题材新颖的英语阅读理解
1. 中考英语阅读理解的题材
中考英语阅读理解：穷人的孩子早当家
Mr Brown was born in a poor family.He couldn’t go to school when he was young.Now he’s a porter[1] and works at a station.He doesn’t think it’s necessary[2] to know some knowledge[3] of science.His son,Bill,began to go to school last year.The boy likes nothing except playing.He doesn’t listen to the teachers in class and can’t do his homework after class.It’s the hardest thing for him to do maths exercises.And he wants to drop it.
Last evening Mrs Brown heard Bill crying in the next room while she and her husband were watching TV.She came up to him and asked,“What’s the matter,Bill?”
“I can’t do my maths homework,”said the boy.“I won’t go to school tomorrow!
“No,no,don’t do that!”said the woman.“Maybe your father can help you.”
Then she asked her husband to help their son with his maths.Mr Brown said,“But I don’t know maths,either.”
“It doesn’t matter,”said his wife.“You’ll only coax him out of crying.”
Mr Brown had to do as his wife said.The next afternoon Bill came back and showed his exercise?book to his father.The man had a look at it and shouted to his wife,“Come here quickly,dear!I got an A in maths!”
Notes:[1]porter /`pt/n.搬运工 [2]necessary/`nesIsrI/adj.必要的 [3]knowledge/`nlId/n.知识
根据短文内容，选择正确答案。
1.Which of the following is true?
A.Mr Brown was going to be a porter when he was young.
B.Mr Brown’s parents were too poor to send him to school.
C.Mr Brown wasn’t interested in science when he was young.
D.There was no school in Mr Brown’s hometown.
2.Bill can’t do his homework because .
A.his father wouldn’t help him
B.he doesn’t listen to his teachers
C.he doesn’t like studying D.he wants to drop maths
3.Bill cried to .
A.get his parents’ help B.go to bed earlier
C.get something to eat D.watch TV with his parents
4.The phrase “coax sb. out of crying” in the story means .
A.制止某人哭泣 B.惹得某人哭泣
C.阻止某人叫喊 D.哄某人停止哭泣
5. is good at maths in their family.
A.Bill B.Mr Brown C.Mrs Brown D.None
6.When he had a look at Bill’s exercise-book,Mr Brown was .
A.sorry B.happy C.worried D.sad
答案见下页
1.B
2.C
3.A
4.D
5.D
6.B
初一英语天天练：阅读理解--烦人的蚊子
We know the mosquito very well. Mosquitoes fly everywhere. They can be found almost all over the world, and there are more than 2,500 kinds of them.
No one likes the mosquito. But the mosquito may decide that she loves you. She? Yes, she. It’s true that male mosquito doesn’t bite(咬) and only the female mosquito bites because she needs blood to lay eggs. She is always looking for things or people she wants to bite. If she likes what she finds, she bites. But if she doesn’t like your blood, she will turn to someone else for more delicious blood. Next time a mosquito bites you, just remember you are chosen. You’re different from the others!
If the mosquito likes you, she lands on your body without letting you know. She bites you so quickly and quietly that you may not feel anything different. After she bites, you will have an itch(痒) on your body because she puts something from her mouth together with your blood. By the time the itching begins, and she has flown away.
And then what happens? Well, after her delicious dinner, the mosquito feels tired. She just wants to find a place to have a good rest. There, on a leaf or a wall, she begins to lay eggs, hundreds of eggs.
1. “Mosquito” means _______ in Chinese.
A. 苍蝇 B. 蜻蜓
C. 跳蚤 D. 蚊子
2. We know mosquitoes very well because ___________.
A. they can be found easily B. they fly here and there
C. there are many kinds of them D. they can fly
3. If the mosquito doesn’t bite you, it will ________.
A. get angry with you B. be afraid of you
C. make a lot of noise D. choose another one
4. The mosquito bites you _________.
A. when you’re asleep B. because you have choose it
C. too quickly to let you know D. but doesn’t like you
5. Which of the following sentences is wrong?
A. The itching begins after the mosquito bites you.
B. You feel terrible when the mosquito bites you.
C. Mosquitoes use blood to lay eggs.
D. All the mosquitoes don’t like to bite people for blood.
答案及解析：
1. D。 “吸血”和“会飞”是mosquitoes的两个主要特征。根据这两个特点，联系生活常识，即可选定答案。另外，读罢全文之后，也能将其余选项予以排除。
2. B。 “We know the mosquito very well. Mosquitoes fly everywhere.”一句是答案的出处。
3. D。 答案就在“But if she doesn’t like your blood, she will turn to someone else for more delicious blood.”这句话之中。
4. C。 答案的依据是“…she lands on your body without letting you know. She bites you so quickly and quietly that you may not feel anything different.”一句。
5. B。 其余三项在文中都有明确的说明。根据上面那个小题的内容，B项明显是错误的。
高考英语阅读理解真题解析·最初的和最后的人类
导语：2014高考临近，我为考生们整理了高考英语阅读理解真题解析 ， 希望对大家有所帮助。
Olaf Stapledon wrote a book called First and Last Men, in which he looked millions of years ahead. He told of different men and of strange civilizations(文明), broken up by long “dark ages” in between. In his view, what is called the present time is no more than a moment in human history and we are just the First Men. In 2,000 million years from now there will be the Eighteenth or Last Men.
However, most of our ideas about the future are really very short-sighted. Perhaps we can see some possibilities for the next fifty years. But the next hundred? The next thousand? The next million? That’s much more difficult.
When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life? Yet to men of 50,000 years from now, we may seem as primitive(原始的) in our ideas as the Stone-Age hunters do to us. Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spundels, or struggling with their ballalators through the cribe. These words, which I have just made up, have to stand for things and ideas that we simply can’t think of.
So why bother even to try imagining life far in the future? Here are two reasons. First, unless we remember how short our own lives are compared with the whole human history, we are likely to think our own interests are much more important than they really are. If we make the earth a poor place to live because we are careless or greedy(贪婪) or quarrelsome, our grandchildren will not bother to think of excuses for us.
Second, by trying to escape from present interests and imagine life far in the future, we may arrive at quite fresh ideas that we can use ourselves. For example, if we imagine that in the future men may give up farming, we can think of trying it now. So set you imagination free when you think about the future.
1. A particular mention made of Stapledon’s book in the opening paragraph ________.
A. serves as a description of human history
B. serves an introction to the discussion
C. shows a disagreement of views
D. shows the popularity of the book
2. The text discusses men and women 50,000 years ago and 50,000 years from now in order to show that ________.
A. human history is extremely long
B. life has changed a great deal
C. it is useless to plan for the next 50 years
D. it is difficult to tell what will happen in the future
3. Spundels and ballalators are used in the text to refer to ________.
A. tools used in farming
B. ideas about modern life
C. unknown things in the future
D. hunting skills in the Stone Age
4. according to the writer of the text, imagining the future will ________.
A. serve the interests of the present and future generations
B. enable us to better understand human history
C. help us to improve farming
D. make life worth living(www.nmet168.com)
【答案与解析】 这是一篇由 Olaf Stapledon 所著的《最初的和最后的人类》而引出的关于幻想未来的文章。
1. B。 用排除法解答：先排除 A，因为这篇短文并非是对人类历史进行描述;再排除C，因为作者在此文章中并非表明对不同观点的否定;最后排除 D，因为作者并非要说明这本书的普遍意义。至于 B 项内容，正好符合这本书引导人们讨论的意图，故应选 B。
2. D。 文中提及五万年前，处于狩猎时代的人们不可能勾勒出现代生活的画卷;也许我们将来会被认为是我们所认为的原始人，正如石器时代的狩猎者和我们相比一样，可知要预测较为遥远的未来是一件困难的事情。
3. C。 从上下文可知，这四个词汇是作者杜撰的，用以形象地表示五万年后未知的事物和行为。
4. A。 文中提及现在即开始对未来展开想象，是基于两点理由：人生是有限的;我们可能得到一些对我们自己切实可行的新见解。文中还提及如果我们因粗心大意和贪得无厌而把地球弄得一塌糊涂而不能居住，我们的子孙们就不难找到迁怒于我们的理由，故应选A。
中考英语阅读理解及答案：穷人的'孩子早当家
导读： 英语水平的提高需要靠一点一滴的积累和长期的训练和应用。对于即将面临中考的考生们来说，每天做一些英语阅读题目是很有必要的。初中频道每日一练将持续更新，敬请关注！
Mr Brown was born in a poor family.He couldn’t go to school when he was young.Now he’s a porter[1] and works at a station.He doesn’t think it’s necessary[2] to know some knowledge[3] of science.His son,Bill,began to go to school last year.The boy likes nothing except playing.He doesn’t listen to the teachers in class and can’t do his homework after class.It’s the hardest thing for him to do maths exercises.And he wants to drop it.
Last evening Mrs Brown heard Bill crying in the next room while she and her husband were watching TV.She came up to him and asked,“What’s the matter,Bill?”
“I can’t do my maths homework,”said the boy.“I won’t go to school tomorrow!
“No,no,don’t do that!”said the woman.“Maybe your father can help you.”
Then she asked her husband to help their son with his maths.Mr Brown said,“But I don’t know maths,either.”
“It doesn’t matter,”said his wife.“You’ll only coax him out of crying.”
Mr Brown had to do as his wife said.The next afternoon Bill came back and showed his exercise?book to his father.The man had a look at it and shouted to his wife,“Come here quickly,dear!I got an A in maths!”
Notes:[1]porter /`pt/n.搬运工 [2]necessary/`nesIsrI/adj.必要的 [3]knowledge/`nlId/n.知识
根据短文内容，选择正确答案。
1.Which of the following is true?
A.Mr Brown was going to be a porter when he was young.
B.Mr Brown’s parents were too poor to send him to school.
