正直、严格、富于理性和强烈的道德感是他突出的性格特征，但他身上也打下了深刻的时
代烙印：维多利亚时代1 是一个典型的男权中心社会，男性家长享有至高无上的中心地位。父亲虽具有极
高的文化修养和正直善良的品德，但仍无法摆脱那个时代男性对女性的普遍态度：既温柔又严厉，既尊重
又轻视，潜意识里具有对女性的君临统治欲。他理论上相信妇女受教育的重要性，但实际却把钱都花在男
孩身上。伍尔夫从年幼时就非常愤慨于父亲把全部资金都提供给男孩的良好教育，而女孩却只能接受杂七
杂八的家庭教师的仁慈施舍，这种愤慨之情正是形成她女权主义思想的来源之一。而她母亲一生的奉献与
所求也促使她反思女人的社会及家庭地位。她母亲是“一个美丽的19 世纪中产阶级的妇女”——“她似
乎全面证实了维多利亚时代女性行为的典范”2，即男权中心的社会规范造就了与之相适应的女性，女性所
承担的是妻子和母亲的角色，是相当繁重的家庭经济事务的管理者。她称母亲这类女性为“房子里的天使”
3，是男权社会观照下的产物。母亲也认为“服务，就是女性最高天性的完全实现”。她的反女权主义者思
想更是令伍尔夫为女性哀其不幸，鸣其不平。伍尔夫也曾在要么接受命运的摆布要么奋起抗争的两难境地
1 维多利亚时代：维多利亚女王（Victoria, 1819-1901）统治时期，即1837-1901。
2 Hermione Lee, Virginia Woolf, 85.
3 源于维多利亚时代一首描写理想家庭生活的流行诗歌，题目为《房子里的天使》，作者科文特里·帕特莫尔（Coventry Patmore,
1823-1896）。
对弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫女权主义思想的多维透视
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中挣扎徘徊。比如她早年偷偷到父亲的书房广泛阅读的经历有时就让她产生强烈的自卑感：“我，一个女
人，有什么权利读所有这些由男人写出的东西？”（伍厚凯，1999，p. 29）。她对男性社会的这种怨羡情结
实在是一时难以释怀，因此她文本中的女性人物大多也都怀有怨羡情结。所谓羡慕是人们对于具体的人或
物的一种内心艳羡和仰慕，它唤起人的想象、幻想及仿效冲动；而怨恨则是一种内心的抱怨和仇恨，它激
发嫉妒、报复或复仇的冲动。人们总是热切地羡慕着某种比自己优越和高级的人或物，但由于客观条件的
限制，愈是羡慕却愈增怨恨，而愈是怨恨却愈增羡慕，从而导致一种怨恨与羡慕相互交织的深层体验心理。
伍尔夫对于哥哥们能上大学、能和朋友自由通信探讨问题就羡慕至极，而这种羡慕就成了她更专注于阅读
的直接契机，仿佛她正在同处于优势地位的兄弟们竞赛，同男权社会的教育制度进行着抗争。她的这种怨
羡情结还表现在她对父亲的热爱与怨恨之中。她在1928 年11 月28 日的日记里这样写到：“今天是父亲的
生日。他要是在世的话，就96 岁了，是的，今天96 岁：⋯⋯不过幸运的是没有。要是那样他的生命就会
扼杀我的生命。会发生什么事呢？没有写作，没有作品——不可想象”（伍厚凯，1999，p. 33）。在母亲朱
莉亚去世后，父亲的情感捕食便转而以儿女们为对象，她激愤地写到：“正是那个暴虐的父亲——那个苛
刻的、暴烈的、做作的、佯装的、自怨自艾的、装聋作哑的、哀求的、时而可爱时而可恨的父亲——那时
候统治着我。这就像和一头疯狂的野兽关在同一个笼子里”（伍厚凯，1999，p. 56）。从这些话语里，我们
可以深切地感受到她所受到的精神煎熬。
此外，导致她女权主义思想形成的另一个重要原因是来自男性的严重的性侵犯。她6 岁时就受到两个
异父兄长的猥亵，一直延续到她22 岁。这种“羞耻感”极大地影响和扭曲了她的人格建构过程。她害怕
照镜子，“照镜子的羞耻感持续了我的终生”（伍厚凯，1999，p. 61）。她埋藏在潜意识里的那种对性的恐
惧极大地危害了她的心理健康，严重毁损了她的完整人生。她早年的这种强烈的性屈辱体验，促使她深刻
反思女性的生存状态。她在叙述受杰拉德尔的猥亵时，说自己当时曾感到难以言说的愤怒和厌恶。这种感
觉使她清醒地意识到，承受来自男性的性凌辱和性压迫，乃是女性难以逃避的历史命运。对她而言，侵害
她的男性不仅代表着男性霸权社会对女性的性压迫，而且体现了男性的傲慢虚荣和强烈的权利之欲、统治
之欲。
因此，所有这些经历纠结在一起就构成了弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫在思想体系或艺术创作方面极其明晰的女
权主义思想。她的小说创作推动了现代小说的发展，她试图打破男女两性二元对立的格局，以自己独特的
视角及艺术表现手法书写了女性的真实生存状态，她对女性社会的这种深刻透视奠定了其女权主义文学批
评理论开拓者的地位，其文学影响可谓经久不衰。同时，作为才思敏捷、文采斐然的女作家，她也经历了
常人难以想象的精神痛苦，但她告别人世时那种宽厚而平和的胸怀，宁静而恬淡的心境，尊严而优雅的风
度，是对她丰富而超然的人生态度的最好诠释，是只有渗透了生命之奥秘后方可达到的境界。总之，她的
生命哲理、妇女创作文学观、双性同体思想、女性主义文学批评理论等为人类在美学和文化领域的研究留
下了无限的思索空间。
参考文献：
Jean Moorcraft Wilson. 1987. Virginia Woolf: Life and London. W.W. Norton & Company, 31.
S.M.Gilbert & S.Gubar. 1985. The Norton anthology of literary by women: The tradition in English. New York, London: Norton,
1225.
林树明. 多维视野中的女性主义文学批评[M]. 北京：中国社会科学出版社，2004.
伍厚凯. 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫：存在的瞬间[M]. 四川：四川人民出版社，1999.
张岩冰著，王岳川主编. 女权主义文论[M]. 山东：山东教育出版社，2002.
Dimensions of perspective on Virginia Woolf’s feminist ideology
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LI Li
Abstract: Virginia Woolf has been considered as the pioneer as well as the predominant feminist critic,
hence, the emergence of heated research on her and her works especially after the 1970s. The research in recent
years has attached great importance to her feminist stance and lesbian inclination. This paper intends to analyze
the formation of her in view of her family background, the then androcentric social environment and the sexual
harassment that she enred very early in her life.
Key words: Virginia Woolf; feminist ideology; family background; androcentric social environment; sexual
harassment

