英语阅读中的推断
① 英语阅读:学会推理,让你的阅读能力噌噌噌!
“I can’t stop shivering.” Lucy had to speak louder than normal so Gary could hear her over the wind’s caterwaul.“Move closer,” Gary said as he tugged gently at her light jacket. The material felt alarmingly flimsy in his hand. He wondered how much longer they’d have to wait until help would come.“
我止不住地颤抖。”露西提高嗓门说道,这样加镇含枣里才能在隆隆风声听清她。“靠近点”,加里一边说一边轻轻拉起她的薄外套。他觉得手中的布料薄如蝉御拆翼,就要粉碎。他不知道他们还要等多久,救援才来。
Although you may not realize it, you have made several inferences from the passage above without even trying very much.
尽管你没有意识到老空,你已经不知不觉地在对这篇文章进行推理。
For example, you probably concluded from the conversation that Lucy and Gary were cold, and that they may be in serious trouble. However, if you look back, you’ll see that there is not direct statement about temperature in the passage. You have determined the information from several clues.
举个例子,你可能可以从这段对话中看出露西和加里很冷,并陷入了麻烦。但是,如果你再往回看,你会发现文章中并没有对气温的直接描述。你从文中的线索推断出温度低。
What else can you infer from the passage?
你还能从文中推断出什么?
Are the two inside or outside? Do you think Lucy has prepared herself for this situation? What might her lack of preparedness say about her personality? What do you think of Gary’s personality?
这两个人是在室内还是户外?你认为露西对这个情况有所准备吗?她的粗心体现出她的什么性格?加里的性格又是什么样?
Most of the information you believe about Gary and Lucy has come from inference.
你所得到的关于加里和露西的信息大多来自你的推理。
What Is Inference?
什么是推理?
Inference is what we do when we draw conclusions based on observations and experience.
推理是你通过观察与经验做出的结论。
Any time you read, you make inferences about the characters, scenes, and actions. You can do this because you bring a pretty large vocabulary and some life experience with you as you read.
阅读时,你会对人物性格、场景及动作做出推理。你会这样做是因为你在阅读时动用了自身的庞大词汇量以及生活经验。
As you read the passage above, you made inferences about the following:
你在读上述文章时,你会对下面这些因素进行推理:
Pronoun antecedents: In the last sentence (He wondered . . .), you have most likely inferred that the pronoun “he” refers to Gary.
前指代词:*后一句中(他不知道……),你认为代词“他”指加里。
Meaning of words from context: Can you define the word caterwaul? You have most likely concluded that it means something similar to howl or scream. If you weren’t familiar with the word before reading the passage, you probably made a conclusion because you are familiar enough with the words that came before and after to determine the meaning of this new word. In other words, You determined this from the context of the sentence. You put the clues together to make an ecated guess about an unfamiliar word.
通过上下文猜词义:你知道“caterwaul”是什么意思吗?你可能能猜出它指“咆哮”、“尖叫”。如果你在看文章前不认识这个单词,你能做出这种判断很可能是因为你认识足够多的这个新词前后的词。换句话说,你通过上下文,把线索结合起来,对这个不熟悉的词做出了恰当的猜测。
Determine character traits through words, thoughts, and actions: How would you describe Gary’s personality, based on the few sentences above? Is he a cruel person or a kind person? Is he sensitive or uncaring? What clues have led you to your conclusions?
通过话语、想法、行动判断人物性格:根据上述短短几句话,你如何描述加里的人物性格?残酷还是和蔼?敏感细腻还是心不在焉?是什么线索让你做出结论?
Pick up on clues about setting and mood: Is Gary happy, sleepy, or worried in the passage? You probably think he’s worried, right? So try to identify the clues that left you with this impression.
寻找有关场景及心情的线索:文章中,加里是开心、疲倦还是焦虑?可能你认为他很焦虑,是吗?试着找找让你产生这种印象的线索。
Did you come up with these clues?
你是否找到了这些线索?
Lucy’s coat feels alarming flimsy.
露西的外套薄如蝉翼,就要粉碎。
He’s waiting for help to come.
他在等待救援。
Pick up on character flaws or weaknesses: What can a reader conclude from the fact that Lucy is wearing a light jacket that seems to be inadequate for the situation at hand? Not much, to be fair.
寻找性格弱点:通过露西身穿薄外套不能应付当前情况这一事实读者可以得出什么结论?实话说,结论并不多。
There is simply not enough information in this short passage to help the reader make a reasonable conclusion about Lucy’s personality. However, your brain is doing something interesting as you read. It stores clues.
