考研英语阅读理解翻译全文翻译
考研英语阅读理解汉语翻译
考研英语阅读不仅需要大量的词汇量，更需从答案着手，“慧眼识珠”，消除干扰答案，更加快速高效的做出选择。下面是我给大家准备的考研英语阅读理解真题及汉语翻译，欢迎大家阅读练习!
The marvelous telephone and television network that has now enmeshed the whole world, making all men neighbours, cannot be extended into space. It will never be possible to converse with anyone on another planet. Even with today's radio equipment, the messages will take minutes—sometimes hours—on their journey, because radio and light waves travel at the same limited speed of 186, 000 miles a second.
Twenty years from now you will be able to listen to a friend on Mars, but the words you hear will have left his mouth at least three minutes earlier, and your reply will take a corresponding time to reach him. In such circumstances, an exchange of verbal messages is possible—but not a conversation.
To a culture which has come to take instantaneous communication for granted, as part of the very structure of civilized life, this “time barrier” may have a profound psychological impact. It will be a perpetual reminder of universal laws and limitations against which not all our technology can ever prevail. For it seems as certain as anything can be that no signal—still less any material object—can ever travel faster than light.
The velocity of light is the ultimate speed limit, being part of the very structure of space and time. Within the narrow confines of the solar system, it will not handicap us too severely. At the worst, these will amount to twenty hours—the time it takes a radio signal to span the orbit of Pluto, the outer-most planet.
It is when we move out beyond the confines of the solar system that we come face to face with an altogether new order of cosmic reality. Even today, many otherwise ecated men—like those savages who can count to three but lump together all numbers beyond four—cannot grasp the profound distinction between solar and stellar space. The first is the space enclosing our neighbouring worlds, the planets; the second is that which embraces those distant suns, the stars, and it is literally millions of times greater. There is no such abrupt change of scale in the terrestrial affairs.
Many conservative scientists, appalled by these cosmic gulfs, have denied that they can ever be crossed. Some people never learn; those who sixty years ago scoffed at the possibility of flight, and ten years ago laughed at the idea of travel to the planets, are now quite sure that the stars will always be beyond our reach. And again they are wrong, for they have failed to grasp the great lesson of our age—that if something is possible in theory, and no fundamental scientific laws oppose its realization, then sooner or later it will be achieved.
One day we shall discover a really efficient means of propelling our space vehicles. Every technical device is always developed to its limit and the ultimate speed for spaceships is the velocity of light. They will never reach that goal, but they will get very near it. And then the nearest star will be less than five years voyaging from the earth.[514 words]
11.For light to travel across the solar system, it will take_______.
[A] a year [B] nearly a day [C] two months [D] thirty minutes
12.The fact that it will never be possible to converse with someone on another planet shows that________
[A] radio messages do not travel fast enough
[B] no object can ever travel faster than light
[C] western culture has a special idea of communication
[D] certain universal laws cannot be prevailed against
13.Confronted with the new order of cosmic reality, many ecated men________.
[A] become ignorant savage again [B] find the “time barrier” unbearable
[C] will not combine solar and stellar space[D] cannot adapt to the abrupt change of scale
14.Conservative scientists who deny that cosmic gulfs can ever be crossed will________
[A] laugh at the very idea of flight [B] learn a lesson as they did ten years ago
[C] find space travel beyond their reach[D] oppose the fundamental scientific laws
15.The author of the passage intends to show__________.
[A] the limitations of our technology [B] the vastness of the cosmic reality
[C] the prospect of planetary travel [D] the psychological impact of time and space
>>>>>>答案解析<<<<<<
核心词汇
enclose vt. *① [常用被动态] to surround sth., especially with a fence or wall, in order to make it separate(尤指用篱笆或围墙)围起来 例：A high wall enclosed the courtyard. 一堵高墙把院子围了起来。 ② 随信附上，随信装入 例：Please enclose a check with your order. 请您随定单附上支票。
en-?是构成动词的前缀，表示 ① “使处于某种状态，使有某种特征，使成为……”例：danger使陷入危险中，危害，危及，enlarge使变大，扩大，enslave使成为奴隶，奴役 ②“把……包住;包涵”例：encircle围绕，环绕，包围，encase把……放入箱(盒、袋等)内
lump n. ① a small piece of something solid, without a particular shape(不定形的)块例：There were lumps in the sauce. 酱汁中有块状的东西。②方糖 例：One lump or two? 要一块还是两块方糖?vt. to accept a situation or decision you do not like because you cannot change it 无奈地接受 例： I?m going to that party! Like it or lump it! 我打算去参加那个聚会!不管喜欢还是不喜欢!
[短语搭配] *lump sth. together 把……合在一起考虑;算在一起 例：Pacifists, atheists and journalists were all lumped together as “troublemakers”. 和平主义者、无神论者和记者都被归为“捣乱分子”。
超纲词汇
enmesh vt. *① 用网捕捉，使陷入网中;文中指“以电话和电视网络将整个世界联系起来” ② 使陷入，使卷入 例：be enmeshed in difficulties陷入困难中
stellar a.*① 恒星的，与星有关的 ② 极好的 例：the company?s stellar growth公司的良好发展
terrestrial a. ① 陆地的 *② 地球上的
长难句分析
1. The marvelous telephone and television network that has now enmeshed the whole world, makingall men neighbors, cannot be extended into space.
该句主干是一个被动句The marvelous telephone and television network... cannot be extended into space。其中that引导的定语从句做后置定语修饰network;分词短语making all men neighbors当结果状语，修饰整个定语从句。
2. To a culture which has come to take instantaneous communication for granted, as part of the very structure of civilized life, this “time barrier” may have a profound psychological impact.
该句主干是This “time barriers” may have a profound psychological impact。介词短语to a culture which... 充当状语成分，修饰句子主干，其中which引导的定语从句修饰a culture;介词短语as... 与前面的动词take构成“动词+复合宾语”的结构take sth. as sth.(把……看作……)。
3. Those who sixty years ago scoffed at the possibility of flight, and ten years ago laughed at the idea of travel to the planets, are now quite sure that the stars will always be beyond our reach.