『贰』 英语读书笔记

英语读书笔记5篇

当阅读完一本名著后，你有什么领悟呢？何不静下心来写写读书笔记呢？你想好怎么写读书笔记了吗？下面是我整理的英语读书笔记5篇，希望对大家有所帮助。

If you give me three days of light, this article tells me: Helen Kellers concern for health and the desire for a pair of perfect eyes are very strong. Although he was unfortunate to lose sight and hearing, his understanding of life was far more than ordinary people. A blind man and a deaf man have become a famous writer! Helen Kellers life is full of courage and strength. We should learn from him and learn the spirit that he is brave enough to face difficulties and challenges, and this spirit will be passed on forever. Let the spirit of Helen Keller record a glorious history.

Yes! People tend to be like this: things that have something no longer cherish, things that do not have to pursue. Maybe we should put the external things a little bearish, think now happy wonderfull life, think today is the last day of life, that day will be a wonderful crosssubstantially.

Finally, I would like to answer Helen Kellers question: if I have only three days of light, I will let my eyes look at the beautiful world. The three days of this precious day will be the best memories of my life.

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『叁』 大学英语作文及点评

大学太悠闲不好，即使很有空，也要多阅读几篇英语作文让自己忙碌起来。下面是我给大家整理的大学英语作文及点评，供大家参阅!

大学英语作文及点评：On Equality

In the days when a woman's entire obligation was to be a good daughter, a good wife and a good mother, men and women were far from equal. Women suffered sexual discrimination until the so-called feminism came into being. Nowadays, feminism has been running for over a century. Result? It ran into the extreme of "equality" from my perspective.