这篇短文不能提供足够的信息让读者对露西的性格下结论,但是,你在阅读时,你的大脑也在做一些有趣的工作,它储存线索。
As you read long passages, you pick up on subtle hints and store them in your memory. You accumulate these clues and add them together to make further inferences as you read.
你阅读长篇大论时,你会得到细微的线索,你会把这些线索记住,在阅读过程中累计这些线索,做出推断。
Why Does Inference Matter?
为什么推理很重要?
Inference is an important ingredient for reading comprehension, but it is impossible to isolate inference as a factor alone. You can’t make inferences if you don’t possess other reading skills, like a strong vocabulary, an understanding of paragraph structure, and a knowledge of the parts of speech.All of your reading skills work in unison as you practice reading. And the more you read, the more you build your reading skills.
推理是阅读理解的一个重要因素,但却不能把推理单独归类为一种因素。如果你没有其他阅读技巧,你无法推理,这些技巧包含丰富的词汇量,对段落结构的理解,以及对词性的理解。你所有的阅读技巧在你训练阅读时都是一个整体,你读得越多,你掌握的阅读技巧也越多。
② 中考英语语法:常见英语阅读题 推断题
《常见英语阅读题 推断题》由出国留学我精心为您学习英语准备.liuxue86.com。本内容整理时间为05月12日,如有任何问题请联系我们。
常见英语阅读题:推断题
二、推断题
这种题目有一定难度,往往不能直接从文中找到答案,而必须根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后,才能找到答案。有时甚至还得联系作者的态度、观点、意图、语气等弦外之音、文外之意加以推理,这些题目一般都是深层意义的题目,他们没有明示,大多数属于模糊性的,甚至是模棱两可。解答这类题时,要求同学予以高度重视注意从话题出发,充分运用自腊游己的逻辑思维能力,从文章的内在含义和字里行间中,从作者的态度和取向中获取信息,做出正确的判断,应特别注意以下特征。
1、吃透文章的表层意思,是推理的前提和基础;
2、推理的根据来自于上下文;
3、不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点;
4、在提问中常用的词有suggest,mean,infer(推断),from the fact,indicate(暗示) conclusion,probably,likely,reason,because,according to"等。
推断题常有的命题形式:?
(1) It can be known from the text that ….?
(2) From the text we know that ….?
(3) The story implies that ….?
(4) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be ….?
(5) The writer suggests that…轮液销.?
典型例题:
如:2005年北京市海淀区中考试题阅读理解C篇
第三题:It can be learned from the last paragraph (段落) that ____.
A.you are supposed to follow your parents’ words
B.students should not listen to music before exams
C.you have some good reasons to exercise to music
D.music might help you to get higher grades in tests
根据文中:A study showed students who listened to Mozart went on to score higher marks in an intelligence test. 这一个信息得知,科学家研究发现,凡是听莫扎特音乐的同学在智力测试中不断获得更高的分数。因而答案为D.
又如:2004年北京市中考题阅读理解B篇
第三题:What does the writer write the article(文章)for?
A.To give us some common knowledge of the mobile phone.
B.To introce how the mobile phone works and what use it has.
C.To tell us what short forms of words mean in written messages.
D.To show us in what way the mobile phone is expected to develop.
文章谈到手机的特点、发展情况、用途等,由此推断:作者的写作目的是让读者了解一些手机的知识、因而答案是A。有些同学选择了B,的确文中提到了手机是怎么工作的和他的用途,但这只是其中的两个方面,判断的依据应是整篇文章及上下文的语境,而且这些同学也没有完全理解作者的意图,而导致失误,如果埋薯细致、全面、综合本文就不难推断出正确答案。 《常见英语阅读题 推断题》由出国留学我精心为您学习英语准备.liuxue86.com
③ 英语阅读理解技巧|如何做推理判断题
1.推理判断题是历届高考英语的命题集中点,包括判断和推理两个方面。属于深层理解题,一般难度较高,得分率较低,其比例约占30%—40%。
2.推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上,做出一定的推理判断,从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题所涉及笑碰族的内容可能是文中的某一句话,也可能是某几句话,所以,推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案:即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写或综合。推理判断题的题干中通常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude indicate等标志性词语。 这种题型主要包括细节判断题、态度观点推断题、写作意图推断题、文章出处判断题吵磨和猜测想象推断题。
3.常见的设问方式有:
推测作者写作目的或意图的设题形式有:
1) The purpose in writing this text is to __________.
2) The author writes this passage to __________.
3) The author in this passage intends to __________.
推测文章的观点碰弊或结论的设题形式有:
1) It can be inferred from the passage that __________.
2) What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
3) From the passage we can conclude that __________.
