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高考英语阅读理解的文本类型

发布时间: 2023-08-08 19:11:19

1. 2021高考英语全国乙卷阅读理解D篇优劣辨析

2021年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试D篇

原文链接:

https://hbr.org/2017/10/why-you-can-focus-in-a-coffee-shop-but-not-in-your-open-office

2021全国乙卷D篇文本

During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction(干扰) in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street —so I can focus. "His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout (布局). But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.

The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels(分贝),70 decibels, and 85decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however,the participants in the 70 decibels group—those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop-significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.

But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise—not too loud and not total silence—may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of"distracted focus"appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.

So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.

32. Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?

A. It helps him concentrate.

B. It blocks out background noise.

C. It has a pleasant atmosphere.

D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.

33. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?

A. Total silence.

B. 50 decibels.

C. 70 decibels.

D. 85 decibels.

34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?

A. Personal privacy unprotected.

B. Limited working space.

C. Restrictions on group discussion.

D. Constant interruptions.

35.What can we infer about the author from the text?

A. He's a news reporter. B. He’s on office manager.

C. He's a professional designer. D. He's a published writer.

答案:ACDD

解读:

文章大意:办公环境“噪音”对环境当中的“人的大脑”的影响。“带入式”噪音和“非带入式噪音”是有差别的。文本词数:394。

本文本因为对原文进行了大量的删减。所以可以看出删除部分包含以文章main idea为核心的相关research, 也就是缺少了连贯的科学研究过程的阐述,且以作者第一人称来叙述,研究并非作者亲自参与,所以文章style属于叙事体,高考当中的文本体裁趋近界定为nonfiction范畴的类科普说明文(事实上是缺少科普文所应该具备的要素的)。

文章当中有一个关键信息词汇coworking space。

拓展信息:

联合办公(共享办公)是一种为降低办公室租赁成本的办公模式,来自不同公司的个人在联合办公空间中共同工作,在特别设计和安排的办公空间中共享办公环境,彼此独立完成各自项目。同样的,其应该具有以下四个要素:轻服务——免费提供公共办公空间、网络、茶水、打印、安保服务等够灵活——即租即用,租期灵活,领包入住分割式——一个办公场地被划分为许多小块,按照自身需求寻找相应共享式——来自不同公司的个人共享一个办公环境,更加强调空间与人之间的连接。国内的联合办公行业,各品牌已经开始有自己较为明晰对的定位和细分客群, 优客工场和氪空间拥有现如今国内最大的空间数量以及经营面积,主张便捷高效的办公理念,在引入多元化投资机构的同时,已逐步完成了自身生态圈体系的搭建。

2.1第一段当中During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction(干扰) in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street —so I can focus. "His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout (布局). But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.

本段命题人对原文有一定的改编,首句起到一个引入主题的作用,但对文章整体核心信息并没有密切的关联性,所以篇章首句并非都是文本信息具有main idea 有提示作用的关键句(如很多文本解读所述)。整体看,第一段内容属于中式思维改编,具有一定的跳跃性,但整体信息可以理解。第一段最后两句的转折从信息摄入角度看,因信息不足显得牵强。此处,命题人命制了第一题:

32. Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?

A. It helps him concentrate.

B. It blocks out background noise.

C. It has a pleasant atmosphere.

D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.

其实本题的信息提示点遍布全文。只要读懂全文,回答这个问题就比较容易。但是仅仅从第一段信息来看,试题的答案的文本信息支持是不足的。而本文当中如本题题干提示题境的the interviewer的选择仅仅在第一段中提到,因此判断其相关性很牵强。作为考试题答案选择A。第一段最后一句是一个过渡句,引起下文提到的研究。但是命题人改编删减后,下文提到的研究所表述的内容和原文的核心信息发生了偏离,同时“开放办公环境”和“联合/共享区域办公”的差异性没有体现出来。使得文章主体信息发生了偏离。但是不影响做题。

2.2文本第二段:The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels(分贝),70 decibels, and 85decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however,the participants in the 70 decibels group—those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop-significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.

但在70分贝噪音环境中(和咖啡厅里的噪音水平非常接近)的那一组在创造性思维测试中的表现是远超过其它组的表现的。此外,我们的创造性思维水平在完全安静的环境中和在85分贝的背景噪音环境中其实并没有多大差别。此处阐述研究发现人们工作环境的噪音分贝对人们创造性思维的影响。信息直观陈述。下一题:33. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?

Total silence. B. 50 decibels. C. 70 decibels. D. 85 decibels. 因为题干信息提示非常具体—— promote creative thinking ability,回读文章however,the participants in the 70 decibels group—those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop-significantly outperformed the other groups.既可以选择答案为C。此处,从做题角度需要考生读懂几个关键数字(分贝)相关联的信息。上句是一个复杂巨,把破折号部分去掉,理解outperform基本就可以理解此处信息点,选择正确答案。

2.3 文本第三段和第四段

But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise—not too loud and not total silence—may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of"distracted focus"appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.

So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.

这两段信息也是经过命题人以自己的思维模式删减改编的。整体上已经偏离了原文所要传递的科学规范的逻辑思路和信息。变成了命题人自己的thoughts。所以从文章精准信息传递上比较欠缺严谨性。第三段所表达的内容基本属于相关研究结果。属于对“开放式办公环境”噪音影响思维的一个研究作证,但并非是“开放式”办公环境思维能力受干扰的直接相关因素。直接因素是:熟悉环境下人们交谈等内容对听者所引发的代入感才是真正的“干扰”。此处命题:

34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?

A. Personal privacy unprotected.

B. Limited working space.

C. Restrictions on group discussion.

D. Constant interruptions.

题干提示下的四个备选答案ABC三个选项在文中基本没有出现相关信息。只有D可以被选为正确答案。此题的问题在于背离真实科学信息而设立的情境。那么这种阅读理解以及阅读理解考查就是虚假的理解测评。

35.What can we infer about the author from the text?

A. He's a news reporter. B. He’s on office manager.

C. He's a professional designer. D. He's a published writer.

最后一个题目设置的比较头重脚轻,需要回到文章首句。基本就可以选择答案了。这个题目从测试目标看效果不太理想。

总结:本文内容特色提及了关于“人脑对于噪音”的影响反应。属于科普知识。但是文章语境涉及的是办公环境,是学生所不熟悉的信息。与学生生活学习相关性不大。同时,此类研究并非学术界主流话题研究,非热点话题。文章经过删减改变后信息传递发生了本质变化,违背了传递真实信息的原则,也就是,读者摄取的可能是不真实的信息。这是本文文本所变现的问题。本篇高考阅读理解难度从考场答题角度来说属于中等或中等偏下。题目设置以及干扰项并非很完整。

A few years ago, ring a media interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still ponder often. Ranting about the level of distraction in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street — so I can focus.”

While I fully support the backlash against open offices, the comment struck me as odd. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout.

But I recently came across a series of studies examining the effect of sound on the brain that reveals why his strategy works.

From previous research, we know that workers’ primary problem with open or cubicle-filled offices is the unwanted noise.

But new research shows that it may not be the sound itself that distracts us…it may be who is making it. In fact, some level of office banter in the background might actually benefit our ability to do creative tasks, provided we don’t get drawn into the conversation. Instead of total silence, the ideal work environment for creative work has a little bit of background noise. That’s why you might focus really well in a noisy coffee shop, but barely be able to concentrate in a noisy office.

One study, published in the Journal of Consumer Research, found that the right level of ambient noise triggers our minds to think more creatively. The researchers, led by Ravi Mehta of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking.

Participants were randomized into four groups and everyone was asked to complete a Remote Associates Test (a commonly used measurement that judges creative thinking by asking test-takers to find the relationship between a series of words that, as first glance, appear unrelated). Depending on the group, participants were exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group (those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop) significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking doesn’t differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise — the equivalent of a loud garbage disposal or a quiet motorcycle. Since none of us presumably want to work next to a garbage disposal or motorcycle, I found this surprising.

But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise — not too loud and not total silence — may actually boost one’s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may disrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This type of “distracted focus” appears to be the optimal state for working on creative tasks. As the authors write, “Getting into a relatively noisy environment may trigger the brain to think abstractly, and thus generate creative ideas.”

In another study, researchers used frontal lobe electroencephalographic (EEG) machines to study the brain waves of participants as they completed tests of creativity while exposed to various sound environments. The researchers found statistically significant changes in creativity scores and a connection between those scores and certain brain waves. As in the previous study, a certain level of white noise proved the ideal background sound for creative tasks.

So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The quiet chatter of colleagues and the gentle thrum of the HVAC should help us focus. The problem may be that, in our offices, we can’t stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations or from being interrupted while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the EEG researchers found that face-to-face interactions, conversations, and other disruptions negatively affect the creative process. By contrast, a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of ambient noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.

Taken together, the lesson here is that the ideal space for focused work is not about freedom from noise, but about freedom from interruption. Finding a space you can hide away in, regardless of how noisy it is, may be the best strategy for making sure you get the important work done.