Most of us agree that men and women should enjoy equality in this modern society. But what on earth does this equality mean? To be "equal", those for feminism would like to share everything with men they split bills, apply for masculine jobs,etc. They intended to buy in all the advantages and disadvantages of being a man. On their long journey to the "equal world",they've forgotten some basic facts they ARE women. Even school children know that women, after all, are different from men both physically and mentally. It is unwise, or even stupid,to ignore all these differences and pursue a so called "equal world". We couldn't expect a man to give birth to a baby as we couldn't expect the sun to rise in the west. Likewise, we couldn't expect a woman to become the world's fastest runner,as is simple, but seems forgotten by those feminists.

Equality is not bisecting everything. Real equality should be built upon the common sense of the basic sexual differences.Since some of the jobs can only be done well enough by men,women should not feel discriminated when we fail. After all,there're also some jobs, which can only be perfectly done with women's hands. These are not symbols of inequality, but natural laws. What really counts is equality in rights, reputation,etc. Only when all the indivials value the spirit of being equal can women really enjoy equality with men.

简 评

男女平等是人们的美好夙愿，但什么才是真正的平等?怎样促成平等的实现?一些女权主义者们所倡导的能带来真正意义的平等吗?这是文章要告诉我们的。

文章观点比较独特，向进行了一个多世纪的女权运动提出了质疑。开篇亮出了观点，明确表态。“Nowadays，feminism has been running for over a century.Result?It ran into the extreme of‘equality' from my perspective.”在第二段写到女权运动在现今社会的产物，进一步指出，“It is unwise，or even stupid，to ignore a11 these differences and pursue a so-called ‘equal world~”，并且附加了两个简洁有力的事实例证，加强这一论述观点。到此为止，文章的论述都是有条有理的，但文章接下来就急于结尾了，而对于什么是真正的平等，和如何促成平等的实现，几乎是一语带过，只写到，“What really counts is equality in rights，reputation，etc.”没有展开任何的论述，感觉是指出了问题，却没找到真正的方向，最后一段的论述空洞，没有说服力，让人觉得虎头蛇尾，实在可惜。

文章中的关联词使用得不多，从语言表述方面也还不够成熟。英语语言是一种“chain laneuaee”，而准确、恰当的关联词是语言学习是否步入一个成熟阶段的衡量指数，这也是该习作要注意提高的地方。

(点评教师：卢爱华)

大学英语作文及点评：For What Purpose Do You Learn Foreign Languages

For what purpose do you learn foreign languages? To students, foreign languages are their curriculums. To job hunters, foreign languages are the stepping stones to success. To applicants for admission to foreign schools, languages are indispensable. With the Reform and Open Policy carried out, foreign languages have played a more and more important role in today's society. Competence for languages is one of the basic qualifications.

Furthermore, craze for language learning has been a social phenomenon. From children to senior citizens, everyone takes great pains. But think it over for what purpose are you learning the language? Only for occupations? For examinations? Language learning has been too utilitarian.

A rather queer phenomenon emerges from society that one can speak English or other languages so fluently but is not able to recite one of famous Tang poems. Many people, especially the young, try hard to master the foreign language but neglect the study of their own mother tongue. An advertisement of dairy procts has caused my curiosity. The protagonist of the ad was a little girl aged only four. What astonished the spectators was that the girl could speak three different languages, English, Japanese and French. WHAT AGENIUS! She is by no means inferior to other child prodigies. The advertiser took advantage of this amazing fact to exaggerate the effects of the procts. Nevertheless, for what purpose does the girl spare no efforts to master the three languages? Even to an alt, it is a difficult task.She must have lost the fun playing with her peers. She must have been for hours at end reciting the same word under the supervision of her parents. She must have been wondering why she should make such sacrifice. It is her parents who force her to learn in order to stand above. They might have been influenced by the idea that the earlier one child starts to learn the language,the easier he will master it. This is not unique, but comes in pairs. The age of the learners has been younger and younger.But ecators have found that learning languages too early will affect the development of child's linguistic competence. The probable result is that the child might be Jack of all trades but master of none or, even worse, she might be unable to express

herself in her mother tongue .

