当前位置:首页 » 中学大学 » 大学英语课文结构分析怎么写

大学英语课文结构分析怎么写

发布时间: 2023-03-14 22:10:39

大学英语课文summary应该怎么写

写一个关于课文的总体概括,摘要,就是summary

Ⅱ 大学英语八大语法写作结构

大学英语必备八大语法写作结构

导语:在大学英语写作中,如何打造一篇高分文章,词汇多变且句型丰富是重点。前者比较容易做到,后者需要扎实的语法基础。接下来我为大家总结了丰富句子的八大语法结构,希望对各位同学有所帮助。

▶1. 主动句变被动句

“英文多被动,汉语多主动”,还需要警惕名词与动词之间暗含的“主被动”关系。

Eg1: It is said that …据说/相传

Eg2:I suggest that … It is suggested that …

Eg3:Effective measures should be taken before things get worse.表建议

Eg4: your prompt attention to my enquiry would be highly appreciated. 表感激

Eg5:Students should study hard.

Students are expected / well-advised to study hard.

▶2. 简单句变从句

名词性从句,含主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种;定语从句;状语从句

A. 主语从句:

Eg1:What worries many parents is that Internet or computer games may impact kids’ study.

Eg2:It is said that an emperor of ancient China discovered Tea 5,000 years ago. (it为形式主语;that从句为真正主语)

B.宾语从句:

Eg1:Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life is measured by how much they can borrow, not by how much they can earn.

Eg2: I am convinced that it is of great necessity for youngsters to study hard.

Eg3:明智的人不为别人的想法所影响。The sensible man is not influenced by what other people think.

C. 表语从句:

Eg1:That is why China is called the “Kingdom of Bicycles”.

Eg3:In team games, practice is what improves our sense of cooperation.

D. 同位语从句

Eg1:(Martin Luther King) I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." (该句中a dream = that 从句,)

Eg2:Others hold the different idea that online shopping brings us some problems.

E. 含同位语句式

A.人 身份

Eg. I am convinced that …

As a college student, I am convinced that …

I, as a college student, am convinced that …

B. 物 性质

Eg. A strong will brings us power …

As a vital quality, a strong will brings us power…

A strong will, as a vital quality, brings us power…

插入语

Eg1:As I see, the causes of this phenomenon are diverse.

The causes of this phenomenon, as I see, are diverse.

Eg2:All of a sudden, the silence of the lake was broken by a scream.

The silence of the lake, all of a sudden, was broken by a scream.

Eg3:Even so, others hold a different view.

Others, even so, hold a different view.

Eg4:Like anything else, automobiles have more than one side. (汽车跟很多其他事物一样,具有两面性)

Automobiles, like anything else, have more than one side.

F. 定语从句:

步骤:1)先写出正确简单句,确定被修饰成分(中心名词)

2)在中心名词后加入定从,关系词who, whose, whom, where, which, when

Eg1:Taobao is a particularly popular website. ? Taobao is a particularly popular website, where/in which customers can purchase various goods.

Eg2:I will advice my foreign friend to visit Great Wall, where he or she can acquire knowledge of Chinese history.?

▶3. it 句式

A. 形式主语 it is +被动/形容词/名词+that从句/to do …

Eg1:It is suggested/ well-advised / supposed / proposed that sb. should (not) do …

Eg2:It is essential / necessary / advisable / convenient/ difficult/ hard/ comfortable for sb. (not) to do

Eg3:It is essential / necessary that sb. should (not) do …

Eg4:It is useless/useful doing sth.

B. 形式宾语

Eg1:An increasing number of students find it difficult to spell common words correctly.

Eg2:An increasing number of parents find it hard to have opportunities to chat with kids, who spend too much time on computers.

Eg3:A host of youngsters find it rather boring and hard to understand literature.

▶4. 强调句

A. 强调谓语:

Eg1:I love you. /I do love you. / I did love you.

Eg2:Cell phone/ Internet/ computer brings us convenience.

