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近两年英语四级真题阅读理解

发布时间: 2023-08-07 04:13:57

① 2019年6月大学英语四级阅读理解训练三篇

2019年6月大学英语四级阅配歼读理解培猛冲训练:梦

Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by thelate 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise"-the random byprocts of the neural repair work that goes on ring sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off line." And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychologyat Chicago's Medical Center, "if you don't like it, change it."

he link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated ring the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.

知脊And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualizehow you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.

At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings.Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.

练习题:

Choose correct answers to the question:

1.By saying that “dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat," (Lines 4-5, Para. 1) the researchers mean that _______.

A.we can think logically in the dreams too

B.dreams can be brought under conscious control

C.dreams represent our unconscious desires and fears

D.dreams can help us keep our mood comparatively stable

2.What did Cartwright find in her clinic?

A.Most bad dreams were followed by happier ones.

B.Divorced couples usually have more bad dreams.

C.One’s dreaming process is related to his emotion.

D.People having negative feelings dream more often.

3.Cartwright believed with much practice,we can learn to _____.

A.control what dreams to dream

B.sleep well without any dreams

C.wake up in time to stop the bad dreams

D.identify what is upsetting about the dreams

4.The author points out that a person who has constant bad dreams should ______

A.learn to control his dreams

B.consult a doctor

C.sleep and dream on it

D.get rid of anxiety first

5.The author most probably thinks that controlling dreams is ______.

A.a good practice

B.a new discovery

C.helpful for everyone

D.not essential for everyone

参考答案及解析

1.[D] 词义理解题。在第1段第4句中,逗号后面的regulating moods是对emotional thermostat的功能进行解释说明,因此可以推断出选项D正确。

2.[C] 事实细节题。最具干扰的是选项A,因为其陈述与第2段第2句的陈述有点相似,但是,此长句说的是大多数人上半夜做噩梦,之后都会做好梦,而不是像选项A中所说大多数噩梦之后是好梦。而且,根据本段第1 句,很明显,选项C是这一句的近义替换。

3 [C] 推理判断题。本题考査对代词的理解。在第3段的最后一句中,代词it应指上文说到的控制噩梦,及时醒来等做法,因此只有选项C涉及了其中一个做法。选项A太泛了,选项B和D在文中并无提及。

4.[B] 事实细节题。本题考查根据构词法猜测词义的能力。解题关键是推断最后一段第3句中therapist的意义,在考纲词汇表中,therapy是“治疗”的意思,因此,therapist应该是专门负责某种治疗的医生,由此可见,选项B是对原文seek help from a therapist的近义替换。

5.[D] 观点态度题。根据最后一句可以推断作者认为如无必要,梦还是不要控制的好。做梦会让你早上感觉舒服一些,因此本题应选D。

2019年6月大学英语四级阅读理解训练:机器人跳舞

The dancers stand motionless at their position and the room grows silent. But as the music starts, they began to move, bending, turning and waving their fans gracefully as they perform. a traditional Japanese dance. Yoshihiro Kuroki watches in silence, occasionally making notes. But as the dance ends, he beams with happiness. The performance has been flawless.

There have been many performances of traditional Japanese dances over the centuries, but this one is unique,because it is performed not by human dancers but by robots. And the performance takes place not in a dance studio but in a laboratory of Sony Corp.'s Entertainment Robot Co. in Shinagawa, Japan, where Kuroki isgeneral manager. He is the mastermind behind a series of even more capable humanoid entertainment robots,starting with the Sony Dream Robot, or SDR, in 1997, up to the current QRIO in 2003.

These delightful machines are only 58 cm tall, about the size of a newborn infant, weigh about 7 kg, and move with 38 degrees of freedom, each with its own servomotor(辅助马达).

QRIO's predecessor, the SDR4X, announced in 2002, can walk, dance, sing, speak, recognize faces, and understand continuous speech. Each robot has two charge-coupled-device cameras to detect color and position andcan locate a colored ball, move toward it, and kick it into a goal. It also has contact sensors in severaljoints to avoid pinching real human fingers. Seeing the robot perform, it is difficult to remember that there is no sentience(知觉)behind those glass eyes.

练习题:

Choose correct answers to the question:

1.Which of the following is the most suitable title of this passage?

A.New Entertainment Robots Proced in Japan.

B.QRIO the Robot Dancers.

C.Robots Man's Best Friend.

D.An Extraordinary Performance in Sony's Lab.

2.Yoshihiro Kuroki ______.

A.is excited when the robots are performing a traditional Japanese dance

B.keeps silent because he is a little unsatisfied with the new proct

C.witnesses the creation of a series of entertainment robots

D.is an executive manager of Sony Corp.

3.Which aspect of the robots is NOT mentioned in the passage?

A.The vividness of their motion.

B.Their pleasant appearance.

C.Their smart designing principles.

D.Their communicative ability.

4.The Sony Dream Robot was___

A.the first human-like entertainment robot developed by the Sony Corp

B.as capable as the QRIO of speaking,dancing,singing and walking

C.largest among all the entertainment robot developed by the Sony Corp

D.the first entertainment robot sold at the market by the Sony Corp

5.The robot can locate colored balls by mens of ____

A.a charge-coupled device

B.two cameras

C.two contacts sensors

D.a digital detector

参考答案及解析

1.[A] 主旨大意题。标题需要既全面又突出地概括文章的主题。本文先是描述“舞蹈演员”,然后揭晓这是些“机器人”(第2段第1句),接着对Sony公司的一些机器人产品进行详细介绍。选项A比较全面地概括了文章内容。选项B、D只是涉及细节,不能全面地概括本文的内容。而C又过于笼统,不具有针对性。

2.[C] 事实细节题。选项C符合第2段最后一句“He is the mastermind behind a series of... robots...”。仔细阅读有关的细节信息会发现,第1段第3句可帮助否定选项A。第1段最后两句可帮助否定选项B。另外,根据第2段倒数第2句可否定选项D。

3.[D] 事实细节题。全文分四段,分别讨论机器人三方面的特点:第1段和第2段描述机器人舞蹈演员栩栩如生的表演,即选项A;第3段描写它们的外表,即选项B;第4段介绍它们巧妙的设计,即选项C;只有选项D是没有提到的,故为答案。

4.[A] 推理判断题。该句中的分词结构“starting with...”表明the Sony Dream Robot是第一个人形娱乐机器人,因此选项A正确。文章在最后一段的第1句提到两种能说话、跳舞的机器人,但没有提到SDR是否和它们一样,由此可否定选项B。在第3段讨论机器人大小的时候也没有提到SDR体型最大,因此选项C不正确。选项D在文中没有讨论到。

5.[B] 事实细节题。该句中“two…cameras to...”的结构表明这两个摄像头可以用于定位,所以选项B正确。选项A在该句中也有提到,但它只是摄像机的工作机制,而不是用于定位的装置。选项C在下一句提到,但与题干提到的定位功能无关。选项D在文中并未提及。

2019年6月大学英语四级阅读理解训练:决定婴儿性别

Henry III didn't know much about biology. He went through six wives back in the 1500s, looking for one whocould bear him a son. Scientists now know that it's the father's sperm, not the mother's egg, which determines whether a baby is a boy or a girl. And last week researchers at the Genetics and IVF Institute, a private fertility(生育能力)center in Virginia, announced a new technique that will allow parents to choose the sex of their baby-to-be, before it has even been conceived. The scientist used a tiny laser detector to measure the DNA in millions of sperm cells as they pass single file through a narrow tube, like cattle being herded through a corral(牲口栏). In a study published last week, "girl sperm," which has more DNA—the genetic material— in each cell, was collected, while "boy sperm" was discarded. And when purified girl sperm was used to impregnate(使受孕)a group of mothers, 15 of 17 resulting babies turned out to be girls.

The researchers say that "sex selection" can also double a mother's chance of having a son and can be usedto avoid genetic diseases that affect only one gender, such as hemophilia(血友病). But some experts, like New York University fertility specialist Dr. Jamie Grifo, worry that sex selection could lead to a kind ofin uteri(子宫)discrimination, especially in cultures where sons are considered superior to daughters. "It's valuing one gender' over another," Grifo says. "I don't think that's something we should be doing." So far, patients at the institute have been asking for both boys and girls, in order to "balance" their families. And some ethics experts say that's fine, as long as parents are just looking for a little gender variety. "If you have three boys, and you want a girl," says University of Texas reproctive-law professor John Robertson, "that's not gender bias at all."

练习题:

Choose correct answers to the question:

1.The DNA in the sperm cells can be measured ______.

A.in the same way how the cattle are herded

B.when they pass through a tube one behind the other

C.after they pass through a laser tube

D.when they are scanned by a laser detector all at a time

2.The gender of the baby is decided by ______.