该句主干是Those... are now quite sure that... 。who引导的定语从句修饰主语those;连词and 连接的两个动词短语scoffed...和laughed... 是并列关系，一起充当定语从句的谓语。that引导的从句充当表语。
语篇分析
本文题材涉及星际通信。作者告诉读者虽然人类在宇宙中的交流受到速度的限制，但是跨越宇宙鸿沟的可能性是存在的。它是一篇现象解释型文章，按照“指出现象—解释现象—提出新观点”脉络展开论述，可分成三部分。
第一、二段为第一部分，指出现象：星际之间的通信受到速度的限制。
第一段：开篇指出，地球上的通信系统无法延伸到太空中，因此人类无法实现星际之间的对话。接着分析原因：无线电波和光波传播速度的限制(the same limited speed)使信息需要花很长时间才能到达(the messages will take minutes—sometimes hours—on their journey)。
第二段：以火星为例，具体说明星际之间无法实现通常意义上的“对话”(a conversation is impossible)。由此可以推知，未来星际之间的交流将采用延时通信(communication delay)的方式。
第三、四段，分析现象带来的影响。
第三段：指出“时间障碍”对人们造成的心理影响(a profound psychological impact)，即人们意识到技术不能战胜宇宙的普遍规律和限制(universal laws and limitations against which not all our technology can ever prevail)。
第四段：指出速度限制在狭小的太阳系内(the narrow confines of the solar system)不会给人们带来不便(will not handicap us too severely)，并且以冥王星为例说明速度的限制在太阳系内最多造成20个小时的延迟。
第五至七段：作者就星际之间的通信问题提出新的观点。
第五段：提出观点一，即，人们应该认识到太阳系之外的宇宙更浩瀚，天体规模的变化更突然(greater， abrupt change of scale)。该段批评了一些人对宇宙的无知(like savages，cannot grasp the profound distinction)，并且对太阳系和恒星系两个概念给予了界定。
第六段：批评那些否认跨越宇宙鸿沟的可能性(appalled by these cosmic gulfs, denied that they can ever be crossed)的保守的科学家。从理论上进行论证：人类的发展证明，只要是理论上证明可能的事情，人类迟早能够实现(If something is possible in theory, then sooner or later it will be achieved)。
第七段：提出观点二，即，技术的发展将使跨越宇宙鸿沟变为可能。该段指出未来的航天器驱动方式(a really efficient means of propelling our space vehicles)将会接近速度的极限。全文最后以展望星际旅行的前景结束。
文章总体特点：全文内容分为两大部分，前面部分围绕“宇宙速度限制”展开，后面部分围绕“跨越宇宙鸿沟的可能性”展开。前面部分是铺垫，后面部分才是作者观点的论述，即全文的重心。
试题命制分析
通过对文章的整体分析，我们可以从以下几个方面命题，考查考生的阅读理解能力。
1. 事实细节题
(1) 文中出现多处数字，包括：无线电波或者光波的传播速度都是每秒186, 000英里;无线电信号达到冥王星的时间是20小时;未来乘坐航天器达到最近的恒星需要大约5年的时间。针对这些细节可以命制数字细节题，参见试题11。
(2) 第一段含有两个层次的因果关系：人类无法实现星际之间的对话是因为信号传送时间长;信号传送时间长是因为无线电波或者光波传播速度的限制。这里可以命制因果细节题，参见试题12。
(3) 结合第三段和第四段考查“速度限制或时间障碍”造成的影响。如：[A] 人类不再盲目崇拜技术;[B] 给人类生活带来诸多不便;[C] 星际之间无法进行交流;[D] 诱发人类一些心理疾病。(答案：[A])
2. 推理引申题
(1) 针对第二段关于与火星上的人交流的描述考查未来星际之间的交流方式。
(2) 针对第四段末句考查太阳系内通信延迟的时间最长可以达多久。
3. 人物观点、态度题
第五段和第六段提到了两类保守的人，根据文中的描述，可以命制人物观点题，参见试题13和14。也可以考查他们看待时间障碍问题的态度，如：[A] 肯定的;[B] 否定的;[C] 中立的;[D] 含糊不清的.。(答案：[A])
4. 作者观点、态度题
(1) 考查作者对文中提到的两类人的态度，如：[A] 褒扬;[B] 批判;[C] 同情;[D] 厌恶。(答案：[B])
(2) 根据第五段至第七段，考查作者观点，如：[A] 人类在浩瀚的宇宙中十分渺小;[B] 人们应该了解太阳系之外的宇宙;[C] 技术的力量是无穷无尽的;[D] 宇宙速度的限制迟早会被突破。(答案：[B])
5. 词义句意题
(1) 考查第五段lump together的含义。
(2) 根据上文推测第六段末句If something is possible in theory... then sooner or later it will be achieved的含义，如：[A] 未来的人类终将跨越宇宙鸿沟;[B] 任何设想都不要违背自然规律;[C] 保守的人永远不能正确预见未来;[D] 理论与实际的距离只是时间问题。(答案：[A])
试题精解
11.光穿过太阳系需要多长时间?