C.Mr Brown wasn’t interested in science when he was young.
D.There was no school in Mr Brown’s hometown.
2.Bill can’t do his homework because .
A.his father wouldn’t help him
B.he doesn’t listen to his teachers
C.he doesn’t like studying D.he wants to drop maths
3.Bill cried to .
A.get his parents’ help B.go to bed earlier
C.get something to eat D.watch TV with his parents
4.The phrase “coax sb. out of crying” in the story means .
A.制止某人哭泣 B.惹得某人哭泣
C.阻止某人叫喊 D.哄某人停止哭泣
5. is good at maths in their family.
A.Bill B.Mr Brown C.Mrs Brown D.None
6.When he had a look at Bill’s exercise-book,Mr Brown was .
A.sorry B.happy C.worried D.sad
答案解析在下一页：
1.B
2.C
3.A
4.D
5.D
6.B
中考英语阅读理解及答案：助人为乐
导读： 英语水平的提高需要靠一点一滴的积累和长期的训练和应用。对于即将面临中考的考生们来说，每天做一些英语阅读题目是很有必要的。初中频道每日一练将持续更新，敬请关注！
The clock struck(敲)eight，but I was still on the bed.I could hear it was blowing strongly.“It must be windy outside，” I thought.
I came to the small town a week ago. I sold some clothes to a shop.Christmas was coming and I hoped to buy some presents for my family and friends.So I tried to meet the manager and ask him to pay for(付款)them.I was out of luck(运气不好).He went to London and I had to wait for him here.There was no theatre here but a cinema.The films were all too old.I preferred staying in the small hotel to sitting in the cold cinema(我宁愿待在小旅馆里，也不愿坐在冰冷的电影院里).
Half an hour later，I felt hungry.I had to get up.It was white everywhere and some children were skiing down the hill.On my way to the small restaurant，I saw a boy fall on to a rock(岩石).I ran to him quickly and carried him to a hospital.Soon his parents came here.Now I knew the boy was just the manager's son.He thanked me very much and gave me the money after we had a dinner.
1)What was the weather like today?
______________________________
2)What did the writer(作者)come to the town for?
______________________________
3)Why did the writer prefer staying in the hotel?
______________________________
4)When did the writer get up?
______________________________
5)Why did the manager thank the writer?
______________________________
1)It was a windy day today.
2)He came to the town to ask the manager to pay for the clothes.
3)Because it was a little warmer there.
4)He got up at half past eight.
5)Because the writer saved his son.
初中英语阅读知识点：阅读理解的解题技巧
阅读理解主要考查学生一下几个方面的阅读理解能力：
1、理解和把握文章主旨大意、段落大意和中心思想的能力。
2、理解和把握文章具体信息来获取有关信息能力，及根据上下文提供的语境推测生词词义、句意，进而加深对文章的理解能力。
3、根据文章进行简单的数字推算和计算的能力。
4、既要理解词、短语、句子和文章的表层意思，更要理解其深层含义和抽象概念的能力。
5、理解全篇的逻辑关系，根据已知信息进行合理的推理判断和预测新信息的能力。
解题技巧：
1、顺序法：先读懂文章，然后按顺序答题。此方法适合内容较易于理解和记忆飞文章。
2、颠倒法：先读试题再读文章，这样我们可以带着问题有的放矢的阅读文章并迅速发现答案。
3、交叉法：先阅读一篇文章，把握中心大意后开始答题，对暂时确定不了的答案，可再次回读文章的有关内容并对其进行分析、推敲后再确定。
4、排除法：对拿不准的答案，可先逐项排除自己有把握的错误选项，再将剩下的答案进行比较、筛选，直到确定最佳答案。
5、要尊重原材料中的信息、观点，并在此基础上答题;不要凭想当然、主观臆断答题，不要钻牛角尖。
6、在做任务型阅读回答问题时，要尽量简略回答，无关信息尽量删除。特殊疑问句的回答基本是直接信息，在原文中能直接找到答案。
2. 高考英语阅读理解训练题及参考答案
2017高考英语阅读理解训练题及参考答案
高考英语阅读理解文章材料题材新颖，包括故事、传记、人物、传说、生活常识、社会文化、天文、史地、科普知识、政治、经济及名人逸事等。体裁也不一，有记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等。为了帮助大家熟悉各种材料，我整理了一些高考英语阅读理解题，希望能帮到大家!
高考英语阅读理解题【1】
A nobleman and a merchant once met in an inn. For their lunch they both ordered soup. When it was brought, the nobleman took a spoonful, but the soup was so hot that he burned his mouth and tears came to his eyes, The merchant asked him why he was weeping. The nobleman was ashamed to admit (承认) that he had burned his mouth and answered, “Sir, I once had a brother who committed a great crime (犯罪), for which he was hanged. I was thinking of his death, and that made me weep.” The merchant believed this story and began to eat his soup. He too burned his mouth, so that he had tears in his eyes. The nobleman noticed it and asked the merchant, “Sir, why do you weep?” The merchant, who now saw that the nobleman had deceived (欺骗) him, answered, “My lord(=master), I am weeping because you were not hanged together with your brother.”
1. This story teaches us ______.
A. not to eat in inns B. not to eat soup that is too hot
C.to cry when we burn our mouth D. not to believe everything you hear
2. The nobleman did not tell the truth because he ______.
A. was a nobleman felt ashamed C. was in an inn D. was angry
3. The nobleman should have ______.
A. smiled with joy B. shouted with laughter
C. told the truth D. scolded the waiter
4. It is probable that the nobleman ______.
A. had no brother who was hanged B. had a very good brother
C. knew the soup was too hot D. had never eaten soup
5. The merchant’s answer showed that be ______.
A. was very happy B. believed the nobleman
C. was angry with the nobleman D. had kind heart
高考英语阅读理解题【2】
In a very real sense, people who have read good literature have lived more than people who cannot or will not read. To have read Gulliver’s Travels is to have had the experience of listening to Jonathan Swift, of learning about man’s inhumanity (残酷) to man. To read Huckleberry Finn is to feel what it is like to drift (漂流) down the Mississippi River on a raft (木排). To have read Byron is to have suffered his rebellions with him and to have enjoyed his nose—thumbing at (对……的蔑视) society. To have read Native Son is to know how it feels to be frustrated (受挫折) in the particular way in which Blacks in Chicago are frustrated. This is effective communication (交流). It enables us to feel how others felt about life, even if they lived thousands of miles away and centuries age. It is not true that “We have only one life to live.” If we read, we can live as many more lives and as many kinds of lives as we wish.
1. The sentence “People who have read good literature have lived more than people who cannot or will not read” suggests that ______.
A. reading stimulates(激发) a desire to travel
B. reading broadens(扩大) a person’s experience
C. people who read much live longer
D. people who read are more relaxed
2. The author implies that good literature ______.
A. must deal with social problems B. must teach a lesson
C. is varied in subject and in content (内容) D. is always exciting and heart--warming
3. According to the author, reading good literature ______.
A. proces new income B. is quite useless
C. satisfies the curious D. opens new worlds to us(眼界)
4. The underlined word effective in this passage means ______.
A. actual B. striking C. existing D. having an effect
高考英语阅读理解题【3】
When I lived in Spain, some Spanish friends of mine decided to visit England by car. Before they left, they asked me for advice about how to find accommodation (住所). I suggested that they should stay at ‘bed and breakfast’ houses, because this kind of accommodation gives a foreign visitor a good chance to speak English with the family. My friends listened to my advice, but they came back with some funny stories.
“We didn’t stay at bed and breakfast houses,” they said, “because we found that most families were away on holiday.”
I thought this was strange. Finally I understood what had happened. My friends spoke little English, and they thought ‘VACANCIES’ meant ‘holidays’, because the Spanish word for ‘holidays” is ‘vacaciones’. So they did not go to house where the sign outside said ‘VACANCLES’, which in English means there are free rooms. Then my friends went to house where the sign said ‘NO VACANCLES’, because they thought this meant the people who owned the house were not away on holiday. But they found that these houses were all full. As a result, they stayed at hotels!
We laughed about this and about mistakes my friends made in reading other signs. In Spanish, the word ‘DIVERSION’ means fun. In English, it means that workmen are repairing the road, and that you must take a different road. When my friends saw the word ‘DIVERSION’ on a road sign, they thought they were going to have fun. Instead, the road ended in a large hold.
English people have problems too when they learn foreign languages. Once in Paris. when someone offered me some more. coffee, I said ‘Thank you’ in French. I meant that I would like some more, However , to my surprise the coffee pot was taken away! Later I found out that ‘Thank you’ in French means ‘Mo, thank you.’
1. My Spanish friends wanted advice about ______.
A. learning English B. finding places to stay in England
C. driving their car on English roads D. going to England by car
2. I suggested that they stay at bed and breakfast houses because ______.
A. they would be able to practise their English
B. it would be much cheaper than staying in hotels
C. it would be convenient for them to have dinner
D. there would be no problem about finding accommodation there
3. “NO VACANCIES” in English means ______.