Cell phone/ Internet/ computer does bring us convenience.

B. 强调句式:It is/was +被强调成分+that/who+句子其他成分。

【步骤】

a. 先写出正确的简单句、并列句或复合句,明确单句的各个成分。

b. 在被强调成分(除谓语和补语外)两边添加it is/was 和that/who, 其他成分不变,必要时调整顺序。

【强调句式特征】去掉it is/was…that/who结构,整个句子无冗余或成分残缺。

Eg1:My mother always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study.

It is my mother who/that always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study.

It is when I have difficulties in study that my mother always encourages me not to lose heart.

Eg2:Parents’ protection does not enable kids to build up adequate ability to face social competition.

(强调句式否定形式)It is parents’ protection that does not enable kids to build up adequate ability to face social competition.

Eg3:The Internet does not enable some youngsters to spend adequate time in chatting with others face to face.

It is the Internet that does not enable some youngsters to spend adequate time in chatting with others face to face.

▶5. 倒装

A. 表否定的副词、短语或状语位于主语之前或句首,主句半倒装(一般疑问句语序);如never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, little, on no account, by mo means, in no case,

Eg1:I will never agree. Never will I agree.

B. Only +状语位于句首,主句半倒装。

Eg1:When my beloved is beside myself, I can feel the true happiness.

Only when my beloved is beside myself, can I feel the true happiness.

Eg2:When his computer crashes, he will come down-stairs for something to eat.

Only when his computer crashes, will he come down-stairs for something to eat.

Eg3:By doing small things, teenagers can accumulate ability and experience for something big.

Only doing small thing, can teenagers accumulate ability and experience for something big.

C.As/though倒装形式

Eg1:Although she is a girl, Zeng Yike is called Brother Zeng.

Girl as she is, Zeng Yike is called Brother Zeng.

Eg2:Though it is convenient, online shopping leads to some problems.

Convenient as/though it is, online shopping leads to some problems.

Eg3:Although it is simple, what the picture conveys is thought-provoking.

Simple as it is, what the picture conveys is thought-provoking.

▶6.双重否定

Eg1:no ____ is / are more _____ than ________.

In contemporary society, no means of communication is more popular and common than cell phones.

Eg2:A strong will is very important.

The importance of a strong will cannot be too emphasized.

Eg3:Ecation helps people to acquire knowledge, skills and new visions.

Without ecation, it is impossible for people to acquire knowledge, skills and new visions.

▶7. Ving/ved 状语

A. 两个动作同时发生且主语一致,将次要动作写成v-ing或v-ed形式做状语,即动作与逻辑主语之间为主动关系时写成v-ing形式、为被动关系是写成V-ed形式。

Eg1:I climbed the stairs. I took a suitcase.

I climbed the stairs, taking a suitcase.

Climbing the stairs, I took a suitcase.

Eg2:When they are compared with cars, bicycles are superior in several ways.

Compared with cars, bicycles are superior in several ways.

Bicycles, compared with cars, are superior in several ways.

B.两个动作主语一致,但前后发生,则可将先发生的.动作写成Having +ved形式。

Eg1:He had lived in this city for years. He had no difficulty finding the way home.

Having lived in this city for years, he had no difficulty finding the way home.

▶8. 排比结构

Eg1:Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. (Bacon)

Eg2:We shall fight on the hills. We shall fight in the streets. We shall fight blood and sweet and tears. (Churchill)

Eg3:作为一种重要素质,自信带给我们力量、唤起我们对生活的热爱、帮助我们战胜困难。

As a vital quality, confidence brings us power, arouses our enthusiasm for life, and helps us to conquer difficulties.