[A] 一年。 [B] 将近一天。 [C] 两个月。 [D] 30分钟。
[精解] 答案B本题考查考生的数字推理能力。原文中没有直接的回答，但是第一段末句指出：“无线电和光的传播速度相同。”第四段最后一句又指出，无线电传到太阳系中最远的冥王星，要20小时。所以[B]项正确。
12.人无法和另外一个星球的人进行对话这一事实表明_____。
[A] 无线电的传播速度不够快 [B] 没有物体能比光的速度快
[C] 西方文化有特别的交流观念[D] 某些普遍规律不能被战胜
[精解] 答案A本题考查事实细节。第一段后两句指出，“永远不可能和另一个星球人进行对话。即使有今天的无线电设备，信息传播也需要好几分钟，甚至好几个小时，因为无线电和光波都是以有限速度传播。”第二段中举了一个和火星人交流的例子，得出的结论是：“交换语言信息是可能的，但是不可能对话。”[A]项指的是传播速度的限制，为正确项。[B]是第三段末句的改写，是事实，但它与无法实现星际对话没有必然的联系。[C]项在第三段提到，但“认为即刻交流是理所当然的文化”是人思维局限的表现，而“人无法和另外一个星球的人进行对话”是自然规律事实，后者不能表明前者。该段也提到，“时间的局限性”(即无法和外星人进行对话)提醒我们不是所有的技术都能战胜普遍规律和限制，因此这里说明的是“技术的局限性”，而不是[D]项中的“规律的不可战胜性”。
13.面对宇宙现实的新秩序，许多受过教育的人士________。
[A] 又变成无知的野人 [B] 发现“时间局限性”不可容忍
[C] 将不会把太阳系和恒星系结合起来[D] 不能适应这种突然的大规模的变化
[精解] 答案D本题考查事实细节。文章第五段第二句提到，“许多在别的方面受过教育的人，像只能数到三的野人，无法明白太阳系和恒星系的巨大不同。……(后者比前者)确实大几百万倍，地球上的事物在规模上没有这样巨大的变化。”可见，他们无法适应如此巨大的规模变化，选择[D]。[A]项拘泥于字面含义，没有理解文中举出“野人”只是为了说明那些受过教育的人在变化面前的无知，而不是真的变成了野人。[B]项文中未提，[C]项中“结合”应换成“区分”，才符合文意。
14.否认人们可能跨越巨大宇宙鸿沟的那些保守科学家将会_______。
[A] 嘲笑飞行的想法 [B] 像10年前一样吸取教训
[C] 发现太空旅行非他们所能及[D] 反对基本的科学规律
[精解] 答案C本题考查事实细节。倒数第二段谈到这些保守科学家时，作者指出：“一些人从来不吸取教训;他们60年前怀疑飞行的可能性，10年前耻笑飞往其他行星的想法，现在又满有把握地说恒星是我们永远不能及的。”据此，最为相近的答案应该是[C]。
15.从课文中，我们可以推出作者的意图是要说明_______。
[A] 我们技术的局限性 [B] 宇宙现实的广阔性
[C] 星际旅行的前景 [D] 时间和空间对心理上的影响
[精解] 答案C本题考查写作目的。综观全文，作者从无线电和光速谈起，批评了很多持保守态度的人，进而论证人类终将跨越宇宙鸿沟。文章最后描述未来星际旅行标志了人类跨越宇宙鸿沟的实现。可见，[C]是作者要说明的问题。
全文翻译
神奇的电话和电视网络将整个世界连结在一起，使所有的人都成了邻居，但是却不能延伸到宇宙中。你永远不可能和另一个星球上的人进行对话。即使有今天的无线电设备，信息传播也需要好几分钟，有时候甚至好几个小时，因为无线电和光波都是以每秒186, 000英里的有限速度传播。
20年后你能够听来自火星上的朋友说话，但是话从他口中说出至少要经过三分钟你才可以听到，你的回答也将经过相同的时间才能到达他耳中。在这样的状况下，交换语言信息是可能的，但是不可能对话。
对于一个认为即刻交流理所当然，并将其视为文明生活完整结构的一部分的文化来说，这种“时间障碍”可能会有深刻的心理影响。时间障碍(即无法和外星人进行对话)永远提醒我们不是所有的技术都能战胜普遍规律和限制。看起来非常确定的事情是：没有信号，更不用说物质，可以比光传播的速度快。
作为时空结构的一部分，光速是终极速度极限。在太阳系狭小的范围内，它不会给我们带来太严重的不便。最糟糕的情况也就是20小时，即无线电信号越过最远的冥王星的轨迹的时间。
正是当我们走到太阳系的界限之外的时候，我们开始面对着一个全新的宇宙秩序。即使在今天，许多在别的方面受过教育的人，像只能数到三而把三以上的数字都统称为四的野人，他们无法明白太阳系和恒星系的巨大不同。前者是围绕我们邻近的世界即行星的宇宙，后者是围绕那些遥远的恒星的宇宙。(后者比前者)确实大几百万倍，地球上的事物在规模上没有这样巨大的变化。
许多保守的科学家惊讶于这些宇宙鸿沟之大，因此否认跨越它们的可能性。有些人永远也不会进步：他们60年前怀疑飞行的可能性，10年前耻笑飞往其他行星的想法，现在又满有把握地说恒星是我们永远不能及的。他们再一次地错了，因为他们没有领悟我们这一时代的教训——如果某些东西从理论上说是可能的，并且没有一些基本的科学法则反对它的实现的话，它早晚都会实现。
有一天，我们会发现一种真正有效的航天器驱动方式。每一个技术发明都会发展到极限，而宇宙飞船的最终速度是光速。它们永远不会达到这个速度，但是它们将会与这个速度非常接近。那时，离地球最近的恒星用不了5年就可以到达。
;2. 考研英语阅读理解翻译历年真题
“I've never met a human worth cloning,” says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A&M University. “It's a stupid endeavor.” That's an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy. So far, he and his team have not succeeded, though they have cloned two calves and expect to clone a cat soon. They just might succeed in cloning Missy later this year—or perhaps not for another five years. It seems the reproctive system of man's best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science.
Westhusin's experience with cloning animals leaves him vexed by all this talk of human cloning. In three years of work on the Missyplicity project, using hundreds upon hundreds of canine eggs, the A&M team has proced only a dozen or so embryos carrying Missy's DNA. None have survived the transfer to a surrogate mother. The wastage of eggs and the many spontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable when you're dealing with cats or bulls, he argues, but not with humans. “Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous,” he says.
Even so, dog cloning is a commercial opportunity, with a nice research payoff. Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997, Westhusin's phone at A&M College of Veterinary Medicine has been ringing busily. Cost is no obstacle for customers like Missy's mysterious owner, who wishes to remain unknown to protect his privacy. He's plopped down $3.7 million so far to fund the research because he wants a twin to carry on Missy?s fine qualities after she dies. But he knows her clone may not have her temperament. In a statement of purpose, Missy's owner and the A&M team say they are “both looking forward to studying the ways that her clone differs from Missy.”
The fate of the dog samples will depend on Westhusin's work. He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems. “Why would you ever want to clone humans,” Westhusin asks, “when we?re not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet?” [397 words]
6. Mr. Westhusin thinks cloning is dangerous because_____ .
[A] animals are tortured to death in the experiments
[B]the public has expressed strong disapproval
[C] too many lives are wasted for laboratory use
[D] cloning becomes a quest only for profit
7. What is the problem confronting the Missyplicity project?
[A] The client holds a suspicious view toward it.
[B] There is a lack of funds to support the research.
[C] The owner is unwilling to disclose the information.
[D] Cloning dogs is a difficult biological problem.
8. Which of the following is true about animal cloning?
[A]Few private cloning companies could afford it
[B]Few people have realized its significance.
[C] An exact of a cat or bull can be made.
[D] It is becoming a prosperous instry.