推断文章出处的设题形式有:
1)The passage is most likely to be taken from_________.
2)Where would this passage most probably appear?
3)The passage is most likely a part of_________.
是非判断题的设题方式:1.which of the following is (not)true or false ?
2.All of the following statements are wrong except _____
3.All of the following statements are right/true except _____.
4.Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage /text?
逻辑排序题的设题方式:
Which of the following describes one’s logic in doing sth ?
Which of the following shows the correct order of what happened to …?
Choose the right order of the following events in …
④ 如何做高考英语阅读理解推断题
根据近几年高考英语推断题的考查情况,本文拟就对隐含意义的推断、作者观点的推断、写作目的推断以及材料出处的推断等四种典型的推断题类型进行分析。 一、如何推断隐含意义 1.推断隐含意义的提问方式 It can be inferred from the text that . according to…, we can infer that . From the text we know that …is most likely . When the writer talks about …, what the writer really means is . The writer suggests that . The story implies that . We can infer [conclude] from the passage that . 这类题干中通常常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude, intend, purpose, be likely to…等标志性词语。 2. 干扰项的设置特点 在通常情况下,这类试题的干扰项具有以下特点:或是文章中直接用于表达细节的信息,或是文章中无关紧要或片面推出的结论,或是与文章内容完全相反的结论,或是不合常理或不合逻辑的结论等。 3. 答题误区 同学们在做类题目时,很容易误选文段中直接用于表达信息的选项或表示片面结论的选项。 4. 技巧点拨 一是要全面分析所有相关信息,切忌片面思考,得出片面结论。二是要忠实原文,切忌脱离原文,凭空臆断。三是注意不要选择表层信息答案,应该立足由已知推断未知。 5. 实例分析(江西卷) A stronger argument comes from research into school results. Girls grow up earlier than boys, tend to be more orderly and are likely to be better at languages. In a mixed class, boys who might do well in a single-sex class become discouraged and take on the rule of troublemaker. Certainly in the UK this situation has greatly alarmed(惊动) the government for it to be encouraging co-ecational schools to have some single-sex classes. In the UK the best schools are all single-sex, strongly suggesting that co-ecation is not the best answer. This may, however, not be as simple as it looks. It may simply be that the famous old schools that attract the best students happen to be single-sex, rather than that being single-sex makes them better schools. ●At the end of the passage the writer suggests that ________. A. single-sex schools are the best schools in the UK B. being single-sex does not necessarily make a school better C. co-ecational schools are better for both sexes in personal development D. because boys cannot compete with girls in study, they go to single-sex schools 【解题思路分析】答案选 B。作者在罗列In a mixed class, boys who might do well in a single-sex class become discouraged and take on the rule of troublemaker和In the UK the best schools are all single-sex等事实后,得出了It may simply be that the famous old schools that attract the best students happen to be single-sex, rather than that being single-sex makes them better schools这个结论。要做对上面这道题,正确理解文章末尾这句结论性的句子至关重要。这里尤其要注意句中的rather than这个关键性词语,它的意思是“而不是”,用于否定或排除其后引出的内容。故只有选项B最合适。 二、如何推断作者观点 1. 提问方式 The writer’s attitude toward… is______. The writer thought that______. according to the author ______. 2. 干扰选项 此类试题的干扰项通常具有以下特点:或是自己的某种看法或观点,或是社会的一种普遍种倾向,或是与本文无关或与作者相反的观点或看法等。 3. 答题误区 容易误选与自己的看法相吻合的选项。 4. 技巧点拨 注意作者在文中的措辞,尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子,才能推断出作者的弦外之音。 5. 实例分析(江西卷) Just as crying can be healthy, not crying—holding back tears of anger, pain or suffering—can be bad for physical(身体的) health. Studies have shown that too much control of emotions can lead to high blood pressure, heart problems and some other illnesses. If you have a health problem, doctors will certainly not ask you to cry. But when you feel like crying, don’t fight it. It’s a natural—and healthy—emotional response(反应). ●according to the author, which of the following statements is true? A. Crying is the best way to get help from others. B. Fighting back tears may cause some health problems. C. We will never know our deep feelings unless we cry. D. We must cry if we want to rece pressure. 【解题思路分析】答案选B。作者在文章中说Studies show that too much control can lead to high blood press, heart problems and other illnesses,即过多地忍住情感(如忍住不哭等)有可能会导致健康问题。
⑤ 为什么在英语阅读理解里learn from是推断的意思
1. Learn from。当别人问你:What can you learn from this idiom "No pain no gain"? 你不可能说: I learn no pain no gain, 你可能说:I learn that we need to work hard to achieve our goals。这说明learn from有一个思考的过程 — 先理解这句习语,再输出自己理解的内容。
2.Learn。I learn the idiom"No pain no gain", 表现了我掌握了这个习语,但是不强调对它的理解和延伸。
3.放到阅读理解中。阅读原文:南北战争之后的半个世纪,在数量和比例上,美国从事非农业生产的人群都有所提高。
Q:What can we learn from this sentence?