A. no free rooms B. free rooms C. not away on holiday D. holidays
4. If you see a road sign that says ‘Diversion’, you will ______.
A. fall into a hole
B. have a lot of fun and enjoy yourself
C. find that the road is blocked by crowds of people
D. have to take a different road
5. When someone offered me more coffee and I said ‘Thank you’ in French, I ______.
A didn’t really want any more coffee B. wanted them to take the coffee pot away
C. really wanted some more coffee D. wanted to express my politeness
6. I was surprised when the coffee pot was taken away because I ______.
A. hadn’t finished drinking my coffee B. was expecting another cup of coffee
C. meant that I didn’t want any more D. was never misunderstood
参考答案：
1D 2 B 3 C 4 A 5 C
1B 2 C 3 D 4 D
1B 2 A 3 A 4 D 5 C 6 B
;3. 中考英语阅读理解考点分析
中考英语阅读理解部分所弯唯缺选文章题材多样，近年来出题比较多的有人物故事、民族风情、科普知识，以及一些社会热点话题。试题形式也日益灵活多变，图表类试题有所增加。
一、人物故事
人物故事类的短文通常包括故事情节、人物或事物之间的关系、作者的态度和意图、故事的起因或结局等几个主要方面。阅读时要尽快把握文章可能涉及到的五个 W（Who, Where, When, What, Why) 和一个H (How)。只要抓住了这些关键环节，就可以很好地把握整篇文章的主要内容，做题时就会达到事半功倍的效果。
二、民族风情
《英语课程标准》中提到要培养我们的文化意识。近几年，在阅读理解题的选材方面出现了多样化的趋势。例如介绍某个国家或地区的河流、山脉以及社会生活、政治经济、文化习俗等方面的情况。这要求考生注重语言的文化特征，不仅要了解其表层意思，还要了解其渗透的文化背景。因此，考生平时应拓宽知识面，对世界各国的民族文化有更多的了解。
三、科普知识
科普知识类文章的特点是科技词汇较多，文章常使用一般现在时，句子长且结构复杂，理论性和逻辑性较强。考生往往对文章所介绍的内容感到陌生，使得这类试题难度较大。考生要根据文章的上下文来猜测词义，理解难句，以达到理解全篇，把握主旨大意的目的。科普类说明文一般对事物的特点、特征进行表述，帮助人们更好的认识事物。因此，阅读这山拿类文章重在把握被说明事物各因素之间的联系，如因果、条件、种属、并列等；以及说明方法，如定义、例释、类比等。考生应加强此类文章的阅读训练，不断提高判断、归纳、分析和解决问题的能力。
四、热点话题
阅读理解题的选材特点埋辩是：内容时尚，紧紧围绕社会热点、校园生活等选材；题材新颖，体裁多样，命题巧妙，不仅要理解一般性的何时、何地、何人、何事等方面的要点，而且要从深层挖掘，理解话外之意，弦外之音，领会作者的写作意图以及文章对读者、社会产生的诸多影响；要求学生能迅速理解文章主旨大意，段落细节，并能准确选出正确答案。考生除扩大阅读量外，并关还应随时关注社会新闻和身边发生的事情。
五、图表
近几年阅读理解题命题更加体现实用性。有一类试题，图表占很大比重，只有少量的文字说明，例如，广告、海报、图书目录、电视节目表、菜单、统计表、旅游须知、火车和飞机的时刻表等等。这类试题主要考查学生获取信息和搜索信息的能力。在进行阅读理解的过程中可采用两种方法：先通读全文，再答题；先看文章后的问题，再从文章中找答案。第二种方法对解决事实细节题比较有效，考生可带着问题在文中寻找答案。在做图表类阅读题时，可以针对题目的要求在文章中进行有目的的识读
4. 2018高考英语阅读理解北京卷D篇浅析
首先，文本选自洛杉矶时报http://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-autonomous-vehicles-planning-20180309-story.html 2018年3月9日发表的名为If we don't plan for them, autonomous vehicles could make our car-dominated transit system even worse的文章。
看原标题可以得出几个信息：1.目前有plan，2.car−dominated transit system是关键问题3.even worse，也就是有前提条件，然后才可能出现某种预期。
这篇阅读理解试题选文的特点是，1.文章是国外主流媒体新近更新的文章，相对于高考日期来说是比较新的。2.题材相对比较前沿——关于无人驾驶汽车。相对来说的新科技话题，具有一定的信息引领性。同时，无人驾驶也是目前比较有争论的话题，所以任何一篇文章都不会完全从某一个角度独立来分析阐述这一现象，除非绝对的专业测评或者技术等视角，普通评论或者描述文章一定都会有或多或少的利弊分析，因为这是未知因素会有所影响的一个话题。本文也不例外，但是本文经过改编后明显把话题倾向性定位在positive 上，整体看不出明显的问题，但是会有对客观事实的微小不尊重。这是从阅读理解试题选文的真实性信息来考虑的。本文读者受众没有刻意的区分和归类以及倾向性，文章也不算纯粹的科普文，属于普通的说事文吧，依然是侧重introce and describe ，因为没有明显的正反观点的对比，文中对比主要体现在现象的比较，所以涉及argumentation 的成分很少。基于此，本文的行文，正常来说要围绕提出问题——分析问题——解决问题来进行。
试卷文本和原文比较有大量删减改编。
首先看改编后的标题Preparing Cities for Robot Cars关键信息定位在preparing cities。但是我们在正文当中是否能够找到关键信息来支持标题核心信息，我认真阅读后，还是不明朗。但是原选文标题比较符合原选文的核心内容。而且此标题从语言角度来说也不好理解，所以标题不做更多解释。
（2018•北京）阅读理解D
标题Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
试题文章第一段
原本想和原文比较一下改动部分，但是改动太大，就省略了吧，很明显感觉改动得不是很好。比如prospect被替换为possibility 这个在理解文本含义上可以理解，但是假如作为精读去点对点分析，就会不如原词汇那么妥帖，我只能用这个词来形容。看prospects词汇解释：
以此例来说明改编的可能的不准确性，文本下面部分的改编的类似问题不再重复说明。
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. 开篇点“题”，把无人驾驶汽车的现存状态通过一个语义对比句展示出来。告知读者本文是围绕无人驾驶汽车现状的某个问题阐述的。接下来的test，cleared the way 暗示一是有测试环节，二是有相关辅助环节。
California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. 这是本文中围绕标题而出现的最重要的关键信息。暗示cities在无人驾驶领域所可能做出的贡献。
But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
此处有本文的一个题点关键词regulated，提示regulation 对于无人驾驶未来走向的重要性。看48题：
As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?
A. Safety.
B. Side effects.
C. Affordability.
D. Management.
题干部分有关键信息词author ，major 所以就限定是本文作者的重点的……关注点，所以需要透彻理解本文所传递的信息是什么，还要结合选项内容来看。同时结合原文看，本文是把safety 部分内容删除掉了，而我们看四个选项事实上都可以，四个选项和客观真实性是保持一致的，至于本试题当中认为限制答案为D，从做题角度会有很多解释，但是这样的试题不严密，且，好的试题不会用major来限定。
第二段
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also ……段首用了一个暗含转折，实际上是语义的一个侧重“确定”的句子，使用了while …also表达，前后两者都存在，但是此处侧重强调后者的意思。那么也就是说safety 问题是现存的一个相关焦点，但是这里作者想要强调also后面的内容。所以，从全文角度看，经过改编的文本有了作者或者文章态度上的些许不同，本段和原文比较有部分词汇改编删减，但是基本符合要求，没有大的变化。
接下来的内容作者具体描述无人驾驶汽车的优势和特色，包括停车管理，环境保护，以及和出租车公司等相比较的更多的便利，原文提到了优步等出租公司的disadvantageous ，但试题文本有删减，所以个别信息在理解上会觉得有模糊的感觉，不透彻。本段结束。
在此，我们就可以暂停，看试题：
47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transportation-related problems
B. provide better services to customers
C. cause damage to our environment
D. make some people lose jobs
题干中使用了pay attention to ，而这个题干是完全可以修改成一个更地道的句子的，也可以是问答方式，不是填空式。重点又在author 和attention 来限定信息，也就是可以推测，题目需要做答的是作者在本文中想要表达的观点，那么根据文本内容，c项是可以否定的。abd都不是可以完全限制的信息，也就是都有可能性，只是a项更符合出题人的思路，所以答案是A。
接下来看下一段内容，
Do we want to — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most alts own indivial self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.
段首一句属于段落衔接句，用设问的形式引出来。一方面提示读者思考，给出自己的思维判断，同时引出下面作者想要陈述的内容，此句看关键词worsen ，也就是说，作者暗示的观点是现有的交通的诸多不利因素，对于无人驾驶汽车来说会是什么样的一种对比分析结果呢？而通过上文中作者的情感态度，大致可以判断，下文作者想要阐述的是如何规避现有交通的不利因素。通过阅读试卷上的文本，我感觉此段信息和句首信息不一致，而且不符合常理，所以我再次查阅原文，因为在手机上编辑，顺便简单截图一下，如下：
通过阅读原文，可以了解，此处被命题人删除掉了，但是此举就完全改变了文章的行文思路和意义的正常表达。因为在提到了无人驾驶汽车的优势以后，作者做了一个imagine ，也就是假想内容，而此假设导致的结果就是满街的无人驾驶汽车，而此句也被命题人删除了，但是这些信息是非常关键的信息，是管理者要解决无人驾驶汽车所要面对的关键问题，删除后，就不能体现初衷含义了，而且阅读时会晦涩，不能够真正表达真实场景。具体语言不做分析解释，接下来看下一段，
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could rece carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.此段因为删除掉的信息，而会觉得没有自然的过度和衔接。在介绍了环保和降低使用成本等优势以后，作者把话题引到了首批无人驾驶汽车的试用上，
commercially available，almost certainly，technologyas well as liability and maintenance issues，这些词是属于此处的主要信息词，提示下面举措的原因，命题人没有在此处命题，而是避开，命制了一个所谓猜测词义题目。来看试题：
49.What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Employed.
B. Replaced.
C. Shared.
D. Reced.
根据field所在原文语境，提示，鉴于一些考量首先要把无人驾驶技术应用于叫车服务领域。field在此处取其名词“领域”的动词含义“应用于某一领域”，在此，也就是把车辆服务划分了，可能有：公共交通，私人汽车，叫车服务等等。所以在理解此词的时候需要理解原语境的微妙提示，而不是简单来随意根据主观判断下结论，尽管结论可能也不是太离谱，至少我查了很多词典，没有查到field的英英解释为employ。细节不做分析。继续下一段，
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
最后一段，我们看它的情感态度，一个对未来的期待和展望，是建立在对现有一些问题和技术的解决和确认的基础上的，也就是说，作者的观点态度中规中矩，但最后一句还是表达了对未来无人驾驶汽车的正面期待。结尾段，对整个上文信息做了概括总结，综合了上文信息点。看最后一题：
50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful.