9. From the passage we can infer that _____.
[A] Mr. Westhusin is going to clone a dog soon
[B] scientists are pessimistic about human cloning
[C] human reproctive system has not been understood
[D] rich people are only interested in cloning animals
10. Mr. Westhusin seems to believe that cloning______.
[A] is stupid and should be abandoned [B] has been close to success
[C] should be taken cautiously [D] is now in a dilemma
>>>>>>答案解析<<<<<<
核心词汇
confines n. limits or borders范围，界限;边界 例：the confines of human knowledge 人类的知识范围 / the confines of family life 家庭生活的范围
超纲词汇
aborted a. *① 流产的 ② 出问题的，出故障的
canine a. 犬的，犬科的
cramped a. 狭窄的，拥挤的 例：working in cramped conditions 在拥挤的环境里工作
embryo n. 胚胎
fetus n. 胎，胎儿
Missyplicity n.这是个临时造的词，是三个部分的合成：Missy指文中提到的那条狗密斯，
plicate意为“复制”，?ity为名词后缀
plop vi.&vt.(使)扑通一声落下 例：Can you plop some ice in my drink? 能在我的饮料中放点冰块吗? 文中是比喻用法，指“投入资金”
surrogate n.代理, 代理人,代用品 vt.使代理, 使代替;*surrogate mother 代理母体
veterinary a.兽医的 例：veterinary medicine/science兽医学
vexed a.*① 气恼的，烦恼的 例：the vexed parents of an unruly teenager因孩子难管教而气恼的父母 ②(问题等)争论不休的，难于解决的 例：vexed question/issue棘手的问题
viably ad. ① 可实施地，切实可行地 *② 能存活地，能生长发育地
长难句分析
1. That's an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy.
该句主干是That's an interesting choice of adjective。现在分词短语coming from... 做后置定语，修饰前面的名词choice，相当于一个定语从句(which is)coming from... ;在分词短语中，定语从句who... 也做后置定语，修饰先行词a man。
2. He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems.
该句主干是He knows that... 。that引导的宾语从句是一个主从复合句，且从句位于主句之前，主句是the offspring will face the problems... ;从句是让步状语从句：even if he gets a dog viably pregnant;should they survive是个省略了if的条件状语从句，为插入语，修饰主句。另外，主句的宾语the problems后接有过去分词短语shown... 做后置定语，相当于一个定义从句(that)are shown... ;冒号后的名词短语做the problems的同位语。
语篇分析
本文题材涉及生物技术。作者从克隆动物这个角度间接论证克隆人的不可行性，主张应该慎重对待克隆人研究。它是一篇观点论证型文章，按照“提出观点—论证观点—重申观点”的脉络展开论述，可分成三部分。
第一段为第一部分，提出观点：克隆人是不可行的。
引用专家Mark Westhusin和一位试图克隆其爱犬的富人的话(never met a human worth cloning，a stupid endeavor)表达作者的观点。接着介绍Mark Westhusin所进行的克隆动物的实验(two calves，a cat and a dog)，并特别指出对狗的克隆最具难度(one of the mysteries of modern science)。
第二、三段为第二部分，论证观点。
第二段：指出Mark Westhusin克隆动物的经验使他极力反对克隆人(vexed by talking of human cloning)。首句是段落主题句。段中详细介绍了一个克隆狗的项目(the Missyplicity project)中出现的状况：①从成百上千的卵中只获得一打左右基因匹配的胚胎;②转移到母体时没有一个胚胎存活下来。从这些细节中可以推出，克隆是低效而且危险的。这在末句“Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous”得到了证实。该段最后还给出了Mark Westhusin的观点：动物实验中的浪费现象在人的研究中不能被接受。因此，该段将Mark Westhusin反对克隆人的态度表露无疑。
3. 考研英语阅读理解和翻译
The world is goingthrough the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. Theprocess sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emergingcountries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at thisprocess and worrying: “Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollableanti-competitive force?"
There's no question that the big are getting bigger and morepowerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% ofinternational trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growingrapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment ofproction in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. InArgentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationalswent from 43% to almost 70% of the instrial proction of the 200 largestfirms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smallereconomic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of theworld economy。
I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&Awave are the same that underlie the globalization process: fallingtransportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers andenlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers'demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. Asproctivity grows, the world's wealth increases。
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave arescanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms todaycould re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly acentury ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergersof telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices forconsumers or a rection in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary,the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration isincreasing—witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan—but it doesnot appear that consumers are being hurt。
Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. Afew weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the bankinginstry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of lastresort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationalsshift proction from one place to another when a nation gets too strict aboutinfringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself therole of“defending competition" on issues that affect many othernations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?
33. What is the typical trend of businesses today?
[A]To take in more foreign funds
[B]To invest more abroad
[C]To combine and become bigger
[D]To trade with more countries
34. According to the author, one of the driving forces behindM&A wave is _________。
[A]the greater customer demands
[B]a surplus supply for the market
[C]a growing proctivity
[D]the increase of the world's wealth
35. From paragraph 4 we can infer that _________。
[A]the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
[B]WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs
[C]the costs of the globalization process are enormous
[D]the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition
36. Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can be saidto be _________。
[A]optimistic
[B]objective
[C]pessimistic
[D]biased
4. 考研英语阅读理解翻译全文
考研英语阅读是考研英语的关键,所以平时要多做并总结考研英语阅读技巧。下面就是我给大家整理的考研英语阅读理解翻译全文，希望对你有用!
考研英语阅读原文
Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely——though by no means uniformly——glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.
Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have enred for millions of years —— so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."
So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.
Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.
But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.
This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to rece many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.
