初中易混词汇英语怎么说
英语常用易混淆单词/词组的区别用法
一、how much和how many的区别用法
how much和how many的区别:how much用来询问事物的数量，后接不可数名词;how many用来询问事物的数量，后接可数名词复数。
how much和how many的区别
1、所修饰词不同
how much用来修饰不可数名词，表示数量，也可单独使用。
how many用来修饰可数名词的复数，它的句式是:How many+复数名词+一般疑问句+?
例句:
How much milk is there in the glass?
玻璃杯里有多少牛奶?
How many books are there on the desk?
有多少本书在桌子上?
2、用法不同
How much 表示多少钱，用来问价格。
例句:
How much is this dress?
这个连衣裙多少钱?
How many 表示多少，用来问数量。
例句:
How many apples do you have?
你有多少苹果?
二、in和on的区别用法
当我们表示某些东西被其他东西所包围时使用“in”这个词。而“on”用于描述物体被放置在其他物体上方或外部的情况。in可表时间,表地点,表手段、方法、材料。on表示时间、地点、方位等。
in和on区别
一、意思不同
in:prep. 在 ... 里;在 ... 地方;在 ... 期间
on:prep. 在 ... 之上
二、用法不同
in: in着重一段时间的过程,常用于重复动作或延续动作。in表示从现在时间算起推移到将来的一段时间之后,一般与将来时态连用。
例句:
He is a layman in economics.
他对经济学一窍不通。
on:表示“在物体的表面上”，只能用on的表达方式有on the next morning，on the following。
例句:
The spider is walking on the ceiling.
蜘蛛在天花板上爬行。
三、侧重点不同
in:表示“在其中”。
on:表示“在表面”。
三、if和whether的区别用法
if和whether的区别:if和whether在宾语从句中，都表“是否”，可换用，if更口语。
② 初中英语易混淆词语
interest interested interesting 这三个词都是有趣的 第一个是兴趣，第二个主语是人版 第三个主语是物
sound feel look 都是感觉权动词 第一个是听到第二个是触到的感觉第三个是看到
look see read look at这都是看到 第一个强调引起注意第二个是看见第三个是阅读第四个是看什么强调看到
③ 中学英语易混淆的词汇
close和closed
close既是动词又是形容词，意为亲密的；关闭
closed是形容词，意为关闭着的
except和expect
except是除了...以外
expect是期待
④ 初中英语常用易混淆词组 如put on put up put out 之类
put on 穿上
put up 举起；抬起；张开（伞）
put out 熄灭；关熄；扑灭
take off ①起飞 ②脱下 ③离开
take on ①呈现、显现版 ②雇佣 ③承担(工作权)
take out (of sp.) (从……)拿出
另外还有
turn on 打开，发动
turn out 生产；结果是；关掉；出动；驱逐
turn up 出现；发生；开大；发现；卷起；使仰卧
break out 爆发
break down分解
⑤ 初中英语中易混的短语
1. turn on 把......打开
turn off 把..... 关上
turn up 把.....调大
turn down 把......关小；调低
2.look out 当心
look out of 向......外看
3.put up 张贴，悬挂
put down 把.....放下
puton 把......穿上
put off 推迟版
还有很多，就先打这几权组吧
⑥ 初中英语易混词词汇辨析（详细点的）
1. clothes, cloth, clothing
①clothes统指各种衣服，谓语动词用复数, a suit of clothes指一套衣服。可以说many clothes, these clothes,不说an article of clothes.
②cloth 用来指“织物”时，为不可数名词。指“布块”时，是可数的，但注意它的复数形式是cloths,如：Wipe the surface with a damp cloth.
③clothing服装的总称，总是单数形式。指一件衣服用a piece of / an article of clothing.
2. incident, accident, event
incident一般是经过策划，有蓄谋的事件,如西安事变（站在老蒋的立场，这字太合适了）还有如border incident,也可以指小事,如偶遇什么人；accident指不幸的事故He was killed in the accident；event指较大的事，如你考取大学，对你是个event(尽管对别人无所谓); 历史上的大事件，也多用event.
3. deal,amount, number
amount / deal及其组合量词词组后接不可数名词，number及其组合后接可数名词a number of students，注意：
Large amount of water was sent to the small village.
Large amounts of water were sent to the small village.
4. family, house, home
home家，包括住处和家人，house房子，住宅，family家庭成员. My family is a happy one.
5. sound, voice, noise
sound凡你听得到的声音就是它。voice人的嗓音。noise噪音I hate the loud noise outside.
6. photo, picture, drawing, painting
photo用照相机拍摄的照片，picture可指相片，图片，电影片Let's go and see a good picture ；drawing画的画，主要是线条形的，如工程图；painting 指（如油彩类）绘画
7. vocabulary, word
vocabulary词汇，一个人拥有的单词总量，word具体的单词：He has a large vocabulary.
8. population, people
population人口，人数China has a large population.；people具体的人,民族The Chinese are a great people.
What’s the population of your country?
How large is the population of your country.
9. weather, climate
weather具体的天气状况，climate气候状况The climate here is not good for you.
10. road, street, path, way
road具体的公路，马路。street街道。path小路，小径。way道路，做事情的“做法” // take this road；in the street；show me the way to the museum.
11. course, subject
course课程（课程表中的所有subject），subject科目（具体的学科）Math is her best subject
12. custom, habit
①custom [c/u] 即有时指“一种”风俗、习俗而有时指风俗的“统称”。the custom of doing sth.如the custom of kissing under mistletoe；但它也可指个人的生活习惯，不过往往侧重指一种有规律的行为，而并非一个人那种无意识的“习惯”On Wednesday evening, as was his custom, he went down to the village. ②habit生活习惯，习惯成自然，后接of doing. I've got the habit of drinking a lot.
13. cause, reason
the cause(s) of =... 的原因； the cause f =... 的理由；
The cause of the explosion has not been explained.