A.the father's DNA

B.the mother's DNA

C.the father's sperm

D.the mother's egg

3.According to this passage, the practice of "sex selection" ______.

A.can help to prevent all genetic problems

B.is totally unacceptable to ethics experts

C.was already realized five hundred years ago

D.will benefit families with certain inheritable diseases

4.Girl sperm was preferred to boy sperm in the research most probably because____

A.girl sperm contains more genetic material

B.more mother want to have girl babies

C.girl sperm is healthier and more active

D.girl sperm is more easily purified

5.It can be concluded from the passage that author’s toward”sex selection”is____

A.negative

B.positive

C.neutral

D.favorable

参考答案及解析

1.[B] 推理判断题。解答本题的关键在于推断single file的意思。该句把精子通过试管的情形与牛群被赶入牲口圈的情形作对比,结合single一词本身的意思,可以推断single file是“一个接一个”的意思,只有选项B能表达这个意思,由此也可否定选项D。选项A最具干扰性,原句是把精子通过试管的情形比作牛群被赶人牲口圈的情形,而选项A说的是测定精子内DNA的方法与放牧的方法相同,显然选项A只是引用了原文的某些词语,但表达的意思与原文却截然不同。

2.[C] 事实细节题。第1段第3句which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰的是the father's sperm,而不是插入语the mother’s egg,因此选项C正确。

3.[D] 推理判断题。第2段第1句中的genetic暗示有些疾病是遗传的,即如选项D所述。第2段第1句同时表明选项A的说法是不全面的。选项B与第2段最后两句正好相反。第1段前两句说明选项C是错误的。

4.[A] 事实细节题。第1段倒数第2句中的由which引导的定语从句表明选项A的叙述正确。

5.[C] 观点态度题。文章第2段中作者给出了一些反对者和赞成者的观点,但是没有加以评论,可以看出作者的态度是中立的,故选项C正确。

② 2021年12月英语四级阅读理解真题解析(卷三)

大学英语四级考试满分:710。听力(35%)249分、阅读(35%)249分、综合(10%)70分、写作和翻译(20%)142分。

12月英语四级阅读理解真题解析

仔细阅读:

Have you ever wondered how acceptable it is to hug or touchsomeone ?

46.C)Its absence might suggest a lack of warmth in interpersonal relationships .

47.D)How close the communicator‘s relationships are .

48.B) They take touching as a cultural norm in social interactions.

49.A)Men can show friendship in public through physical affection.

50.D)Take other people's preference into consideration .

From climate change to the ongoing pandemic (大流行病) and beyond ,the issues facing today's world are increasingly complex and dynamic .

51.A)It faces problems that are getting more varied and compli-cated.

52.C) People are divided about the nature of interest .

53.D)How a growth mindset of interest can contribute to crossdisciplinarythinking.

54.C) Making innovative procts needs multidisciplinary procts.

55.B) Broadening their interests .

提高四级阅读理解成绩的方法

1、了解文章main idea(主要意思)

做英语阅读理解就好像做语文阅读理解时一样,要知道这篇文章的主旨或者说是中心思想,对文章所讲的主旨内容和它的中心思想做到心里有数。达到一种高度——只要一做英语阅读理解题,脑子里就要条件反射的蹦出main idea,然后再去阅读问题和文章。

2、先看问题,再粗读文章

带着寻找main idea的思想,先去看一遍问题,把问题中的关键词圈出来,然后再去粗略的读一遍文章。在读的时候,不用做到每个单词都看懂,每句话都能翻译出来。只要对文章大致上有一个了解就够了,这样文章的main idea也就出来了。