考研英语阅读翻译
几十年前，我们对于未来的看法尽管并不一致，但总的来说颇为乐观。我们相信科学和技术将会治愈人类的一切疾病，使所有人都过上充满机会和成就感的生活。
如今，随着我们对自己所面临的一系列威胁有了更深刻的认识，比如从小行星撞击，到流感，再到气候变化，乌托邦式已经不合时宜。你甚至可能会禁不住要想：人类几乎前途渺茫。
然而，这种担忧不合时宜。化石记录表明，许多物种已经存活了数百万年之久，那么人类为何就不可以呢?从一个更宏观的视角来看一看人类在宇宙中的地位，就会清楚明白，即使人类生存不了几十万年，至少再存活几万年的机会还是很大。在国际自然保护联盟的濒危物种 "红色名录"上查阅"智人"这一条目，你会读到："由于该物种分布非常广泛，适应性强，目前数量持续上升，且不存在导致其整体数量下降的重大威胁，故被列为最无危物种"。
那么，我们的遥远未来会是什么景象呢?越来越多的研究者和组织机构正在认真思考这个问题。比如，今日不朽基金会的旗舰项目是一台机械时钟，该时钟的设计目标是能够在几千几万年后保持计时功能。
这样做或许有些一意孤行，但推想久远的未来要比思考即将发生的未来更为容易。当今技术的可能发展及它的社会影响结果非常复杂，或许最好的办法是让科幻小说家和未来学家去探索我们能想象到的种种可能。这正是我们发行《弧》的原因之一，该新刊物旨在探索不远的未来。
但是，如果采用一个更为长远的视角，我们便能对惊人数量的事情做出很有把握的预测。通常，过去掌握着通向未来的钥匙：目前，我们已经充分了解有关地球历史和人类历史的长期发展模式，这使我们能对子孙后代的生存环境做出有根据的预测。
这种长远的视角使我们对未来的悲观态度更像是一股短暂的风潮。诚然，未来绝非一片光明。不过，我们已经有足够的知识去降低许多曾经威胁前人生存的危险，以及去改善后人的命运。
考研英语阅读词语解析
dedicated['dedi.keitid]adj. 专注的，献身的，专用的
overall[əuvə'rɔ:l]adj. 全部的，全体的，一切在内的
strike[straik]n. 罢工，打击，殴打 v. 打，撞，罢工，划
adaptable[ə'dæptəbl]adj. 能适应的，适应性强的，可改编的
planet['plænit]n. 行星
immediate[i'mi:djət]adj. 立即的，即刻的，直接的，最接近的
pessimistic[.pesi'mistik]adj. 悲观的，悲观主义的
population[.pɔpju'leiʃən]n. 人口 ，(全体)居民，人数
opportunity[.ɔpə'tju:niti]n. 机会，时机
evolution[.i:və'lu:ʃən]n. 进化，发展，演变
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考研英语阅读理解和翻译
想要把考研英语考好,不在考场上心理崩盘,只有详细研究真题和精读外刊,否则绝大部分考生对文章的理解注定是只言片语和模糊不清的,下面是我给大家提供的考研的英语阅读理解练习真题及翻译，一起来练习一下吧!
The world is goingthrough the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. Theprocess sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emergingcountries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at thisprocess and worrying: “Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollableanti-competitive force?"
There's no question that the big are getting bigger and morepowerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% ofinternational trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growingrapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment ofproction in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. InArgentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationalswent from 43% to almost 70% of the instrial proction of the 200 largestfirms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smallereconomic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of theworld economy。
I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&Awave are the same that underlie the globalization process: fallingtransportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers andenlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers'demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. Asproctivity grows, the world's wealth increases。
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave arescanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms todaycould re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly acentury ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergersof telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices forconsumers or a rection in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary,the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration isincreasing—witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan—but it doesnot appear that consumers are being hurt。
Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. Afew weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the bankinginstry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of lastresort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationalsshift proction from one place to another when a nation gets too strict aboutinfringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself therole of“defending competition" on issues that affect many othernations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?
33. What is the typical trend of businesses today?
[A]To take in more foreign funds
[B]To invest more abroad
[C]To combine and become bigger
[D]To trade with more countries
34. According to the author, one of the driving forces behindM&A wave is _________。
[A]the greater customer demands
[B]a surplus supply for the market
[C]a growing proctivity
[D]the increase of the world's wealth
35. From paragraph 4 we can infer that _________。
[A]the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
[B]WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs
[C]the costs of the globalization process are enormous
[D]the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition
36. Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can be saidto be _________。
[A]optimistic
[B]objective
[C]pessimistic
[D]biased
>>>>>>答案解析<<<<<<
33. What is the typical trend of businesses today? 今天的商业典型的发展趋势是什么?
[A]To take in more foreign funds 吸收更多外资
[B]To invest more abroad 进行更多对外投资
[C]To combine and become bigger 合并做强
[D]To trade with more countries 与更多国家贸易
【答案】 C
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 文章第一段中说“世界正在经历一场前所未有的最大的的并购浪潮。这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国开始，横扫欧洲，并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家”，因此可以判断正确答案是[C]。
34. According to the author, one of the driving forces behindM&A wave is _______。
根据本文作者，在合并浪潮背后的一个驱动力是______。
[A]the greater customer demands 更大的消费需求
[B]a surplus supply for the market 对市场的剩余供给
[C]a growing proctivity 日益增长的生产率
[D]the increase of the world’s wealth 世界财富的增长
【答案】 A
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 根据“合并浪潮的推动力”可以定位到第三段。在作者看来，“日趋下降的运输与通讯费用，较低的贸易与投资壁垒，以及市场的扩大和为满足市场需求而进行的扩大生产，是推动这股巨大的并购浪潮的最主要的力量，也是推动全球化进程的力量”。将四个选项对比这三个因素，只有[A]包括了根据顾客的需要扩大市场这个因素。
35. From paragraph 4 we can infer that _____。
从第四段中我们可以推断出_____。
[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
日益增长的集中肯定会损害消费者的利益
[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs
世通就是一个合并利与弊的好例子
[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous
全球化进程的成本很高
[D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition
标准石油托拉斯或许已经威胁到竞争
【答案】 D
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 [A]“日益增长的集中肯定会损害消费者的利益”与原文第四段第一句不符合，因为作者说“这股合并浪潮是带来益处还是弊端的实例还很少”，因此很难说肯定会带来损害。[B]提到“世通”，说是一个带来利益和降低成本的好例子。这句说是“价格没有随着合并而提高”，并没有提到价格降低问题，因此，合并虽然没有伤害消费者，也没有给他们带来利益。[C]本段没有涉及。[D]可以从文中“很难想像当今的几个石油公司的合并能够再次造成像100年前美国标准石油托拉斯对竞争形成的威胁”，这说明当年这个石油公司肯定曾经对竞争造成巨大威胁。
36. Toward the new business wave, the writer’s attitudecan be said to be _____。
作者看待新的商业浪潮的态度可以说是_______。
[A]optimistic 乐观的
[B]objective 客观的
[C]pessimistic 悲观的
[D]biased 歧视的
【答案】 B
【考点】 作者态度题。
【分析】 本题考查考生是否了解作者的态度。文中作者提到了“合并”的益处，但是同时也在第四段中提到“我们必须警惕这样的合并浪潮”。作者是从两个方面来谈论这个问题的，因此我们可以判断作者的态度应该是客观的。
难句解析：
1. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role ofsmaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stabilityof the world economy。
【结构分析】本题的主干是“This phenomenon has created serious concerns”，两个“over”引导介宾短语，是并列的成分，做“concern”的定语。而“of smaller economic firms”与“of nationalbusinessmen”都是第一个“role”的定语。
2. I believe that the most important forces behind the massiveM&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: fallingtransportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers andenlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands。
【结构分析】本句主句是“I believe ”，“that”引导一个宾语从句，在这个宾语从句中，后面的“that”前面省略了“forces”，这个“that”引导一个定语从句，修饰这个省略的“forces”。冒号后面的部分是“the most important forces”的同位语，其中“markets”后面的“that”引导定语从句修饰“markets”，“capable ofmeeting customers' demands”是“operations”的定语。
全文翻译：
世界正在经历一场前所未有的最大的的并购浪潮。这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国开始，横扫欧洲，并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家。这些国家的许多人面对这个浪潮，倍感忧虑：“商业集中的浪潮会不会演变成一股无法控制的反竞争的力量?”