You have no cause for complaint. (= to complain.)
汶川地震的（原因V）(理由X) 是什么呢？
What is the cause of the Wenchuan earthquake?
reason(s)for sth./doing sth.(做)...的理由
the reason for being late
Could you explain your reasons for choosing this particular course?
for reasons of... 由于...的原因，出于什么的考虑
14. exercise, exercises, practice
exercise运动，锻炼（不可数）。exercises作业,但做体操也是: gymnastic exercises体操，spelling exercises拼写练习。practice（遵循某理论或教导而做，有时是反复做的）练习Practice makes perfect的
15. class, lesson
作"课"解时,两者大致可以替换a mathematics class/lesson；a class/lesson in mathematics都可以说.指课文用lesson.指班级或全体学生用class。如lesson 6; class 5
16. speech, talk, lecture
speech指在公共场所所做的经过准备的较正式的演说，talk日常生活中的一般的谈话，讲话，但国际性的、围绕某问题举行的会谈也用talk,如六方会谈six-party talk；lecture学术性的演讲，讲课a lecture on Dickens
17. officer, official
officer 单独用指陆海空军官，警官；official主要指政府官员an army officer/ a government official
18. work, job
二者均指工作。work不可数，job可数a good job / out of a job/ out of jobs/ out of work
19. couple, pair
couple主要指人或动物，pair多指由两部分组成的东西a pair of trousers。夫妇多用couple(也可用pair)；合作伙伴多用pair /a couple of 几个
20. country, nation, state, land
①country侧重指版图，疆域；②nation指人民，国民，民族；③state侧重指政府，政体；④land国土，国家（有点诗意）The whole nation was sad at the earthquake of Wenchuan.
21. cook, cooker
cook厨师，cooker厨具He is a good cook.
22. damage, damages
damage不可数名词,损害，损失; damages复数形式,赔偿金$900 damages
23. police, policeman
police警察的总称，后接复数谓语动词，policeman指某个具体的警察The police are questioning everyone in the house.
24. problem, question，issue
problem常和困难（故障）联系，前面的动词常为think about, solve, raise。question常和疑问联系，多和ask, answer连用。problem with the machine不太用of. / issure 实际= 事务 ||environmental problem / issue意思不一样
25. man, a man
man人类，a man一个男人Man will conquer nature.
man与mankind前都不用the
26. chick, chicken
二者均可指小鸡，chicken还可以当鸡肉The chicken is delicious. Do you like dogs / dog? (喜欢狗/狗肉？)
27. telegram, telegraph
Shall I______（打电话）or telephone?
telegram多作可数名词用，如：He received a telegram saying that his mother had died.而telegraph既能作名词又能作动词用，本题选telegraph。
28. travel, trip, tour, journey, voyage
travel总称。trip注重办事，后接to如a business trip to Shanghai；tour注重游玩，后接of。journey指稍长的旅途。voyage指乘船的航行，如space voyage.
29. sport, game
sport多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动，如打球，游泳，打猎，赛马等His favorite sport is swimming；game指决定胜负的游戏，通常有一套规则
30. price, prize，award, reward
price价格The price is high/low.；prize（竞赛类）的奖，奖品，奖金win the first prize；award经评委选出的奖，但The Nobel Prize是个例外；给你老妈擦了地板之类，具体付出具体所得的奖赏，就是reward。
31. a number of, the number of
a number of许多，谓语动词用复数。the number of…这个数字…，谓语动词用单数。The number of students is increasing.
32. in front of, in the front of
in front of范围外的前面，in the front of范围内的前面In the front of the classroom stands the strict teacher. (教室内前)
33. of the day, of a day
of the day每一天的，当时的，当代的，of a day暂时的，不长久的a famous scientist of the day
34. three of us, the three of us
three of us我们（不止三个）中的三个，the three of us我们三个（就三个人）The three of us---Tom, Jack and I went to the cinema.
35. by bus, on the bus
by bus表手段，方式，不用冠词。on the bus表所乘具体的车辆，或表范围They came here on this bus.( by busx)
36. for a moment, for the moment
for a moment片刻，一会儿，for the moment暂时，一时Thinking for a moment, he agreed.
37. next year, the next year
next year将来时间状语，the next year过去将来时间状语（如常用于间接引语）He will come here next year. / He said he would go abroad the next year.
38. more than a year, more than one year
more than a year一年多，more than one year超过一年（两年或三年等）
39. take advice, take the(one's) advice
take advice征求意见，take the advice接受忠告He refused to take the advice and failed again.
40. take air, take the air
take air传播，走漏，take the air到户外去，散步We take the air every day.
41. in a word, in words，in word
in a word总之，一句话In a word, you are right；in words=in word口头上(in practice实践上) He should be a friend in practice, not only in word / Or, He should be a friend in deed as well as in word. in words口语化，in word文学化些。
42. in place of, in the place of
in place of代替≈take sb.'s place代替某人；in the place of在…地方A new building is built in the place of the old one.
43. in secret, in the secret
in secret秘密地，暗自地，偷偷地，一般用作状语；in the secret知道内情，知道秘密，一般用作表语My mother was in the secret from the beginning.
44. a girl, one girl
a girl可泛指所有女孩, one girl一个女孩Can one girl carry such a big box? One在这种用法中常强调数量意味（见38条）
45. take a chair, take the chair
take a chair相当于sit down坐下，take the chair开始开会，做主席The news that Keefe is to take the chair comes
46. go to sea, by sea, by the sea
go to sea当海员，出航，by sea乘船，由海路，by the sea在海边 go by sea
47. the doctor and teacher, the doctor and the teacher
the doctor and teacher指一个人，既是医生又是老师；the doctor and the teacher两个人，一个医生和一个老师。（有时作为特别强调，也指一个人）
51. in class, in the class
in class在课上，in the class在班级里He is the best student in the class.