要注意的是,在读到觉得跟所问问题有关联的句子的时候,可以先用笔把句子勾出来,在上边标记上有关联的问题的题号,然后接着往下读。

3、精读问题和所标记的句子

读完通篇的同时,也把跟问题有关的的句子画出来了,这个时候再去精读标记的句子,仔细研究问题和跟问题有关的句子,琢磨其意思,尽量做到胸有成竹,然后再回答每一个问题。

③ 求 近年(四级真题)阅读理解的 中文翻译

接楼上。偶就是浅浅。网络有字数限制,只好换个马甲...剩下的用消息发送到您的个人中心了。

一夜之间消失了。海水吞没了花园下面的软石灰岩悬崖。专家还在研究这个问题时,饭店和那几栋住房也完全消失,顺着悬崖滑到海里去了。
英格兰南海白色悬崖峭壁的腐蚀一直是个问题,不过最近几年变得更为严重了。几十座房子不能不被放弃,因为海水已经深入到内陆越来越远的地方。专家已经研究了受影响最严重的一些地区,并为当地人画出一张图,预报哪一年他们的住宅将被饥饿的海洋所吞食。
愤怒的房主们要求政府建立海防工事以保护他们的住宅。政府的勘测员指出在大多数情况下这不可能。新的海墙要耗资几亿英镑,而且只不过是使波浪和水流沿着海岸往前冲,把问题从一个地区转移到另一个地区。他们说:这种危险很可能还要延续下去,直到波浪到达不像石灰岩那样的被侵蚀的由坚硬岩石构成的内陆为止。同时,如果你要买一栋将来未卜便宜住宅,你可以向英格兰南海岸的一个受威胁地区的房地产代理商申请。你可用最低的价格买到一栋房子,但它可能也不堪一击的房子。
Passage Two 译文
运动不仅是体力的挑战,而且也是精神的挑战。教练、父母和其他队员的批评以及要取胜的压力能使年轻运动员造成过分的焦虑和压力。压力可以是身体的、感情的和心理的,研究表明压力能导致精疲力竭。精疲力竭一直被说成是一度愉快的活动的终止。
成年的早期岁月是了解自己的关键岁月。体育环境就是一个能产生有价值的经历的地方。例如,年轻运动员能学会怎样与他人合作、怎样交朋友、怎样获得对他们终生有用的其他社会技能。教练和父母无论何时都应当意识到:他们对青少年的反馈对他们的孩子有很大的影响。青少年可能会认真考虑父母和教练的批评,并找出自己的缺点。
教练和父母应当注意:参加少年体育活动对孩子们来说不是职业。比赛的结果不应当比学习体育和其他生活训练更重要。在现在的少年体育环境中,年轻运动员可能更担心谁会获胜,而不是玩得快乐和喜欢这项运动。一场比赛后许多父母和教练都集中精力在结果上,并对青少年的表现吹毛求疵。无论结果如何,都应正面支持。研究表明正面支持比批评更能激发学习的动机,对学习有更大的帮助。而且批评还能造成很大的压力,从而使人心灰意懒。
Passage Three 译文
人类使用的水稍低于全世界可利用的水的一半。但是缺水和干旱正在一些地区引起饥饿和贫困,工业和农业副产品正在污染水源。因为预计全世界人口在今后50年内会翻一番,许多专家认为我们已经处于大范围的水危机边缘。
但这未必就是结果。如果我们现在开始比过去更珍惜水,缺水不一定会使世界为难。正像70年代石油危机之后我们开始更重视石油一样,今天我们必须开始从新的经济观点来看待水。我们不能再认为我们愿意用多少就用多少、愿意怎么用就怎么用的、实际上免费的资源。
相反,除了穷人家庭需要的供水之外,政府对所有的用水都以价格反映水的实际价值。这就意味着不仅要收供水的成本费,也要收水本身的费用。
政府还应当用经济和环保方面更稳妥的方法来供水以保护这一资源。例如,在干旱的热带地区供给灌溉用水最便宜的方法可通过小规模工程进行,如:把雨水聚集到凹地里,然后用水泵送到附近的庄稼地。
无论采取什么步骤更有效地供水,政府必须改变用水的制度和法律。与其把管理权分散到数以百计甚至数以千计的地方、区域和全国的代理机构,不如由政府设立一个中央机关来协调供水政策。
Passage Four 译文
通过观察速溶咖啡的出现,我们可以看到产品生命周期的过程。当它刚出现时,大多数人对它没有像“正规的”咖啡那样喜欢,好几年后人们才普遍接受[引进阶段]。然而,速溶咖啡曾一度名声鹊起,而且出现许多品牌[快速发展阶段]。不久之后,人们只喜欢一种品牌,销售额平稳下来[成熟阶段]。当冻干咖啡出现后,速溶咖啡销售略有衰退[衰退阶段]。
产品生命周期对商人的重要性是:产品生命周期的不同阶段要求不同的策略。其目的就是延长产品生命周期,使销售和利润不衰减。一种策略就叫做市场调整。它意味着销售经理寻找新用户和市场份额。例如:你是否知道这么多的学生现在所背的背包原是为军人设计的?
市场调整还意味着在现在顾客中寻找新增加的用途或者开辟另外一个市场,例如老人市场。商人可以重新定位产品来吸引新的市场份额。
另外一个产品扩展策略叫做产品调整。这包括改进产品质量、外貌或式样以吸引用户或现有用户使用产品的新用途。美国汽车制造商把提高质量作为重新占领世界市场的一种方法。还要注意到,汽车制造商年复一年地改变式样以保持需求不下降。
2002年1月四级试题译文
Passage One 译文
一些悲观的专家感到汽车注定要被废弃。他们看到不久的将来有一天所有的汽车都会被抛弃,任其生锈。然而,别的权威们认为汽车还会存在。他们认为在可预见的未来的汽车仍将是城市交通的主要手段。
在以后30年中汽车毫无疑问会有重大变化。它应该变得更小、更安全和更经济,而且不应当由汽油发动机驱动。未来的汽车应当比现在的汽车更无污染。
无论用什么能源,将来的汽车都将依然是城市交通拥挤的主要问题。对这个问题提出的一个解决办法就是自动公路系统。
当汽车进入公路系统,一支伸缩臂从车上落下与铁轨接触,这种铁轨同给地下列车供电的铁轨相似。一旦与铁轨连接,汽车就由系统供电,汽车的操纵交给中心计算机。然后计算机将监控汽车的一切状况。
驾驶员将用电话将目的地的指令拨入监控系统。计算机将计算出最佳线路并且为汽车预留通道,使它一路畅通直达正确的公路出口。然后司机可以自由休息,只等蜂鸣器提醒他到了出口。估计自动公路每小时能够运送一万辆车,而现在的公路每小时只能运送一千五百到两千辆。
Passage Two 译文
狐狸和农场主从来就不能和睦相处。这些小的象狗的动物一直因为咬死农场动物而受到谴责。狐狸被正式划为有害动物,农场主通过枪死和毒杀减少它们的数目。
农场主还可以要求当地人帮助追猎以控制狐狸的数目。追猎就是用一群经专门训练的狗在乡村追杀狐狸,后面跟着骑马的男人和女人。当狗终于抓住狐狸的时候。狗咬死它或者猎人枪杀它。
参加追猎的人把它看成是一项运动,他们穿着红上衣白裤子的特别制服,严格遵守一些规则行动。但拥有一匹马和定期追猎很昂贵,所以大多数猎手都是有钱人。
据估计高达十万人观看或者参加与追猎狐狸。但是最近几十年反对猎杀狐狸的人数急剧上升,因为他们认为这样做很残酷。现在几乎没有哪一次狩猎不因狩猎者和阻拦者之间发生某种冲突而告终。有时这些事件导致暴力,但大多数阻拦者都是通过误导骑马的或打乱猎犬跟踪的狐狸嗅迹来干预狩猎。
狩猎者和阻拦者之间发生的喧嚣冲突很寻常,几乎成为整个狩猎过程中与追捕狐狸本身同等重要的一部分。但是今年猎狐支持者面对这项运动的更大威胁。议会工党员迈克•福斯特力图让议会批准一项使用狗来猎取野生动物为非法的新法律。如果这项法律通过获得,像狐狸这样的野生动物将在英国禁止令下得到保护。
Passage Three 译文
对越来越多的美国大学生来说,老年学突然时髦起来。理由很明显:美国的人口老龄化意味一些就业机会。随着生育高峰一代的老龄化,人的寿命延长就意味着全国老年人口在今后50年内必然有相当大的增长。到2050年,65岁以上的美国人将从1995年的14%增长到25%。当然,这种变化给政府和社会提出一些深刻的问题。但是这也在医药卫生界以及法律和商业界创造了就业机会。南加利弗尼亚大学老年学学院的爱德华•施奈德说:“除了大夫,我们将迫切需要有更多的社会学家、生物学家、城市规划人员和专业律师。”
律师可以成为“老年人法”专家,“老年人法”包括从财产委托、房地产到敬老院虐待和年龄歧视。商人在老年人市场看到巨大的商机,因为生育高峰期人数高达七千四百万的产儿很可能将成为人类历史上最富有的退休群体。一位教授说:“任何学生只要有老年学的专门知识,又有一个学位,例如工商管理学硕士或法律学位,就如同有印制钞票的许可证一般”。
玛格丽特•桑托斯是南加利弗尼亚大学的一名21岁的四年级学生。她上大学时是个生物学学生,但是她发现“实在厌烦细菌”。所以她上一堂老年学课程,发现很喜欢这门课程。她说:“我在退休老人福利院做志愿者,这使我非常满意。”
Passage Four 译文
社会分析家关注很久的道德水准下降问题终于引起了普通美国人的注意。作为一名社会分析家,简•比思克•艾尔顿很高兴。
普通美国公民现在已经开始严肃思考国民道德风气问题,这使我们有理由希望会产生新思想以改进这种状况,芝加哥大学伦理教授说。
但是不要低估这种挑战。美国社会的功利主义者是两个最大的障碍。艾尔斯顿女士说:“‘我干这事是为自己的’的思想深深植根于民族意识之中。”
她说:其中某些方面应归咎于邻里之间的互相关照的传统社区的解体。由于当今流动性更大,很多夫妻都工作,这种联系已经被削弱,取而代之的是更加强调自我。
1996年的一项美国民意测验中,道德沦丧名列美国所面临的是最大问题的榜首。艾尔斯顿说,公众认识到这点是正确的:资料表明美国人正在与50年代从未听到过的问题作斗争,如:教室暴力、未婚母亲生育率。
艾尔斯顿说,提高道德水准的愿望不是对某个并不存在的“黄金时代”的挽歌,也不是对一个曾拒绝给妇女和少数民族以机会的时代一厢情愿的愿望。实际上,大多数人赞成减少歧视。
她说,直到人们克服社会上功利主义的办法时,道德沦丧才能扭转。“慢慢地你会认识到:要紧的东西是那些买不到的。”
2002年6月四级试题译文
Passage One 译文
在20世纪60年代,医学研究人员Thomas Holmes 和Richrd Rahe 对造成压力的事情整理出了一份清单。他们欣赏这一令人迷惑的观点:任何大的改变都会带来压力。类似于“家庭成员患严重疾病”等具有消极影响的事情高居榜首,但像“结婚”等具有积极意义的转折性事情也榜上有名。当你接受Holmes-Rahe测试时你必须牢记:分数并不反映你如何处理压力,而只是反映你必须处理的程度。我们现在知道,处理这些事件的方式在很大程度上能影响你保持健康的可能性。