原文翻译

相信很多人都有这样的感受:在很吵的咖啡厅能够非常专注地工作,但在开放式的办公室却很难做到专注。究竟为什么会出现这种现象呢?研究表明,适当水平的环境噪音能激发我们的思维进行更有创造性地思考。让我们在工作中分心的可能并不是噪音本身,而是是谁制造的这些声音。在开放式的办公室,我们通常无法阻止自己被其他人的谈话内容所吸引和带入,或是当我们想集中注意力时却经常被其他人打断和打扰。适合专注工作的理想工作环境并不是没有一点噪音的安静环境,而是一种不会受到他人打断和干扰的环境。

几年前,有一位媒体记者朋友针对我刚出版的一本新书对我做了一次专访,专访期间,这位媒体记者说的一段让我至今都经常思考的话。他说,他所在的开放式办公环境的噪音让他非常容易分心,对此他已经忍无可忍,于是他在公司办公楼街对面的一个联合办公空间办了一个会员,他在那里能更加专注地工作。

开放式的办公环境的各种噪音容易让人分心,对于这一点我非常认同,也深有体会。但是这位记者朋友说到的联合办公空间能够让他更加专注地工作,这一点却让我很难理解。毕竟联合办公空间通常采用的也是开放式的办公布局。

但是最近当我看了一系列研究声音对大脑的影响方面的文章后,我才开始理解为什么我的那位媒体朋友为了能专注地工作而选择在联合办公空间工作而不愿在自己的开放式办公室工作。

根据之前的研究,我们知道,开放式办公环境让大家最头疼的一个问题就是有各种大家不想听到的噪音。

但是最新的研究发现,让我们在工作中分心的可能并不是声音本身,而是是谁制造的这些声音。实际上,适度的办公室幽默和闲言笑语对我们完成一些创造性的工作是有帮助的,只要我们自己不被这种闲言笑语带进去就行。适合创造性工作的理想工作环境其实并不是那种一点噪音都没有的绝对安静的环境,而是有那种有适度水平的背景噪音的环境。这也是为什么你能够在一个有点吵的咖啡厅里专注工作,而在一个嘈杂的办公室里却很难集中精力工作。

《消费者研究周刊》发布的一份研究报告显示,适当水平的环境噪音能激发我们的思维进行更有创造性地思考。伊利诺伊大学香槟分校的Ravi Mehta教授带领一些研究人员做了这样一项研究:研究了不同水平的噪音是如何影响那些正在进行创造性思维测试的研究对象的。

研究对象被随机分为四组,每个人都被要求完成一项远距离联想测试(注:研究创造力问题的一种测验方法。通常,提供几个相隔较远的词组,猜测它们共同的关联词。如,“盐 、 深 、 沫”,它的关联词是“海”。创造性思考是将联想得来的元素重新整合的过程。新结合的元素相互之间联想的距离越远,这个思维的过程或问题的解决就更有创造力。有创造力的人的联想不同于一般人。有创造力的人他们有广泛的联想,一个元素可以与许多其他元素连接;而一般人的元素连接则比较少)。以组为单位,我们会为研究对象在测试过程中设置不同水平的噪音,从完全的静音到50分贝、70分贝和85分贝的噪音。大部分分组之间的差异其实并不是太大,但在70分贝噪音环境中(和咖啡厅里的噪音水平非常接近)的那一组在创造性思维测试中的表现是远超过其它组的表现的。此外,我们的创造性思维水平在完全安静的环境中和在85分贝的背景噪音环境中其实并没有多大差别。

因为在70分贝的噪音环境中的那一组的研究对象在创造性思维测试中的表现明显好于其它组,因此研究认为,恰当水平的背景噪音(噪音不是太大,也不太过安静)实际上是有助于提高一个人的创造性思维能力的。恰当水平的背景噪音可能会打乱我们正常的思维模式,使我们的想象力得以漫游,但又不至于会让我们无法集中注意力。这种“分心式的专注”能够让我们以最佳状态完成创造性任务。正如作者所写的的那样:“在一个相对嘈杂的环境中可能会刺激我们的大脑进行更加抽象性地思考,从而产生创造性的想法。”

在另一项研究中,当研究对象在不同水平的噪音环境下完成创造性思维测试的时候,研究人员使用额叶脑电图(EEG)机器来研究研究对象的脑电波。研究人员发现,研究对象的创造性思维的表现分数在不同噪音环境下的变化是非常大的,同时还发现这个分数与特定的脑电波是有紧密联系的。和此前的研究结果一样,一定水平的白噪音环境是完成创造性任务的理想环境。

所以问题来了:为什么我们中的大部分人都讨厌在开放式的办公室里办公呢?同事们之间小声安静的交谈和空调系统制造的柔和声音应该是能帮助我们集中注意力的。但问题是,在我们所处的开放式办公室里,我们通常无法阻止自己被其他人的谈话内容所吸引和带入,或是当我们想集中注意力时却经常被其他人打断和打扰。事实上,脑电图研究人员发现,面对面的交流、交谈和其他干扰会对人们的创造性工作过程产生负面影响。相比之下,联合办公空间或咖啡馆提供了一定程度的陌生环境噪音,同时也能让自己免受他人的打扰,不会有人在你努力集中注意力工作的时候走过来打断你、干扰你。

总的来说,我们通过上述这些研究成果学到的是:适合专注工作的理想工作环境并不是没有一点噪音都没有的决定安静的环境,而是一种不会受到他人打断和干扰的环境。因此,找到一个你可以沉浸进去专注工作的环境,不管这个环境有多嘈杂,这才是确保你能完成重要工作的最佳策略。

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通过文中几个关键信息The eight-part series (系列节目),ITV,

Good Morning Britain等初步可以判断主人公的个人身份可能是电视台host。由此我们需要厘清一个现象,那就是选文的背景。很明显,本文选自外刊,也就是说文章是国外媒体,所以针对其当地人为主要阅读对象,写作风格和语言也是有针对性的,正如假如媒体撰文关于我们的中央电视台的某节目和节目主持人的话,我们会对相关信息有一定的背景了解,无需文章再赘述,而本文也是如此,反过来,它相对于我们这些对背景了解甚少的读者来说,某些信息就需要猜测,所以拿来作为高考题目选文,感觉上至少陌生背景信息一定不要影响学生理解文本核心信息和作答为佳。

第一题,命题人顺序命题,看第一段信息,此段信息也是本文比较关键的信息,它为下文的正确阅读理解有一定的铺垫作用。关键信息点be used to,but ,guests,cook up a storm 等可以大致确定她身份的一个变化。最重要的语篇标志词but把她的工作性质进行了转折,有助于作答第一题。所以B为答案,干扰比较大的是A,因为此项信息没有更多信息支持是否she enjoys embarrassing her guests ,因为在欧美人士的思维和语言使用中会有一种隐含的意思,有时候会有诙谐风格,所以此项内容站在国内思维角度算作是干扰信息吧。guests on the sofa坐在沙发上的特邀嘉宾

Grill这个词汇的使用是非常微妙的,词典中b义原本就是a义的转喻。这里面应该有修辞在里面。还有就是英汉词典中也明确标明词义“拷问”,对应英文释义就可以理解了。那么我们可以推断Susanna原来主持的节目是早间的一档类似于智力问答一类或者涉及需要和嘉宾进行问题交流的节目。至于具体节目内容不需要具体探究。作者在此处使用了grill这个词,非常生动,很形象又和下文中所提到的cook food等内容有一定的呼应,比较恰当。cook up a storm 这个词快不属于关键信息词,但是此处根据语境可以命制一条词义理解题目,会比较好。

接下来第二题,命题人顺序出题,此题的出题点选择的过于细微。题干中有具体指示词,回原文查找信息,然后理解细节,题干提示How,那就侧重点放于此。看原文she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to rece food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day,认真理解此处信息会发现Matt Tebbutt帮助她的是为她提供建议,来自于一线厨师的建议。也就是说她的节目当中可能会先预订好每日的菜谱,按照菜谱去做菜,且按照要求,做菜的成本控制在每日每户不超过5£。下文也有几处提到Matt,但是对于Matt在整个电视节目中具体做什么,从文本内容本身是无法得出的,假如推测的话,也可以有不同的推断,所以还是呼应上面的说法,本文的目标阅读对象是熟悉这一电视节目的人,所以文中没有相对于某些具体信息做细致交代,事实上命题人有可能是在回避不精确理解,打了一个擦边球,cooking matters 很难理解具体表达什么,可以理解为“烹饪方面相关事项”。而此处,命题人的阐述感觉很奇怪,但是又不能完全否定,鉴于其他干扰基本可以排除,那么答案只能锁定C。

文章行文至此,作者插入了一段对于电视节目的大致介绍。命题人在此确立了一个命题点,假如一定要归类的话,可以归类为作者“写作手法或者作者写作意图题”,从文章篇章角度看,突出强调这一段在整个篇章结构中的作用。根据上下文来看,答案很明显。因为此段内容和前后内容没有明显的总结和因果等关系。

27题标题归纳题。读懂文章就可以做出正确答案,干扰项基本设置也算合理。但是,假如从另外一个角度来说,把标题作为文章大意来使用的话,那么会感觉本文的文章风格和脉络不是特别恰当。而且D项的表达也感觉比较牵强。求证了下题源,原标题确实和本标题不一样。Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid on new cooking on a tight budget,

本文本的优点在于题材比较贴近生活,但不是中国高中生的生活,少花钱做好食物的观点也有正面价值观导向,但是因为文章写作风格的限制,核心观点并没有深入介绍和剖析。且命题点受限,命题局限。文章另外还可以挖出一两个其他题点的。

以下为原文文本和图片

Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget. In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to rece food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11. “We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant,” she explains. “I pay £5 for a portion (一份), bur Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.” The eight-part series (系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health procts on the market. With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.