52. on fire, on the fire
on fire着火,on the fire在火上Put the food on the fire. The house is on fire.
53. out of question, out of the question
out of question毫无疑问的，out of the question不可能的（记法：opportunity可能性，长的那个词组与可能性有关）
54. a second, the second
a second又一，再一，the second第二的 He won the second prize.
55. by day, by the day
by day白天，by the day按天计算 The workers are paid by the day.
56. the people, a people
the people指人，a people指民族 The Chinese is a peace-loving people.
57. it, one
it同一物体，one同类不同一 I lost my pen. I have to buy a new one.
58. that, this
that指代上文所提到的，this导出下文所要说的 I was ill. That's why…
59. none, nothing, no one
一般情况下，nothing回答what问句；nobody和no one回答who问句；none回答how many或how much问句。
①— What’s in the box?盒子里有什么？
— Nothing.什么也没有。
②—Who is in the classroom?谁在教室里？
—Nobody / No one.没有人。
③—How many people are there in the park?公园里有多少人？
—None.没有人。
60. anyone, any one
1. anyone仅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。如：
Would anyone like a drink?谁想喝一杯吗?
I don’t want to waste anyone’s time.我不想浪费任何人的时间。
He told her not to tell anyone.他告诉她不要告诉任何人。
—Which pen do you want?你要哪支钢笔?
—Any one will do.随便哪一支都行
2. anyone后不能接表示范围的of短语，而any one后可接表示范围的of短语。如：
I don’t know any one of them.他们中我一个也不认识。
Any one of us could fail in the exam.我们当中的任何一个都可能考试不及格。
3. anyone不能用作定语修饰名词，而any one可以用作定语修饰名词。如：
You can borrow any one video at a time.你一次可以借任何一盘录像带。
I can’t point to any one particular reason for it.那件事我找不出具体原因来。
4. anyone可以受形容词的修饰，且修饰语于anyone之后；而any one很少受形容词的修饰，若语义上需要，应将修饰语置于any与one之间。如：
Did you see anyone else there?你在那里看到其他的人吗?
Have you seen anyone [anybody] famous?你见过名人吗?
Any red one will do.任何一个红色的都可以。
61. who, what
who指姓名或关系，what指职业或地位 What is your dad? He is a teacher.
62. what, which
what的选择基础是无限制的，which在一定范围内进行选择 Which do you prefer, bananas or apples?
63. other, another
other后接名词复数，another后接名词单数 other students, another student
64. not a little, not a bit
not a little非常，not a bit一点也不 I'm not a bit tired. 我一点儿也不累。
65. many, much, a lot of
many和可数名词连用，much和不可数名词连用，a lot of可数，不可数均可，但不用于否定句 I haven't many books.
66. much more…than, many more…than
much more…than后接形容词或不可数名词，many more…than后接可数名词 many more people, much more water, much more beautiful
67. no, not
no=not a/any；no friend=not a/any friend ；no water = not any water
68. no more than, not more than
no more than相当于only，仅仅，只有，not more than 至多，不超过
69. majority, most
majority只能修饰可数名词，most可数不可数均可 the majority of people
70. by oneself, for oneself, to oneself, of oneself
by oneself单独的，独自的，for oneself为自己，to oneself供自己用的，of oneself 自行的，自动的 The door opened of itself.
71. at all, after all
at all根本，全然；after all到底，毕竟 After all he is a child.
72. tall, high
tall常指人或动物等细长类东西，high常指基础大的物体 He is tall.
73. fast, rapid, quickly
fast具有速度快的特点，但不一定动了，如停的飞机；rapid一般指本身在动的，如河流，进步；quickly往往与人反应相关 run fast, answer the question quickly
74. high, highly
high具体的高，highly抽象的高，高度的 think highly of
75. healthy, healthful
healthy健康的（指一种长期状态），healthful有益于健康的healthful exercise总用keep healthy.He's healthy.(V) He's healthy today.(X) His body is healthy.
76. sleeping, asleep, sleepy
sleeping正在睡觉，asleep睡着，熟睡，只能做表语，sleepy困的，有睡意的a sleeping baby；The baby is asleep； I'm sleepy.
77. gold, golden
gold指真金制品，golden指金色的，但金鱼用gold fish a gold ring
78. most, mostly
most①用于表感受的肯定句中，相当于very：most impatiently，a most impressive piece of writing.②当大部分，大多数解时是形容词或名词：won the most votes.；mostly主要地,是副词Our weather has been mostly warm.
79. just, very
just表强调时是副词，作状语，very表强调时是形容词，用作定语 the very man, just the man
80. wide, broad
wide侧重于一边到另一边的距离，broad侧重于幅面的宽广broad shoulders/眼宽、嘴宽用wide, 脸宽用broad
81. real, true
用real去表示“为实”的真，如材料/行为/存在：real gold/ a real friend/ in real trouble；用true去表示“对比性（符合）”的真，如常识/重要性：a true prophecy / a true friend
82. respectful, respectable
respectful尊敬的（自身对别人所抱的心态）；respectable值得尊敬的（给别人的印象），be respectful to the aged
83. outwards, outward
二者均可用作副词，表示向外，外面，outward还可用作形容词 an outward voyage
84. pleasant, pleased, pleasing
pleasant常用作定语或表语，“让别人愉快的” Life is pleasant. Death is peaceful / a pleasant trip；pleased, pleasing常用作表语，pleased主语常为人，pleasing主语常为物 ；The trip is pleasing. / The food is pleasing to my taste.
85. understanding, understandable
understanding明白事理的，能体谅的，understandable 可理解的，能够懂的 an understanding girl, an understandable mistake
86. close, closely
close（地点）接近地stand close；closely（关系）密切地 closely connected,
87. ill, sick
ill主要是做表语；sick定语，表语均可 a sick boy
88. good, well
good形容词；well副词，但指身体状况是形容词 He is well again.