It should be lamentable if Chinese tradition culture should be discarded and forgot. Maybe it is just an unwarranted anxiety or groundless fear. But one shouldn't forget his roots no matter when and where he is.

From my point of view, people have lost themselves in language learning. It is like killing the goose for eggs. One of the aims of learning is to gain a further insight into other different countries, to acquire oneself with the cultures and customs, not just to master the language. The process of learning is a treasure house. It is like an exploration of a new continent.

简 评

“英语是中国社会的一大毒瘤”，现在经常能听到人们对英语学习的狂热如此抱怨。确实如此，世界上可能没有哪个国家像中国这样如此重视英语了：幼儿园的儿童学英语，福利院的白发老人也学英语;到外企应聘考英语，考古专业的博士生入学考试也要考英语。学校里，中国语文课时越来越少，英语课时越来越多。难怪有人说，现在有些学生的英语比汉语更好了。这种说法也许言过其实，但这种现象确实值得重视。本文提出了对这种现象的思考，针砭时弊，言之有物，语言流畅。但这篇文章的内容安排值得商榷：随想过多，分析不够。这也是中国同学写作文是值得注意的普遍问题。

(点评教师：汪中平)

大学英语作文及点评：Sexism at Work

Recent years see more girl students on the campus than boys, and girls perform as excellently as boys. Some are even superior and receive more praises and honors. Indeed, girls are equal to boys.

However, when they are getting out of the pure schoolyard and venture into the complicated society, they find themselves faced with many things different. Among them is sexism at work.

It begins with the job interview. Though females have made full preparation to cope with the situation, blatant sexism in the selection of staff will make it tough for them to please the inter viewer and render him to nod. More vacancies are open only to males. Sometimes, females will be rejected just because of their sex.

When females are lucky enough to be employed by a company, don't you assume that they are regarded as equal to males. I confess that the work they do is equal, however, disappointing ly, the pay is not. Women may do no less work but earn much less than men. To make matters worse, they're confronted with great possibility to be fired e to their marriage and pregnancy.Natural features appear to be a burden on women. Besides,women also hold less hope to be promoted. Once women in office may do trivial work such as typing and stenography while nowadays quite a large number of women are qualified for major task and ready for heavy responsibility. Unfortunately, they will barely have chances to display their talent. Eventually, only a few women succeed in winning high positions as well as high salaries. Common situation is that women are reced to low positions and thus paid "accordingly".

In a society where human rights are strongly emphasized,it's terrible to see sexism demonstrated in almost every aspect of human life. All in all, equality between sexes is badly urged.Everybody, especially the victim of sexism at work, is looking forward to being treated equally.

简 评

男女“生而平等”，但在现实生活中却遭遇很多不平等。招聘时是这样，工作中还是这样。本文用“逆起式”开头，先谈高校中女生的优秀，然后过渡到本文主题：现代社会对女性的歧视。在正文中，先谈女生应聘时遭遇的不公，再重点分析工作中她们遭遇的更多歧视以及这些歧视又是如何使女性显得“低能”。这样组织内容文章思路非常清楚。但同学们在使用“逆起式”开头时需要谨慎：千万不要写得太长，否则就会进入主题太慢，给人拖泥带水之嫌。

(点评教师：汪中平)

『肆』 谁知道英语阅读理解eating disorder的短文

你好，我来回答你

Eating disorder is very common now. "When I first wrote about this. the problem was pretty much hidden … I didn't expect it to get as bad as it is." Susie Orbach, an international authority on eating disorders, said.
Orbach must at times think the anti-diet message of her book “fat is a Feminist Issue(女权主义问题)”has been lost since it was written more than 20 years ago.
Girls, boys, old people -- even the famously well-rounded female population of Fiji are falling victims(牺牲品) to fat fear.
"If anything, the situation has got much, much worse. We now have kids as young as eight and women in old people's homes worried about the way they look." Orbach said.
Even though it has been proved that repeated dieting results in a little more than regaining most of the lost weight, constant dieting has become a way of life for many women. 48 per cent of British women aged 25 to 35 were on some kind of diet and 20 per cent of young women dieted all or most of time. Some of them said they would pop a pill to give them their beautiful shape, even if it meant risking their health. Worldwide, 70 million people have an eating disorder. Most are women, but men are increasingly affected, too.
More than half the women and two thirds of the men in Britain weigh too much. while in the United States more than one quarter of alts and about one in five children are overweight. The idea that female beauty is a very thin body could be changed, if clothing factories and magazines showed images(形象) of women of all shapes instead of selecting skeletal-like models and stick-thin actress.
But that is easier said than done.
To get the message across, Orbach is also considering talking to pop stars such as Victoria Beckham and Geri Halliwell, both of whom have admitted__________________.
不知道你说的是不是这个
希望帮上你的忙
望采纳谢谢