无疑，大企业正在变得更大、更强。1982年，跨国公司占国际贸易不到20%的份额。而如今，这个数字已经超过25%，并且还在迅速上升。在那些对外开放并鼓励外资的经济体中，国际分公司在生产中也正占据一个越来越大的份额。比如，在阿根廷，经过90年代初的改革之后，跨国公司在200家大型企业的工业生产中从43%增加到几乎70%。这个现象使人们开始重视小型企业和民族资本的作用以及世界经济的最终稳定。
我认为，日趋下降的运输与通讯费用，较低的贸易与投资壁垒，以及市场的扩大和为满足市场需求而进行的扩大生产，是推动这股巨大的并购浪潮的最主要的力量，也是推动全球化进程的力量。所有这些对消费者来说都是有益而无害的。随着生产力的`提高，世界的财富也在增长。
这股合并浪潮是带来益处还是弊端的实例还很少。但是很难想像当今的几个石油公司的合并能够再次造成像100年前美国标准石油托拉斯对竞争形成的威胁，人们当时很害怕这家公司，结果导致了它最终的解散。像世通这样的通讯公司的合并似乎不会抬高消费价格，或者减缓技术进步的速度，与之相反的是通信的价格的快速下降。汽车行业的合并也同样在增加——瞧瞧戴姆勒与克莱斯勒，雷诺与尼桑的合并——但看起来消费者并未受到伤害。
但是有一个事实，那就是合并必须受到密切关注。就在几星期以前，格林斯潘对银行业的大规模合并发出了警告。正在创建的这样的巨大的银行一旦出现，谁来充当最终的借贷者，谁来发挥监督、规范和运作的作用呢?当一个国家对破坏公平竞争的行为的处理过于严厉时，跨国公司会不会把它们的生产从一地转到另一地呢?在那些将会影响许多其他国家的问题上，一个国家是否应该发挥“保护竞争”的作用，就如同美国政府对微软公司案例那样?
;7. 05——07年考研英语阅读及译文
回答字数在10000字以内，所以就放了2005年希望对你有用。
2005 Passage 1
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's; study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber .Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to rece resentment in a female capuchin.
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introces his topic by
[A]. posing a contrast.
[B]. justifying an assumption.
[C]. making a comparison.
[D]. explaining a phenomenon.
22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) implies that
[A]. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.
[B]. resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.
[C]. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
[D]. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
[A]. more inclined to weigh what they get.
[B]. attentive to researchers' instructions.
[C]. nice in both appearance and temperament.
[D]. more generous than their male companions
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
[A]. prefer grapes to cucumbers.
[B]. can be taught to exchange things.
[C]. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.
[D]. are unhappy when separated from others.
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A]. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B]. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C]. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D]. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
重点词汇：
assumption （假定；承担；呈现）是assume的名词形式；见1997年Text 2。.参consumption，2002年Text 3。assumption — the mother of screw-up 臆断——把事情弄糟的根源。underlying assumption 潜在的假定。
grievance /n.委屈冤情不平。申诉人提出不满意见交付仲裁者。悲痛伤心事不幸忧伤。因为有冤情（）而满怀悲痛（）向申诉人申诉。
tardily adv.缓慢。形容词形式拖拉的。（谐音记忆：他地，工作是他的，所以我可以拖拉）
counterpart （相似或对应的人或物）即counter+part，counter-前缀“对等”，part部分，“对等的部分”。见2000年 Passage 4 。
token n. 表示, 向征, 记号, 代币 adj. 象征的, 表意的。Tears are queer tokens of happiness. 眼泪是快乐的一种奇怪的表示。
reluctant （不愿的，勉强的）即re+luct+ant，re-看作“反复”，luct可看作词根lect“选择”，-ant形容词后缀，人们都不愿反反复复地作选择，所以“反复选择”→不愿的。Suggestion systems can work — don't be reluctant to use them.建议制度是有效的——不要不愿使用它们。
indignation n. 愤慨, 义愤。 记忆：in-dig挖（坑）-nation，挖坑藏在里面的民族，能不愤慨吗？比如老萨，呵呵。形容词形式 indignant adj. 愤怒的, 愤慨的
难句分析：
①Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
前一分句是句子的主句，其中使用了短语regard…as…的被动形式；with加名词作状语，即“带有潜在的假定”，其中assumption后接有that引导的同位语从句解释说明假定的内容。
翻译：这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，他潜在的假定就是其他动物不可能有这种高度发达的不公平意识。
②when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
该句子的主句是their behaviour became markedly different.前面是when引导的时间状语从句，其中包含了so that引导的目的状语从句。
翻译：当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。
试题解析：
这篇文章是讲猴子有一种天然的公平意识，文章本身难度不是太大，一开始做了一个类比，讲人的公平意识。然后根据这个类比，文章重点谈猴子们的公平意识。这篇对比性的文章两个方面要理解，第一，人类和猴子之间都有一种近似的表现，当受到不公正待遇的时候，都有义愤填膺的感觉，如果把握这个逻辑，就是类比的逻辑。第二, 最后两段关于选择的实验的对象以及实验的结果。
21题，我们应该选择C，考察第一段的写作手法，明显用的是猴和人之间的相似形的比较关系。
22题答案是B，也是在把猴子和人做类比，指出猴子与人一样都抱怨不公平
23题答案选A，这个是事实细节题，答案是根据文章第三段第一句话得到的，雌性的猴子被选择做研究，是因为她们更加注重她们获得的东西。
24题答案选择C，他们最终的发现是什么，篇章最后两段反复重复，如果没有受到公平的话，
25题选择B.这篇文章第一段和最后一段都出现一个词，"假设"为什么猴和人都有这种心理反应，这个问题没有得以解决。
全文翻译：
人人都喜欢大幅加薪，但是当你知道一个同事薪水加得比你还要多的时候，那么加薪带给你的喜悦感就消失的无影无踪了。如果他还以懒散出名的话，你甚至会变得怒不可遏。这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，其潜在的假定其他动物不可能具有如此高度发达的不公平意识。但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的Sarah Brosnan 和Frans de Waal进行的一项研究表明，它也是“猴之常情”。这项研究成果刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上。