在20世纪70年代初期,数百项类似的研究继Holmes 和Rahe之后展开。几百万在压力下生活工作的美国人对研究报告非常担心。不知是什么原因,这项研究被归结为难忘的启示。例如,妇女杂志登出大标题:压力导致疾病!文章说,如果你想保持身心健康,就必须避免造成压的事情。
但是采纳这种过分简单化的建议是不可能的。尽管造成压力的事情对健康有害,比如说至爱亲朋的死亡,但许多是无法避免的。而且,任何能够避开所有压力的警告其实都是避开麻烦也失去机会的处方。既然任何改变都会带来压力,那么一个想完全摆脱压力的人就得永远也不结婚、不生子、不选择新的工作或不搬家了。
压力会使人生病的观念也忽视了我们对人的许多了解。它认为面对逆境都是脆弱和被动的。那么如何看待人的主动性和创造力呢?经过压力后许多人无论在体力还是在精神上都比过去更有活力。同时,我们也知道:长期没有任何变化或挑战的生活可能会导致乏味和身心疲劳。
Passage Two 译文
schacter 解释说,大部分心不在焉都是因精力不集中造成的,如记不清把东西放在哪里,或者进了房间却忘了想干什么等等。“你本应该记住某事,但并没有把它认真编码”。
Schacte解释说,编码是集中注意力于某一件事的特殊方式,它对于以后回忆有重要影响。不恰当地编码会造成令人非常烦心的状况。比如说你把手机放在上衣口袋里,但因为你正在谈话,所以并没有注意到这一动作,很可能忘记了手机在衣橱里的茄克衫呢。Schacte说:“你的记忆力本身没有问题而是你没有给记忆系统提供它所需的信息。”
另外,缺乏兴趣也会导致心不在焉。Zelinski说:“一个能背诵三十年前的体育统计数据的人,很可能会记不住要把信息投进邮筒。”女性的记忆力略强于男性,很可能是因为女性更注意周围环境,而这正是记忆所依赖的。
Schacter说,视觉提示可以帮助避免心不在焉。他提醒说:“但要保证是清楚且能看到的提示。”如果你想记住吃午饭时服药,就把药瓶放在餐桌上,千万别把药瓶放在药柜里,然后再写一张纸条放在衣兜里。
另一种心不在焉的现象是进了房间却忘了想干什么。极有可能你正在想别的事情。Zelinski说:“每个人都常会有这种情况。”最好的办法是返回到你进房间以前的地方,这样你很可能就会想起来了。
Passage Three 译文
现在已经很难找到海洋中最大的动物蓝鲸的踪迹了。商业捕鲸几乎将它们灭杀殆尽,因而现在蓝鲸被列为濒危动物类。很难为蓝鲸安装无线电装置,而肉眼观测不可靠,不能对蓝鲸的行为进行仔细观察。
今年早些时候,生物学家们非常高兴。因为在海军的帮助下,通过监测蓝鲸的声音,他们能够跟踪一条蓝鲸长达四十三天。这之所以可能,是因为海军从前绝密的海底监听系统横跨了海洋。
冷战结束后,海军对几十年来为跟踪潜在敌舰而建立的全球海底监听系统作了部分解密,并开始同他人分享。追踪蓝鲸只不过是令人激动的新世界向民用科学家开放的一个例子。
在最近的记者招待会上地球科学家宣布:他们首次利用这一系统对深海火山爆发进行了仔细的观测并计划做类似的研究。
另一些科学家建议利用这一网络跟踪洋流、预测海洋变化和全球温度。
声音在水中的传播速度大约是每秒一英里,比在陆地中的传播速度慢,但比在空气中要快。最为重要的是,不同层面的海水都可以成为声道,如同听诊器一样把声音汇聚在一起,把病人胸腔的微弱的声音传到医生的耳机里。声音的这种汇聚就可以解释为什么在海洋里,即使是相对微弱的声音(特别是低频声音)也可以传播几千英里了。
Passage Four 计文
起源于20世纪60年代后期至70年代早期的健身运动主要是增氧锻炼。数百万人参加各种增氧锻炼,为了利用人们对这种新出现的健身运动的兴趣,尤其是女子对有氧健美操的兴趣,确实有数千家健身中心在全国出现。很多健身中心在增氧健身运动兴起前就出现了,甚至在大多数大城市出现了全国连锁健身中心。但是它们的重点不在于有氧运动,而在于举重,这些活动主要是对加强肌肉健美、增强体质、提高耐力的男性爱好者而设计的。这些健身中心似乎并没有从促进健康的增氧运动活动中获得经济利益,因为当时医学上的看法是:举重对健康几乎没有什么促进作用,即使有也是微乎其微。但是最近几年来,健美训练在男男女女中又越来越流行起来。目前许多项目的重点不光是锻炼肌肉和耐力,还将重点放在增氧健身上。
历史上,绝大多数体能测试通常包括肌肉力量和耐力,这并不是为了健康,而主要是因为这些健康指标与体育成绩有关。但是最近有证据表明:主要是为强健肌肉力量和加强耐力而设计的训练项目对人体健康也有益。美国体育运动医学院建议,举重训练应当成为健康美国人健身项目的一部分。2000年越来越多的人参加这种训练,这是2000全民健康年——促进全民健康、实现预防疾病目标——这个特定体育活动和健身目标之一。
2003年1月四级试题译文
Passage One 译文
像许多同龄人一样,我有崇拜英雄的弱点。然而,我们都或多或少地开始怀疑我们的英雄以及我们对英雄的需要。这使我们发问:什么是英雄?
尽管有文化上的巨大差异,世界上的英雄一般来说都有一些指导和激励人们的共同品质。
英雄往往做了一些值得谈论的事情。英雄都有一个历险故事可讲,也会有一些人听他的故事。但英雄并不仅仅是有名。
英雄们为比自我更大的权利和准则服务。好比高电压的变压器,英雄们能把来自更高权力的能量取来,传递下去,让普通百姓使用。
英雄的生活是值得模仿的。那些模仿真实英雄的人体验的是有新的深度、热情和意义的生活。检验谁将是英雄的问题是:他们为什么或为谁服务?他们愿意为什么活和死?如果答案或迹象表明他们只是为自己的名声,那么,他们可能是名人,但不是英雄。麦克娜和迈克•杰克逊是名人,但是,谁能说他们的崇拜者认为自己的生活因为他们而加充实了呢?
英雄是变革的催化剂。他们有居高临下的视野。他们有感动大众的技巧和魅力。他们能创造新的可能。如果没有甘地,印度可能还是大英帝国的一部分。没有罗莎•帕克丝和马丁•路德•金,我们可能还有隔离设施的公共汽车、饭店和公园。当然,没有这些富有人格魅力的领袖,大规模的变革也会发生,但是,变革的速度肯定会很慢,前景将不确定,委员会的会议将没完没了。
Passage Two 译文
根据一项基于对18万8千多名学生的调查,今天正常年龄的大学新生比17年以来任何时候的民意调查所反映的大学新生“更注重实用,更为利己”。
毫不奇怪在这些艰难的岁月里,学生们的主要目的是“追求经济上富有。培养一种有意义的人生观是最次要的事情。”因而,今天最时髦的课程不是文学或历史,而是会计学。
对教学、社会服务和一些“利他主义”领域的兴趣也在减弱。而对商业、工程和计算机学科的招生则在扩大。
下面的情况也就不足为怪了。我的一个朋友(一家化学制品公司的销售代量)在参加工作的第一年的工资是她的大学老师们的工资的两倍——而她甚至还未完成两年的助理实习期。
诚然,我们都需要一个职业,但同时我们也应该看到文明已经在一些远离我们自身职业的领域积聚了大量的知识,由于理解了这些文明的贡献——不管它们是科学的还是艺术的,我们的生活将更加美好。并且通过对他人各种各样的智慧的研究,我们学会了怎样去思考。更重要的也许是,教育教会了我们去发现事物之间的联系,同时去挖掘超越我们眼前需要的东西。
每周我们都会读到有些工会为争取增加工资而罢工,但结果却使老板破产的新闻。没有公司,也就没有了工作。从长远来看,这是多么没有远见啊!
但是,普通教育最根本的论点应该是我们在学习前人所积累的智慧的同时,提高道德观念。最近我看了一个卡通片,说的是一群商人围坐在会议桌旁,面露困惑;其中有一位正对着对讲机在说话,“芭克丝特小组,”他说,“能否叫一个能区别对与错的人进来?”
从长远观点来看,这正是教育应该做的事情。
Passage Three 译文
新技术史无前例地把世界连在一起。我们的地球变小了。它现是个“地球村”,通过传真、电话或卫星,国家之间的距离只有几秒钟。当然,外语技能又极大地提高了我们运用高科技通信设备获取利益的能力。
经常使用此项新技术的是一种现代商人,他们非常重视国际商务的经济效益。在当今的市场,成功的海外业务有助于国内的商业活动。
驻外的工作对于管理人员级别的提升变得非常重要。驻在另一国家管理人员不用再担心看不到或被忘却了。他或她可以确信自己在海外的努力是公司成功计划的核心,确信紧跟或伴随驻在外任务的往往是升职。如果一个职员能成功地完成某项困难的驻外任务,上司们就会对他或她回美国后的办事能力更有信心,因为在美国跨文化的考虑以及外语问题正变得越来越普遍。因为有了商业应用之间各种各样相对便宜的通信设备,在美国即使很小的公司也能进入国际市场。
英语仍然是商业的国际语言。但是对能讲另一种语言的人的需求越来越大。第二语言并不是在商业领域找工作的必要条件,但是在其他条件相同的情况下,竞争者的语言技能便是他获胜的优势。
一个能说所驻国主要语言的驻外职员能有机会快速地促成某些协议,并能够通过文化洞察力判断出什么时候应该进行得慢一些。很明显,国内公司办公室职员若能通过电话或传真机很好地与外国客户交流,他们对公司来说是很有用的资源。
Passage Four 译文
近年来,由于以色列人更加富裕,更老于世故,他们的消费需求在增加。出国旅游全国盛行;仅今年夏天,每十个公民中就有一个将出国旅游。接触过各地高标准的服务之后,以色列人回国后也希望能得到同样的服务。美国的公司也大量地涌入以色列。像肯德基、麦当劳和比萨屋等连锁店制定了新的顾客服务标准,用更严格的职员培训和经常性的监督来确保一线工作人员的朋友式的服务。即使告别顾客的美国式的习惯语“祝你快乐”也风靡整个以色列。“没有一个人早晨起来会说‘让我们更友好一些’一家咨询公司的经理Itsik Cohen 如是说。如果没有竞争什么也不会发生。”
私有化或私有化的威胁也是一种刺激。过去从不关心顾客的垄断者今天开始害怕市场学教授Michael Perry的所言的“报复的顾客”了。当政府把竞争引入Bezaq电话公司时,它的国际分公司就失去了40%的市场份额,即使在价格上有竞争力也无济无事。Perry说:“人们想对多年的劣质服务进行报复。”电力公司垄断也许是短暂的,它已经突然不再要求用户等半天的时间才能接受服务。现在,任何预约服务只需提前半个小时就行。颜面扫地、正在拍卖的El Al航空公司已强调服务来重新培训它的员工,并在广告宣传标语中这样吹嘘培训的结果,“你在空气中都能感觉到变化。”顾客调查表上首次出现了表扬多于批评的现象。