『伍』 如何在英语阅读课堂上应对中英文谚语中出现的性别歧视

（一）人际称谓
亲昵称谓
在西方，男性上司称呼他们的女性下属时可以用一些表示亲密关系的昵称，如sugar, darling, sweetie, girlie; 反过来，女性下属却不能用这些昵称来称呼她们的上司，而且女性上司也不能如此来称呼她们的男性职员，可是，陌生男子或非亲密关系的男子却可用昵称来称呼女子，这说明在英美社会女性比男性社会地位低，受到的尊重比男性少。[2](P74)
姓名称谓
在西方 ,女子婚前一般用父姓 ,婚后改用丈夫的姓 , 例如 :在西方婚礼上 ,新郎新娘步入教堂时 ,牧师宣布:“I now pronounce you man and wife.”“婚后的男子依旧是man ,而婚后的女子则由Miss变成了wife这种现象不乏女权主义者和职业妇女。”[2](P74) 当时的美国总统Bill Clinton的夫人Hilary Rodhamon也在为自己的 ,即支持已婚女性不仅应当标注夫姓 ,而且只应当标注夫姓 ,而不应继续标注父姓。尽管Hilary Rodhamon本人是一位女权运动者 ,但她还是把自己的名字根据丈夫和自己的政治需要, 先从Hilary Rodhamon改为Hilary Rodhamon Clinton, 最后改为Hilary Clinton。但是, 不管怎么改, 都不能超出如下选择: 要么跟父亲姓, 要么跟丈夫姓。这种以丈夫的姓冠之于前的称呼 ,表明妇女出嫁后就成了丈夫的私有财产, 是属于丈夫的, 因此无法得到与丈夫平等的权利。未婚女性用Miss冠以父姓, 已婚的用Mrs.或Lady冠以丈夫的姓氏。
指代称谓
1）提到男女双方时，双方不是处于平等地位，而是男先女后。
King and queen, brother and sister, father and mother, boys and girls, husband and wife, Adam and Eve, man and woman, Mr. Lucas and his wife Louise.
2）. 一些形式上没有男性标志的词意，人们习惯上把它们当作是男性词看待。
英语及其它讲英语国家的人习惯认为 professor, doctor, lawyer, surgeon, barrister, magistrate 等为男性，当我们听到有人说：My cousin is a professor 时，多数人会断定professor为男性。若要说明这些词是女性的，一般可在前面加上woman, lady, female 等修饰语。如:woman professor, lady doctor, female worker等，这些所谓的中性词的用法从一个侧面反映出旧社会中地位较高的职业为男子所垄断，相反地teacher, nurse , secretary, model 等人们一般认为是女性，如为男性时前面要加上male或是man,如:male nurse, man teacher。这些习惯除了历史现实情况有关，也可以说是一种社会偏见。