大学英语中应用文写作,通过模板句型,经典的例句完全可以得到比较理想的分数,因为“言简意赅”就是它的特点。而大作文对于语言表达上的要求要高几个level,只是模式化的文字已经不足以打动老师,需要在原有的结构上进一步创新,让老师看的跌宕起伏,还是昏昏欲睡才是高低分的关键所在。

;

Ⅲ 怎样讲解英语课文的文章结构

第一步从宏抄观结构上
首先:分析课文的背景知识比如作者的生平该文章的写作背景历史社会环境背景,接着是分析课文的体裁比如记叙文说明文议论文不同的体裁必然有不同的重点,这个要视情况而定,这里就不一一赘述了,不过建议您可以借鉴一些好的教育论文,看看有经验的英语教师是怎么说的第二部从细节上 ,毕竟英语不是母语,这部分要比较着重的看词汇句法,可以从这几个方面:语篇的连贯与衔接,语法衔接以及分析课文的词汇衔接,最后可以利用课后习题或是口头的复述来检验学生是否掌握其知识点

Ⅳ 帮忙分析讲解两句英文,大学综合英语4课文里的两句话

1, For what is a year but a thin sliver of history,a beat of a hummingbird's wing?


此处的 for 是起承上启下的连词,表示前面说过意思是 “因为” 后面要提到的理由。其他部分的结构如下:


  • 主要成分:what is a year 一年是什么【可变通为“一年时间所代表的东西”】

  • 后置定语(介词短语):buta thin sliver of history 除了是薄薄的一条历史外并不代表什么的(东西)【可以变通为“只不过是薄薄的一页历史”】

  • 定语的同位语:a beatof a hummingbird's wing 即蜂鸟翅膀的一次拍打【可以变通为“蜂鸟的一次振翅”】


在不改变上述意思的前提下,完全可以意译如下:


  • 因为一年的时间不就是历史薄薄的一页、蜂鸟振翅拍打的一瞬间吗?

  • 因为一年时间仅仅是历史书页上所记载的短短的一条,不就是蜂鸟的一次振翅吗?。

  • 因为一年时间只不过是沧海一粟,不就是弹指一挥吗?。


2. As the boy brought them a man passed alongthe street outside and seeing me waved his hand.


整句结构分析


  • 时间状语从句:As the boy brought them


  • 主句:a man passed along the streetoutside and seeing me waved his hand.

—主语:a man

—并列谓语:passed along the street outside and seeing me waved his hand.

可见, seeing me waved his hand 其实就是 he, seeing me, waved his hand,其中的seeing me 是现在分词短语充当的时间状语,因此也可以改写为“when he saw me, he waved his hand.”,意思是 “他看到我的时候,挥了挥手”

Ⅳ 大学英语四级考试作文的要点

用word上传的 自己下载吧


大学英语四级考试作文的要点——文章结构

四级写作一般以三段式展开,题目要求中通常包含三个要点,每个要点为一段(记住,一定要分段),第一段提出问题,第二段分析问题,第三段解决问题。
以历年的真题为例,2006年12月的题目为Spring Festival Gala on CCTV,要求:1。许多人喜欢看春节晚会;2。但有些人提出取消春节晚会;3。我的看法。“喜欢看春节晚会”是正常现象,应该作为问题的开端进行简短介绍,“有些人提出取消春节晚会”才是重点,必须给出相应的篇幅做详细阐述。最后表明我的观点,其实就是问作者的态度及解决这个矛盾的方法。又如2006年6月的题目:AnAnnouncement for a Voluntary Program, 要求:1。校学生会组织一次暑假志愿活动现招募志愿者;2。本次志愿活动的目的、内容及安排;3。报名条件和联系方式。这仍是三段式的结构,第一段提出问题——告之大家会举办一次暑假志愿活动,第二段描述问题——介绍志愿活动的相关信息,第三段解决问题——怎样加入志愿活动(报名信息)。往年还考过写简历,写演讲稿,论述社会现象等题目,总是跳不出三段式,因此学生们必须掌握如何写三段式作文。
总的来说有三点要注意:1。开篇就得点题。文章字数有限,必须采取开门见山的方法,但开篇点题并不是说第一段第一句话就得提出问题,在这之前可以有所修饰,有导入的成分,但不要太长,一般第三句就得清楚、突出地把问题点出来。2。中间段阐述必须清楚。中间段是全文的核心部分,要做到阐述清楚,论证充分,要有一致性、连贯性和条理性。一般由主题句和扩展句组成,主题句是观点的高度浓缩,应该言简意赅;扩展句是对主题句的详细阐述,应该做到理由充分,内容一致。3。结尾段进行总结,并提出解决问题的方法。最后的总结在观点上可以重申但不可以重复,另外结尾一定要有所升华,不能仍停留在对问题的描述上,既然存在问题,就必须想办法解决。
写作能力无法一口气提高,大家必须在平时勤修苦练。