B. Positive.
C. Disapproving.
D. Sympathetic.
答案是B。这个不多说，假如发散开来还有很多内容能够阐述。
总结一下：
本题目选自主流外刊，时间比较新，话题比较新。命题人对文本进行了一定量的改动删减，个人认为已经影响了准确和地道信息的传递，这是不太看好的地方。文本语言和结构没有特殊难点，试题命制也没有深度思维理解的题目，所以考虑试题安排难度，应该不是难题范畴。解读本文本相当于外刊解读的一个过程了。所以说高考题目文本精良，和外刊解读和运用分割开来不是一个真命题。我记得16年北京好像也是D篇，也是命题人做了一些删减改编，而使得整个行文不达意，试题缺少信息支持。这是一个不可忽视的命题问题。
没有时间和精力做更精细的分析。
下面是试题原文：
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help rece traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.
Do we want to — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most alts own indivial self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could rece carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transportation-related problems
B. provide better services to customers
C. cause damage to our environment D. make some people lose jobs
48.As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?
A. Safety.
B. Side effects.
C. Affordability.
D. Management.
49.What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Employed.
B. Replaced.
C. Shared.
D. Reced.
50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful.
B. Positive.
C. Disapproving.
D. Sympathetic.
5. 小学四年级英语阅读理解【6篇】
【 #小学英语# 导语】阅读理解的题材非常广泛，包括有小故事、日常生活事件、报刊杂志内容、文化习俗、名人轶事等等。文章的体裁也比较广泛，可以是记叙文、议论文或说明文。以下是 考 网整理的《小学四年级英语阅读理解【6篇】》相关资料，希望帮助到您。1.小学四年级英语阅档芦者读理解 篇一
My father has a farm.There are many animals and fruit.He has seven cows，two horses，ten pigs and one hundred cks.And there are many hens at the farm.Look，there are some fruit trees.Every year，my brother and I can eat many fruit.I like peaches best.My brother likes oranges best.
()1.My friend has a farm.
()2.There are many animals and fruit at the farm.
()3.My father has seven cows.
()4.I have a sister.
哗瞎()5.I like bananas best.
2.小学四年级英语阅读理解 篇二
Mary is a little girl. She is only five years old. She is not at school. She doesn’t know how to read or write. But her sister Joan is a schoolgirl. She is ten. She knows how to read and write.
One day, Joan sees her little sister in the room. She is at the table. There is a pencil in her hand. She is writing. “What are you writing, Mary?” She asks. “I’m writing to my friend, Rose.” “But how can you? You don’t know how to write.” Says her sister. “Well,” says Mary, “It doesn’t matter. Rose doesn’t know how to read, either.”
1. Is Mary a schoolgirl?
A. Yes, she is. B. No, she isn’t. C. We don’t know.
2. Who can read and write?
A. Mary B. Rose C. Joan
行薯3. What’s in Mary’s hand?
A. There’s a pen. B. There’s a pencil. C. There’s a crayon.
4. What’s Mary doing?
A. She’s drawing. B. She’s writing to her friend. C. She’s singing.
5. Can Rose read and write?
A. No, she can’t. B. Yes, she can. C. We don’t know.
3.小学四年级英语阅读理解 篇三
Look, this is a photo of Jill’s family. You can see Jill’s grandpa. He’s an old man. He can swim fast. Jill’s grandma is fat, but she is beautiful. Jill’s father is a firefighter. He’s cool! Jill’s mother is thin and she can dance well. Jill has a sister. Her name is Tracy. She’s only three years old. She can’t read, but she can play with her toys. Jill loves her family very much.
( ) 1．Jill’s grandfather is not old and he can swim fast.
( ) 2．Jill’s mother can dance.
( ) 3．Tracy is Jill’s cousin.
( ) 4．Jill’s father is a cool driver.
( ) 5．Jill loves her family.
4.小学四年级英语阅读理解 篇四
Susan is my good friend. She’s a Chinese girl. She’s eleven. She has long hair and a small mouth. Her brother Jim is twelve. He has two big eyes and he’s not tall . They like storybooks and puzzles very much.
Every morning , they have breakfast together. Susan likes a carton of milk and some biscuits for breakfast. But Jim likes eggs and some orange juice in the morning. Today Susan can’t find her milk. Look! Their cat Mimi is drinking it near the table. Perhaps she wants to have a nice breakfast, too!
( ) 1. Susan is my friend.
( ) 2. Jim is a short boy with big eyes.
( ) 3. They like storybooks and puppets very much.
( ) 4. Susan would like some orange juice and biscuits for her breakfast.
( ) 5. Mimi is drinking some milk on the table.
5.小学四年级英语阅读理解 篇五
I’m Tom. I’m eleven years old. I live near the school. I go to school every day. In my family there are three people. My mother, my father and I. My father is a bus driver. He is friendly(友好).He has a lot of friends. My mother is a teacher. She works at my school. She does housework every day. I love them.
( )1.Tom is ten years old.
( )2.There are three people in his family.
( )3.His father is a teacher.
( )4.Tom does housework every day.
( )5.Tom’s father has a lot of friends.
6.小学四年级英语阅读理解 篇六
It’s 11:30. I’m in the school canteen. I have rice, beef and potatoes for lunch. It’s cold today. I wear my new sweater. It’s 25 yuan. It’s cheap. But it’s very nice. I like it very much.
（ ）1、It’s eleven thirteen.
（ ）2、I have rice, beef and tomatoes for lunch.
（ ）3、It’s not hot today.
（ ）4、My sweater is twenty-four yuan.
（ ）5、The sweater is very expensive.
6. 英语阅读理解策略与技巧
英语阅读理解策略与技巧
英语阅读是英语学习重要的一部分，无论是中考高考、还是更高一级的英语测试，英语阅读都是重头戏。下面是英语阅读理解的策略与技巧，供大家参考与学习！
英语阅读理解策略与技巧 篇1
英语阅读既是英语学习者的学习目的，也是英语学习的重要手段。许多专家、教师等教育工作者都从不同的角度研讨过英语阅读方法、技巧，但很多都是从教师的角度谈如何培养学生的英语阅读能力、技巧，他们精心设计课堂来激发学生头脑中的图式（图式理论观点）。但是，在生活实际阅读中，在中考、高考中，学生都得依靠自己完成这些重要的活动。因此，笔者尝试换位思考，以学生为中心，站在学生的角度来考虑，如何培养、提高学生的英语阅读能力，我认为：应该让学生自己学会如何激活、运用、构建、丰富大脑中的图式，提高阅读能力，完善阅读技巧。
一、图式理论与阅读理解