89. quiet, silent, still
quiet安静的，可以发出小的声音；silent不发出声音，但可以动；still完全不动，完全无声响 He stand there still. 他站在那儿，一动不动，也不说话。
90. hard, hardly
hard努力work hard；hardly几乎不 I can hardly believe it.
91. able, capable
able与不定式to do连用，capable与of连用 He is capable of doing…
92. almost, nearly
肯定句中通用；almost可以接not以外的否定词，也就是no, none, never, any以及由no和any构成的词例如nobody, nothing, anything等；not nearly为习语，表示“far from”，“远不”的意思
93. late, lately
①late迟，晚是adj.& adv.；②lately最近，近来,只是adv.
Marry late in life/ I haven't seen him lately.
94. living, alive, live, lively
living定表均可；alive表语，后置定语；live只能做定语，一般用于动物；lively意为活泼的all the living people=all the people alive；live show现场直播
95. excited, exciting
excited当事者自己兴奋，exciting当事者让别人兴奋的 I'm excited. The news is exciting.
96. deep, deeply
deep具体的深，deeply抽象的深，深深地 deeply moved, dig deep
97. aloud, loud
aloud出声地，loud大声地read aloud(出声地读)；loudly比loud多些“喧闹”的含义
98. worth, worthy
worth后接doing，worthy后接to be done, of being done
It is worth visiting. = It's worthy to be visited. = It's worthy of being visited.
99. bad, badly
bad形容词，badly副词，但与need, want, require连用为"很，非常" I need the book badly. go bad（变坏）
100. before long, long before
before long不久以后，long before很久以前 not long before = before long
101. quite, rather
quite完全地，相当于completely, rather修饰比较级quite impossible
102. happy, glad
happy定表均可，glad高兴，只能做表语a happy girl
103. instead, instead of
instead是副词，放在句首或句末，instead of是介词短语，He didn't see a film. Instead，he watched TV. He watched TV instead of seeing a film.
104. too much, much too
简单说：too much ≈ much，much too ≈ too
105. be about to, be going to, be to do
be about to“马上要做”后面不接时间状语，be going to侧重打算，想法，
be to do侧重意志，计划，安排I'm to meet him.(含双方事先约好的意思)
106. raise, rise
raise及物动词，rise不及物动词The sun rises in the east./ be on the rise上涨,上升；give rise to引起;使发生；have a rise in wages
107. bring, take, carry, fetch
bring拿来，take带走，carry随身携带，fetch去回这一往返动作fetch a box of chalk
108. spend, take, pay, cost
spend人做主语，花钱，花时间去做什么; spend…on sth./in doing sth；take物做主语，做什么花了多少时间; pay人做主语，花钱，pay for；cost物做主语，花钱
109. join, join in, take part in
join接人（群）He joined the army five years ago.；join in参加相对小型的活动, join sb. in；take part in参加大型的活动，自己起一份作用的活动。
110. learn, study
做学习解时，两者可不区分。但study ①研究study the problem ②书房；learn了解：I learn it from him.
111. want, hope, wish
want打算，想要，want to do, want sb. to do；hope希望（通常可以实现），hope to do/ hope that…（hope sb. to do.错）；wish希望（通常不能实现）wish (sb.) to do, wish sb/sth. + n. I wish you success.，wish +虚拟语气
112. discover, invent, find out
discover发现本来存在但不为人所知的东西；invent发明本来不存在的物体；find out发现，查明At last he found out the truth.
113. answer, reply
answer及物动词，reply不及物动词，后接to reply to the letter
114. leave, leave for
leave离开，leave for前往He left Beijing for Shanghai.
115. rob, steal
rob抢劫rob sb. of sth.，steal偷steal sth. from sb.
116. shoot, shoot at
shoot射死，shoot at瞄准，但不一定射中He shot the bird and it died.
117. drop, fall
drop及物不及物均可；fall不及物动词Prices fell/dropped. He dropped his voice.
118. search, search for
只要理解search A for B,且有时会省略A，有时会省略B就可以He searched his pocket for money.
119. used to, be used to
used to do过去常常；be used to sth. /doing习惯于；be used to do sth.被用来He is used to getting up early.
120. win, lose, beat
win后接sth.，反义词为lose, beat后接sb. win the game, beat them
121. live on, live by
live on以…为主食，live by你好…谋生live on fish/ live by fishing。注意凑巧：He lived on the farm.
122. beat, hit, strike
beat连续性地击打；hit打中，对准打；strike打一下或若干下beat the wings
123. meet, meet with
与某人会见，意思相同。“体验到，遭遇到”用meet with：meet with an accident
124. lose, miss，missing
①lose失去（具体的物体），错过sth. is lost, lose the chance；②miss想念，错过，miss the chance；③missing缺失（而不完美）,失踪：Several pages are missing
125. be tired of, be tired with/from
be tired of厌烦…，be tired with/from因为…而累了be tired with/from running 800 meters
126. care about, care for
两者都常见于否定句care about关心，计较，在乎；care for喜欢，关心，照料，愿意|| He doesn't care about his clothes. I don't care for movies.
127. catch a cold, have a cold
catch a cold不能和表示"一段时间"的状语连用，而have a cold可以：She has had a cold for a week.
128. change for, change into
change for调换成，change into变成Change the shirt for a bigger one. Water changes into ice.
129. continue, last
二者均为持续，continue主动，被动均可，last只能用主动The war continued/lasted five years. The story is to be continued.