④ 2010年12月英语四级试卷阅读理解试题选项及答案。

你好哦~~沪江网上有关于这次12月份四级考试的真题和答案,不妨去看一下哦~~~:)

⑤ 求英语四级阅读理解的翻译

2009年北京高考英语阅读理解试题中文翻译
A篇 How I Turned to Be Optimistic

I began to grow up that winter night when my parents and I were returning from my aunt’s house, and my mother said that we might soon be leaving for America. We were on the bus then. I was crying, and some people on the bus were turning around to look at me. I remember that I could not bear the thought of never hearing again the radio program for school children to which I listened every morning.

I do not remember myself crying for this reason again. In fact, I think I cried very little when I was saying goodbye to my friends and relatives. When we were leaving I thought about all the places I was going to see—the strange and magical places I had known only from books and pictures. The country I was leaving never to come back was hardly in my head then.

The four years that followed taught me the importance of optimism, but the idea did not come to me at once. For the first two years in New York I was really lost—having to study in three schools as a result of family moves. I did not quite know what I was or what I should be. Mother remarried, and things became even more complex for me. Some time passed before my stepfather and I got used to each other. I was often sad, and saw no end to “the hard times. ”

My responsibilities in the family increased a lot since I knew English better than everyone else at home. I wrote letters, filled out forms, translated at interviews with Immigration officers, took my grandparents to the doctor and translated there, and even discussed telephone bills with company representatives.

From my experiences I have learned one important rule: Almost all common troubles eventually go away! Something good is certain to happen in the end when you do not give up, and just wait a little! I believe that my life will turn out all right, even though it will not be that easy.

我如何变得乐观

我开始长大,在那个冬季的晚上,当我的父母和我从我的姑姑家返回的时候,我的母亲说,我们可能不久将离开美国。我们当时在公共汽车上。我哭,有些在公共汽车上的人转过头看着我。我记得,我无法忍受再也听不到每天早上为小学生们播放的电台节目的思绪了。

我不记得自己再一次为这个原因哭泣了。事实上,我想当我告别我的朋友和亲戚我很少哭。当我们离开我曾经想要去看的所有的地方,那些只有从书上和图片上知道的奇异的,魔法的地方。我离开的国家几乎再也不会回到我的脑海中了。

4年来,所发生的事教我必须乐观,但这种想法不是立刻来找我的。头两年在纽约我真的失望了,忧郁家庭的搬家,我不得不换了三所学校读书。我并不很了解我是什么或者我应该做什么。母亲改嫁,事情对我来说变得更加复杂了。过一段时间之后,我的继父和我才习惯了对方。我常常难过,并认为“艰难的时期”遥遥无期。

我的责任在家庭中增加了很多,因为我知道的英文比家里的其他人要多。我写的信件,填写表格,在与入境处人员面试时翻译,带我的爷爷奶奶去看医生并且在那翻译,甚至与公司的代表讨论电话费。

以我的经验,我学到的一个重要的规则:几乎所有的普通麻烦最终都会消失!只要你没有放弃,好的结果最后肯定回到来,只要一点等待!我相信,我的生活结果将会是好的,尽管它不会那么容易。

B篇

Dear Friend.

The recent success of children’s books has made the general public aware that there's a huge market out there.

And there's a growing need for new writers trained to create the $3 billion worth of children's books bought each year……plus stories and articles needed by over 650 publishers of magazines for children and teenagers.

Who are these needed writers? They’re ordinary folks like you and me.

But am I good enough?

I was once where you might be now. My thoughts of writing had been pushed down by self-doubt, and I didn't know where to turn for help.

Then, I accepted a free offer from the Institute to test my writing aptitude(潜能), and it turned out to be the inspiration I needed.

The promise that paid off

The Institute made the same promise to me that they will make to you, if you show basic writing ability:

You will complete at least one manuscript(手稿)suitable to hand in to a publisher by the time you finish our course.

I really didn't expect any publication before I finished the course, but that happened. I sold three stories. And I soon discovered that was not unusual at the Institute.

Since graation, I have authored 34 nationally published children's books and over 300 stories and articles.

Free test and brochure

We offer a free aptitude test and will send you a of our brochure describing our recognized home-study courses on the basis of one-on-one training.

Realize your writing dream today. There's nothing sadder than a dream delayed until it fades forever.

Sincerely.

Kristi Holl, Instructor

Institute of Children's Literature

亲爱的朋友。

最近儿童读物的成功,使一般公众意识到,它有一个市场非常庞大的市场。

越来越有必要为新的作家培训,以创造每年价值30亿美元的儿童书籍购买... ...加上针对儿童和青少年的故事和文章所需要的650多出版商杂志。

谁是这些需要的作家?他们是像你和我的普通人。

但我就足够好了吗?

我曾经在您可能现在呆的地方。我写作的想法被自我怀疑压倒了,我不知道去哪里寻求帮助。

然后,我接受了来自于能够测试我写作潜能的组织免费提供的帮助。它结果成为了我需要灵感。

承诺得到了回报。

该组织所做出的对我的承诺同样将支付给你,如果你表现出基本的写作能力:您将至少有一个完整的适合你的手稿手,以便于在你完成我们的课程的时候能够交上来。

我真的没有想到我完成了课程之前会有任何出版,但它却发生了。我变卖了三个故事。我很快发现,在这个组织那并不是不寻常。

自毕业后,我已出版著作34个国家的儿童读物和超过300个故事和文章。

免费试用和小册子。

我们提供免费的能力倾向测试,并会向您发送了一份小册子来介绍我们公认的家庭学习课程,进行一对一的基础培训。

今天实现您的写作梦想。没有什么比一个梦想被耽搁更伤心的了,直到它消失永远。

此致。

克里斯蒂诺贝特霍尔,导师

儿童文学研究所

C 篇

How Room Designs Affect Our Work and Feelings

Architects have long had the feeling that the places we live in can affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviors, But now scientists are giving this feelings an empirical(经验的, 实证的)basis. They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity, keep people focused, and lead to relaxation.

Researches show that aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity. In 2007, Joan Meyers-Levy at the University of Minnesota, reported that the height of a room’s ceiling affects how people to think. Her research indicates that the higher callings encourage people to think more freely, which may lead them to make more abstract connections. Low ceilings, on the other hand, may inspire a more detailed outlook.

In addition to ceiling height, the view afforded by a building may influence an occupant’s ability to concentrate. Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on a standard test of attention.

Using nature to improve focus of attention ought to pay off academically, and it seems to, according to a study led by C. Kenneth Tanner, head of the School Design &Planning Laboratory at University of Georgia. Tanner and his team found that students in classrooms with unblocked views of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vocabulary, language arts and maths than did students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots.

Recent study on room lighting design suggests that dim(暗淡的)light helps people to loosen up. If that is true generally, keeping the light low ring dinner or at parties could increase relaxation. Researchers of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture with rounded edges could help visitors relax.

So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings. “We have a very limited number of studies, so we’re almost looking at the problem through a straw(吸管), ”architect David Allison says. “How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalized use of them? That’s what we're all struggling with. ”

家具设计是如何影响我们工作和感情的

建筑师长久以来就感觉到我们生活的地方可能会影响我们的思想,感情和行为,但现在科学家正给予这种感情实证的基础。他们正在发掘如何设计促进创造力,使人们集中,并放松的空间。

研究表明,各方面的物质环境可以影响创造力。 2007年,琼迈耶斯,利维在美国明尼苏达大学的报告说,一个房间天花板的高度影响人们如何去思考。她的研究表明,更高的天花板鼓励人们更加自由的思考,这可能导致他们做出更多的抽象联想。低的天花板,另一方面,可能会激发更详细的展望。

此外,天花板的高度,所建筑物所提供的视野可能会影响到工作人员的注意力。南希井和她的同事发现,在康奈尔大学的研究,那些经历了在绿色方面大幅度提高的全家搬家的孩子们,在注意力的测试水平上有了巨大的提高。

运用天性去改善关注的焦点应该在学术上取得成功,它似乎是,根据由佐治亚大学负责学术设计与规划实验室的肯尼思唐纳领导的一项研究显示。唐纳和他的研究小组发现,距离窗子至少50英尺远的拥有畅通视野的教室学生比那些基本上忽视道路和停车场的学生在词汇、语言艺术和数学的测试上有更高的分数。

最近一项关于室内照明设计的研究表明,暗淡的灯光有助于人们放松。如果这大体上是真的,在晚宴或是聚会上保持低的光线可以增加放松。哈佛医学院的研究人员还发现,带有圆角边缘的家具可以帮助参观者放松。

迄今科学家们主要集中在公共建筑。 “我们有一个数量非常有限的研究,因此,我们看问题几乎是管中窥豹 ”建筑师大卫艾里森说。 “你怎么回答非常具体的问题,并把它们广泛的,普遍的运用呢?这就是我们都苦苦挣扎的事情。

D 篇

When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to their importance ,the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list . Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. Too often it is viewed as mere entertainment, but certainly not an ecation priority (优先). This view is shortsighted. In fact, music ecation is beneficial and important for all students.