图式（schema）一词最早出现在德国哲学家康德（Kant,1781）的著作中。德国现代心理学家巴特利特（F·Burtlett,1923）应用并发展了图式概念。20 世纪70 年代美国的人工智能专家鲁梅尔哈特Rumelhart 指出：图式理论基本上是一种关于人的知识的理论，它是关于知识是怎样被表征出来的，以及关于这种对于知识的表征如何以其特有的方式有利于知识的应用之理论。该理论强调人已经具有的知识及知识结构对当前的认知活动起决定作用。按照图式理论，人脑中所贮存的知识都组成单元，这种单元就是图式。对阅读而言，图式一般分为三种类型：语言图式（linguistic schema）、内容图式（content schema）和修辞图式（rhetorical schema）。语言图式指读者已有的语言知识，即关于语音、词汇和语法等方面的知识，它是阅读的前提条件。内容图式指读者对阅读材料所讨论主题（内容范畴）的了解程度。修辞图式指读者对阅读材料文章体裁、篇章结构的熟悉程度。
图式理论认为：任何语言信息，无论是口头的，还是书面的，本身都无意义。它只指导听者或读者根据自己的已有知识及知识结构恢复或构成意思。根据该理论，阅读理解首先是文字信息输入，然后读者在自己头脑贮存的信息中寻找能够说明所输入信息的图式。当这些图式被找到以后，读者就产生了理解，否则就不能理解，或不能完全理解。从上文分析可以看出，阅读时，需要 Reader 和 Writer拥有共享的一部分 schemata。
显然，如果Reader 和Writer 各自的原有图式没有共享的交集，那么Reader 的阅读理解就会失败。另外根据图式理论，读者接受文字信息进行阅读理解的过程是一种主动的“猜测——证实”过程，即文字符号输入人的大脑之后，人就不断地在头脑中寻找有关的图式，直至找到能说明输入信息的图式，即形成阅读理解。
现代图式理论还认为，图式是“大脑为了便于信息储存和处理，而将新事物与已有的知识、经历有机组织起来的一种知识表征形式，是互相关联的知识构成的完整的信息系统。”人民对新事物的理解和认识在一定程度上很依赖大脑已经形成的图式。根据图式理论，阅读理解归根结底是结合适合的图式填充新信息而使图式具体化的过程，填充的内容可以是直接连接或推论出的新信息。
由以上分析我们可以明确，如果Reader 和Writer 共享的图式越多，阅读理解就会越多，但是Reader 和Writer之间除了拥有共享的图式之外，还是会有大量的图式差异，即他们之间有不同的个性信息，这样就会导致一个结果：阅读者不能完全理解，只能部分理解文章。要完成阅读理解，阅读者只有在原有共享的图式基础上展开联想、猜测，不断激活相关的图式，并经过推理、判断、选择适合Writer意图的图式。在Reader 和Writer的图式逐渐同化、具体化的过程中，Reader 和Writer之间的信息不断地交流，即“猜测——推理——证实”，相同则被选择、储存，不同的被舍弃，在该过程中“Area of shared schema”之交集不断变大，最后完成阅读理解。借助图式理论，我们可以引导、帮助学生培养、完善自己的英语阅读方法和技巧，并逐渐形成有效的图式阅读策略。
二、英语阅读的策略
（一）整体阅读，预测主旨
通过预测文章的主旨，学生能迅速有效地整体理解全文，教学中我们要帮助学生学会运用不同的策略预测文章主旨。学生可以借助修辞图式来顺利地完成预测主旨的任务，因为一般阅读材料文章体裁、篇章结构都有一定的规律可循。例如有标题文章，学生要学会从标题入手进行预测。新闻报道文章大多有标题，标题又常常是全文的中心、主题，是文章内容的高度浓缩的精华，学生可通过阅读标题得到启发，能准确预测出文章的大概内容和作者的写作意图，为彻底理解全文做好铺垫。如果没有标题，读者可快速浏览全文，从整体入手了解内容大概，尤其关注文章首尾句，以便迅速抓住文章主旨，有时文章段落较多内容复杂，学生可跳读每段首句或找到中心句（有一些文章的中心句或主题句在文章的中间），联系文章的首尾段，也可很快获得文章主旨。如一些记叙文、议论文就可通过该方法快速预测文章主旨。有些文章附有图表，此类文章多半可从说明、标注着手，按以上方法进行预测文意，要处理具体细节时再结合图表。
（二） 把握文章脉络，掌握主要信息
根据图式理论，阅读能力取决于三种图式，即语言图式，内容图式和修辞图式。因此，阅读理解文章就是经过读的行为，主动的“猜测——证实”，来激活、同化、具体自己已有的各类图式。要把握文章脉络，必须做到通过快速通读全文激活自己记忆中适合该文的修辞图式。例如，学生阅读一篇新闻报道，经过对该文的预测——阅读——证实——再预测——再阅读——再证实，学生就可逐渐激活自己大脑中已有的修辞图式，这篇文章符合“线性原则”，结合相关的内容图式，可以明确该文是新闻报道，其脉络是标题——精要——事件过程。再如学生阅读议论性文章，可通过阅读——预测——证实，再阅读——再预测——再证实，很快就能激活他们已知的修辞图式，文章脉络也清晰可见，即提出观点——论证、说明——重申观点，或是提出问题——分析问题——结论，同时也激活、具体了相关的内容图式，获得了证明、说明的主要材料信息，能够大体上理解文章。又如，许多叙述性文章，可一边读一边画出时间、地点、人物、事件、起因（when, where, who, what, why）等要素或做一些必要的简易的笔记，学生很容易就能回忆起已有的某些图式，把握住文章的脉络，并抓住文章的重要信息,即明确事件的起因、发展、高潮、结局，基本能够理解文章的重要内容。较为复杂的文章会有时间、地点变化，学生激活这样的图式，（时间1/事件1）——（时间2/事件2）——（时间3/事件3），或（地点1/事件1）——（地点2/事件2）——（地点3/事件3），当然文中的主要内容也就一目了然。如有很多人物传记，脉络是（现在/事件1）——（过去/几件事）——（现在/感受）。学生要想准确把握文章脉络，捕捉住重要信息，关键是平时阅读实践时要不断丰富、储存足够多的相关图式在大脑中。
（三）弄清结局、明确结论
很多文章结尾非常精彩，目的是为了让阅读者留下深刻的印象，这也是非常重要的修辞图式的一种。如有的文章结尾幽默；有的文章结局发人深思、给人启迪；有的文章令人意外却又在情理中；有的文章得出一些结论，或有一点点感受。总而言之，文章的结尾也很重要，有时起到画龙点睛的作用，弄清结局或结论对于理解全文当然也具有关键性的功效。弄清了文脉（修辞图式），把握住了主要信息（内容图式）之后，结合细节进行分析、推理、归纳，紧密联系结尾的语句提示，可彻底理解文章的内涵和外延。
（四）读懂题意，选择答案
做了以上的准备工作，可以开始读题答题。但是无论是哪一个题目，学生选择时必须以确定的主旨为统率。选择前一定确保理解出题的意图。表层的问题可迅速选定，对于那些较深层次的题目，选择一定要有根据，一定要将相关原文找到，并结合上下文语境进行分析、推理，然后再确定。
三、阅读时应注意一些小技巧
1．学生自己应注意养成良好的阅读习惯，只用眼和脑阅读，整体阅读，整体理解，这样阅读速度将更快。
2．要注意猜词、句技巧的培养。阅读时学生常常会遇到一些不解的词、短语，有的可跳过，而对进行整体理解无大碍；有的可根据上下文语境来猜测、推理得知；有的可根据构词法推理，可明确它们的含义。
3．学会运用关联词。文章中有些复合句较长且结构复杂，晦涩不易理解，学生可根据关联词、引导词的逻辑关系迅速分清主干和重句，从而明确句意。在段落中或段落之间也有一些关联词，如but, however, although, ever though, as, because, so等等，在这些词的帮助下，学生可明确句与句，段落与段落之间的内在本质联系，因而能尽快把握住段落中心或文章中心。
最后，值得注意的是学生平时阅读要有选择性和针对性。学生可选择一些难度适当、语言鲜活地道、时代感强的文章阅读；毕业年级的学生更应该针对中考、高考选材阅读，以便积累丰富的语言图式、内容图式、修辞图式，逐渐构建新的各类图式，在阅读时能够激活、运用图式，成功理解有一定长度和难度的英语文章，在阅读理解方面取得优势，为考试和实际生活中的阅读打下坚实的基础。
英语阅读理解策略与技巧 篇2
第一，考生应该学会浏览全文。
英文的文章与中文略有不同，这是由中西方思维方式不同而决定的。英文总喜欢采取总分结构，即作者倾向于将比较重要的信息放在文章首段、段落首句等。基于这一规律，考生要学会浏览。在考试中有两种不同用处的浏览方式。一是在解题前略读全文。在略读时，不需要详尽的理解，知识了解基本内容、作者的立场、文章的篇章结构，可以跳过细节或例子。另一种浏览方式相当于检索性的阅读，用于阶梯式寻找需要的特定信息，如主题句、有关细节、难句等。在考试过程中，要想缩短解题时间，就应该根据需要对阅读速度进行适当调节，该快时则快，该慢时则慢。浏览时要求尽快掌握全文大意，速度就要快些。检索信息、寻找答案时，速度也要快;找到有关句子或段落，需要仔细研究理解时就要适当放慢速度。
第二，学会调节阅读速度。
为了确保在所给时间内达到最佳的理解准确度，学会在浏览中选择重要信息显得格外重要。选择信息的要点在于“准确”。应注意以下几点
(1)注意出现频率最高的词或短语。
(2)善于判断文章各段的主题句。一般出现在段落开头或结尾最常见。
(3)浏览中善于总结全文的主题。第三，掌握常见行文方式，了解作者意图，预测内容。在正式做题之前，做到文章结构，大概主旨在心中有数，这就能帮助各位考生很好的解决题目，不偏离文章中心主旨。
英语阅读理解策略与技巧 篇3
一、强化基本技巧训练
1、读懂文章细节的训练
对文章细节的理解，是学生基本理解能力的体现。学生读不懂文章细节的主要原因在于：第一，不会分析长句、难句；第二，不理解代词的指代内容：第三，不懂词性、词义的变化。针对这些因素，教师在上阅读课时就必须有的放矢。进行有效的针对性训练：
(1)长句、难句分析。学生在阅读中经常会遇到长句和难句，大多数学生对这类句子存在恐惧感溶易造成阅读障碍，针对这一情况，教师可以要求学生阅读时先找出这类句子，抄写在本子上，然后分析句中的主语、谓语、宾语及非谓语、从句等成分，最后将该句译成汉语。日积月累，学生就养成了分析长句和难句的习惯并掌握了分析这类句子的技巧。
(2)代词的指代分析。学生在阅读中往往会遇到一些含有代词的句子，如果学生明白代词的指代内容，那么，句中之意就显而易见了。所以，在指导学生进行阅读时，教师应该教会他们如何分析代词的指代内容，养成敏捷的思维习惯，掌握阅读技巧。
(3)词性、词义转化猜测。英语单词的词性、词义变化多端，需要根据不同的语境进行判断、猜测。因此，在指导学生进行阅读时，应该训练学生根据句子成分判断词性，根据语境判断词义的能力。坚持长久的训练，定会大有收获。
2、读懂文章主旨大意的训练
在阅读一些说明文、议论文时，经常会遇到一些关于判断文章标题、中心思想或段落大意的试题。读记叙文时，有时也会遇到排列顺序的试题。主旨大意题主要测试学生的全面理解与概括能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中找到答案。
常见以下几种设问方式：
The main idea of this pasage is that.
The passage ismainly about.
The best title for the passage is.
From the passagewe can learn conclude that.
这些试题测试学生是否抓住文章主旨大意，领会文章中心思想。这要求学生要有很强的归纳、概括能力，这种能力的培养也离不开经常的训练。
(1)加标题训练。阅读题大多没有标题，在指导阅读时，教师应要求学生在阅读完文章后，给文章加标题。加标题训练，其实就是找出文章的中心主题句，所以加标题训练也就是找中心主题句的训练。
(2)划分层次训练。找出主题句后，并不等于完全读懂文章大意。还应该读懂该文章谈到的多层意思，这就要求阅读者首先要读懂各自然段的中心意思，然后再进行归纳。这样就能够清楚地分出文章的层次，完全领会文章大意。
(3)辨认重要事实的训练。在记叙文和某些说明文、议论文的阅读中，我们需要弄清一些主要事实，以达到明确文章大意的目的。这种训练是阅读中必不可少的。训练可分两步进行：第一步，在阅读中以句子的形式写下重要事实：第二步。以时间或以步骤等顺序排列这些事实。
3、读懂深层含义的训练
深层含义是指文中一些需要想象的`抽象概念：作者的态度和意图：全文的逻辑关系。这是一种难度比较大的训练。根据学生的实际水平，教师可以分以下几方面进行训练。
(1)换句训练。对于需要发挥想象力才能读懂的抽象概念，教师可以把有关句子抽出，进行改写。这种换句训练，能有效提高学生的想象力和抽象思维能力。
(2)作者意图猜测训练。读完文章后，教师可以设置以下问题：
What's the purpose of the passage?