130. feed, raise
feed喂养，养活，饲养(to give food to)，raise饲养，养育(cause to grow, bring up children)：raise the family
⑦ 初中易混英语词组
1. come & be here[误] He has come here for three hours.[正] He came here three hours ago.[正] He has been here for three hours.come是瞬间动词，不是延续性动词，在肯定句中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。而要与表示一段时间的状语连用，就要用延续动词。与此同类的还有borrow/lend-keep; join-be in/at; die-be dead; buy-have; leave-be away,etc.2. cost & take & spend & pay[误] I cost a lot of time to read stories.[正] It cost me a lot of time to read stories.[正] I spent a lot of time reading stories.cost除了钱的花费以外，还能表示时间上的花费，但常用物做主语。spend句子主语是人，可指花费时间和金钱，但后面的动词要用-ing形式，后面也可跟名词短语，介词用on。pay句子主语是人，常与for连用，buy也常与for连用，但花费“钱”要放在介词for后面，而pay则放在介词for前面。3. join & take part in[误] He joined the League for two years.[正] He joined the League two years ago.[正] He has been in the League for two years.[正] He has been a League member for two years.join指“参加”组织，成为一个成员，join sb.意思是“加入某人”，take part in指参加活动特别是大的运动；如指“参加…多长时间”就要用延续动词be in或be a …member，而不能用join。4. borrow & lend & keep[误] She has lent me the book for a week.[正] She lent me the book a week ago.[正] It’s a week since she lent me the book.borrow和lend是短暂性动词，在肯定句里不和表示一段时间的状语连用，keep延续动词，可与表示一段时间的状语连用。borrow意思是“借(进)”，后面跟介词from，lend意思是“借(出)”，后面跟介词to，lend也可用于某些成语中，如lend sb. a hand。5. lie & lay & lain[误] She laid down the book and laid in bed.[正] She laid down the book and lay in bed.lie有两个意思，一个是“说谎”，过去式和过去分词是在词尾加-d；另一个是“躺，卧；位于”，是不规则动词，其过去式和过去分词是lay、lain，现在分词是lying。lay意思是“放；孵(蛋)”，其过去式和过去分词是laid、laid。6. be made in & be made of & be made from & be made up of [误] The table is made from wood.[正] The table is made of wood.be made in意思是“由……生产”，强调产地；be made of意思是“用……制成”，强调从成品上能看出原料，制成物没改变原料的本质；be made from意思也是“用……制成”，强调从制成物上看不出原料，制成物已改变原料的本质；be made up of意思是“由……构成或组成”，指人或物都可，指结构成分。7. stop to do & stop doing[误] He was too tired, so he stopped having a rest.[正] He was too tired, so he stopped to have a rest.[误] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop to talk.[正] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop talking.stop to do意思是“停下(正做的事)(开始)去做(别的某事)”，带to的不定式在句子中作目的状语；stop doing意思“停止做某事(不做了)”，带-ing形式的动名词在句子中作宾语。
⑧ 初中容易搞混意思的英语单词
时态，最重要的体现是动词，如eat ate eaten，而只有动词才有时态，在中文没有时态。时态是用来表明事情发生的时间，先后顺序。
但某些介词，也可以暗示时态，如before，after等。
1)一般现在时 现在发生的事情，动词用原形
如：I eat an apple. 我吃苹果。
2)一般过去时 如：I ate an apple. 我吃苹果。（过去吃了的，但一般包含在从句中。）
如：Yesterday, I ate an apple.
3)一般将来时 I will eat an apple. 我将要吃苹果。
4)现在进行时 I am eating an apple. 我正在吃苹果。
5)过去进行时 I was eating an apple. 我（当时）正在吃苹果。
6)现在完成时 已经完成的事情。I have ate an apple. 我（现在）已经吃完了苹果。
7)过去完成时 I had ate an apple. 我（当时）就吃了苹果。
8)过去将来时：表示过去的情况下，预示将来发生的事情。我举一个实际点的例子：
Yesterday, my mother ask me,"What will you do?"
I said that I would eat an apple.
昨天，妈妈问我，“你会做什么？”
我说我将会吃苹果。（但事实上，苹果我是昨天吃的。）
如果你细心，不难总结规律，变化来变化去都是动词eat。变化形式有：eat, ate, eaten, have eat, will eat, 等等。
在英语中，介词（preposition）虽然是一种小词，但在作用和运用上的复杂性却不可小看。首先，可以毫不夸张地说，离开了介词的中介或连接作用，就无法表达某些最基本的思想或概念。以时间为例，大到年代，小到日月，要表示某些特定的时间或时刻，离开介词有时就会寸步难行。比如"今年"虽然可以说 this year，但要表达"在2000年"，就不能省略介词，而要说in 2000；"这个月"是this month，但"6月里"则需要说in June；"今天"虽然有现成的today一词，而如果是"在6月5日"就要说"on June 5th"，"在星期五"就得用on Friday（但在某些新闻报道里这些介词也可以省略不用）。再以位置为例，我们可以随便举出book和desk两个词，然后用介词表达出各种位置关系： the book on the desk（桌子上的书）、the book under the desk（桌子下面的书）、the book near the desk（桌子附近的书）、the book beside the desk（桌子旁边的书）等等。
介词不仅具有重要的表达意义的功能，而且在使用上也十分复杂。造成这种复杂现象的原因是多方面的。首先，单个介词（即由一个词语构成的介词，与此相对的是复合介词，比如upon，into，within，without等）本身的意义具有相当的复杂性，以in和on为例，in的基本意义是"在里面"，表示一种范围，on的基本意义是"在上面"，表示两种东西相接触，然而在speak in English（用英语说）和on the team（在队里当队员）两种形式中，in和on表达的则是引申意义；the boat on the lake指的是"湖上的船"，但the cottage on the lake则表示"湖边的小屋"。