Music tells us who we are. Because music is an expression_r of the beings who create it, it reflects their thinking and values, as well as the social environment it came from. Rock music represents a lifestyle just as surely as does a Schubert song. The jazz influence that George Gershwin and other musicians introced into their music is obviously American because it came from American musical traditions. Music expresses our character and values. It gives us identity as a society.

Music provides a kind of perception(感知)that cannot be acquired any other way . Science can explain how the sun rises and sets. The arts explore emotive(情感的) meaning of the same phenomenon . We need every possible way to discover and respond to our world for one simple but powerful reason: No one way can get it all.

The arts are forms of thought as powerful in what they communicate as mathematical and scientific symbols. They are ways we human beings “talk” to each other. They are the language of civilization through which we express our fears, our curiosities, our hungers, our discoveries, our hopes. The arts are ways we give form to our ideas and imagination so that they can be shared with others. When we do not give children access to an important way of expressing themselves such as music, we take away from them the meanings that music expresses.

Science and technology do not tell us what it means to be human. The arts do. Music is an important way we express human suffering, celebration, the meaning and value of peace and love.

So music ecation is far more necessary than people to realize.

当学生和家长的要求根据重要性去评估学科,艺术就不可避免的排在了清单的底部。音乐很不错,人们似乎说,但并不重要。它往往被视为单纯的娱乐,但肯定不是优先教育。这种看法是短浅的。事实上,音乐教育对所有的学生是有益的、重要的。

音乐告诉我们我们是谁。因为音乐是一种人类表达方式,它反映了他们的思想和价值观,以及来自的社会环境。摇滚音乐就好像舒伯特的歌曲一样代表了一种生活方式。爵士影响了乔治格什温和其他音乐家引入到他们的音乐,这显然是美国人,因为它来自美国音乐的传统。音乐表达了我们的性格和价值观。它给予我们社会身份。

音乐提供了一种不能以任何其他方式获得的感知。科学可以解释为什么太阳升起和降落。艺术探索同样的现象情感的含义。我们需要一切可能的方式来发现和回应我们这个世界的一个简单而有力的理由是:没有一种方法可以得到这一切。

艺术是和数学和科学符号一样强大的作为沟通内容的思维形式。他们是我们人类相互“对话”的方式。他们是文明的语言,通过它我们可以表达我们的担心,我们的好奇心,我们的渴望,我们发现,我们的希望。

艺术我们思想和想象力形式的表达方式,以便于使它们能够与他人分享。一但我们没有给孩子一个重要表达自己如音乐的方式的机会,我们就剥夺了他们表达音乐的意译。

科学和技术并没有告诉我们什么是人权。艺术却做到了。音乐是一种表达我们人类苦难,庆祝活动,和平与爱的意义和价值的重要方式。

因此,音乐教育是人类更有必要去实行的。

E

Camping wild is a wonderful way to experience the natural world and, at it best, it makes little environmental influence. But with increasing numbers of people wanting to escape into the wilderness. It is becoming more and more important to camp unobtrusively(不引人注目的)and leave no mark.

Wild camping is not permitted in many places, particularly in crowded lowland Britain, Wherever you are, find out about organizations responsible for managing wild spaces, and contact them to find out their policy on camping and shelter building. For example, it is fine to camp wild in remote parts of Scotland, but in England you must ask the landowner’s permission, except in national parks.

Camping is about having relaxation, sleeping outdoors, experiencing bad weather, and making do without modern conveniences. A busy, fully-equipped campsite(野营地)seems to go against this, so seek out smaller, more remote places with easy access to open spaces and perhaps beaches. Better still, find a campsite with no road access: Walking in makes a real adventure.

Finding the right spot to camp is the first step to guaranteeing a good night’s sleep. Choose a campsite with privacy and minimum influence on others and the environment. Try to use an area where people have obviously camped before rather than creating a new spot. When camping in woodland, avoid standing dead trees. Which may fall on a windy night. Avoid animal runs and caves, and possible homes of biting insects. Make sure you have most protection on the windward side. If you make a fire, do so downwind of your shelter. Always consider what influence you might have on the nature word. Avoid damaging plants. A good campsite is found, not made-changing it should be unnecessary.

野外露营是一种非常棒的方式体验到自然世界,并在最好,它引起很小的小环境影响。但是,随着越来越多的人想要逃避到旷野。不引人注目的露营正变得越来越重要的。并没有留下任何标记。

野外露营是不允许的,在许多地方,尤其是在拥挤的低地英国,无论身处何地,了解组织负责管理野生空间,并与他们联系,了解他们的政策,野营和住房建设。例如,它是野生罚款营在偏远地区的苏格兰,但在英格兰你必须问地主的同意,除了在国家公园。

露营是放松的,在外面睡觉,经历恶劣天气,并且没有现代方便的交通。一个繁忙的,设备齐全的野营地似乎违背这一点,所以寻找更小,更偏远的地方,方便的休憩用地,也许海滩。更好的是,找到一个营地,没有公路交通:行走于一个真正的冒险。

找到合适的位置营地是第一步,以保证良好的睡眠。选择一个隐私的营地和对他人和环境有最低影响。尝试使用一个明显之前有人露营过的地方,而不是建立一个新的位置。当在林地露营时,在一个大风夜晚,避免站在死树下。避免动物活动频繁的洞穴,和叮咬昆虫的窝。请确定您在迎风面上有最安全的保护。如果你生火,要在顺风的住房附近。总是要考虑到你对自然世界的影响。避免损害植物。发现一个很好的露营地,它应该是没有必要作出改变的。

⑥ 大学英语四级阅读真题长难句型分析

大学英语四级阅读真题长难句型分析

引导语:下面我就给大家带来大学英语四级阅读真题长难句型分析,谢谢您的阅读,祝您阅读愉快。

长难句一

Although some of the more ambitious programs require new investments in servers and networks to support collaborative software, most distance learning courses can run on existing or minimally upgraded ( 升级) systems. (07.12 Passage 1)

分析主干:courses can run (on...)

Although 引导让步状语从句。investment in...表示“在......方面的投资”。不定式to support... 是宾语investment 的补足语,“项目需要投资来支持相关软件”(因为)support 的逻辑主语不是programs 而是investment,所以该不定式应该是补语,而非目的状语)。译文:虽然一些规模更大的课程需要斥资增加新的服务器、扩建网络来支持配套的软件,但大部分远程教育课程可以在现有的或稍加升级的系统上运行。

长难句二

While many good and useful claims are being made, it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of the procts they buy. (05.6 Passage 2)

分析主干:it is clear that...

句首的While 引导让步状语从句,“尽管”......。it is clear......中,it 是形式主语,省略连接词that 的从句there is...才是句子的真正主语。in ensuring...是there be 句型的状语成分,“在确保......方面”。ensuring 后面接的是省略that 的宾语从句。

译文:虽然有许多好而有用的声明,但是,很明显,要确保购买者完全知晓所购产品对环境的影响还需要很长的时间。

长难句三

They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think, "Geez, if it could happen to him,..."(08.12 Passage 1)

主干:They only come in

1.when引导时间状语从句,而且引导两个并列的从句:a friend drops dead...以及they think...。引号中的是直接引语,作think的宾语。

2.本句在理解上的一个难点是,they think究竟是与they come in并列还是与a friend drops dead并列。从语言形式上看,两种理解都可以;但从语义逻辑上看,应该是“他们只有在想到...的时候才来”,把they think归到时间状语从句中更合理。

译文:只有当一位朋友在高尔夫球场猝死时,他们才来看医生。他们会想到:“哎呀,如果这样的事能发生在他身上,...”

长难句四

Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind. (07.6 Passage 1)

分析主干:I would fight...

when 引导时间状语从句。本句理解上的难点不在语法结构,而在语言本身所表达的'内容。was pushed into...表明作者不是主动参与这类争论的。an argument on...“在......方面的争论”。on my behalf “代表我自己,为我自己。”

译文:有时候,当我与别人争论左脑与右脑的问题,或者是先天天赋与后天培育的问题时,我会马上站在我的立场以及所有女性同胞的立场上给予狠狠的反驳遥。

长难句五

As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come out from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen. (07.6 Passage 2)

分析主干:the ideas will come out and let themselves be captured...