3. 2019天津高考英语试题阅读理解D简析

首先看本文的体裁,如何界定?第一、以第一人称做叙述。第二、涉及到了一定的时间地点人物事件。第三、通过事件叙述有一定的说理。从而大约把本文归类为说理性叙述文(侧重说理,从而有论说文的痕迹)。再看题材,主要围绕大学选取专业的一些客观事实来进行叙述的。属于校园生活、学生生活、捎带社会认知话题,而文章的主体信息又集中在人文学科的特色上,所以整体行文和语言运用又有一定的专业性特点,这也是文章让人感觉稍有难度的原因。本篇被设置在五篇阅读理解题的D篇位置,民间或者约定的说法这是比较难的定位?我不确认。但是同时本套试题中还有另外一篇情节相对简单的记叙文。

本文以作者的亲身经历为依托,从作者的思维角度阐述问题,那么就可以定调,它是带有一定的倾向性的,倾向于作者本人的观点。所以阅读时要注意作者本身通过语言描述表达的观点和态度。命题也会集中在这些点上。

看文章第一段,几个关键词:but ,so,forced,another but。本段在写作信息传递上有些模糊的地方在于,有一个信息点:

but eventually I exhausted myself understanding the economy and trying new marketing techniques,此处作者没有交代是选择了这个专业试读之后感觉不适合,还是在没有读之前根据各种信息的了解主观上感觉不合适,有些含糊。从而缺少了行文的真实逻辑性,但是不影响整篇文章的核心思想的表达。推测一下,整体感觉脉络是这样的:最初想要选择人文学科——受其他因素影响而选择了实用的企业管理——就读企业管理后,不能适应——转专业回到最初的喜好专业(人文相关)。本段没有生僻词汇和不容易驾驭的复杂句式。本段最后一句是关键信息,表达了作者的最后选择。所以可以看试题:

51 Why did the author choose Business Management as his major at first?

命题人选取的角度通过题干信息Business Management ,at first 限定。备选项中acd是本题关键选项,c是拼凑的,可以比较容易排除,a选项从逻辑角度是有问题的,逻辑上,假如对某种专业产生倦怠感,是要经过一定的学习之后而可能出现的,这就需要之前曾选择过这一专业,而本文并没有阐述清楚,也就是说此处的was tired of…和题干有一定的逻辑冲突。D选项也不是很严谨,从原文信息看,作者是受他人以及选择专业的一些影响而选择Business management ,这和他自身意愿选择有细微区别的。综合看四个选项D为最佳答案。此题的几个逻辑问题是at first 如何界定,最初的want 比较文学和之后的business 的选择是不是都是作者的want。逻辑问题,有些是比较显现的有的却很隐晦,俗话说有“普世逻辑也有各自不同的逻辑”。

文章第二段是作者对于人文学科的观点态度。第二段第一句可以作为复杂句式来讲解语法。关键词是abstract,not applicable 。The worries are …the majors are abstract,…。衔接词actually后面信息 表达的是作者的真实观点。Actually ideas discussed in Humanities classes, which are occasionally different from what people commonly believe, offer a broad perspective(视角).强调了课堂上所讨论的观点。看试题:试题题干限制词a broad perspective 和原文信息词汇完全一致,所以做题方法就是点对点回到原文查找信息。这个题目的命制不是很成功,往往点对点限制信息命题,干扰项都是很难设置的,本题也是如此,出现了干扰项设置的尴尬,至于此处的问题具体在哪里,不做详细解释。且此题是在极度细节上的一个小推断,所以是否是事实上能够成立的观点,不能确定。B为答案。

第二段和第三段当中都出现了多个疑问句,都是作者的罗列,从快速阅读和考场作答角度基本可以略过,正常来说,这些问题也没有可以设问的题点。

52.According to the author, what is a possible way to gain a broad perspective?

A.Making more friends and learning from them.

B.Exchanging ideas in a philosophy seminar.

C.Opening your mind to future possibilities. D.Getting to know the popular opinion of society.

看下一题:

53.In which of the following situations do soft skills play the most important role?

A.Writing a software program. B.Performing a heart operation.

C.Playing a musical instrument. D.Negotiating with a business partner.

题干核心信息词soft skills 回原文查找信息…while humanities majors learn “soft skills” like communicating effectively,此处的while 表示转折,和之前提到的stem学科的硬科技相比较,所以软技能可能涉及的方向就大致可以理解了,此题命制特点同上一题,不再重复。假如学生大脑中直接可以理解soft skills 基本可以不做原文阅读就可以选出答案。

看下一题,关于job market 在最后一段中作者做了肯定的阐述。The job market is quietly creating thousands of openings a week for people who can bring a humanist’s grace to our rapidly evolving high-tech future.这句话是比较优美而达意的一句话,可以用来做句子赏析。quietly creating …,bring a humanist’s grace 使用的比较优美。

翻译一:就业市场正在悄无声息地为那些能为我们快速发展的高科技未来带来人文主义魅力的人创造每周数千个职位空缺。

翻译二:每周,就业市场都在悄无声息地创造出数千个职位,虚席以待那些能为我们快速发展的高科技未来带来人文主义魅力的人们。

根据文章基调和文章最后一段信息答案为C。至于a选项,只能说本文没有提及。但他是一个相对强干扰项。每周,就业市场都在悄无声息地创造出数千个职位虚席以待那些能为我们快速发展的高科技未来带来人文主义魅力的人们。

54.The author believes the job market for Humanities graates is ______. A.recovering

B.depressing

C.promising

D.challenging

最后一个题是标题归纳。满足标题归纳题目的特点,答案A。

55.What could be the best title for the passage?

A.Stick to Your Desired Major

B.Broaden Your Perspective

C.How to Acquire Soft Skills

D.Humanities vs. STEM

小结:文本选取题材比较符合学生认知水平。但文章应该并非出自英美主流媒体,作者似乎也不是英美母语人士,这一点有待查证,看文本出处就可以了。文章写作没有难点,理解时抓住核心信息点即可。试题命制中规中矩。

试题原文和原题如下:

When I graated from high school, I wanted to major in comparative literature. But, once I found out my friends were going into “real” majors, like marketing, nursing, and engineering, I figured I needed to do the same to ensure a good career. So I changed my mind and chose Business Management as my major. I forced myself to believe that I would enjoy it and succeed in the future, but eventually I exhausted myself understanding the economy and trying new marketing techniques. Coming out of this experience, I realize it is ok to be different from others and to study things like classics, art history and other majors offered in the College of Humanities(人文学科)!

The worries most people have about a Humanities degree and finding a career afterwards are that the majors are too abstract, and one will not obtain any applicable skills. Actually ideas discussed in Humanities classes, which are occasionally different from what people commonly believe, offer a broad perspective(视角). How could one effectively be an unbiased(无偏见的)writer with only a knowledge of the popular opinion of society? How could one speak persuasively with closed minds? Only seeing the world through a single perspective leads to missed learning, missed friendships, and missed growth! With a broader perspective, we will be more free, more open-minded, and less limited in what we can become!

STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) graates learn actual skills in their studies, while humanities majors learn “soft skills” like communicating effectively through writing critically and speaking persuasively, synthesizing(综合)ideas through gathering and interpreting information, and developing cultural awareness. Do those soft skills sound useless and inapplicable to you? Think of it. How often do you communicate with others? Proce ideas? Encounter people from other cultures? Every day. Every SECOND of every day. So why not master these skills?

If you choose a major in the College of Humanities, you will be needed. The job market is quietly creating thousands of openings a week for people who can bring a humanist’s grace to our rapidly evolving high-tech future. Your skills will be valuable to any workplace you hope to be in. Chase after your dream major with all your energy, no matter what other people think.

51.Why did the author choose Business Management as his major at first?

A.He was tired of learning comparative literature.

B.He came to enjoy learning marketing techniques.

C.He wanted to go to the same university as his friends.

D.He believed Business Management was more practical.

52.According to the author, what is a possible way to gain a broad perspective?

A.Making more friends and learning from them.

B.Exchanging ideas in a philosophy seminar.

C.Opening your mind to future possibilities. D.Getting to know the popular opinion of society.

53.In which of the following situations do soft skills play the most important role?

A.Writing a software program. B.Performing a heart operation.

C.Playing a musical instrument. D.Negotiating with a business partner.

54.The author believes the job market for Humanities graates is ______. A.recovering

B.depressing

C.promising

D.challenging

55.What could be the best title for the passage?

A.Stick to Your Desired Major

B.Broaden Your Perspective

C.How to Acquire Soft Skills

D.Humanities vs. STEM

DBDCA

4. 高中英语阅读理解高分必杀绝技

高考中英语阅读理解分为4篇,即A,B,C,D 四篇。均为信息文,信息文,意思如字面,是为了传递信息的,其文章主题是围绕一个主题展开的,如2020年全国卷1 A篇讲的是Train Information, 内容涉及到坐火车的时刻表,失物招领等。信息文中的信息排列还是很清晰的的,比小说类的题材要简单很多,大部分内容字面意思懂了,题就能做对,现在我们从高考阅读出题特点,题型特点,各个题型的做题技巧,怎么提升自己的阅读理解能力来聊聊如何拿高分。这些做题技巧也是侯老师独家归纳总结,并且经过学生提分案例的验证,可以是高考英语提分的精华部分。

如上文所述,高考英语阅读理解有四篇,四篇的难度排列顺序有讲究,分别从容易到难排列。前面的A篇最简单,单词简单,句子短,甚至不需要看原文,看着题找答案就行了,所以A篇是送分题,绝对不能失分。A篇后的B, C, D篇,难度依次加大,成绩一般的孩子,读完了C篇,就觉得脑子不够用了,D篇根本读不下去,以至于做错题,属于很正常。所以我建议平时模考在70分以下的同学,好好琢磨A,B,C的答案,以提高自己的争取率,把该拿的分数拿到手,再挑战D篇。