其次，英语中的单个介词虽然只有60个左右，但这些介词却可以同其他词类灵活搭配，构成为数众多的短语形式：
1．介词加名词构成的短语，由称介词短语，如by accident（偶然地），on purpose（故意地），for example（例如）in conclusion（总之）等。
2．由名词加介词构成的短语，比如concern for（对……的关心），love for（对……的热爱），satisfaction with（对……满意），confidence in（对……的信任），loyalty to（对……的忠诚）等等。
3．由动词加介词构成的短语，例如insist on（坚持要……），differ from（不同于，区别于），distinguish between（区别，区分），benefit from（从……得到益处，受益于……），conform to（符合）等等。
4．由形容词加介词构成的短语，比如be keen on（对……很热衷），be worried about（为……而担心），be fond of（喜欢），be strict with（对……很严格），be loyal to（终于……）等等。
上述这些搭配形式大都具有固定性，运用时常常来不得半点差错。比如比如be interested只能和in搭配构成介词短语，according和instead只能分别与to和of搭配构成两种短语介词。
此外，英语中还有一类短语介词，也即由介词加其他此类构成的短语，但作用相当于一个介词，比如in front意思接近before，in spite of和despite是一个意思，apart from和意义也很相近等等。短语介词还有很多，再如according to（根据），along with（随同……一起），because of（由于），by means of（依靠），instead of（代替），in accordance with（与……一致，依据），on behalf on（代表），owing to（由于），together with（和……一起），with regard to（关于），as for（至于），as to（至于），in view of（鉴于），for the sake of（为了……），on account of（由于）等等。
最后，单个介词还可以用在一起，这种现象称为双重介词，比如from within（从……里边），from behind（从……后边），from inside（从……里边），from outside（从外边）等等。
其三，同一个介词和不同的词语搭配或者同一个词语和不同的介词结合都可以产生不同的意义，前者如be good at（善于），be bad at（不善于），后者如agree with sb.（同意某人），agree on sth.（同意某事）；在有些情况下，同一个介词和不同的词语搭配或者同一个词语和不同的介词结合有时也能产生相同的意义，前者如depend on（依靠），rely on（依靠），count on（依靠），后者如be good at（善于），be skillful in（善于）。
其四，有些结构用不用介词意义完全相同，比如consider后面的as就可以省略而意义不发生变化，而在有些结构中，有无介词意义则不完全相同，比如《红楼梦》中的刘姥姥初进大观园时会说：It is beautiful in here. 而贾府的丫鬟则会应酬说：Yes, it is beautiful here. 刘姥姥的话含有一种对比意义，即大观园和外面相比简直是两个世界，丫鬟已在贾府住习惯了，因此她的话就没有这种对比意义，所以刘姥姥就用了带有比较意义的 in here，而贾府的丫鬟则用了没有对比意义的here。
除上面提到的几点外，英汉语不同的表达习惯也增加了介词学习的复杂性，比如英语说in the sun, in the moon，汉语则说"在阳光下"（英语的under the sun是"普天之下"的意思）、"在月光下"；英语说The sun rises in the east and sets in the west，汉语则说"太阳从东方升起，从西方落下"，或者不用介词，干脆说成"太阳东升西落"；英语中的the hole in the wall， the nail in the wall， the map on the wall三个短语中用了不同的介词，而汉语则都用一个"上"字来表达：墙上的洞、墙上的钉子、墙上的地图；汉语可以直接说打某人的某个部位，英语则要先说打某个人，然后再通过介词去打某个部位：beat sb. on the head（打某人的头），同样，英语要说抓着某人某个部位，就得先说抓着那个人，然后再用by来表示被抓着的部位grasp sb. by his hand（抓着某人的手）；英语中有besides和except两个词语.
⑨ 求初中易混淆的英语单词
｛pronunciation n.发音 pronounce v.发„„音
｛hard adj.&adv. 硬的；辛苦地 hardly adv.（频度副词）几乎不
｛chance n.机会change v.改变
｛fell v.动词fall的过去式 feel v. （感官动词）感觉，感到
※注意：fall—fell v.落下 feel—felt v.感觉
｛sleepy adj.困倦的 asleep adj.睡着的
※注意：fall asleep 入睡 feel sleepy 感到疲倦
｛different adj.不同的 difference n.不同点
｛except prep.除„之外 expect v.期望，要求
※注意：besides 的意思是“除„„外还有”，except的意思是“不包括在内”。
｛though adv. & conj.尽管；虽然 through adv.&prep.从一边到另一边；穿过
｛
another pron.再一；又一 other adj.其他的，另外的
※注意：others是指“另外的人（或物）”，是一个名词，相当于“other+n.”；the other是指“（两个中）另一个；其余的”； the others是指“其余的人（或物）”，相当于“the other+n.”。
｛pass v.经过，通过；传递；考试及格 past adj. 过去的（pass的过去分词）
※注意：pass—passed—passed/past
｛sometimes 有时some times 几次
｛
sometime 某个时候 some time 一段时间
⑩ 初中易混词组单词和重要词组单词（中考用）
初中英语容易混淆单词/词组
从近年来的中考题可以看出命题者的目的都是要考查学生对一些较易混淆、形式上非常相近的词(词组)是否能掌握扎实，是否熟悉每个词组的中文意思并能在句子中熟练运用。要想做对以上出现的类似的中考考题，考生必须能总结清各种初中阶段所学过的较易混淆、形式上非常相近的词(词组)，熟记所有词组的中文意思，熟悉它们的用法和区别。为了方便同学们复习，特将常考易混词(词组)整理如下：
一、容易混淆的动词：
[考试说明] 了解及物动词和不及物动词用法；掌握动词不定式作宾语、宾语补足语、状语以及疑问词连用构成不定式短语的基本用法；理解动词不定式作主语和定语的用法；初步掌握延续性动词和瞬间动词在用法上的区别等。
1. come & be here
[误] He has come here for three hours.
[正] He came here three hours ago.
[正] He has been here for three hours.
come是瞬间动词，不是延续性动词，在肯定句中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。而要与表示一段时间的状语连用，就要用延续动词。 与此同类的还有borrow/lend-keep; join-be in/at; die-be dead; buy-have; leave-be away,etc.
2. cost & take & spend & pay
[误] I cost a lot of time to read stories.
[正] It cost me a lot of time to read stories.