A. 原文
B. 从事农业生产的人口比例下降。
因为learn from需要一个思考的过程,而不是简单地“learn",在阅读理解中,也就是“向前推一步”。从事非农业生产的人口比例上升,可以推断出从事农业生产的人口比例下降。
希望可以帮到您~
⑥ 如何做高考英语阅读理解推断题
做高考英语阅读理解推断题,我个人的经验,三步:
1.迅速将整篇文章分解,理出文章结构;
2.迅速抓住文章叙述的主题;
3.迅速找出各部分的中心意思,并找出表达中心意思的句子。
做到这3步,基本上这篇文章不用逐字读完就可以答对接下来的题目。
先说一下,英语文章,尤其是用于考试的阅读文章,其结构都有非常明显的典型性,一般结构为主题段,论述段落,总结及结论段,乃至超长的毕业论文也不过是在这个大框架内。
以一篇文章5段为例:
一般第一段为主题段,也就是说,整篇文章要表达的主题一定会出现在这里,你要做的就是迅速把中心句找出来,一般来说,中心句会出现在倒数第2句或第1句,简单一点的文章会在第1句就出现,如果考题出得比较难,也可能需要自己总结,但就算需要自己总结中心句,也一定能在该段落中找出代表中心意思的词;
接下来第二、三、四段,各段将对第一段提出的主题意思进行论述或分步骤分析,也就是说,每个段落都会有进阶的主题,即个各分论点,所以你要做的同样是迅速把它们找出来,位置和方法相同;
最后一段为全文的总结,并会对结论进行进一步的分析,或做推测,或作评论,这也是一个出题点,你要做的就是抓住总结的主旨和对其进一步分析的结论。
当然并不会所有文章都是5段,例如有的主题段落会有2段甚至更多,论点段落可能只有2段或多达4段以上(但一般不超过3段),难一点的文章里每个分论点也可能不止一段,我这里只是以5段为例,解释的是文章的结构,或者说一般构成,通过这个规律可以迅速将文章进行分解,进而掌握各部分的要点。
下面分析一下出题要点,或者说出题规律(如果题不会出得很偏的话),以一篇阅读文5题为例,一般为1个主题、1个分论点、2个细节题、1个结论或对结论的分析、推测。
可见掌握文章主题、分论点及结论分析就可以答对3/5,这是不需要逐字逐句读完全文的,而2个细节题怎么办呢,就需要通过题目提供的信息迅速分析出其所在的分论点,然后回到该分论点段落找到与这题相符的句子,一般如果题出得简单的话会是原句照搬,难一点的话会换个表达方式,再难一点则会绕个圈设个陷阱,这就需要非常小心,一定要舍得多花2秒钟把这句话和前后两句反复阅读,挖出陷阱。这样的话5道题都可以迎刃而解了,这就叫针对性解题。
说一下我的阅读答题习惯吧,一般我第一时间会先看题,并且非常认真的理解每道题的意思,提取有用的信息,虽然一般并不容易只通过问题一下子就找出文章主题,但一定能找到跟主题有关的词和信息,并且至少知道文章是在讨论某个东西还是在叙述某件事,也就是说是议论文、说明文,还是叙述文,然后迅速按上面的三步走,这样带着问题扫读全文,连细节题也可以非常迅速的找出来,最后将问题一一对应,全部解决!
这些就是我一路考到专八的阅读题经验,方法交给你了,接下来就是多多练习,只有多练才能练到炉火纯青的地步,最后做阅读题简直是轻松+愉快!
好了,说了这么多,希望对你有所帮助!