另外从阅读题的题型划分,阅读题题型的出题特点也有迹可循。各种题型考察的就是学生在不同层面上对文本的理解力和思维能力。有的老师在讲阅读题时,只告诉学生:从原文中找答案,答案都在原文里。这样给出的做题技巧太笼统,无法解决学生的问题。正解是,根据不同的题型有不同的做题技巧,甚至技巧也是理解能力的一部分。

阅读理解中考的题型有文章主旨题,段落主旨题,词义题,细节题,推断题,指代题,句子改述题,作者态度题。北京市高考题要求比较高,会出态度题,全国卷中至今还没有涉及到作者态度题。对于这几种题型中,对理解能力要求最高的是,推断题,句子改述题,作者态度题。这三种题型最难拿分,因为学生不仅需要读懂字面意思,还需要深刻理解字面背后的意思,了解作者的意图,通过某些用词和句子,来推断句外之意。某些同学的思维不太对,即使在母语中也很少注意言外之意,凡事都不肯思考,常常听别人说什么就是什么,这是自己本身思维思辨力不强,所以这种思辨能力的培养需要长期纠正。而且我也发现思维的转换,并非一朝一夕的之功,需要不断提醒学生训练自己的思考方式,有时候要过度训练,强化学生思维。并且实践来看,我带过的学生2个月后初见成效,但强化且内化成自己的一部分,需要半年甚至一年的巩固。很多学生我带过一段时间后,分数提了,但如果中途不上,分数又掉下去了,也就是因为这个原因。

文章主旨题,考察的是学生对文章主题的整体把握,这是很重要的一项总结能力,读完长长的一篇文章,即使有些细节不清楚,起码应该知道文章是在讲什么。那么应该怎么解题呢?要看每段话的第一句,然后总结归纳重复出现的名词和动词,最后跟题中的选项核对,看哪一项最符合文章的主题。为什么一定要额外注意名词和动词呢?因为在语言中,名词和动词是支撑和体现意思的单位,其他的一些词类,如冠词,介词,助动词,只是完成了语法功能,并不能支撑意思的表达。你见过有谁说话,光说,a, the, in 的吗?

词义题,考察的是该单词在文章中是什么意思,有些词会有一词多意的情况,这个时候要考虑文章的语境中该单词是什么意思。词义,首先要观察这个单词的特点,如果是复合词 compound word,要看组成这个单词的每个部分,各个组成部分拼在一起,就是该单词的意思,如 deskmate,hi-tech,很容易猜出来。其次要看这个单词的词性,即根据前后的单词,推断出这个词是名词,代词,动词,形容词,还是副词。比如,孩子一看 an UFO,知道UFO是一个名词,因为前面有冠词an。然后推断出词性后,依然要根据上下文的关系来推断这个词的意思。如句子中During a performance, the elephants plays a variety of instruments, including drums and xylophones. 题目的要求是学生猜出a variety of 是什么意思。首先这个短语位于名词的前面,表示是修饰instruments “乐器”的,后面又给出了两个例子:鼓和打击乐,可见是不止是一类乐器,是好几种,所以 a variety of 指的是各种各样的。

细节题,所有的细节题,都是送分题,即使是阅读理解最难的D篇,也可以拿到分。因为细节题找对位置就可以拿分。我观察了一下细节题做不对的学生,绝大多数是思维方式有问题,不仔细看,细节看不到,把握不准,即使他的理解是正确的,也常常做不对题。这其实也是个很麻烦的事情,就好像明明你妈妈帮你准备好了便当,你却忘了带,依然没饭吃。这种学生也需要训练思维。

指代题,送分题,绝对的送分题。指代题的问法经常是: What does “it”refer to in line 24? 既然文章中用到了代词“it”,表明前面肯定提到了某个名词,然后后面可以用“it”,所以这里要注意查找前面出现的名词。但高考题常常会挖个坑,前面有几个名词,学生可能只觉得只有最近的那个名词才是正解。所以正确的做法是要把名词带入句子中,在句子中核实验证。

段落主旨题,跟文章主旨题差不多,考察学生对段落主题的把握,即在读完一个段落后,可以明白这段话是在讲什么,即使某些细节可能有些模糊,对主题是十分清楚的。具体的解法是,看段落的第一句,以及靠近第一句的位置,有很少的可能性文章的主旨句在末尾。因为信息文常见的段落结构是,开篇点题,后面用细节和例子来支撑主旨句。所以段落第一句以及靠近第一句的位置,经常可以见段落主旨句。

推断题,是比较难的题型,要求学生根据文章某一段,或者某几句,推断出言外之意。常见的问法:What can you infer from Paragraph 2? 之所以难,是因为学生不仅要理解字面意思,还可以体味到深层次的意思。这个要求其实对学生的思维有了更高的要求。如果有的学生平常没有较高深层次的思考能力,这个题并不容易做对。如果一个学生平常老师让干什么就干什么,从来不问为什么,那么就是思维力不够,要加强对思维的培养和锻炼。

由此可见,高考阅读理解要拿高分,不仅仅是背诵单词的问题,还要结合技巧和思维培养。而且每个学生的思维方式不同,看待世界的角度和方式不同,要培养思维,真的需要因人而异。根据我的经验,单词好背,思维难转换;思维转换不过来,即使是读了同一篇文章,看到的东西也是不一样的。学生常常说的一句话是:我以为,我觉得,我认为; 我反问一句: 你以为的就是作者以为的么?学习外语,无非是学习另一种思维,而学会理解别人,向来都是人生的一大难题,成年人也未必能够做好,更何况是高中生?

最后预祝今年参加高考的学生得偿所愿,英语超常发挥。

5. 英语任务型阅读的技巧和方法

英语任务型阅读的技巧和方法

英语任务型阅读的技巧和方法,论述类文本阅读题是每一张高考卷上都会出的题目,可是这种题目难倒了不少人,很多人都在这篇文章上错了,我和大家一起来看看英语任务型阅读的技巧和方法的相关资料。

英语任务型阅读的技巧和方法1

阅读(信息输入)→判断、分析、概括、推理(信息加工与处理)→答题(信息输出)。

具体说来,任务型阅读的解题策略包括以下四个方面:

一、 确阅读任务

任务型阅读一般提供一段或几段阅读材料,在材料后设置5 个任务,做题时我们应先阅读所给的任务,明确任务是什么,再带着任务去阅读材料,这样就能做到心中有数,有针对性地去读,并能提高阅读效率。

二、 读全文,了解大意

明确任务后,应迅速阅读全文来了解文章主要内容,以及文章的感情基调、作者的意图、态度倾向。在材料后的问题设置中,经常有对文章大意的考查。对于概括大意的题目,需要通篇考虑,对要点加以归纳概括,这类题目有时可以从文中找到答案,但有时需要用自己的话来概括。这类题,属于难度较大的题,对文章还得再读一读,才能总结出来。除此之外,还经常考查“给文章拟一个标题”。这类题目可以通过寻找主题句和高频词来完成。根据英文写作的特点,主题句往往是首句或结尾句,但当没有主题句时,则应从全文中全面、简练地去提炼、概括。文章的标题可以是单词、短语,也可以是句子,但不管是什么,确定标题必须遵循以下两个原则:① 概括性原则,即标题应在最大程度上覆盖全文,体现文章的中心大意。② 醒目性原则,即标题必须力求吸引读者的注意力。

三、 读细节,逐题攻克

(一) 寻找细节,从原文中找答案

在经过第二步泛读全文之后,对于材料后面问题的细节考查题,在文章中所处的大体位置有所了解。然后就可以采用“跳读”的方式来寻找细节在原文中的对应,跳读的目的就是为细节寻找答案。如阅读填空或填表题,这种题目要求学生通过阅读材料,获取相关信息,以填写词语或补全句子的方式完成表格或图表。还有一些题目是对文章细节的直接设问,答案通常可以从原文中找到。从各地中考题看来,是有相当比例的此类题目。

(二) 精读细节,理解深层含义

任务型阅读,也是阅读理解的一种题型,不仅考查学生直接获取信息的能力,还可考查学生通过已知信息进行推理,研究细节的暗示,推敲作者的态度,理解文章的寓义。因此,这就要求考生要具备通过已知信息进行判断推理能力和透过字面意思解读深层含义能力,这一类型题在阅读测试中属于难度较大的题目。在做这一类型的题目时,考生应在理解全文的基础上,捕捉文章中有关的信息,精读特定细节及周围的句子来帮助理解。做这一类型的题时,还需注意:① 把握文章的内在逻辑关系,以文章提供的事实和观点为依据,立足原文,推断未知。不能主观臆造,凭空想象,随意揣测,更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。② 在理解全文的基础上,吃透文章的字面意思,从字里行间捕捉一些线索,对文章的表面意思进行挖掘加工,悟出作者的深层含义或弦外之音。

我们可以通过以上三种方法来答题,还需要注意一下“答题要求”:

① 在答题时,总的原则就是:能简略回答,尽量简略回答。

② 书写要规范。句子开头首字母要大写;标点符号要规范,并能正确使用;单词拼写要正确无误;单词书写要认真。这些方面也要引起考生注意,力争避免不必要的失分。

③ 作出适当调整。在回答时,同学们应对照题目,根据需要对句子的人称、单复数、时态、语态、词性、主谓搭配等作出适当的调整。

四、 通读全文,仔细检查

在完成所有任务后,同学们还应结合题目再把全文通读一遍,认真核实答案,同时还应检查一下书写的规范性及句子的人称、单复数、时态、语态、词性、主谓搭配等,这是答题的最后一步,同样也很关键。因此,同学们平时应养成做完题后仔细检查的好习惯。