[正] I spent a lot of time reading stories.
cost除了钱的花费以外，还能表示时间上的花费，但常用物做主语。spend句子主语是人，可指花费时间和金钱，但后面的动词要用-ing形式，后面也可跟名词短语，介词用on。pay句子主语是人，常与for连用，buy也常与for连用，但花费“钱”要放在介词for后面，而pay则放在介词for前面。
3. join & take part in
[误] He joined the League for two years.
[正] He joined the League two years ago.
[正] He has been in the League for two years.
[正] He has been a League member for two years.
join指“参加”组织，成为一个成员，join sb.意思是“加入某人”，take part in指参加活动特别是大的运动；如指“参加…多长时间”就要用延续动词be in或be a …member，而不能用join。
4. borrow & lend & keep
[误] She has lent me the book for a week.
[正] She lent me the book a week ago.
[正] It’s a week since she lent me the book.
borrow和lend是短暂性动词，在肯定句里不和表示一段时间的状语连用，keep延续动词，可与表示一段时间的状语连用。 borrow意思是“借(进)”，后面跟介词from，lend意思是“借(出)”，后面跟介词to，lend也可用于某些成语中，如lend sb. a hand。
5. lie & lay & lain
[误] She laid down the book and laid in bed.
[正] She laid down the book and lay in bed.
lie有两个意思，一个是“说谎”，过去式和过去分词是在词尾加-d；另一个是“躺，卧；位于”，是不规则动词，其过去式和过去分词是lay、lain，现在分词是lying。 lay意思是“放；孵(蛋)”，其过去式和过去分词是laid、laid。
6. be made in & be made of & be made from & be made up of
[误] The table is made from wood.
[正] The table is made of wood.
be made in意思是“由……生产”，强调产地；be made of意思是“用……制成”，强调从成品上能看出原料，制成物没改变原料的本质；be made from意思也是“用……制成”，强调从制成物上看不出原料，制成物已改变原料的本质；be made up of意思是“由……构成或组成”，指人或物都可，指结构成分。
7. stop to do & stop doing
[误] He was too tired, so he stopped having a rest.
[正] He was too tired, so he stopped to have a rest.
[误] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop to talk.
[正] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop talking.
stop to do意思是“停下(正做的事)(开始)去做(别的某事)”，带to的不定式在句子中作目的状语；stop doing意思“停止做某事(不做了)”，带-ing形式的动名词在句子中作宾语。
二、容易混淆的名词：
[考试说明] 了解名词在句中所充当的成分，理解并能区别所学的可数名词和不可数名词；熟练掌握所学可数名词复数形式的构成，在口语和书面语的表达中正确运用；掌握物质名词及其数量的表达方法；了解专有名词的概念及一般用法；熟练掌握所学名词所有格的用法；了解集合名词和抽象名词的概念及一般用法。
1. job & work
[误] I’m busy today, for I have a lot of jobs to do.
[正] I’m busy today, for I have a lot of work to do.
job意思是a piece of work，指已做或要做、应做的具体的某种工作，实际含义是“职业”，而work通常指抽象意义上的工作，是不可数名词，也可指“工作场所”。
2. by train & change trains
[误] We came here by the train.
[正] We came here by train.
[正] We came here on/in the train.
[误] We have to change the train at the next station.
[正] We have to change trains at the next station.
train意思是“火车”，表示“乘火车”，用by train或on/ the train，表示“换火车”，train必须用复数形式，且前面不加限定词。
三、容易混淆的形容词：
[考试说明] 熟练掌握形容词作定语、表语及宾语补足语的用法；熟练掌握表示时间、地点、方式、程度、原因等疑问副词的用法；熟练掌握形容词、副词比较等级的构成和 good、well、many、much等不规则变化；掌握little、far、ill、bad、badly等不规则变化；能熟练运用下列句型表示两者 (人或事物)和三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比较；初步掌握用much、little等副词在用法上的区别。
1. any & some
[误] Have you got some money with you?
[正] Have you got any money with you?
[误] Would you like any milk?
[正] Would you like some milk?
any和some意思是“一些”，用作定语，可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。any多用于否定句和疑问句，some多用于肯定句。 但如果说话人表示“请求，提议”或“希望得到肯定回答”的意义时，some也可用在疑问句中；some还可用于单数名词前，表示未知或说话人不想特别说明的人、地、物等，意思是“某一，某个”。 如果表示“任何，无论哪个”时，any可用在肯定句中。
2. either & each & both & neither & every
[误] There are many flowers on either side of the street.
[误] There are many flowers on neither side of the street.
[误] There are many flowers on each sides of the street.
[正] There are many flowers on both sides of the street.
[正] There are many flowers on each side of the street.
[误] Every student has not finished their homework.
[正] No student has finished their homework.
either意思是“两者之一的”，each意思是“任意一个的”，neither意思是“两者都不的”，every强调整体，意思是“个个”。
3. few/little & a few /a little
[误] Sorry, I have few money on me.
[正] Sorry, I have little money on me.
[误] Her books are few.
[正] She has few books.
[误] The work needs a few number of workers.
[正] The work needs a small number of workers.
[正] The work needs a few workers.
few后跟可数名词复数，little后跟不可数名词，都表示“几乎没有”的否定性意思；a few和a little区别也在于前者跟可数名词，后者跟不可数名词，都表示“有几个”的肯定性意思。
4. no & not
no意思是“没有”，可以否定一切名词，修饰不可数名词和可数名词的复数时等于not any，修饰可数名词单数时等于not a/an；如果被修饰的名词通常情况下只有一个，则用它的单数形式；不能用a、the、all、every等限制词之前，而not可以。 not意思是“不，不是”，可以否定一切动词，修饰动词。 no more than意思是“不过，仅仅”，相当于only，修饰“数量”词，强调“少”的含义；not more than意思是“至多，不多于，不超过”，用于陈述事实；no more…than和not more…than多用于多音节形容词的比较级。
5. already & yet & still
[误] When we arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off yet.