『陆』 谁能给我一片英语阅读理解加翻译，而且要有题，题要答案

Passage Six (Equality of opportunity in the twentieth Century Has Not Destroyed the Class System)
These days we hear a lot of nonsense about the ‘great classless society’. The idea that the twentieth century is the age of the common man has become one of the great clichés of our time. The same old arguments are put forward in evidence. Here are some of them: monarchy as a system of government has been completely discredited. The monarchies that survive have been deprived of all political power. Inherited wealth has been savagely reced by taxation and, in time, the great fortunes will disappear altogether. In a number of countries the victory has been complete. The people rule; the great millennium has become a political reality. But has it? Close examination doesn’t bear out the claim.
It is a fallacy to suppose that all men are equal and that society will be leveled out if you provide everybody with the same ecational opportunities. (It is debatable whether you can ever provide everyone with the same ecational opportunities, but that is another question.) The fact is that nature dispenses brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality. The old rules of the jungle, ‘survival of the fittest’, and ‘might is right’ are still with us. The spread of ecation has destroyed the old class system and created a new one. Rewards are based on merit. For ‘aristocracy’ read ‘meritocracy’; in other respects, society remains unaltered: the class system is rigidly maintained.
Genuine ability, animal cunning, skill, the knack of seizing opportunities, all bring material rewards. And what is the first thing people do when they become rich? They use their wealth to secure the best possible opportunities for their children, to give them ‘a good start in life’. For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the western world. Private schools which offer unfair advantages over state schools are not banned because one of the principles in a democracy is that people should be free to choose how they will ecate their children. In this way, the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent: an able child from a wealthy home can succeed far more rapidly than his poorer counterpart. Wealth is also used indiscriminately to further political ends. It would be almost impossible to become the leader of a democracy without massive financial backing. Money is as powerful a weapon as ever it was.
In societies wholly dedicated to the principle of social equality, privileged private ecation is forbidden. But even here people are rewarded according to their abilities. In fact, so great is the need for skilled workers that the least able may be neglected. Bright children are carefully and expensively trained to become future rulers. In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an ecated peasant.

1. What is the main idea of this passage?
[A] Equality of opportunity in the twentieth century has not destroyed the class system.
[B] Equality means money.
[C] There is no such society as classless society.
[D] Nature can’t give you a classless society.
2. According to the author, the same ecational opportunities can’t get rid of inequality because
[A] the principle ‘survival of the fittest’ exists.
[B] Nature ignores equality in dispensing brains and ability.
[C] Material rewards are for genuine ability.
[D] People have the freedom how to ecate their children.
3. Who can obtain more rapid success
[A] those with wealth.
[B] Those with the best brains.
[C] Those with the best opportunities.
[D] Those who have the ability to catch at opportunities.
4. Why does the author say the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent? Because
[A] money decides everything.
[B] Private schools offer advantages over state schools.
[C] People are free to choose the way of ecating their children.
[D] Wealth is used for political ends.
5. According to the author, ‘class divisions’ refers to
[A] the rich and the poor.
[B] Different opportunities for people.
[C] Oppressor and the oppressed.
[D] Genius and stupidity.

Vocabulary
1. discredit 损害，破坏，败坏（某人的名声），不可信
2. monarch 国王，女皇，君主政体
3. millennium 千年
the millennium 千僖年
4. bear out 证实
5. level out （升跌之后）呈平稳状态
6. meritocracy 英才管理，英才教育，能人统治
7. knack 技巧，诀窍
8. perpetuate 使永久，永存或持续
9. indiscriminate 不加鉴别的，不加分析的，任意的
10. boil down 归结为……

难句译注
1. Close examination doesn’t bear out the claim.
【参考译文】深入探索证实此断言不确。（也就是说太平盛世并没有成为政治现实）。
2. might is right
谚语：强权即公理。
3. For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the western world.
【结构简析】lip-service口惠而实不至。EX: He pays lip-service to feminism but his wife still does all the housework.他口口声声说支持女权主义，但全部家务仍是他妻子的事。
【参考译文】我们口口声声赞扬平等思想，我们在西方世界中并不认为这一思想事错误的。
4. In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an ecated person.
【参考译文】最终，一切政治意识，都归结为一件事：不论你是由封建国王统治还是英才统治，阶级区分依然存在。

写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇对“无阶级社会和人人平等”论点的驳斥文章。作者从四个方面进行论述。1、天赋的才能和智慧与平等原则无关。2、“适者生存，强权即公理”依然存在。3、人获得的报酬是取决于人的才能而不是平等。4、金钱的作用，它不仅可以培育有能力的人，还是政治的后盾。只有金钱加能力是成功的关键。所以所谓平等不存在，更没有无阶级的社会。