⑦ 如何应对初中英语阅读理解中的细节题和推理
一、做细节事实题的方法
在阅读理解题目中,有相当一部分是考查细节回和事实的题目。这类题答目相对容易一些。这些题目有两个共同特点:(1) 凡属针对特定细节的考题,其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语,也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子,但句式、用词和表达方式不同。(2) 干扰项往往是主体思想与细节混杂,正确答案细节和非正确答案的细节混杂,甚至真假混杂。因此,要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目,一要在文章中找出相应的信息点,二要排除干扰项。
二、做推理判断题的方法
所谓推断,就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息,推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分,从中推断出未知部分。据以推断的有关文字可能是词或句子,也可能是若干句子,甚至是全文
⑧ 归纳六种英语阅读推断题的设题方式
六种英语阅读推断题的设题方式:询问文章的主要思想或要点;询问文章中的特定细节;询问文章的语气或态度;询问因果关系;询问从文章中得出的推论或结论;询问文章的结构或组织方式。
了解英语阅读推断题的设题方式对作答有很多好处。这些方式帮助我们了解考试命题人想要考察的内容,从而使我们能够更好地回答问题;了解设题方式还能帮助我们判断题目的类型,并根据题目的类型使用相应的方法来回答,例如,如果我们知道题目是询问文章的主要思想或要点,我们就可以使用相应的方法来提取文章的关键信息,并概括出文章的主要思想或要点。
总的来说,了解英语阅读推断题的设题方式能够帮助我们更好地了解题目,并使用合适的方法来回答问题,从而取得更好的成旦衡绩。
以下是这六种设题方式的详细介绍,希望这些模仿做信息对你有所帮助。
一、询问文章的主要思想或要点:
这类问题可能会问到文章的整体主题或信息,或者作者想要传达给读者什么。
1、示例:
What is the main idea of the passage?(译:这段话的主要思想是什么?)
What is the author trying to convey to the reader in this passage?(译:作者想通过这段话向读者传达什么?)
2、要回答这类问题,可以尝试以下方法:
(1)阅读整篇文章,提取出关键词和重点信息。
(2)根据关键词和信息提取出主要思想或要点。
(3)将主要思想或要点概括成一句话。
二、询问文章中的特定细节:
这类问题可能会问到文章中提到的特定事实或信息,或者关于特定单词或短语的含义。
1、示例:
What does the phrase "to be in the doldrums" mean in this context?(译:在这种情况下,“处于低迷状态”一词是什么意思?)
According to the passage, how many species of mammals are found on the island of Madagascar?(译:根据文章,在马达加斯加岛上发大档现了多少种哺乳动物?)
2、要回答这类问题,可以尝试以下方法:
(1)阅读整篇文章,注意关键词和重点信息。
(2)根据题目中的关键词定位到相应的段落或句子。
(3)根据题目的要求进行解释或回答。
三、询问文章的语气或态度:
这类问题可能会问到作者对某个特定主题的态度,或者文章的整体语气。
1、示例:
How does the author feel about the topic being discussed in the passage?(译:作者如何看待文章中讨论的主题?)
What is the overall tone of the passage?(译:全文的基调是什么?)
2、要回答这类问题,可以尝试以下方法:
(1)阅读整篇文章,注意作者的语言使用和措辞。
(2)注意文章中的修辞手法,如措辞、反问、讽刺等。
(3)根据文章中的信息和作者的语言使用判断作者的态度。
四、询问因果关系:
这类问题可能会问到文章中提到的不同事件或思想之间的关系,或者某些行动或事件的后果。
1、示例:
What caused the stock market to crash in 1929?(译:1929 年股市崩盘的原因是什么?)
What were the consequences of the Instrial Revolution?(译:工业革命的后果是什么?)
2、要回答这类问题,可以尝试以下方法:
(1)阅读整篇文章,注意文章中提到的事件和原因。
(2)根据题目的要求,分析因果关系并回答问题。
五、询问从文章中得出的推论或结论:
这类问题可能会问到从文章中提供的信息得出的结论,或者基于这些信息做出的推测或预测。
1、示例:
What can we infer about the character of Mr. Darcy based on his actions in the novel?(译:根据达西先生在小说中的行为,我们可以推断出达西先生的性格是什么?)
What predictions can we make about the future of the housing market based on the information provided in the passage?(译:根据文章中提供的信息,我们可以对房地产市场的未来做出哪些预测?)
2、要回答这类问题,可以尝试以下方法:
(1)阅读整篇文章,注意文章中提到的重要信息。
(2)根据文章中提到的信息,进行分析和推断。
(3)综合分析结果,回答问题。
六、询问文章的结构或组织方式:
这类问题可能会问到文章的组织方式,或者文章的不同部分之间的关系。
1、示例:
How is the passage organized? Is it chronological, thematic, or some other structure?(译:段落是如何组织的? 它是按时间顺序、主题还是其他结构?)
How do the different sections of the passage relate to each other?(译:文章的不同部分如何相互关联?)
2、要回答这类问题,可以尝试以下方法:
(1)阅读整篇文章,注意文章的组织方式。
(2)分析文章的段落结构,看看每一段都在讲什么。
(3)分析文章的整体结构,看看整篇文章是如何构建起来的。
(4)根据分析结果回答问题。