[正] When we arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off already.
[正] When we arrived at the airport, the plane had already taken off. already意思是“已经”，一般用于肯定句，常与完成时连用，常用于句中；yet意思是“已经，还”，一般用于否定句和疑问句，常用于句末；still意思是“仍然，还是”，强调动作在进行，主要用于肯定句，常用于句中。
6. also & too & either & so & neither & nor
[误] My parents didn’t like swimming, nor did his.
[正] My parents didn’t like swimming, neither did his.
also用于肯定句，一般放在行为动词之前、助动词、情态动词、系动词之后，too一般用于肯定句末，前面常用逗号；either一般用于否定句末，前面也用逗号；so置于句首，引起句子倒装，表示前面所讲的情况也适用于另一个人或物，具有否定的意思；so后的主语与前一句主语是同一个人或物时，后面的主谓不倒装，表示“确实如此”；neither置于句首，引起句子倒装，表示前面所讲的情况不适用于另一个人或物，具有否定的意思；nor常与 not连用，表示“也不”，neither和nor都可用来对前面的否定陈述加以补充，如果补充的成分否定的不是同一事物，同一内容，就只能用nor，不可用neither；当否定的并列分句有两个以上时，只能用nor，因为neither只能指两者中的一个，nor指三个以上的另一个。
7. sometimes & sometime & some time & some times
[误] You can only keep the book for sometime.
[正] You can only keep the book for some time. sometimes是频度副词，意思是“有时，不时”，常与一般现在时或一般过去时连用；sometime是副词，意思是“在某个不确定的时间，在某个时候，某时”，可与将来时或过去时连用；some time是名词词组，意思是“一段时间”，做时间状语，也可用作副词词组，用来指一个未肯定的时刻，常指将来，此时可与sometime通用；some times是名词词组，意思是“几次，几倍”。
四、容易混淆的介词：
[考试说明] 熟练掌握介词in、on、at、to、from、by、with、for、about、before的常见用法；理解这11个介词的其他用法及所学其他介词的一般用法。
1. above & over; below & under
[误] Our classroom is over theirs.
[正] Our classroom is above theirs.
[误] The plane flew above the bridge.
[正] The plane flew over the bridge.
[误] The lights hung above the desk.
[正] The lights hung over the desk.
above、over都表示“在…上面”，且都表示表面不接触的上方，但over指垂直在上，而above则表示位置较高，不一定是正上方。 below、under都表示“在…下面”，below指位置低于某物或在某物的下方，但不一定在某物的正下方，其反义词是above，而under指在某物的正下方，有垂直在下的意思，其反义词是over。
2. by & on & over & through
[误] They’re talking on the radio.
[正] They’re talking by radio.
“通过无线电交谈”习惯上说talk by radio，名词前不加冠词。 “通过收音机听到”习惯上说hear sth. on/over/through the radio，名词前加冠词。 “通过电视看到”习惯上说watch sth. on TV。 “通过电话交谈”习惯上说talk with sb. on/over the telephone。 “通过人造卫星收发电视节目”习惯上说through man-made satellites。
3. in & on & to
[误] Tian wan is to the east of China.
[误] Tian wan is on the east of China.
[正] Tian wan is in the east of China. 表示方位“在……(东西南北)边)时，介词in、on、to有不同的用法。以“在……东部”为例，表示在该地范围之内，用in the east of，表示在该地与某地“相邻”，有接壤之意，用on the east of，表示不在该地范围，且有中间物，用to the east of。
4. in the end & at the end of & by the end of & at last
都有“最后”的意思，但in the end表示“结果，末了”，与at last是同义词组，at the end of表示“在……末端，尽头”，后面要接名词短语，by the end of表示“在……结束时，末了为止”，后面接时间短语。
5. to & for & toward(s)
[误] He is leaving to HongKong next month.
[正] He is leaving for HongKong next month. to，toward(s)作静态介词，表示静态位置时，均表示“朝……”或“向……”，一般两者可通用，towards指时间“将近”，意思是 nearly；to则表示一段时间的终点，“差……到”的意思；for常用在leave、start等后面，表示要去的目的地，不可用to。
五、容易混淆的连词：
[考试说明] 掌握并列连词(如：and、but、or)和从属连词(如：when、if、that等)的基本用法。
1. because & since & as & for
[误] Because he was ill, so he didn’t go to school today.
[正] Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school today.
[正] He didn’t go to school today because he was ill.
because通常表示说话人认为这种理由或原因是正式的理由。在含because的句子中，全句强调的重点在原因上，不在主句的结果上。因此，回答why提出的问题时，只能用because，不能用since、as或for。because of后面只能跟短语，不能跟从句。 since表示的原因，指人们已知的事实，常译为“既然”，引导的从句只是一种附带的说明原因，不是对原因的强调。because与since不能与so连用。 as表示原因与since差别不大，只是语气更弱，是显而易见的理由。 for表示因果关系时，可与because替换使用，所不同的只是它只能放在主句之后，不能放在句首。在含for的句子里，for从句有时只是对主句补充说明理由或推断原因，与前一分句不存在因果关系。
2.either…or… & neither…nor… & not only…but also… & both…and…
[误] Either he or I are right.
[正] Either he or I am right.
前三个连词连接名词、代词等作主语时，谓语动词要与离其最近的主语的单复数一致，both…and…的谓语动词则要用复数。
六、容易混淆的代词：
[考试说明] 熟练掌握人称代词主格、宾格形式及基本用法，在口语和书面语的表达中正确运用；掌握形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的基本用法；掌握反身代词作为宾语和同位语的基本用法；熟练掌握指示代词和疑问代词的基本用法。
1. either & each & none & neither & both & all & some
[误] Either of the books are good.
[正] Either of the books is good.
either/ each / none / neither of+复数名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数， 其中neither的也可用复数；both/ all /some of+复数名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数