Whom does the authorwrite for?
What's the background of the passage?
通过学生回答问题的情况来了解学生对文章的理解程度，训练他们判断语境，猜测有关事实的能力。
(3)逻辑推测训练逻辑推测训练包括四种内容：数量推测、年月推测、故事结局推测、人物关系推测。前两种属于数字推测后两种属于逻辑推理。进行逻辑推理训练的最好方法就是让学生分组讨论。
4、进行快速阅读的训练
衡量阅读能力的一个重要尺度是阅读速度。如果一个学生阅读速度太慢，即使理解正确，也不能说明他阅读能力强。《英语教学大纲》明确规定：高中学生的阅读速度是每分钟60～70个单词。因此，教师可以按大纲要求，进行限时训练。可精选5篇文章，让学生在40分钟内完成。每周至少进行两次限时阅读训练。阅读旨在提高阅读速度。阅读速度的提高取决于一定的阅读技巧。所以，教师要在限时阅读中培养学生以下快速阅读技巧：
(1)视读。用眼睛扫描文章内容，按意群理解句子的意思。看文章时。禁止学生朗读、默读、逐词读或用手、笔指着读，因为看文章比读文章的速度快。
(2)猜测词义。学生看文章时，经常会因遇到生词而紧张，影响阅读情绪。其实，可以采用“战略上藐视，战术上重视”的策略，放松心情，根据上下文或语法知识猜测词义。
(3)抓整体。阅读时，应把注意力放在整篇文章上，不要过多地考虑每个单词、短语或单句的意思，否则很难在短时间内把握文章的主旨。
二、丰富文化背景知识
学生对世界的认识。对人文、历史、地理、科技、体育、卫生、环境、生活、习俗和风土人情等方面知识的多寡直接影响对文章理解的水平。学生的非语言信息也是提高阅读理解能力的重要因素之一。因此每个学生都必须有意识地排除非语言障碍，利用各种途径充实自己的背景知识。现有的教材为学生提供了较为丰富的阅读材料，题材多样，主要涉及科学技术、天文地理、环境保护、人文历史、自然灾害、医疗保护和饮食文化等。在使用教材时，学生不仅要注意语言基础知识的学习，还要注意文章所提供的信息。了解和掌握相关的常识，还应鼓励学生泛读各类有助于增长见识的课外读物。
三、注意阅读篇目题材形式特征
文章的题材主要有：科技小品、说理小品、新闻报道、人物传记、短篇故事、史地文化、幽默小品和图形表格。不同题材往往有各自的写作方法和语言表达方式。学生若不了解题材，阅读就会带有盲目性。在学习和阅读时。教师要引导学生注意文章的题材特征，掌握不同题材的阅读方法，从而提高阅读速度和理解的准确性。以新闻报道的题材为例，这类文章有非常明显的特点：
(1)主题突出。文章的第一句话或第一段即是对整篇文章的高度概括。
(2)要点明显。写作即要求五个“W”(when，where，who，whathow)的表述一目了然。但命题时往往不会几点俱全，而需要考生根据已提供的几个“W”，以及各“W”之间的联系去推出未知的“W”，同时也不会排除对细节的理解。学生可根据这两个特点，较快地把握文章的主旨和细节，从而较快地作出正确判断。
总之，提高阅读能力需要日积月累的训练，但是如果学生讲究阅读策略，阅读方法得当，快速的提高也是可能的。
;7. 中考英语语法:09届中考英语单项突破阅读12
《09届中考英语单项突破阅读12》由英语我拦巧整理嫌销,更多请访问:https://www.liuxue86.com/english/。本内容整理时间为05月12日，如有任何问题请联系我们。
09届中考英语单项突破阅读12
Part Three
Passage A
Four men who would become fathers were in a hospital waiting room while their wives were in labor (分娩). The nurse arrived and proudly said to the first man, "Congratulations, sir. You're the father of twins!"
"What a coincidence (巧合)! I work for the Minnesota Twins Baseball teams!"
Later the nurse returned and congratulated the second father on the birth of his triplets (三胞胎).
"Wow! That's unbelievable! I work for the 3M Company."
An hour later, the nurse returned to congratulate the third man on the birth of his quadruplets (四胞胎). Surprised, he only could answer, "I don't believe it! I work for the Four Seasons Hotel!"
After this, everyone turned to the fourth man who had just fainted (晕). The nurse ran fast to his side. As he slowly came to himself, they could hear him speak in a very low voice over and over, "I should never have taken that job at 7-Eleven. I should never have taken that job at 7-Eleven. I should never have taken that job at 7-Eleven."
1.Why were the fathers there?
A. They were waiting for their wives. B. They were seeing doctors.
C. They were waiting for their babies to be born.
D. They were working at men nurses there.
2.Which of the following is true about the third man?
A. He thought the nurse made a mistake.
B. He was very surprised at the nurse's words.
C. He didn'简者键t want to have these babies.
D. He should never have worked at 7-Eleven.
3.Why did the fourth man faint when he heard what the nurse told the third man?
A. Hew was afraid of having so many babies. B. He was seriously ill.
C. He was too excited. D. He was very glad to have 7 babies.
4.At least how many babies would be born according to the story?
参考答案:CBAB
(选自2003年湖北省黄石市试题)
Passage B
I was sleeping soundly last night when I was awakened by someone's groans(呻吟).I listened,and heard it was from Sam,a student from Africa. I really wanted to go on sleeping, as I had insomnia(失眠)and had just fallen asleep, but I couldn't because Sam groaned louder and louder,showing he was seriously ill.
At that time,Robbie,a student from China,also got up to help. We found some pills,got some water,and helped him sit up to take them, hoping this would make his pain go down a little and get over the difficult time. If only daytime would come soon, everything would become easier.
Things went contrary相反)to our wishes. Sam's condition developed from bad to worse. We telephoned the emergency service,and in no time an ambulance stopped in front of our gate. We helped the medical(医疗)workers carry Sam to the vehicle,and then both Robbie and I got in and took Sam to the hospital.
We helped him go through many medical examinations. After all kinds of tests,we were told that the final diagnosis(诊断)was appendicitis(盲肠炎).Luckily,Sam didn't need an operation because we brought him to the hospital in time. He got timely treatment.
After Sam felt much better,we rushed back to prepare ourselves for the class. We were a little tired,but we had certainly done something good,something right.
1. Why couldn't the writer go on sleeping that night?
A. Because he was too excited that day.
B. Because his roommates were watching football games on TV.
C. Because one of his roommates was sick and groaning.
D. Because he was sick.
2. What does "vehicle" in the third paragraph refer to?
A. Car. B. Ambulance.
C. Taxi. D. Bus
3. Why didn't Sam need an operation?
A. Because Sam didn't have enough money for an operation.
B. Because Sam was sent to the hospital in time.
C. Because Sam was much afraid of having an operation.
D. This article doesn't tell us the reason.
4. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
A. Sam,Robbie and the writer lived in the same room.
B. Sam was feeling very well after taking some pills.
C. Robbie and the writer also went to the hospital.
D. Robbie and the writer didn't sleep after they came back from the hospital.
参考答案:CBBB
Passage C
From the time we were babies we have been taught manners. We are taught how to hold a knife and fork and not to talk with our mouths full. We are taught how to shake hands and when to stand and when to sit and the way to introce people.
Sometimes good manners in one place are very bad manners somewhere else. Almost everywhere eating together means that people are very friendly to each other. But in parts of Polynesia(波利尼西亚)it is bad manners to be seen eating beside each other. So they politely turn their backs to each other when they are taking food.
Some East Africans spit four times as a kind of blessing(祝福).They do it to show that
they want a sick person to get well,or to bless a new-born baby. In most other places,spitting means something completely different. It usually shows an unhealthy habit. In many
countries,it may mean that you hate someone.
When we go to visit someone we say"Hello!"Or"How are you?" or things like that.
But if you are visiting an East African village,everyone will be very careful not to pay attention to you, The polite thing there will be for you to go quietly,without speaking to anyone, and sit beside your friend. You should wait until he has finished what he is doing and then he will begin talking to you.
In a village in Arab,a visitor will walk behind all the tents until he gets to the one he wants to visit. If he passes in front,he will be invited into each tent and asked to eat. It is rude to refuse.