Ⅵ 新视野大学英语第二版 unit3文章结构分析

查看文章 新视野大学英语第二册课后翻译答案(U1-U7)汉译英2008-05-29 18:29Unit 11. 在有些人眼里,毕加索(Picasso)的绘画会显得十分荒谬。In the eyes of some people, Picasso’s paintings would seem rather foolish.2. 他们利润增长部分的原因是由于采用了新的市场策略。The increase in their profits is e partly to their new market strategy.3. 那个男人告诉妻子把药放在最上面的搁架上,这样孩子们就够不着了。The man told his wife to keep the medicine on the top shelf so that it would be beyond the children’s reach.4. 有钱不一定幸福。Happiness doesn’t always go with money.5. 那辆小汽车从我买来以后尽给我添麻烦。That car has given me nothing but trouble ever since I bought it.Unit 21.自今年夏初起, 海尔公司 (Haier) 展开了空调促销的广告大战。Since the beginning of this summer, Haier has waged a massive ad campaign to promote its air-conditioner sales.2.玛丽的父母不同意她去美国,因此她最终能否实现自己的愿望尚不可知。Mary’s parents frown on the idea of her going to America, so it remains to be seen whether she will realize her dream.3. 罗斯明白约翰源源不断的来信,连同无数的玫瑰花,目的是为了赢得她的心。Rose knows that continuous letters from John, together with countless roses, are aimed at winning her heart.4. 政府通过资助种植果树以使荒地重新变绿,成功地改善了生态环境。Through sponsoring the growing of fruit trees to regenerate waste land, the government succeeded in improving the ecological environment.5.政府已采取了一系列新的环保措施,由此在全国多地出现了许多公园和公共绿地。 The government has undertaken a series of new environmental initiatives. As a result, many parks and green belts have sprung up all over the country.Unit 31. 人生充满了欢乐与痛苦。Life is full of ups and downs. be full of / be filled with2. 我始终知道他会以优异的成绩毕业。I knew all along that he would graate with distinction.3. 工作人员对这一说法的真实性有些保留看法。The working staff had some reservations about the truth of the claim.4. 当地政府将毫不犹豫地采取最严厉的措施对付犯罪分子。 The local government will not hesitate to take the severest measures against criminals.5. 他企图以滔滔不绝的谈话来拖延时间。He tried to buy time by doing a lot of talking.Unit 41. 对大多数父母来说,送孩子出国学习的决定是经过仔细考虑后做出的。 他们会尽力在孩子离开之前安排好一切。For most parents, the decision to send children abroad for study is made after careful thinking. They will try to have everything worked out before their children leave.2. 杰克才开始工作了三个月,经验尚不足,所以让他独立完成这项任务是有困难的。Jack has only been working for three months, so, for lack of experience, he will have difficulty finishing the task alone.3. 只要你详细说明要我们做些什么,我们就会尽力帮你做好一切准备的。As long as you specify what we are expected to do, we’ll try our best to help you get everything ready.4. 苏珊以为自己会很快适应那儿的生活,可后来发现事情没那么容易,于是她开始想家(homesick)。