总之,同学们要想出色的完成任务型阅读题,不仅需要在考场上运用各种解题技巧,而且还需要在平时课内外加大阅读的训练量、扩充词汇量。要知道:理解能力的提高绝非一日之功。

成都中考英语中的填表型任务阅读解题策略

一、题型简介

这种题型只在考查学生综合运用语言的能力,即捕捉信息、组织信息和综合概括信息的能力。该题型任务可分为阅读文章和表格填空两个部分。要求考生根据所读短文,对文中的有效信息进行筛选、整合和综合概括,而后准确有序地完成表格的空缺。此类阅读话题广泛,体裁多样,内容贴近生活,富有气息。表格项目。基本上根据文章结构和作者思路设计,一般包括标题、段落大意、文章细节、结论等部分。当然把握命题人设空规律显得很重要。

二、任务型阅读解题思路和方法指导

1.解题步骤:研表一读文一填表

研表:迅速阅读表格,预测所缺单词。通过分析表格的项目内容和结构特征,从而揣测命题的目的和意图,准确把握信息范围及对文章的理解方向。要特别关注文章的'标题栏及表格前的小标题,这样有助于理解短文的大意。

读文:快速浏览全文.把握短文大意,再读文章文章内容.找准细节定位。任务型阅读要求考生解读语篇,掌握文章的框架结构和段落大意,又要求考生对具体的事实细节进行查找和定位、理解和转换。因此,在阅读文章时,考生应适时恰当地运用多种阅读技巧,对文章进行全面的理解。

填表:抓住有效细心,准确填好表格。任务型阅读考查学生通过快速阅读捕捉信息的能力,又要求对文中信息进行理解转换,并进行适当的逻辑推理和归纳总结,在填表时.力争返回原文,找出与题目有关的内容,抓住关键词汇,填好所缺单词。填好表格后,再次校对所填单词拼写是否正确.是否符合文章内容。

2.解题方法指导

(1)快速定位圈点。根据表格中所提供的细节信息,抓住关键词语,返回原文,快速捕捉,对表格中提供的信息在文中进行定位,并通过对比新旧语境,圈出不同点。

(2)巧妙运用转换。对于那些不能在原文中直接选定的答案,根据表格中对原文语义的转换,掌握设空规律,进行词形和词性的转换。巧用同义词、反义词、词语搭配等转换方式,以便提高答题正确率。

(3)掌握归纳技巧。有时表格中的最上栏或最左栏需要学生概括相应栏内的内容,常用的概括性词语有:原因(reason/cause)、方法(way/means)、优缺点(advantage/disadvantage)、观点(opinion/view)、建议(advice/tip/suggestions)、目的(aim/purpose)、问题(problem)、影响和结果(effect/result)、个人信息(name/age/occupation/personality)等。掌握这些概括性词语,可以帮助学生迅速准确地完成答题任务。

(4)注意答题细节。审清表格,注意表格中所缺单词的排列顺序,特别要留神写到答题卡上的单词序号:正确拼写单词,注意首字母的大小写、名词的单复数、主谓一致及非谓语动词的使用等。另外,书写工整在答题的过程中也十分重要。

总之,任务型阅读不同于传统的阅读理鳃.这就要求学生在平时学习过程中夯实基础,加强常用词汇的积累,培养自己的创新思维,并养成细心答题的好习惯。

附阅读填空解题技巧(中考英语6选5,高考英语7选5)

阅读填空题题型详解分析

分析篇章结构,把握全篇文脉是阅读填空题解题的关键,英语的语篇(discourse)通常是由句子和语段(sentence group)构成的,语段是句子和语篇之间的中间层次,句子虽然能够单独地表达相对完整的思想,但是它不能表达多方面的、比较复杂的思想,只有把几个句子结合为较大的言语片段,才能表达一个相对独立的层意,所谓的“积句而成章,积章而成篇。”就是这个道理。分析文章的层次包含两种形式:一种是分析整篇文章的层次,也就是段落,另一种是分析每一个段落内部的层次,也就是语篇层次。语篇与段落是有区别的,语段是篇章结构的中间层次,是由句子到篇的一种过渡形式,段落(paragraph)是在某些语体(如记叙文、议论文)中比语段更大的意义单位,较小的段落可以只包括一个语段或一个句子,一般来说,一个段落通常由几个语段构成。构成语段的方式有两种,一是靠句际间意义的结合,二是靠句际间的关联词,逻辑性插入语来连接,我们在分析语段层次时,可以借助句际间的连接词语作出判断,但最主要的还是要真正体会句际间的意义关系,把握作者的思路,从语序上去发现断续点,理清层次,好文章的层次非常清晰,只要层层入手,才能真正理解文章。

第二节(共5小题:每小题2分, 满分10分)

根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有

两项为多余选项。

Taking good notes is a time-saving skill that will help you to become

a batter student in several ways71 Second, your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test、 Third, note-taking offers variety to your study time and helps you to hold your interest、

You will want to take notes ring classroom discussions and while

reading a textbook or doing research for a report、72 Whenever or however you take notes, keep in mind that note-taking is a selective process、73

The following methods may work best for you、

●Read the text quickly to find the main facts and ideas in it、

●Carefully read the text and watch for words that can show main points and

supporting facts、

● Write your notes in your own words、

● 74

● Note any questions or ideas you may have about what was said or written、

As you take notes, you may want to use your own shorthand(速记)、 When you do, be sure that you understand your symbols and that you use them

all the time、75

A、 Use words, not complete sentences、

B、 There are three practical note-taking methods、

C、 You must write your notes on separate paper、

D、 Otherwise, you may not be able to read your notes later、

E、 you will also want to develop your own method for taking notes、

F、 That means you must first decide what is important enough to include in your

notes、

G、 First, the simple act of writing something down makes it easier

for you to understand and remember it、

71、 G 72、 E 73、 F 74、 A 75、 D

【例题解析】

这篇文章整体分为四个段落层次,每个段落均由几个语段构成相对独立地语义单位,各段都围绕“Taking good notes”这样一个中心话题,形成了文章的线性结构;第一段讲述的是做笔记是好学生在多方面的一项省时技巧,第二段讲述的是不管何时、用何种方法做笔记,都要有选择性的做记录,第三段讲述的是做笔记的最佳方法,第四段讲述的是要记住自己的速记符号,这就形成了文章的层次结构,这对下一步的做题有了明确的整体方向。

英语任务型阅读的技巧和方法2

一、常考的题型

任务型阅读在中考英语试卷中,不同地区考查类型不同,但常考的主要有四种类型。第一种是回答问题型,第二种是完成表格型,第三种是还原短文型,最后一种是综合型。

我们先来看看问题型,这个类型题,要求同学们根据所给材料回答问题,从问题所涉及的内容上看,题目难度并不是很大,但是同学们失分比较多,主要原因还是语言基础不够扎实,或者是答题细节方面不够准确。

再说一说完成表格类型题,这类题,相对于其他几个类型来说,能简单一些,要求我们在理解短文的基础上,能够对短文的信息进行归纳,加工处理来完成表格。

对于还原短文型阅读理解有两种形式,一种是选择句子还原短文,另一种是排列段落还原短文。这类题,主要考查同学们对短文整体结构的理解,大家要分清句子与段落之间的逻辑关系。

最后一类是综合型,主要是对上述各种题型的综合,在问题设计上兼顾了上面多种类型,所以大家在答这类题的时候,一定要非常细致,要在原材料中,认真的收集有用信息。

二、解题方法和技巧

结合近几年的中考试题来看,我们会发现,材料后的题目设计并不是很难,但是同学们在实际做题过程中,经常会犯一些小错误,导致不必要的失分。因此我们有必要让同学们掌握一些解题方法。大家在做这类题的时候可以从以下几点入手:

1、明确阅读任务

同学们在做题的时候,首先要先阅读所给的任务,明确任务是什么,再带着任务去阅读,这样就能做到心中有数,有针对性地去读,才能提高阅读效率。

2、读全文,了解大意

明确任务后,要迅速阅读全文来了解文章主要内容,以及文章的感情基调、作者的意图等。因为大家知道在材料后的问题设置中,经常有对文章大意的考查。对于概括大意的题目,需要全篇考虑,这类题目有时可以从文中直接找到答案,但有时需要用自己的话来概括。这类题难度较大,对文章还得再读一读,才能总结出来。

除此之外,还经常考查给文章拟标题。这类题目可以通过寻找主题句和高频词来完成。主题句往往是首句或尾句,但如果没有主题句,就可以从短文中去提炼、概括。确定标题同学们必须遵循两个原则,第一个是标题要有概括性,就是说标题应在最大程度上覆盖全文,体现文章的中心大意;第二个是标题要醒目,即标题要吸引读者的注意力。

3、 再次阅读,逐题突破

第一遍泛读之后,同学们对后面的问题,已经有所了解,然后大家就可以用跳读的方式来寻找答案。还有一类情况大家要注意,就是要求同学们要解读深层含义的题。这一类题属于难度较大的题。在做这一类型题的时候,同学们要捕捉文章中有关的信息,把握文章的内在逻辑关系,立足原文,从字里行间捕捉一些线索,悟出作者想表达的深层含义。

4、通读全文,仔细检查

在完成所有任务后,同学们还应结合题目再把全文通读一遍,认真核实答案,同时必须检查一下书写是否规范,句子的时态、人称、单复数、语态、词性、主谓搭配等是否正确,这是答题的最后一步,也是很关键的一步。

完成上面的答题程序后,我们还要注意下面三点: 第一个是能简略回答,尽量简略回答。第二要记住,句子开头首字母要大写;标点符号要规范;单词拼写要正确无误,书写要认真。第三点同学们切记,要对照题目,根据需要对句子的人称,时态,单复数,主谓搭配等方面进行核对。

6. 2021全国高考英语一卷D篇阅读理解辨析

2021全国高考英语一卷D篇阅读理解

试题文本第一段:Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.