1. From this passage we know .
A. it's good manners to use a knife and fork to eat
B. it's bad manners to stand and talk
C. it's good manners not to talk with our mouths full
D. how to shake hands when we introce people
2. In many places,spitting may mean .
A. you give a new-born baby the blessing
B. you want a sick person to get well
C. you hate someone
D. you show your love to your relatives or friends
3. If you visit an East African village,you .
A. should say"Hello!"or"How are you?"to others
B. should talk to the villagers quietly
C. should be very careful and not to pay any attention to others
D. must wait until your friend has finished his work and then begin to talk to him
参考答案:CCD
Part Four 总结
《九年义务教育全日制初级中学英语教学大纲》对"读"的要求如下:①能预习课文,初步理解课文大意。②学会查词典,能借助词典阅读难度相当于课文的材料,并理解其大意。③能独立阅读所学语言知识范围内的材料,生词率不超过3%。三年制和四年制的阅读速度分别是每分钟40-50和50-60个单词,理解正确率达到70%。
阅读能力强的标志不仅指阅读速度快,而且还要求理解率高。具体体现在如下几个方面:①掌握所读材料的大意,以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。②既能理解具体的事实,也能理解抽象的概念。③既能理解字面意思,也能理解深层含义(包括作者的态度、意图及倾向等)。④既能理解某一句话、某一段落的意义,也能理解全篇的逻辑关系,并能据此进行推理和判断。⑤既能根据材料所提供的信息解决问题,也能结合必备的常识(包括生活常识和相关的其他学科知识等)去理解和处理题目设置的疑难问题。
中考阅读复习建议:
1.背单词相结合,由于考试过程中不允许考生查字典,因此,要想解答好阅读理解题必须做到掌握相当的词汇量。词汇不过关,处处是难关。平常要多背诵一些基础词汇、词组、习惯短语等。教材中出现的重要句型也必须牢记。这样就能为顺利阅读提供强有力的保障。同时在记忆词汇时,要注意单词的词性及一词多义现象,这样对阅读中碰到的生词的推断会有一定的帮助。
2.平时多看一些英文书籍做积累,加强"听、说、读、写、译"五项基本技能的训练,创造良好的语境。通过多听、多说、多读、多写、多译,逐步培养语感,提高综合运用语言知识的能力,为阅读能力的提高奠定坚实的基础。
3.历年的中考真题拿来仔细研究, 研究近几年全国各省市中考英语试题,我们发现"阅读理解"题呈现出这样几个特点:①题材新颖,原汁原味,趣味性强;②贴近生活实际,极具可读性;③反映社会热点,富于时代气息;④题目设计巧妙,匠心独运;⑤考查能力综合化;⑥选材广泛,信息量大。所涉及内容包罗万象,不仅涉及生活网络,自然科学,而且也触及天文地理,异域风情等。
4.制定月计划、周计划、日计划
5.课本为依据
最后我送给大家一个典故,一个天使angel曾经问过上帝这样一个问题,你们要听好:"when did Noah build the Ark? 这句话的中文意思就是:"诺亚什么时候建的方舟?"上帝听了转头微微一笑回答说:"Before the rain." 在雨前建的。这句话蕴涵了很深的道理对不对?你们现在初三,中考对于你们越来越近。我打个比方,大家现在好比站在平原上面快乐地跳舞、快乐地奔跑、快乐地嬉戏。。。。但是你有没有想到在一年之后,有一场暴雨肯定要来临,席卷每个人,所有人都不能幸免。当洪水漫过你的口鼻,抑制住你的呼吸时,你就会想我的方舟在哪里?到那时你只能潸然泪下,带着遗憾变成一具死尸了。所以同学们趁着现在我们还在平原上,阳光还灿烂,让我们拿起笔,作为我们的斧头,砍下属于我们的第一根树枝,从这第一根树枝起构建我们自己的方舟。希望大家在中考时都能拥有自己的方舟。 《09届中考英语单项突破阅读12》由英语我整理,更多请访问:https://www.liuxue86.com/english/
8. 长篇阅读Raising Bilingual Children答案
阅读理解的答案：abcddcbdac；
The purpose of reading is only to understand the situation. We read newspapers, advertisements, brochures and so on, which belong to this reading method. For most of this kind of materials, readers should use the quick reading method of quick reading。
阅读的目的只是为了了解情况。我们阅读报纸、广告、说明书等属于这种阅读方法。对于大多数这类资料，读者应该使用一目十行的速读法。
and quickly browse between words like electronic scanning, so as to capture the contents they need in time and discard the irrelevant parts. If anyone wants to know the current situation or study a certain period of history in time。
眼睛像电子扫描一样地在文字间快速浏览，及时捕捉自己所需的内容，舍弃无关的部分。任何人想及时了解当前形势或者研究某一段历史；
speed reading is indispensable. However, whether it is necessary to interrupt, read intensively or pause for a little thinking depends on the materials read.
速读法是不可少的，然而，是否需要中断、精读或停顿下来稍加思考，视所读的材料而定。
(8)题材新颖的英语阅读理解扩展阅读：
《英语阅读(9年级)(上)》特色：紧贴国家最新英语课程标准关于强化学生分级阅读的要求；专为中国学生量身订做，跟踪国家考试取向；组织海外和国内知名专家担任主编和作者，合作编写；
英语地道标准，真实自然；题材新颖广泛，内容切合现代实际，使学生在快乐阅读中提高学习效率；练习形式多样，设计严谨，有利于提高自我评价和应试能力。
英语阅读这种“眼脑直映”式的阅读的方法省略了语言中枢和听觉中枢这两个可有可无的中间环节，即文字信号直接映入大脑记忆中枢进行理解和记忆。这是一种单纯运用视觉的阅读方式。所以说“眼脑直映”式的快速阅读，才是真正的“看书”。
9. 中考英语阅读理解体裁
阅读理解在英语考试里所占的分值比较大，但是却有存在较大的难度。下面，针对中考，我们来看看中考的英语阅读理解题材都有哪些，为中考加油。
阅读理解题对学生提出了较高的能力要求，主要是考查学生通过阅读获取信息、分析信息和处理信息的能力，既要抓住文章的主旨，又要抓住细节;既要理解具体事实，又要理解抽象概念;既要理解文章字面意思，又要挖掘作者意图，揣摩隐藏在字里行间的内涵既要理解全篇的逻辑关系又要理解某些细节的意思，并且在读懂句子和文章的基础上，将所读文章进行判断、分析和推理。概括的说就是这类题注重考查阅读技能，包括理解短文大意、了解具体细节、通过上下文猜测词义、归纳篇章大意，以及推断或理解作者的态度和意图等。考生不仅要具有准确获得信息的能力，还要具有透过文章表层意思理解文章隐含意义的能力。这样才能抓住中心思想，作出正确的判断。试题涉及掌握语篇主旨，事实细节、深层含义、推理判断、猜测词义等多方面的阅读能力考查。设题通常考虑以下四个方面。
1. 直观性问题 。直接引用原文中的语句或根据短文中原语句稍加改动而编成。
2. 常识性问题。 考查学生依据短文信息，并根据自己所具备的一般常识作出判断的题型.
3. 理解性问题。 考查学生对文章的中心思想，某段的段落大意，某一事实的细节及作者意图等的理解程度。
4. 推理性问题。 这类题需在深刻理解短文后，再经过推理判断才能选出正确答案。
阅读是一个复杂的心理过程，语言学家古德曼(Groodman)认为，阅读就是读者通过其心理和语言活动理解来接受作者的思想和观点。如果学生能读懂一篇文章，则表明作者写作时的思维过程与该生在阅读时的思维活动趋于吻合，这就是说学生的阅读理解必须实于原文，不可脱离文章凭空想象。
对学生进行阅读技巧训练还应该从文体角度来训练，因为一篇文章的设题是受其文体限制的。下面我们分析几个不同体裁文章的特点，供大家参考。
a. 故事类。
初中生接触到的阅读材料大都是故事类。阅读故事类的材料，应该抓住人物线索、地点线索、时间线索和情节发展线索。特别注意的是，以上线索往往是并存的。因为情节的发展总是涉及到人物的变化、时间的推移、场景的变换等。而阅读材料后的阅读理解题往往会围绕这些内容设计一些事实类的理解题。凡事实类的理解题都可以从阅读材料的表层文字中找到答案。在阅读故事类短文时，应指导学生理解文章的深层含义，也就是它的主题。在此需要注意的'是，现在的阅读理解题在测试事实类的理解题的同时，往往有一道推理类理解测试题.