句首的as 引导时间状语从句。主句部分是复合谓语,有两个由and 连接的并列谓语。

译文:随着话语开始流淌,思想也会逐渐明朗化,使自己呈现在你的笔记本或者屏幕上。

长难句六

While she awaits the outcome, the government has granted her permission to work here and she has returned to her job at Ben & Jerry‘s. (06.6 Passage 2)

分析主干:the government has granted her permission and she has returned to...

While 引导时间状语从句。本句主句是由and 连接两个分句构成的并列句,两个分句都用了现在完成时,与状语从句的一般现在时对照来看,表明主句中的两个动作都是在await 期间完成。grant 后面接了双宾语,间接宾语是her,直接宾语是permission。

译文:在她等待结果出来期间,政府给予她在美国的工作许可,她已经返回到她在Ben & Jerry 冰激凌连锁店的工作岗位。

长难句七

Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade, I had to accept the fact that I was co-opting (借用) my daughter‘s experience. (07.12 Passage 2)

分析主干:I had to accept the fact...

Because 引导原因状语从句。该从句用了know little about...结构,about 有两个宾语。that 引导的从句是即farm animals 和angels,中间用or 连接,两个名词分别都有定语从句加以修饰。主句部分fact 带有that 引导的同位语从句。

译文:因为我对会使用工具的家畜和上一年级的天使一无所知,所以我得承认这样的事实:我在借用我女儿的经验。

长难句八

The I SO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on proct packaging, because terms such as “environmentally friendly”and “non-polluting”cannot be verified. (05.6 Passage 2)

分析主干:院The standards ban claims本句只含一个原因状语从句,结构上较为简单。值得注意的是,句中的名词词组大多含有修饰成分,如:The ISO labeling standards, claims on proct packaging, terms such as...。

译文:ISO 标识标准禁止在商品的包装上出现模糊的或会引起误导的产品说明,因为我们无法证明类似“环保”、“无污染”等这样的字样。

长难句九

While the kinds of instruction offered in these programs will differ, distance learning usually signifies a course in which the instructors post syllabi (课程大纲), reading assignments, and scheles on Websites, and students send in their assignments by e-mail. (07.12 Passage 1)

分析主干:distance learning signifies a course

1.句首While 引导状语从句,有让步、对比之意。

2.in which 引导定语从句修饰a course,该从句本身是and 连接两个分句构成的并列结构,两个分句分别讲到有关老师和学生的情况。post... on Websites 结构中,post 含有3 个宾语。

译文:虽然网络课程提供的教学形式会各不相同,但远程学习通常都表现为这样一种课程:教师将课程大纲、阅读作业及课程进度安排在网站上公布,学生通过电子邮件提交作业。

长难句十

While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so. (07.6 Passage 2)

分析主干:they cannot work...

While 引导让步状语从句,“尽管......”。从句中的employ 表示“采用”,不定式to get...作目的状语。work in parallel“并行不悖地起作用”。no matter how 也引导让步状语从句,表示“无论多么......”。

译文“尽管要完成定稿这两种思维都不可或缺,可是它们却不能并行着参与写作过程-----无论我们多么认为原本如此。

长难句十一

Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be "well,"in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations. (06.12 Passage 2)

分析主干:people may be "well"

主句的主语people 有一个who 引导的定语从句修饰。if 引导条件状语从句,从句中的they can 是省略形式的定语从句(相当于they can maintain),修饰health。

译文:在这种新的意义上来说,甚至有生理疾患或缺陷的人也是“健康的”,如果他们在面对身体缺陷时尽力去达到可能的最好健康状况的话。

长难句十二

Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be "well,"in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations. (06.12 Passage 2)

分析主干:people may be "well"

主句的主语people 有一个who 引导的定语从句修饰。if 引导条件状语从句,从句中的they can 是省略形式的定语从句(相当于they can maintain),修饰health。

译文:在这种新的意义上来说,甚至有生理疾患或缺陷的人也是“健康的”,如果他们在面对身体缺陷时尽力去达到可能的最好健康状况的话。

长难句十三

Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the page as the deadline draws near. (07.6 Passage 2)

分析主干:you will believe that... and you will end up staring...

本句主句是and 连接两个分句构成的并列句。前一个分句中,that 引导的从句作believe 的宾语,该宾语从句中又包含一个由than 引导的比较状语从句。后一个分句中,谓语部分是end up doing 结构,staring...作主语补足语。

译文:你很有可能会以为这样加工整理素材会让你时间不够用,结果是最后随着交稿日期的逐渐临近,你将只是盯着稿件发呆。

长难句十四

Organized by the New York-based nonprofit Earth Pledge, the show inspired many top designers to work with sustainable fabrics for the first time. (09.6 Passage 1)

分析主干:the show inspired designers

本句是简单句。过去分词短语Organized by...在句中作状语,用以补充说明主语的背景信息。谓语部分用了inspire sb. to do 结构,不定式短语to work with...是宾语补足语。

译文:这次时装秀由总部位于纽约的非盈利组织Earth Pledge 主办,激发了许多顶尖设计师第一次使用不破坏生态平衡的布料设计时装。

长难句十五

This week Wal-Mart is set to announce a major initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organic: it will buy transitional (过渡型的) cotton at higher prices, thus helping to expand the supply of a key sustainable material. (09.6 Passage 1)

分析主干:Wal-Mart is set to announce a (major) initiative: it will buy (transitional)cotton...

1.本句冒号后的内容是对前文initiative 的详细阐述,相当于一个同位语从句。

2.冒号前的分句中,谓语动词用了be set to do 结构,过去分词短语aimed to...是initiatives 的后置定语,相当于一个定语从句。

3.冒号后的分句中,结构简单,其中helping to...是现在分词短语,作谓语动词buy 的状语,表示目的。

译文:本周沃尔玛超市准备出台一项重大举措,目的在于帮助棉农种植有机棉:沃尔玛将以更高的价格收购过渡型的棉花,以此帮助扩大一种重要有机原材料的供应。

长难句十六

Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales. (07.12 Passage 2)

分析主干:I offered suggestions (for...)

句首的Telling 是现在分词,作状语,表示伴随动作:它带了一个宾语从句,从句的表语writer 后接了一个作定语的现在分词guiding...。主句部分的介词for 带有三个名词作宾语,与suggestion 连用,表示“对.......的建议”。

译文:我对自己说,我只是一个有经验的作家,在指导身边的一位年轻作家。我对她的那些故事中的人物尧冲突及结局提出建议。

长难句十七

Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment (非直接接触) of emailing would make it easier to lie. (06.6 Passage 1)

分析主干:Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars...

不定式to be the biggest liars 在句中作宾语emailers 的补语。现在分词reasoning在句中作伴随状语。that 引导从句作reasoning 的宾语。该宾语从句又包含一个原因状语从句,由because 引导。

译文:有些心理学家原以为人们在电子邮件中最容易撒谎,理由是:欺骗使人感到不舒服,所以电子邮件这种非直接接触的媒介能让人的谎言更容易说出口。

长难句十八

Consumers are being confused and misled by the hodge-podge ( 大杂烩) ofenvironmental claims made by household procts, according to a “green labeling” study published by Consumers International Friday. (05.6 Passage 2)

分析主干:Consumers are being confused and misled by...

本句用了现在进行时的被动语态,含两个谓语动词confused 和misled。过去分词短语made by...和published by...分别修饰前面的名词claims 和study。

译文:根据消费者国际组织在星期五发表的野绿色商标冶研究报告,消费者受到了各种家居产品五花八门的环保声明的误导,都被搞糊涂了。

长难句十九

I have also witnessed a player reacting to his opponent蒺s intentional and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could ring the course of play. (05.6 Passage 1)

分析主干:I have (also) witnessed a player reacting

reacting 在句中是现在分词,作宾语a player 的补语;by... hitting...是reacting 的方式状语,hitting 作介词by 的宾语。as hard as he could 是比较结构,表示“尽力”。

译文:还有一次我看到过一个球员在比赛中因为对方的一个有意犯规阻挡,而故意使足了力气把球砸向对方。

长难句二十

Or perhaps someone will casually glance through your credit card purchases or cell phone bills to find out your shopping preferences or calling habits. (08.6 Passage 2)

分析主干:someone will glance...