原文节选第一段对照:Popularization has in some cases distorted the original scientific definition of emotional intelligence. Many people now equate emotional intelligence with almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills." Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.

1. 本段关键信息词汇:changed, popularization, original, misunderstand, makeup, far beyond, skill-based,but,

a. Popularization: 为大众所普遍接受的(对普通公众有吸引力的行为、或者现象)

b.makeup: 取含义 (N-UNCOUNT 天性;性格)Some-one's make-up is their nature and the various qualities in their character.

There was some fatal flaw in his makeup, and as time went on he lapsed into long silences or became off-hand.

他的性格有致命的缺陷,随着时间的推移,他陷入了久久的沉默,或者变得漠然。

2. 黑体词部分从语篇思维角度可能会是影响阅读理解的关键词,也可能是命题题点所需要支持的信息词。

32.What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?

A. It can be measured by an IQ test.

B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind.

C. It includes a set of emotional skills.

D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities.

本题题干提问信息词汇:misunderstanding。相对应上面2提到的阅读以及命题关键词:misunderstood。本题的四个选项对这一部分进行了paraphrase,干扰项把原文信息进行了相反的paraphrase,正确项貌似对信息almost everything desirable 进行了paraphrase:It refers to a person’s positive qualities.但事实上,desirable 和positive 是两个具有不同性质的修饰类形容词。两者严谨来讲不能同指同一事物。此处,答案选择D。

文本第一段命题人修改了两个信息词distorted—changed;equate—misunderstood。这两对词汇的替换是否恰当,供读者们探讨。本观点认为有欠妥当,因为欠妥当,引起32题的设计结合原文让人感觉不地道。Distort相似与misunderstood,而equate和misunderstood基本很难语义相关。

考试文本第二段:We  prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.

We prefer to define emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either prosocial or antisocial purposes. The ability to accurately perceive how others are feeling may be used by a therapist to gauge how best to help her clients, whereas a con artist might use it to manipulate potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one an ethical person.

1.标色部分为“第二段”的试题文本和原文改动词汇对比。试题文本被认为在此处划分了另一段落。是否符合语篇写作形式逻辑,需要从写作技巧上进行具体分析。

2.事实上,define无需改为describe。Prosocial or antisocial purposes改为good or bad purposes已经改变了,原作者的写作意图,两者含义区别很大,会给读者造成一定的思维干扰。perceive,understand,know这样的替换还是可以的。therapist/doctor,gauge/find, client/ patient,whereas/while, con artist/cheater的替换也可以接受。Ethical 应该是课标词汇,无需修改。

3.“The ability< to accurately understand how others are feeling >may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. ”这是一个复杂句子,the ability 指上文提到的emotional intelligence所代表的能力。The ability may be used by a doctor to find...whereas (此处还是觉得原词更好)表示“指定性转折对比”,医生可以用以对症治疗,骗子也可能拿来行骗。得出结论:有情商的人群可能是具有两面性的分类人群。

33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?

A. To explain a rule.  B. To clarify a concept.

C. To  present a fact.  D. To make a prediction.

此题属于细节理解题。理解了原文信息就可以读懂题干。但是选项信息区别性不是太大,命题人从主观角度给出D为标准答案。比较起来,D为最佳。AC并没有原则上的非正确性的信息支持。

考试文本第三段:Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run  far  ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect  of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, ecators and others interested in promoting social well-being. 

原文对照:Although popular claims regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis on emotion by employers, ecators and others interested in promoting social welfare.

1. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run  far  ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.

虽然关于情商的流行(大众化)观点远远超出了研究所能提供的合理支持(论证),但宣传的总体效果是利大于弊。

a.run far ahead of :远远跑在前面。此处语境指“远远超过”。

b.publicity n.(媒体的)关注,宣传,报道;宣传业;广告宣传工作;传播工作

2. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis on emotion by employers, ecators and others interested in promoting social welfare.

这种普及(媒体宣传形成的人们的普遍认知)最积极的方面是雇主、教育工作者和其他关心促进社会福利的人对情感的一种新的和急需的强化。

试题文本第四段:

The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.

原文对照:The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and research psychology reevaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve humans adaptively in everyday life.

此处research psychology/researchers,humans/people的替换意义不是很大,原文词汇更加贴切达意。

1.The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped boththe public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.情商的普及帮助公众和研究者重新评估情感的功能以及它们如何在日常生活中适应性地为人们服务。

34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?

A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.

询问作者情感态度的试题一般可以通过文章信息获得答案。文本3.4段表明作者的态度是肯定的。

试题文本第五段:

Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives ( 视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.

1. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.

虽然情绪智力的持续流行的吸引力是可取的,我们希望这种关注将激发对情绪的科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。

2. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives ( 视角) from which to study how people manage their lives.

我们希望在未来的几十年里,科学的进步将提供新的视角以此来研究人们如何管理(引领)自己的生活。此处,原文当中的navigate要比修改后的manage更能表达意义。

3.Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.

情商,以其对头脑和心灵的关注,可能会为我们指明正确的方向。

原文对照:

Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is both warranted and desirable, we hope that such attention will stimulate a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in cognitive and affective science will offer intertwining perspectives from which to study how people navigate their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may adequately serve to point us in the right direction.

35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?

A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.

C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives.

此题的命题点属于对段落大意进行概括,关联关键词“hope,will,may”, 链接答案中的expectations。D项的语言表述是有问题的。B项可以改为:Expectations for future studies on it. C项可以改为:The practical application on it.

总结:本文是节选。文章基本表意完整。选取这一部分视角和普通关于情商的认知有一定的差异性。也正是这种认知差异性使得本文通过英语传达的思想略有难度。文本有一些复杂句,但整体句式整齐,没有偏怪句式,不会产生明显的句式语言障碍。当然,也会对学生的基本语法习得情况有一定的区分度。试题命制中规中矩。试题文本被命题人划分为5段,从文法角度是否严谨科学有待考证。建议语篇分析此文时酌情科学进行。

试卷试题:

We  prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.

Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run  far  ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect  of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, ecators and others interested in promoting social well-being.  The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.

Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives ( 视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.

32.What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?

A. It can be measured by an IQ test.

B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind.

C. It includes a set of emotional skills.

D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities.

33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?

A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept.

C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction.

Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is both warranted and desirable, we hope that such attention will stimulate a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.

34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?

A. Favorable.B. Intolerant.C. Doubtful.D. Unclear.

35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?

A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.

C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives.

原文链接:http://eqi.org/salov2.htm Wechat Official Account: FreedomWriter

节选原文:Popularization has in some cases distorted the original scientific definition of emotional intelligence. Many people now equate emotional intelligence with almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills." Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to define emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either prosocial or antisocial purposes. The ability to accurately perceive how others are feeling may be used by a therapist to gauge how best to help her clients, whereas a con artist might use it to manipulate potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one an ethical person.

Although popular claims regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis on emotion by employers, ecators and others interested in promoting social welfare. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and research psychology reevaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve humans adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is both warranted and desirable, we hope that such attention will stimulate a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in cognitive and affective science will offer intertwining perspectives from which to study how people navigate their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may adequately serve to point us in the right direction

7. 2018高考英语阅读理解北京卷D篇浅析

首先,文本选自洛杉矶时报http://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-autonomous-vehicles-planning-20180309-story.html  2018年3月9日发表的名为If we don't plan for them, autonomous vehicles could make our car-dominated transit system even worse的文章。

看原标题可以得出几个信息:1.目前有plan,2.car−dominated transit system是关键问题3.even worse,也就是有前提条件,然后才可能出现某种预期。

这篇阅读理解试题选文的特点是,1.文章是国外主流媒体新近更新的文章,相对于高考日期来说是比较新的。2.题材相对比较前沿——关于无人驾驶汽车。相对来说的新科技话题,具有一定的信息引领性。同时,无人驾驶也是目前比较有争论的话题,所以任何一篇文章都不会完全从某一个角度独立来分析阐述这一现象,除非绝对的专业测评或者技术等视角,普通评论或者描述文章一定都会有或多或少的利弊分析,因为这是未知因素会有所影响的一个话题。本文也不例外,但是本文经过改编后明显把话题倾向性定位在positive 上,整体看不出明显的问题,但是会有对客观事实的微小不尊重。这是从阅读理解试题选文的真实性信息来考虑的。本文读者受众没有刻意的区分和归类以及倾向性,文章也不算纯粹的科普文,属于普通的说事文吧,依然是侧重introce and describe ,因为没有明显的正反观点的对比,文中对比主要体现在现象的比较,所以涉及argumentation 的成分很少。基于此,本文的行文,正常来说要围绕提出问题——分析问题——解决问题来进行。

试卷文本和原文比较有大量删减改编。

首先看改编后的标题Preparing Cities for Robot Cars关键信息定位在preparing cities。但是我们在正文当中是否能够找到关键信息来支持标题核心信息,我认真阅读后,还是不明朗。但是原选文标题比较符合原选文的核心内容。而且此标题从语言角度来说也不好理解,所以标题不做更多解释。

(2018•北京)阅读理解D

标题Preparing Cities for Robot Cars

试题文章第一段

原本想和原文比较一下改动部分,但是改动太大,就省略了吧,很明显感觉改动得不是很好。比如prospect被替换为possibility 这个在理解文本含义上可以理解,但是假如作为精读去点对点分析,就会不如原词汇那么妥帖,我只能用这个词来形容。看prospects词汇解释:

以此例来说明改编的可能的不准确性,文本下面部分的改编的类似问题不再重复说明。

The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. 开篇点“题”,把无人驾驶汽车的现存状态通过一个语义对比句展示出来。告知读者本文是围绕无人驾驶汽车现状的某个问题阐述的。接下来的test,cleared the way 暗示一是有测试环节,二是有相关辅助环节。

California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. 这是本文中围绕标题而出现的最重要的关键信息。暗示cities在无人驾驶领域所可能做出的贡献。

But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.