答案详解
1. A 二十世纪平等的机遇并没有摧毁阶级。文章一开始就对无阶级社会的论点进行了反驳：有人认为君主整体已完全摧毁，幸存下来的王公贵族已经被剥夺了一切政治权力，继承的财产为税收大幅度的削减，到时候，巨大的财富将消失殆尽，在许多国家中，已全面胜利，人民进行统治，伟大的太平盛世已成为政治显示。作者认为：深入检查证实这一断言不实。第二段提出了即使人人都获同样的受教育的机会，可人的天然智慧和能力与平等原则无关，适者生存，强权即公理依然存在。教育的普及摧毁了老的阶级体制，却创造新的，报酬是机遇才干成就。贵族统治就是英才统治，可在其他方面，社会依然，阶级确实存在。后面两段集中论述了金钱的作用。
B.金钱意味着平等是错误的。C.不存在无阶级社会。内容是对的，但不是本文的主题思想。D.自然界不会赋予你一个无阶级社会。
2. B 自然界在分赋人智慧和能力是不会顾及平等。
A.适者生存的原则存在。根据这一原则无智慧和能力者难以生存于社会。C.物质报偿是根据人的真正能力。D.人们有自由选择如何教育自己的孩子。这三项都基于一点――人的智慧和能力。有智慧能力才能生存，才能获报偿，这已经是不平等，即使获同样的受教育的机会，也不可能铲除不平等。
3. A 有钱的人。第三段一开始就点明：真正的能力、动物般机敏狡猾、技能、善抓机会的诀窍，这一切都带来物质报偿。有了钱的人首要作的事情就是给孩子最佳教育机会，而私人学校教育优于公立学校，人们又有自由选择如何教育自己的孩子。在这个意义上，英才教育在某种程度上是永存的。一个来自富有家庭的有能力的孩子要比其对立面获得成功要快得多得多。
B.具有很高智慧的人，若没有钱是难以成功的。第三段的最后一句话也点明这一点，金钱同从前一样是强有力的武器。文章最后一段即使在完全遵循社会平等原则的社会里，禁止特权的私人教育，人们也是按能力获报酬。小心翼翼而又耗费巨大地把聪明的孩子培养成未来的统治者。C.具有最佳机遇的人。D.是B和C的结合。
4. A金钱决定一切。新的英才教育在一定程度上永存。没有钱，上不起私立学校，谈不上机会，更不用说英才教育。有了钱才能为孩子创造机会。
B.私立学校提供的优越性高于公立学校。C.人们有自由选择教育孩子的方式方法。D.财富用于政治目的。第三段最后三句话：“财富也可以不加区别地用于更远的政治目的。没有强大的财政作后盾，成为民主国家的元首几乎是不可能。金钱和过去一样是强有力的武器，这也说明了金钱的力量，决定一切。”
5. A 富人和穷人。纵然作者提及，同样的教育机会也不可能铲除不平等，因为上天赋予人之智慧是不可能考虑平等原则，可是作者也提到适者生存、强权即公理。贵族政治可读成英才教育。这已说明英才指的是贵族的英才。第四段进一步指出有钱的人首先要做的就是给子女一个良好的教育机会。而私立学校的教育质量优于公立学校。有钱人家的有能力的孩子成功机遇就高。财产还可用于政治目的，要成为民主国家的领袖就得有雄厚的财力支持。钱财和过去一样强有力。即使在以社会平等为原则的社会中，私立学校被禁，酬劳还是以人的能力为准，大量需要有技能的工作人员，而差劲的人没有人关注。天才的孩子予以仔细而又及其昂贵的培养以成为未来的统治者。
总之，政治意识归结为同一个东西――阶级划分存在，不论你是为封建帝王统治，还是为受过教育的农民统治，从这里看，作者的class division指的是A项。
B.人们不同的机遇。C.压迫者和被压迫者。D.天才和笨蛋。

『柒』 有谁看过A story of an hour这篇英文小说，就讲的主要是一个妇人听到她丈夫死后的一个

所有没有写作年代和背景的阅读理解都是流氓！

这是一篇女权解放时期的文章。
文章刚开始那妇人听到噩耗仿佛天塌了一样，之后看着窗外美丽的世界，她渐渐地意识到自己自由了，以后的日子可以只为自己而活了。这是那个时代的女人完全不可想象的。而就在她以为自己得到那来之不易、美好的自由的时候。她的丈夫回来了，并没有死。这个打击拖垮了妇人脆弱的心脏，她死了。而死亡原因是，也只可能是，因喜悦而死。

这篇短文是美国作家凯特·肖邦（Kate Chopin）写于1894年。美国女权运动第一阶段，也就是萌芽期是从18世纪末至20世纪20年代。

Lz感受一下。