Susan had thought she would adapt to life there soon, but she found later things were not so easy, and she began to feel homesick.5. 当离别时刻到来时,这些孩子忐忑不安起来,因为他们不知道自己是否能适应没有父母在身边的生活。Tension descended on these children when it was time for departure, since they didn’t know whether they could adapt to the life without parents.Unit 51. 我父亲太忘事,老是在找钥匙。My father is so forgetful that he is always looking for his keys.2. 再没有收到过他的信,于是我们开始怀疑他是否还活着。Nothing more was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he was still alive.3. 对于这位科学家来说,凌晨两、三点钟上床睡觉是很平常的事。It is not unusual for the scientist to go to bed at two or three in the morning.4. 那人弯腰从地上把书捡起来。The man bent down and picked up the book from the floor.5. 丽贝卡(Rebecca)把头靠在丈夫的肩头哭起来了。Leaning her head on her husband’s shoulder, Rebecca began to cry.Unit 61. 她误解了自己最好的朋友,感到非常内疚。 She was very guilty about not having understood/having misunderstood her best friend.2. 她容貌秀美, 举止优雅,很吸引人。 Her good looks and elegant manners are very attractive.3. 显然,他总以为自己的学历和工作经历肯定会给人深刻的印象, 但实际并非如此。Obviously, he takes it for granted that his ecational background and work experience are surely impressive. But actually they are not.4. 他引用一位著名艺术评论家的话,为自己的绘画才能增加一点自信心。 By quoting from a well-known art critic, he tried to add a bit of self-confidence to his talents.5.每个学生都有自己的不同特点,友善或拘谨,长相平平或漂亮妩媚。老师不应该歧视中间任何人。Every student has his or her characteristic qualities, such as friendliness or reserve, plainness or charm. A teacher should not be prejudiced against any of them.Unit 71. 医生建议说, 有压力的人要学会做一些新鲜有趣、富有挑战性的事情, 来发泄负面情绪。The doctor recommends that those stressed people should try some new, interesting and challenging things in order to give their negative feelings an outlet.2. 那个学生的成绩差,老师给他布置了更多的作业,而不是减少作业量。The teacher gives more homework to the students who has bad grades, instead of allowing him to cut that down.3. 尽管我已经把许多任务分派给其他人去做,我依然担心这项计划无法赶在4月1日截止期前完成。Although I’ve delegated many tasks to other people, I’m still afraid that I won’t be able to finish the plan before the April 1 deadline.4. 从医生的角度看,脾气越急躁的人越易于失控。因此他们往往容易患心脏病。From a doctor’s viewpoint, the hotter-tempered people get, the more likely they are to lose control. Consequently, they tend to suffer from heart diseases.5. 教师首先要考虑的事情之一是唤起学生的兴趣,激发他们的创造性。A teacher’s priorities include exciting students’ interests and stimulating their creativity.