此处有本文的一个题点关键词regulated,提示regulation 对于无人驾驶未来走向的重要性。看48题:

As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?         

A. Safety.             

B. Side effects.                   

C. Affordability.           

D. Management.

题干部分有关键信息词author ,major 所以就限定是本文作者的重点的……关注点,所以需要透彻理解本文所传递的信息是什么,还要结合选项内容来看。同时结合原文看,本文是把safety 部分内容删除掉了,而我们看四个选项事实上都可以,四个选项和客观真实性是保持一致的,至于本试题当中认为限制答案为D,从做题角度会有很多解释,但是这样的试题不严密,且,好的试题不会用major来限定。

第二段

While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also ……段首用了一个暗含转折,实际上是语义的一个侧重“确定”的句子,使用了while …also表达,前后两者都存在,但是此处侧重强调后者的意思。那么也就是说safety 问题是现存的一个相关焦点,但是这里作者想要强调also后面的内容。所以,从全文角度看,经过改编的文本有了作者或者文章态度上的些许不同,本段和原文比较有部分词汇改编删减,但是基本符合要求,没有大的变化。

接下来的内容作者具体描述无人驾驶汽车的优势和特色,包括停车管理,环境保护,以及和出租车公司等相比较的更多的便利,原文提到了优步等出租公司的disadvantageous ,但试题文本有删减,所以个别信息在理解上会觉得有模糊的感觉,不透彻。本段结束。

在此,我们就可以暂停,看试题:

47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.         

A. help deal with transportation-related problems     

B. provide better services to customers

C. cause damage to our environment                   

D. make some people lose jobs

题干中使用了pay attention to ,而这个题干是完全可以修改成一个更地道的句子的,也可以是问答方式,不是填空式。重点又在author 和attention 来限定信息,也就是可以推测,题目需要做答的是作者在本文中想要表达的观点,那么根据文本内容,c项是可以否定的。abd都不是可以完全限制的信息,也就是都有可能性,只是a项更符合出题人的思路,所以答案是A。

接下来看下一段内容,

Do we want to — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most alts own indivial self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.

段首一句属于段落衔接句,用设问的形式引出来。一方面提示读者思考,给出自己的思维判断,同时引出下面作者想要陈述的内容,此句看关键词worsen ,也就是说,作者暗示的观点是现有的交通的诸多不利因素,对于无人驾驶汽车来说会是什么样的一种对比分析结果呢?而通过上文中作者的情感态度,大致可以判断,下文作者想要阐述的是如何规避现有交通的不利因素。通过阅读试卷上的文本,我感觉此段信息和句首信息不一致,而且不符合常理,所以我再次查阅原文,因为在手机上编辑,顺便简单截图一下,如下:

通过阅读原文,可以了解,此处被命题人删除掉了,但是此举就完全改变了文章的行文思路和意义的正常表达。因为在提到了无人驾驶汽车的优势以后,作者做了一个imagine ,也就是假想内容,而此假设导致的结果就是满街的无人驾驶汽车,而此句也被命题人删除了,但是这些信息是非常关键的信息,是管理者要解决无人驾驶汽车所要面对的关键问题,删除后,就不能体现初衷含义了,而且阅读时会晦涩,不能够真正表达真实场景。具体语言不做分析解释,接下来看下一段,

A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could rece carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first  commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.此段因为删除掉的信息,而会觉得没有自然的过度和衔接。在介绍了环保和降低使用成本等优势以后,作者把话题引到了首批无人驾驶汽车的试用上,

commercially available,almost certainly,technologyas well as liability and maintenance issues,这些词是属于此处的主要信息词,提示下面举措的原因,命题人没有在此处命题,而是避开,命制了一个所谓猜测词义题目。来看试题:

49.What does the underlined word "fielded" in Paragraph 4 probably mean?         

A. Employed.                       

B. Replaced.                     

C. Shared.                       

D. Reced.

根据field所在原文语境,提示,鉴于一些考量首先要把无人驾驶技术应用于叫车服务领域。field在此处取其名词“领域”的动词含义“应用于某一领域”,在此,也就是把车辆服务划分了,可能有:公共交通,私人汽车,叫车服务等等。所以在理解此词的时候需要理解原语境的微妙提示,而不是简单来随意根据主观判断下结论,尽管结论可能也不是太离谱,至少我查了很多词典,没有查到field的英英解释为employ。细节不做分析。继续下一段,

Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 

最后一段,我们看它的情感态度,一个对未来的期待和展望,是建立在对现有一些问题和技术的解决和确认的基础上的,也就是说,作者的观点态度中规中矩,但最后一句还是表达了对未来无人驾驶汽车的正面期待。结尾段,对整个上文信息做了概括总结,综合了上文信息点。看最后一题:

50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?         

A. Doubtful.                     

B. Positive.                     

C. Disapproving.                     

D. Sympathetic.

答案是B。这个不多说,假如发散开来还有很多内容能够阐述。

总结一下:

本题目选自主流外刊,时间比较新,话题比较新。命题人对文本进行了一定量的改动删减,个人认为已经影响了准确和地道信息的传递,这是不太看好的地方。文本语言和结构没有特殊难点,试题命制也没有深度思维理解的题目,所以考虑试题安排难度,应该不是难题范畴。解读本文本相当于外刊解读的一个过程了。所以说高考题目文本精良,和外刊解读和运用分割开来不是一个真命题。我记得16年北京好像也是D篇,也是命题人做了一些删减改编,而使得整个行文不达意,试题缺少信息支持。这是一个不可忽视的命题问题。

没有时间和精力做更精细的分析。

下面是试题原文:

Preparing Cities for Robot Cars

The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.

While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help rece traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.

Do we want to — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most alts own indivial self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.

A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could rece carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.

Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 

47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.         

A. help deal with transportation-related problems     

B. provide better services to customers

C. cause damage to our environment                    D. make some people lose jobs

48.As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?         

A. Safety.                   

B. Side effects.                 

C. Affordability.           

D. Management.

49.What does the underlined word "fielded" in Paragraph 4 probably mean?      A. Employed.                     

B. Replaced.                     

C. Shared.                       

D. Reced.

50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?         

A. Doubtful.                     

B. Positive.                   

C. Disapproving.                   

D. Sympathetic.

8. 2019江苏高考英语任务型阅读

江苏这种任务型阅读题型属于概括填空题,也就是对原文篇章结构信息概括,取空多为关键要考查的信息词,这种题型和四选一的完形填空还不一样,这个没有备选,而且是原文很多信息的paraphrase ,所以不一定是取空处一定 确切对应原文哪个信息。19年高考这篇任务文本设计的比较揉杂。因为原文叙述不好总结出栏目式且两栏三栏这样的层次分明的特征性的信息。

原文从标题开始引出作者想要表达的信息——the cost of thinking ,这个标题所要表达的就是,人类intelligence 进化所经历的痛苦和艰难历程。

第一段,提出问题。这个基本符合写作规律,整体也是表层概括。取空比较套路,且原文原词就可以提示填写,这样的概括填空的命题效度是很低的。此空原则上并非仅仅局限于characteristics ,而与之相关的其他词汇都可以,或者还有更好的表达法。我称它开放空。

接下来第二段,介绍第一个特征,且给出了细节描述,但是重点在于段末的转折句unfortunately ,that’s not the case 。语义否定了之前的描述——……brain power more must be better 。

接下来,第三段围绕大脑在人类进行各种活动中的能量耗费,此处把进化后的人类大脑和和类人猿的大脑能量消耗,以及把人类大脑所占身体总重的比例等进行对比,旨在突出大脑在进化过程当中的负重和承担的责任,呼应标题cost。此处取空energy,也是随处可见的同词复现。好的归纳总结和paraphrase 一定会有更好的地道的表达。接下来继续介绍了early large brains 所承担的cost,具体见原文叙述。

下面一段并列前面的characteristic 1提出characteristic 2——关于直立行走。一些具体细节信息的描述,等同于生物课上老师的讲义。所以读懂英语就可以了。或者能够完全翻译过来,这部分就不难理解。74空取空又是套路空,答案也是类似的词汇填写上都不能算错误。75空不看原文,也可以填写几个合适的词汇。76空比较特殊,它属于命题人主观定论一类的,也就是,我出题,就想让你填other,那你就填好了,否则,木有分数啊……。77空,很有争议的一个空,假如抛开原文,直立行走的进化过程是大脑随着身体能量和技能需求而在size上变小的一个过程,一个关键思维信息点是此处的大脑指的是它的“大小”变化,不是它的智力程度进化,文中信息也表明在漫长的直立行走进化过程中,因为人体骨骼等所能够承受的重量和功能等原因,在直立行走前所需承重相对较小,直立行走后最初人体需要承重更大的大脑重量和消耗更多大脑所需能量,慢慢的人类形态和生理发生演化,祖先的extra large skull 逐渐变小,注意,这里用词skull ,所以事实上,所要强调的是直立行走后人类大脑变得越来越小,这个词相关的表达应该都是对的,至于答案给的limit原理同上面的other。最后一段,原文作者给出了比较含蓄的conclusion ,同时呼应文章标题,侧重cost。直白来说brain is powerful ,physically weak。且这个过程是一个漫长而并不愉快(根据本文写作基调)的过程。