本句是个简单句,谓语动词glance 后接介词短语through purchases or bills。不定式短语to find out...在句中作状语,表示“无意中一瞥”的结果。

译文:或者有人会随意翻阅你的信用卡购物单或手机话费单,以此来了解你的购物喜好或通话习惯。

;

⑦ 2019年大学英语四级考试阅读模拟试题及答案

2018年12月大学英语四级考试已经结束了,各位同学们发挥的怎么样呢?很多考生迫不及待的想要估算一下自己的分数,不要着急,考试栏目组我为大家带来了本次四级阅读真题答案,大家一起看看吧。

2019年大学英语四级考试阅读模拟试题:如何写作

Learning how to write is like taking a course in public speaking. I'd ask whether anyone in class had evertaken such a course. Always a few hands would go up.

"What did you learn in that course?" I'd ask.

"Well, the main thing was learning how to face an audience: not to be inhibited (拘谨)... not to be nervous. "

Exactly, when you take a course in public speaking nowadays, you don't hear much about grammar and vocabulary. Instead. you're taught how not to be afraid or embarrassed, how to speak without a prepared script. how to read out to the live audience before you. Public speaking is a matter of overcoming your long-standing nervous inhibitions.

The same is true of writing. The point of the whole thing is to overcome your nervous inhibitions, to break through the invisible barrier that separates you from the person who’ll read what you wrote. You must learn to sit in front of your typewriter of dictating machine and read out to the person at the other end of the line.

Of course, in public speaking with the audience right in front of you, the problem is easier. You can lookat them and talk to them directly. In writing, you 're alone. It needs an effort of your experience or imagination to take hold of that other person and talk to him or her. But that effort is necessary or at least it' s necessary until you've reached the point when you quite naturally and unconsciously "talk on paper".

练习题:

Choose correct answers to the question:

1.The main task of a public speech course is to __________.

A.teach grammar and vocabulary

B. teach how to write a script

C. teach how to overcome nervousness

D. teach live spoken-language expressions

2.Learning how to write is similar to learning how to speak in public in that writer should _____.

A.overcome his or her nervousness in the first place

B. take hold of a reader and talk to him or her before writing

C. learn to use a typewriter or dictating machine

D. talk to himself on paper

3.what does the author compare writing and public speaking?

A.Writhing needs more experience and imagination than public speaking

B.Both writing and public speaking require great effort

C.Writhing is just as imagination as public speaking

D.Writhing is not as natural as public speaking

4.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

A.Few students feel the need to learn public speaking

B.Training is necessary before you can speak with a script

C.In public speaking, the audience are more nervous than the speaker

D.Writing is just like making a public speech on paper

5.This selection is mainly about ___________.

A.the effort involved in writing

B.the similarities between writing and public speaking

C.learning how to make a public speech

D.learning how to talk on paper

参考答案及解析

1.[C] 事实细节题。原文第4段,特别是第4段的最后一句表明c为正确选项。本题稍具干扰性的是D,该选项中的live一词在第4段第2句末尾也有出现,但事实上D与该句的意思不相同。

2.[A] 事实细节题。本题考查对比处。第5段第1句表明下一句就是演讲和写作的相似之处,而A就是对该句的同义替换。其他选项并未按照题目的要求对比演讲与写作,只是说明了写作必须做的,因此都不正确。

3.[A] 推理判断题。本题考查对比处。结尾段对比了演讲和写作的不同之处,第1、2句和第3、4句形成了内在的对比关系,由此可推断写作比演讲更需要经验和努力,因此可确定A正确,而C不正确。虽然在这一段可找到effort和naturally等词,但原文并没有从是否要付出同样多的努力(B)或是否自然(D)等方面对比演讲与写作,因此B和D也不正确。

4.[D] 推理判断题。根据最后一句中的“在纸上说话”,可推断作者认为写作如在纸上作演讲一样,因此D正确。A中的Few students与事实不符;B中的speak with a script在文中未有提及;C中的separated by a barrier错误。

5.[D] 主旨大意题。文章的开头句就是全文的主题句,作者在前四段说明如何演讲,从第5段开始,作者转向说明如何写作,文章的结尾句对开头句做出了呼应。作者之所以将演讲和写作过程做比较是为了让自己的观点更容易、更生动地被读者明白和接受,因此本文的中心内容是围绕写作,而不是演讲。其余选项虽然文中都有提及,但只是各个具体的侧面内容,不能概括全文大意。

2019年大学英语四级考试阅读模拟试题:农业技术

Even plants can run a fever, especially when they're under attack by insects or

disease. But unlike humans, plants can have their temperature taken from 3,000 feet away-straight up. A decade ago, adapting the infrared (红外线) scanning technology developed for military purposes and other satellites, physicist Stephen Paley came up with a quick way to take the temperature of crops to determine which ones are under stress. The goal was to let farmers precisely target pesticide(杀虫剂) spraying rather than rain poison on a whole field, which invariably includes plants that don't have pest(害虫) problems.

Even better, Paley's Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop problems

before they became visible to the eye. Mounted on a plane flown at 3,000 feet at night ,an infrared scanner measured the heat emitted by crops. The data were transformed into a color-coded map showing where plants were running "fevers".Farmers could then spot-spray, using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide than they otherwise would.

The bad news is that Paley's company closed down in 1984, after only three years. Farmers resisted the new technology and long-term backers were hard to find.But with the renewed concern about pesticides on proce, and refinements in infrared scanning, Paley hopes to get back into operation.Agriculture experts have no doubt the technology works. "This technique can be used on 75 percent of agricultural land in the United States, "says George Oerther of Texas A&M. Ray Jackson, who recently retired from the Department of Agriculture, thinks.remote infrared crop scanning could be adopted by the end of the decade. But only if Paley finds the financial backing which he failed to obtain 10 years ago.

这是一篇说明文。文章一开头就介绍了原用于军事和卫星的红外线扫描技术,如今被用在农业上。通过远距离测量植物的温度来判断农作物是否遭受虫害和疾病。在第二段中指出,物理学家帕里组建了帕里远红外扫描服务公司,来专门探测农业方面的情况。最后他的公司在三年后被迫关闭,主要是因为缺乏资金。另外,农民们也一时不能接受这种新技术。作者期待将来有一天可以解决财政困难,将这一新技术重新用到农业上去。

大学英语四级考试阅读模拟试题

1. Plants will emit an increased amount of heat when they are _______

A) sprayed with pesticides B) facing an infrared scanner

C) in poor physical condition D) exposed to excessive sun rays

2. In order to apply pesticide spraying precisely, we can use infrared scanning to

_______.

A) estimate the damage to the crops

B) measure the size of the affected area

C) draw a color-coded map

D) locate the problem area

3. Farmers can save a considerable amount of pesticide by _______.

A) resorting to spot-spraying B) consulting infrared scanning experts

C) transforming poisoned rain D) detecting crop problems at an early stage

4. The application of infrared scanning technology to agriculture met with some

difficulties _______.

A) the lack of official support B) its high cost C) the lack of financial D) its failure to help increase proction

5. Infrared scanning technology may be brought back into operation because of _______.

A) the desire of farmers to improve the quality of their proce.

B) growing concern about the excessive use of pesticides on crops

C) the forceful promotion by the Department of Agriculture

D) full support from agricultural experts

参考答案及解析

1、[答案及分析]:[C]。词组理解题。本文第一段的第一句话谈到:“Even plants can run fever...by insects or disease.”这就告诉了我们植物升高温度的原因。本句所问的也正是这个原因。因此,C正告诉了我们这一点,所以C是正确答案。

2、[答案及分析]:[D]词汇理解题。在第一段的原文中“The goal was to let farmers precisely target pesticide spraying...”其中的意思是“确定”(虫害发生的地方)”而答案D是说“要确定问题所在地区”,信息与本文相符,故D为正确答案;而A、B、C都与本文不符。

3、[答案及分析]:[A]。判断题。问农民通过何种方式可节省杀虫剂。在文章的第二段中谈到帕里远红外线扫描服务公司利用飞机上的远红外线扫描仪夜间在3000英尺的高度探测到庄稼的情况,然后可将这些情况提供给农民,农民可喷洒农药,这样只使用原来农药量的50%-70%就足够了。故答案A的信息与本文相符;而B、C、D均不正确。

4、[答案及分析]:[C]。词汇理解题。问远红外扫描技术用于农业上时遇到的阻力,原因何在。在本文最后段中指出:1984年,帕里公司被迫关闭的原因一资金缺乏。并呼吁说:“But only if Paley finds the financial backing which he failed to obtain 10years ago.”其中financial backing的意思与本题C的“financial support”相同。所以答案C正确。

5、[答案及分析]:[B]。正误判断题。问远红外扫描技术有可能重新用于农业,原因何在。在文章最后一段中说“But with the renewed concern...to get back into operation”由此可明显看出,B的信息与本文内容相符,所以答案B是正确的;而A、C、D都与本文不符。

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