研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。它们看起来很可爱，性格温顺，合作，乐于分享食物。最重要的是，就象女人们一样，它们往往比雄性更关注“商品和服务”价值。这些特性使它们成为Brosnan 和 de Waal理想的研究对象。研究者们花了两年的时间教这些猴子用代币换取食物。正常情况下，猴子很愿意用几块石头换几片黄瓜。但是，当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。
在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品（比黄瓜受欢迎得多）。所以当一只猴子用一个代币换回一颗葡萄时，第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代币换回一片黄瓜。如果一只猴子根本无需用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话，那么另外一只就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外，或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。事实上，只要在另一房间里出现了葡萄（不管有没有猴子吃它），都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。
研究人员指出，正如人类一样，卷尾猴也受社会情感的影响。在野外，它们是相互合作的群居动物。只有当每只猴子感到自己没有受到欺骗时，这种合作才可能稳定。不公平而引起的愤怒感似乎不是人类的专利。拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给其它成员。但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自三千五百万前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。
2005 Passage 2
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report “Science never has all the answers .But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures .A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private instry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that
[A]. there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.
[B]. the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.
[C]. people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.
[D]. antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.
27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as
[A]. a protector.
[B]. a judge.
[C]. a critic.
[D]. a guide.
28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, paragraph 4)
[A]. Endless studies kill action.
[B]. Careful investigation reveals truth.
[C]. prudent planning hinders.
[D]. Extensive research helps decision-making.
29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about
[A]. Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.
[B]. Raise public awareness of conservation.
[C]. Press for further scientific research.
[D]. Take some legislative measures.
30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because
[A]. they both suffered from the government's negligence.
[B]. a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.
[C]. the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.
[D]. both of them have turned from bad to worse.
重点词汇：
prudent adj. 谨慎的。It's prudent to take a thick coat in cold weather when you go out. 在寒冷的天气下外出时带上件厚外套是谨慎的。名词形式prudence n. 审慎。记忆：rude 粗鲁的，无礼的，p不-rude粗鲁的-ent形容词后缀
paralysis n. 瘫痪, 麻痹。 para-侧面。参见2003年Text 2。
paraphrase （n.v.释意）即para+phrase，para-前缀表“在旁边、辅助”，phrase即“短语；用短语表达”，故“用短语辅助表达”→释意。以para-为前缀的单词还有paragraph（文章的段、节；短评）←para+graph写；parameter（参数）←para+meter计量；parasite（寄生虫）←para+site地点。
analysis n. 分析, 分解。记忆：an-a-lysis，后缀同上，分析成一个an,a。联想：反义词synthesis n. 综合, 合成
take the legislative initiative
take the initiative 带头,开始着手 took the initiative in trying to solve the problem.开始着手试图解决这个问题
initiative n. 主动。 名词形式initiate vt. 开始, 发动, 传授 v. 开始, 发起
legislative adj. 立法的, 立法机关的 n. 立法机关。参见1999 Passage 4 。legislation （立法；法规）看作leg+is+lat(e)+ion，leg词根“法律”（参allegation宣称，2003年Text 2），is是，late迟的，-ion名词后缀，“法律是迟的”→旧法律难以适应新事物→所以要不断“立法”→“立法”之产物即“法规”。
难句解析：
①The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.
主干部分是The latest was a panel，表语panel后接有两个定语成分：from的介词短语和含enlisted的过去分词，即“白宫召集的、来自国家科学院的专家团”，其中第二个定语成分中又包含一个不定式结构，表目的，即“为了告诉我们……而召集的（专家团）”。
翻译：最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。
②But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”
该句子的主干是由and连接的两个并列从句，前一分句的主干是science…provide us with…guide；后一分句的主干是it is critical，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。从句的主干是our nation and the world base…policies on…judgments，judgments后接有两个定语结构，一是that引导的定语从句，一是concerning分词结构。
翻译：但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。
③Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。