原本想写个针对此题的命题总结,省略了吧。其实本分析,精力允许,应该可以做出几倍于此的内容来。至于市面上很多的试题数据信息统计和归类,个人并不看好,数据和归类往往是科学的研究方法,一旦使用就是可靠依据,可是哪些会是原理上可靠的呢?还有就是此题型改改名字吧,不伦不类,云里雾里的名字。

9. 英语文体有哪四种

1. 英文写作的四种文体及注意事项 四种文体: 1、记叙文, 2、议论文, 3、说明文 4、应用文:包括书信、通知、便条等。 注意事项: 1、确保提纲中段落结构的思路与各段主题句的一致性。只有这样凳塌键,才能保证所写段落不偏题,不跑题。 2、要综合考虑各个段落的内容安排,避免段落内容的交叉。 3、用好连接词,注意段落间、句子间的连贯性。 要做到所写文章层次分明,思路清晰,文字连贯,就需要在句与句之间,段与段之间架起一座座桥梁,而连接词起的正是桥梁作用。 4、平时多注重积累一些高级词汇也是很重要的。 (9)高考英语阅读理解的文本类型扩展阅读: 作文关键: 作文是中学英语学习的重要内容之一,也是学生综合能力的体现。它与学生的词汇量、语法、句法能力和逻辑思维能力等有密不可分的关系,在高考中占有相当大的比重。 而许多学生在此方面丢分甚多,以致影响最后总分,因此提高学生写作能力势在必行。 任何文章都是由句子组成的,句子又是由词组、基本句型构成的。 要重视词、短语、句型的理解记忆,因此,书面表达要从词组、句型训练入手,强化基础知识。 掌握好词组、基本句型,再配上合适的时态,一篇文章就基本完成。 句子是作文 的基本单位,我们要有意识地进行连句成文的有步骤的训练。 先把词汇写出来,然后巧用一些关联词连句成篇。 在大量形式多样的简单句子中,要逐步学会用简单句子表达思想,并学会构写一个语段来表达连贯的思想。 参考资料来源:网络-英语作文。 2. 英文作文的体裁有哪些 文体分为文章体裁和文学体裁。文章体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文 。其中文学体裁包括诗歌、小说、戏剧、散文。 一、记叙文是以记叙、描写为主要表达方式,以记人、叙事、写景、状物为主要内容的文章。中学阶段,为了教学的方便,常常把消息、通讯、人物传记、回忆录、寓言、童话、小说等,都划归到记叙文教学中。 记叙文的分类:从写作内容与方式看,可分为两类:简单的记叙文和复杂的记叙文。从写作对象的不同,可分为四类: 1、写人的记叙文; 2、叙事的记叙文; 3、写景的记叙文(即散文); 4、状物的记叙文。 二、说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁。它通过对实体事物科学地解说,对客观事物做出说明或对抽象事理的阐释,使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能、关系或对事理的概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等能有科学的认识,从而获得有关的知识。说明文的中心鲜明突出,枣巧文章具有科学性,条理性,语言确切生动。 (9)高考英语阅读理解的文本类型扩展阅读 语考试作文试题的一个最大的特点就是时限性,即在有限的时间内(一般分配30分钟)按试题要求完成作文试题。有很多参试者最后交卷时作文题要衫谨么没有完成要么质量比较差,这其中当然有很多原因,但不可忽视的一点原因便是写作文时间不够来不及完成作文或来不及仔细思考写一篇合乎题目要求的文章。 英语作文试题一般要求字数在120字左右,段落一般为三段,因而有“三段论”一说。所谓“三段论”即全文分为三个自然段,一般结构为“首段摆事实(现象)、提观点(论点或问题),在这一部分参试者最好将题目要求中的第一个要点(一般为提出问题或观点)作为首段的内容之一;第二段剖析现象、分析论点,这也是全文的主体部分。 在这一部分参试者需要将试题要求中的所有要点的内容都加以阐述和扩展,同时注意不要信马由缰的写一些与文章主题无关的内容以免被当作跑题处理;第三段为结论段,这一段的主要任务是为全 *** 一个结论性的终结,让文章显得完整和连贯。至于开头和结尾有一定的固定的套路可循。 参考资料来源:网络-英语作文 3. 英文写作的四种文体及注意事项 同文体的写作 书面表达旨在测试学生的英语书面表达能力。 高考的书面表达是一种指导性写作。试题对写作的目的,对象,体裁及字数等都有明确的规定。 提供给学生的材料形式为文字,图画或图表。试题要求学生根据所给的情景和要表达的意义,写出一篇 100 字左右的文章。 高考中常见的文体为记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等。 (一)记叙文: 记叙文是以叙述人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体。 它分为记人和记事两种。记叙文的几个要点为: 1. 时间、地点、人物、事件,这几个要素在写作时要交代清楚。 2. 人称:记叙文一般可以有第一人称和第三人称两种叙事方式:第一人称是作者以当事人的口吻,把文章中的事情以“我”的所见所闻的方式来叙述,第三人称是写作者从旁观者的角度来叙述,反映事件中的不同人的感受和见解。 3. 记叙文的线索一般为时间,即按照事件的发展顺序来写。 以可以按照地点的线索来写,即以地点的转移为顺序。 4. 重点突出,层次分明,详略得当。 5. 注意文章的完整性。 6. 所用的时态通常为一般过去时。 例: NMET 2004 辽宁卷 下面四幅图片描述的是星期天上午在中山公园里发生的一件事。请根据图片所提供的信息用英语为你校的“英语园地”写一篇文章。 注意:1. 短文必须包括所有图片的主要内容,短文的内容要连贯,完整。 2. 短文单词数 100左右。 3. 参考词汇:货摊 stand 抢夺 snatch 逮捕 arrest 写作步骤: 1. 审题:理解图意,将几幅图连成一个完整的故事。 2. 列出要点: 地点:公园的冰激凌货摊旁。 人物:一名年轻妇女,一个小偷和一个老人。 事件:年轻妇女的包被抢,人们追赶,老人用伞将其绊倒,警察逮捕抢劫者,妇女和人们感谢老人。 3. 将要点扩展成文,注意上下文的连接,用适当的连词,副词。 4. 通读一遍,改错。 Possible Version: One Sunday morning, there were some people in Zhongshan Park. At a stand, a woman was buying an ice cream when a young man behind her snatched her handbag away. She shouted, “Stop the thief! He's snatched my bag!” Hearing this, a few people began to run after him. There was an old man sitting quietly on a bench nearby. As the snatcher was running past him, the old man quickly picked up his umbrella and put it beeen the snatcher's legs. The young man fell down on the ground hard. Soon o policemen came in a police car and arrested him. The woman thanked the old man, and the people around praised the old man for his cleverness. (二)议论文: 在近几年的高考中,议论文的比重占得越来越多,议论文的出题形式可以多种多样,有看图写作、图表、表格、书信等各种类型,但文体实际上是议论文,而有时是夹叙的议论文。议论文的写作要点是: 1. 观点鲜明,文章一定有一个明确的中心论点。 2. 层次分明,一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持,不同层次之间要分明,过渡清晰自然。 3. 最后一段一般要总结全文,得出一个符合逻辑的结论,突出中心思想。 4. 一般采用一般现在时。 5. 语言简洁有力,一般不采用口语。 例: 2005年全国高考英语(福建卷) 目前,学校存在少数学生考试作弊现象。某英文杂志社拟对此现象向中学生征文,标题是“My opinion on Cheating in Examinations”,请根据下列提示用英语写一篇征文稿。 内容要点如下: 主要原因:考试偏多,偏难;不用功,懒惰;取悦老师,父母 个人看法:作弊不对,影响校规;要诚实,努力学习;……其他看法 注意: 1. 短文必须包括所有内容要点,可适当发挥; 2. 短文标题与开头已为你写好,不计入总词数; 3. 词数:100左右; 4. 参考词汇:作弊 cheat (v.) 写作思路: 1. 首先审题,确定要点——本文的中心论题是:My pinions on Cheating in Examinations ,所以首先要提出中心论题,点题。 2. 接下来从两方面来讨论这个问题,可以分做两段,现分析这种现象的产生原因, 然后很自然地过渡到自己的看法。 在讲述自己看法时要有鲜明的观点及支持观点的论据。 3. 最后对自己的观点做简短的总结,点题。 Possible Version: My opinions on Cheating in Examinations It is known to us all that some students cheat in examinations at school. As students, we often take examinations at school, but sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us. On the other hand, some of us are lazy and don't work hard at their lessons. So when taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers. In my opinions , it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard instead of cheating in examinations. What's more, we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations. In a word, it is wrong to cheat in examinations. (三)说明文: 说明文是以简明的文字介绍事物的形状、性质、构造、。 4. 英语写作有哪些体裁 说明文,议论文最近几年的四六级作文的体裁以说明文和议论文为主。 说明文如:How to Succeed in a Job Interview (2000,12,四级), How I Finance My College Ecation(2000,1 四级), Practice Makes Perfect, Haste Makes Waste(97,1 六级) 议论文如:Don't Hesitate to Say “NO”(99,1 四级和六级), Can Money Buy Happiness(95,1 四级), Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?(2000,6 四级) Reading Selectively or Extensively? (99,6六级),Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? (98,6 四级和六级)

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