b.科普类。
这里所指的科普类是广义的。它包含有介绍科学知识、社会知识的短文。阅读这类短文时，要以事实为中心进行思考，抓住事物的特征、用途、相互关系等.如果是介绍社会现象的文章，要掌握所谈现象的内涵。
c.图表类。
这类短文是通过看图或表格等来了解某方面的情况。指导学生阅读这类材料时，主要从两方面入手;一是了解图表的主题，确定图表的主要内容，二是推敲图画语盲或数字，找出它们之间的关联或试图表达的含义。
d.新闻类。
报刊阅读应逐步成为中学生阅读的一个重要内容。由于新闻报道强调遵循 5 个 w 和 1 个 H，所以，我们在阅读时也要抓住这一点去理解把握。
10. 【实施高中英语任务型教学提高学生英语阅读能力】 英语阅读理解100篇
一、高中英语阅读教学的现状分判颂析 通过对高中英语阅读教学的现状进行分析,我们可以知道目前高中英语阅读教学仍然存在各种不足之处,其具体表现如下:
(一)阅读教学模式单一。阅读教学拘泥于学生对所读材料的表层理解,许多学生不能对所读文章的要点进行有效的推断,也不能正确把握文章的脉络,从而影响了理解的准确性和全面性。许多教师仍采用师生一问一答式的教学方法,学生学习被动,不利于培养学生的发散性思维。而高中阶段的阅读文章应当是题材丰富,体裁多样,阅读的目的也应有不同的侧重,而千篇一律的阅读教学模式难以实现不同的阅读目的。
(二)阅读教学中忽略了语法分析。不少教师在阅读教学中“谈语法色变”,未能引导学生借助语法正确理解句子,尤其是缺乏对长句、难句、省略句及意思晦涩句的理解与分析,影响了学生对阅读材料全面、正确的理解,阻碍了学生获取文章的内含信息。
(三)阅读教学中生词处理不当。如何处理阅读材料中出现的生词和歧义词使许多教师感到十分棘手和困惑。许多教师片面追求阅读时的“整体理解”,舍弃了对词汇的教学,只是在阅读前将有关词汇匆匆略讲而过,而且只涉及词汇的一般含义,忽视了词汇在语篇中的特定含义。
(四)阅读教学中滥用多媒体。虽然阅读教学以多媒体来辅助词汇教学有利于活跃课堂气氛,但是把本应通过文字解读和推理归纳才能获得的信息以直观形式展示给学生,致使直观教学替代了学生的形象思维和抽象思维,抹杀了学生的好
奇心,不利于提高学生的推理能力和文字解码能力。
二、高中英语阅读教学的目标定位分析及启示
⒈新颁布的《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》对高中英语阅读教学的目标作了分级定位,即“能根据阅读目的使用不同阅读策略”(六级),“能通过分析句子结构理解难迟祥句和长句”(八级),“能通过上下文和句子结构猜测词义”(六级),“能通过文章中的线索进行推理”(七级)等,从而提高学生获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力。因此,阅读教学的过程既是对词汇语篇进行理解的过程,又是对句子进行系统归纳和概括的过程,又是培养学生发掘阅读材料内涵和正确使用阅读策略能力的过程,更是培养学生发散思维和推理能力的过程。
⒉近年来的英语高考阅读理解文章和试题也充分体现了高中英语阅读教学的目标和导向。高考阅读文章的取材到问题的设置有以下特点:①文章体裁多样,题材各异文章难度呈现一定梯度。②阅读文章中出现的难句和长句等复杂句逐年增多。③根据语境推测生词意义和对代词指代意义的考查题增多。
⒊《全日制普通高级中学英语课程标准》倡导任务型教学,以学生“能做某事”的描述方式设定目标要求。教师应避免单纯传授语言知识的教学方法,教师应依据课程的总体目标并结合教学内容,创造性地设计贴近学生实际的教学活动,吸引和组织他们积极参与。学生通过思考、调查、讨论、交流和合作等方式,学习和使用英语,完成学习任务,感受成掘旦郑功,从而提高学生综合语言运用能力。
⒋语言学习的规律告诉我们:新的语言知识从输入到运用有一个处理消化的过程,完成这个过程需要一定的理解语言的机会。
因此,我们在高中英语阅读教学中要努力实施任务型教学。高中英语任务型阅读教学研究目的在于:通过完成阅读过程中的环节相扣的小任务,指导学生圆满完成各项任务,从而提高学生的阅读理解能力,训练学生的阅读技巧,培养学生的阅读能力,兼顾培养学生的听、说、写的能力,从而培养学生综合语言运用能力。
三、高中英语阅读教学中任务的设计
所谓“任务”,简而言之就是“做事”。在“做事”的过程中,学习始终处于一种积极的、主动的学习心理状态,任务参与者之间的交际过程也是一种互动过程。
新编高中英语阅读教材中的课文具有话题广泛、信息密度高、语言知识丰富等特点,它是各单元教学的核心。鉴于此,高中英语阅读课的任务设计应遵循以下原则:
1.趣味性原则:教师就根据学生的年龄特点,以学生的生活经验和兴趣为出发点,尽量采用真实的内容和方式,采取多变的教学活动形式和不同的教学方法去激发学生的学习积极性,增强教学效果。
2.启发性原则:在设计阅读课任务时,教师要在深入钻研教材、把握教材的基础上,抓住学生认识事物的规律和心理特征,力争做到设计的任务能激励学生开动脑筋、积极思维、参加语言实践。
3.阶梯性原则:阅读课中任务的设计要注重由简到繁、由易到难、层层深入,并形成由初级任务向高级任务过渡再由高级任务涵盖初级任务的循环。在语言技能方面,应遵循先听读、后说写的设计顺序,使教学呈阶梯式层层递进。
4.渗透性原则:任务的设计不应该局限于课本教学,而要渗透到学习和生活中,以培养学生思维想象力、审美情趣艺术感受、协作精神和创新精神等综合素质。
5.学生的主体性原则:在任务实践过程中,学生应始终是主体,教师应努力做好教学中的铺垫工作,通过引导、启发和辅导等形式,使学生不断思考、归纳和总结,最终获取新的知识,学生的阅读理解能力才能得以提高。
四、高中英语任务型阅读教学模式探索
根据任务型教学的基本理念和阅读教学的基本规律,高中英语阅读课可分为以下三个阶段:
第一阶段:任务前(Pre-task/Task before reading)。任务前活动包括教的活动、意识提升活动和计划。教的活动与介绍新的语言知识和语言结构密切相关;意识提升活动只在提高学生对语言结构的意识;计划就是让学生在规定的时间里完成任务。这一段我们应完成以下任务:
1.了解背景知识,预测活动内容:学生课前通过各种媒体了解背景知识,教师适当补充,背景知识又称非直观信息,它储存于学生的长时记忆中,是直接影响阅读分析和理解的一个重要因素。适当了解背景知识,可以帮助扫除可能出现的障碍,激发其阅读的欲望。同时,也可让学生根据文中图片及标题等对阅读内容进行预测,从而激发学生进一步阅读课文的兴趣。
2.扫除语言障碍:要使阅读有意义,不但需要非直观信息,还需要直观信息等。因此,扫除阅读中可能出现的语言障碍是必要的,但是要控制好生词释义的量,有的生词词义要让学生通过上下文猜测。
3.明确阅读目的:阅读目的决定了阅读的方式及速度。目前在我国中学英语教学中,阅读教学的目的旨在通过规范的课堂教学,提高学生的英语阅读能力,其中包括获得课文大意的扫读技能、获得课文具体内容的跳读、精读技能以及培养语感、获取乐趣的泛读技能。教师应在阅读教学前确定第一教学阶段的阅读目的及阅读方法,呈现本课所要解决的问题,并提出具体任务,比如,让学生阅读后填图或表格等。
第二阶段:任务环(Task-cycle/Task while reading)。任务环包括符号辨认和内容理解。教师不但要帮助学生弄清课文的结构和具体内容,还要帮助学生弄清楚作者的写作意图。教师可以设计数个微型任务,构成任务链,要求学生以个人或小组形式,采用下面四个环节来完成任务:
1.听力理解:学生听录音,了解课文大意,完成1-2个听力题,从而提高学生整体把握课文有关信息的能力。
2.扫读理解:该环节要求学生快速通读课文,从整体上把握课文脉络,理解课文大意,找出主题句、关键词,使学生对文章的内容、结构和作者的写作意图有一个整体印象。教师可用以下方法来检测学生的任务完成情况:
(1)课文主要信息正误判断;
(2)选出与课文内容相对应的标题或图片;
(3)要求学生回答一些有关课文内容综合性问题。
3.略读质疑:在该环节中,教师引导学生围绕问题的有关信息重点地进行略读,找出问题的范围,提高学生的阅读速度。
4.细读赏析:在该环节中,教师要引导学生带着审美的观点认真阅读全文,了解文章的细节、段落大意及段落之间的联系,促进对篇章结构的理解。教师可设计以下任务来检测学生的阅读效果:
(1)要求学生回答一些关于课文的细节问题;
(2)要求学生讨论归纳各段大意;
(3)要求学生根据课文内容填写各类图表;
(4)要求学生借助语法分析文章中句子与句子之间、句子中事与事或人与人之间的关系,才能正确地理解阅读材料,获取作者所传递的信息,达成阅读目标的有效方法;反之,脱离句法分析的阅读往往是肤浅的,理解的偏差也往往是不可避免的。
教师可以引导学生对长句和难句进行语法分析,既要提高学生的阅读速度,又要增强学生的理解深度。
(5)要求学生正确理解特定语境中的词汇,它是有效推敲作者意图的关键和理解全文的前提。
在语境中学习词汇,扩充词汇,了解新词,正确把握语篇的意义,发掘文章的内涵,也是阅读理解的重要任务之一。例如,在一篇介绍数码相机的文章中有这样一段话:They are very hot this year. The prices have come down and the quality has gone up. Who wants to travel with 30 rolls of film? With a large memory card to store pictures, you can shoot and shoot and never to worry about changing a roll.句中划线词汇均为多义词,在上述特定的语境中才产生了它们的特定语意;学生只有了解了整篇文章的真实意义,才可能读懂这段话的内容。
当然,在各环节的任务完成过程中,教师要随时提醒学生注意阅读速度,并根据不同的阅读方法和任务,向学生提出不同的阅读速度。
第三阶段:任务后(post-task/task after reading)
任务后活动包括讨论、评价和操练。教师可设计以下任务:
1.展示:要求学生以个人或小组形式通过表演、报告、复述、背诵、听写、默写等方式向全班展示任务完成情况。
2.讨论与评价:要求学生利用已有的知识、兴趣或观点,完成一些交际任务。引导学生以讨论的形式表达个人的观点,例如:同意或不同意,喜欢或不喜欢,提出建议或解决问题,评论课文中的人物,想象故事的多种结局,等等。然后教师对学生完成任务的情况作出评价,评价要具有激励性。
3.布置作业:要求学生做相关内容的作业,如:课文的改写、缩写或续写,采访,报道,或做同样题材的短文填空、阅读理解、书面表达,等等。
五、结束语
在任务型阅读教学中,学生的活动具有明确的目标指向和具体的操作要求,学生在任务的驱动下学习语言知识和进行技能训练,学生大脑始终处于一种激活状态,贴近学生生活的任务可激发学生学习兴趣,增强学生学习动力。学习任务的不断深化,有利于学生语言能力的培养,有助于培养学生的合作精神和解决问题的能力,任务完成的结果为学生提供了自我评价的标准,并使学生产生成就感。
总之,任务型阅读教学强调了对学生语言运用能力的培养,注重培养学生获取知识的能力,有利于学生创新精神和实践能力的提高。当然,我们全体师生还须共同努力,不断探索和完善任务型阅读教学的基本操作模式。
(责任编辑:郑 卫)