该句子的主干是voices now come from many quarters；句首Just as结构做比较状语，意为“正如…一样”；insisting 引导的分词结构做定语修饰主语voice，分词结构中含有两个并列的由that引导的宾语从句，第二个宾语从句的真实主语是不定式结构to keep…
翻译：就象吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。
试题解析：
第二篇文章是一篇一般的时事性文章，这也是一篇类比，考完了以后很多考生说这篇文章讲抽烟，其实不是的，作者讲抽烟是想说明现在的温室效应，也是一种类比，许多人抽烟没有人去管，因为缺乏足够的证据,咱们各国政府也不管温室效应, 也是同样的原因。中心讲的是世界各个政府对温室效应的解决的态度，篇章的关键词围绕这样三个问题展开，第一个就是证据不充足。第二是科学的意义。第三是制定法律，尤其最后三段大量出现立法和法规的现象，
26题选C，
27应该选D，科学应该作为一个指导性，是答案是根据文章第2段的最后两句话。
28题是猜单词题，单词所在的句子的意思是有些人总要科学证据，结果抹杀了行动。所以选A。29答案选择D，采取某种法律措施，法律在最后的段落重复的最多。
30题作者谈的抽烟的教训对我们温室处理也是一样的，选B。
全文翻译：
还记得科学家们认为吸烟会致人死亡，而那些怀疑者们却坚持认为我们无法对此得出定论的时候吗？还记得怀疑者们坚持认为缺乏决定性的证据，科学也不确定的时候吗？还记得怀疑者们坚持认为反对吸烟的游说是为了毁掉我们的生活方式，而政府应该置身事外的时候吗？许多美国人相信了这些胡言乱语，在三十多年中，差不多有一千万烟民早早的进了坟墓。
现在出现了与吸烟类似的令人感到难过的事情。科学家们前仆后继，试图使我们意识到全球气候变暖所带来的日益严重的威胁。最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。明确的信息表明是我们应该立刻着手保护自己。国家科学院院长Bruce Alberts在专家团报告的前言中加上了这一重要观点：“科学解答不了所有问题。但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。
就象吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断的排放气体。这是一个危险的游戏；到了有百分之百的证据的时候，可能就太晚了。随着风险越来越明显，并且不断增加，一个谨慎的民族现在应该准备一份保单了。
幸运的是，白宫开始关注这件事了。但是显然大多数总统顾问并没有认真看待全球气候变暖这个问题。他们没有出台行动计划，相反只是继续迫切要求进行更多的研究――这是一个经典的“分析导致麻痹案例”。
为了成为地球上有责任心的一员，我们必须积极
8. 08年考研英语阅读理解第三篇翻译
08年考研英语阅读理解第三篇翻译：
在20世纪60年代早期，Wilt Chamberlain是美国国家篮球协会中仅有的身高超过7英尺的三个人之一。可是如果他参加了上个赛季的话，他就变成了42分之一了。这些年来在较大的职业体育运动中的运动员的身体状况发生了很大的改变，而他们的经理人也更愿意调整队员的运动服来适应队员们更大，更高的身材。
虽然体育界的这种趋势可能蒙蔽了一个没有被承认的现实：美国人基本上停止生长了。虽然现在人们比140年前高了2英寸，特别是那些出生在已移民美国很多代的那些人，但是明显的，在二十世纪60年代早期，已经到达了他们的身高的极限。他们已经不可能再长得更高了。“在这个基因和环境的条件下，现在整体的人们已经长到我们能够达到的范围了，”Wright州大学的人类学家William Cameron Chumlea说道。拿NBA球员来说，他们身高的增加主要由于从世界各地招募到了球员。
身高的增长一般在20岁以后就停止了，而发育是需要能量和营养的，其中的蛋白质用来供给组织的生长。在20世纪初，营养不良和儿童疾病妨碍了整体的发育。但是当饮食和健康的促进，儿童和青少年平均每20年都增长了大概1.5英寸，这就是长高的趋势。根据疾病防治中心，从1960年开始，人们的平均身高，男性5英尺9英寸，女性5英尺4英寸，就没有怎么改变了。
总的说来，避免太高的身高是有很多优点的。在生产时，较大的婴儿通过产道是有更多的问题的。而且，就算人类已经直立行走已经几百万年了，我们的脚和背部继续对抗着巨大的压力，这些压力来源于双足直立的姿势和巨大的肢体。“有一些限制是个体器官的基因结构导致的。”西北大学的人类学家William Leonard说道。
基因的最大化可以改变，但是不要期待它会马上就能发生。Mass州的Natick的军队研究中心的高级人类学家Claire C. Gordon确信百分之九十的入伍新兵不需要更换新的制服和工作站。她说，不像那些篮球制服，军队的制服长度很长时间都没有改变了。如果你需要在不远的将来预测人类的身高而去设计一款新的设备，Gordon说基本上，“你都能够使用现在的数据并且觉得非常地自信。”
Text 3
In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.
The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.
Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height – 5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women – hasn’t really changed since 1960.
Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the indivial organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.
Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”
9. 翻译考研英语1996.阅读理解text3文章
在十九世纪后半叶，“资本”和“劳动”正在扩大和完善其在现代路线上的竞争对手组织。许多老公司被具有薪资管理人员官僚制的有限责任公司所取代。这种变革通过聘用大量专业人才来满足新时代的技术要求，并防止了效率的下降，这种下降通常破坏了继充满活力的创始人之后的第二代和第三代家族企业的财富。此外，这是从个人主动行动向集体主义以及市政和国有企业迈出的一步。铁路公司尽管仍然是为股东利益管理的私人企业，但与旧家族企业却大不相同。同时，大型市政当局开始向纳税人提供照明，电车和其他服务。有限责任公司和市政业务的增长产生了重要影响。如此巨大的，非个人的资本和产业操纵，极大地增加了作为阶级的股东的数量和重要性，这是国民生活中的一种要素，代表着不负责任的财富脱离了土地和土地所有者的职责；几乎与负责任的企业管理分离。整个19世纪，美国，非洲，印度，澳大利亚和欧洲的部分地区都是由英国首都开发的，因此，世界工业化运动为英国股东提供了丰富的资源。伯恩茅斯（Bournemouth）和伊斯特本（Eastbourne）等城镇如雨后春笋般地容纳了大批“舒适”的阶级，这些阶级已经退休，除了与他们分享红利和偶尔参加股东大会以指示其对公司的命令外，他们与社区的其他成员没有任何关系。管理。另一方面，“股份制”是指休闲和自由，这是后来的许多维多利亚人为了实现伟大文明的最高目的而使用的。“股东”本身并不了解被雇用的工人的生活，思想或需求。他所持股份的公司，以及他对资本和劳资关系的影响都不好。代表公司行事的带薪经理与员工及其要求之间有着更直接的联系，但即使他也很少了解雇主在如今逐渐消失的旧家族制下的重男轻女制下常常拥有的工人的个人知识。 。确实，仅仅规模的业务和所涉及的工人数量就使得这种私人关系变得不可能。但是，幸运的是，工会的力量和组织结构的增强，至少在所有熟练行业中，使工人能够平等地会见雇用他们的公司的经理。罢工和停工的残酷纪律教会了双方尊重彼此的力量并了解公平谈判的价值。
答案 C they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies
A the separation of capitial by managers
C the limited liability compamnies were too large to run amoothly
D shareholders
10. 考研英语阅读求翻译
In those far-off days,那些遥远的日子里，
it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.在人们想当然地认为，主要报纸的批评家们会详细地写下他们所报专道的事件。
Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman ,他们的职业是严属肃的，即使是那些像George Bernard Shaw和Ernest Newman那样轻松的评论家，
could be trusted to know what they were about.也可以相信他们是怎么回事。