Ⅶ 21世纪大学英语听说教程第四册课文summary

一、说 明

适用专业 除文通学院以外的所有非英语专业
先修课程 高中英语
总 学 时 272 总 学 分 15
(一)本课程的目的、要求
通过该课程的教学,要培养学生具有较强的阅读能力和一定的听、说、读、译的能力,使学生能用英语交流信息。同时帮助学生打下扎实的语言基础,掌握良好的语言学习方法。
该教材同步提供课本,光盘与网络课程,其特有的编写体系,有助于拓宽教学内容,使教学内容可以从课本开始,通过因特网这一媒介,延伸到多元化的信息世界;课本、光盘与网络的有机结合,有助于广大教师对教与学的思维转化和手段的更新,使传统的“灌注式教学”能逐步演化到自主选择,参与式的教学;此外,它从根本上带动了教学模式的转变,既可以实现由教师现场指导的实时同步学习,也可以实现在教学计划指导下的非实时自学,还可以实现通过使用电子邮件,网上讨论区,网络通话等手段的小组合作型学习等。
《新视野大学英语》的《读写教程》以题材为中心组织单元,但每个单元的三篇课文的体裁形式不尽相同。《听说教程》配合《读写教程》的中心话题开展并组织听,说训练,《综合训练》则配合《读写教程》对词汇,语法,结构,翻译,阅读等多方面提供进一步操练的内容。《新视野大学英语》通过《读写教程》这一主线,以培养读、写、译的能力为主,同时结合《听说教程》与《综合训练》,全面培养听、说、读、写、译的能力。
(二)内容选取和实施中注意的问题
结构分析(Test Structure Analysis)和写作(Structured Writing)两者相辅相成,互为补充。在结构分析部分,《新视野大学英语:读写教程3》与一、二级有所不同。我们在教师用书中分析了整篇课文的篇章结构,指出了写作特点。在学生用书中则从课文中选取几个段落进行分析,集中剖析某一种写作手段,然而再从课文中选出结构相仿的段落,让学生进行分析。在写作部分,根据已分析认定的篇章结构的特点,先提供一篇示范短文供学生参考。在此基础上让学生依据提纲(outline)写作。《新视野大学英语:读写教程3》的任务是短文写作,写作的题目往往同已学的课文内容相关。
阅读技能(Reading Skills)部分也是利用课本上的阅读材料,对某一阅读技能进行讲解和介绍,用例全部选自课文A或课文B。在介绍某一阅读技能之后,在课文B中即出现相关的练习。通常课文C的整篇课文都用于阅读技能的训练。由此可见,阅读技能的训练贯穿于课文A、B、C三篇。
搭配(Collocation)是语言学习中最大的难点之一。由于受母语的影响,学生往往会说“receive telephone”,“open a check”,“receive an operation”,“crowded traffic”,而不会使用正确的表达方法,即“answer the telephone”,“write out/make out a check”,“have/undergo an operation”,“busy/heavy traffic”。这种现象已成为阻碍提高学生综合应用能力的瓶颈。《新视野大学英语:读写教程3》利用本套教材的配套语料库,在每单元设有词汇搭配练习。所操练的不仅都是核心词汇,而且各种搭配均在本套教材前几册书中出现过。
内容概要(Story/Essay Summary)的语言素材建立在课文A之上,往往是课文A的总结或续写,从而使该项练习同已学内容紧密相连。
《新视野大学英语:读写教程3》精读量为9,000词左右,与《大学英语教学大纲》[修订版] 规定精读量8,000词相比,超1,000词;泛读量为37,000词左右,与大纲修订版规定的35,000词左右,超2,000词。从总阅读量上比较,《新视野大学英语》第三级达到了大纲的规定。
《新视野大学英语:读写教程3》的词汇起点为1,800单词家上读写一、二级已出现的词汇(1,352单词),共3,150单词左右。《新视野大学英语:读写教程3》全书出现的生词总数为769个,其中四级词汇725个(本套教材一、二、三级已累计出现四级词汇2,077个),六级词汇29个,六级后词汇5个,超纲词汇10个(词汇的统计仅限于A、B二篇课文,不包括练习,C篇不列入统计)。每篇课文的单词量与课文总词量之比为3.7%—6%,平均比4.37%左右,单词的分布比较均匀,完全符合第二语言/外语习得有关理论的描述。
(三)教学模式/方法
建立以学生为主体的教学模式,培养学生个性化的学习方法和自主学习能力,体现英语教学的实用性、文化性和趣味性相融合的原则,充分调动教师和学生两个方面的积极性,注重实效,培养学生的综合能力。
利用多媒体和网络平台,多渠道,宽口径地保证英语教学中的输入和输出,实现师生真正意义上的全面互动。
教学应根据教学对象,教学的不同阶段,采用灵活机动、切合实际的教学方法,从而做到因材施教。
(四)考核方式
形成性评价和终结性评价相结合的方式。
(五)教学内容与学时分配

教学章节 教学内容 学时安排 备注
第一学期 Book 1 56
第二学期 Book 2 72
第三学期 Book 3 72
第四学期 Book 4 72

二、大 纲 内 容
第一学期: (56学时)
1. 初步纠正语音、语调;
2. 辨别语流中的因素;
3.了解基本的阅读技巧;
4.了解基本的学作技巧;
5.了解基本的翻译技巧;
6.了解常用的构词方法;
7.了解基本的语言文化特征;
8.掌握多媒体网络资料查询方法;
第二学期:(72学期)
1.矫正语音、语调;
2.理解语调类型;
3.进行英语自由演讲
4.了解基本的阅读技巧;
5.了解基本的学作技巧;
6.掌握基本的翻译技巧;
7.了解常用的构词方法;
8.了解基本的语言文化特征;
9.掌握多媒体网络资料查询方法;
第三学期:(72学期)
1. 进一步矫正语音语调;
2. 进行简短的对话;
3. 理解语调类型;
4. 熟悉不同人物间不同场合的日常对话;
5. 掌握基本的阅读技巧;
6. 理解基本的写作技巧;
7. 掌握基本的翻译理论和技巧;
8. 进行四、六级相关训练;
第四学期:(72学期)
1. 根据语调判断语义;
2. 介绍常用构词法,培养学生的识词能力;
3. 了解英语常用的固定搭配;
4. 理解语篇的大意和重要信息;
5. 领会说话人的观点、态度 或目的;
6. 进一步掌握阅读技巧并加强写作方面的训练;
7. 利用翻译技巧进行翻译方面的训练;
8. 进行四、六级方面的专项训练,了解有关应试技巧;
三、教材和主要参考书
1.郑树棠等. 新视野大学英语读写教程.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2003.6.
2.郑树棠等. 新视野大学英语听说教程.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2003.6.
3.郑树棠等. 新视野大学英语综合训练.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2003.6.
4.郑树棠等.21世纪大学英语听说教程.北京:高等教育出版社.上海:复旦大学出版社

Ⅷ 大学大一英语精读上册第六单元第11段课文分析

大学英语精读1 Unit6 课文分析
New words and phrases
1. happen to: chance; take place
¨ 你是怎么成为导游的?How did you happen to be a tourist guide?
¨ I happened to be out when she called.
2. neat: adj.
1) clean and tidy, orderly
¨ Zola always keeps her kitchen neat and tidy.
2) economical with time and effort; skilful; efficient
¨ In the end we found a very neat solution to the problem.
CF: neat, tidy, & orderly
这些形容词均含“整齐的,整洁的”之意。
neat 指人或物外表既清洁又整齐。
¨ His clothes were always neat and clean. 他穿的衣服总是又整洁又干净。
tidy 强调整齐,井然有序。
¨ Andrew’s apartment is always so tidy. 安德鲁的房间总是整整齐齐的。
orderly 语义比上述几个词强,最常用。指把复杂细微的东西按其内在联系安排整齐,强调井井有条。
¨ She needs to organize her ideas in a more orderly way. 她需要以更有条理的方法组织自己的思想。
3. efficiency expert: a very efficient person
NB: 本词组是一个“名词+名词”的名词定语结构。在这种结构中,两个名词无所属关系;并且第一个名词通常起相当于逻辑宾语作用,而主体名词通常起相当于逻辑主语的作用。例如:a book case (= a case that holds books)。本课中,作者用了很多这种结构,例如:kitchen utensils,shirt factory,quality control,work flow,assembly line,machine operators,background music,coffee break,math class等。

4. foundation: n. basis
¨ The earthquake shook the foundations of the house.
¨ 工人们正在给房子打地基。The workers are building the foundation of a house.
Collocation:
be without foundation (or have no foundation) 毫无根据
lay the foundations of 为…奠定基础
shake/rock the foundations of sth. 动摇…的基础
(or shake/rock sth. to its foundations)
CF: foundation, basis, base, & ground
这些名词均含有“基础”之意。
foundation 用于具体意义时,指坚固结实的建筑物的基础或地基;用作比喻意义时,与basis基本相同。
base 指构成或支撑某一具体物体的基础,也可指军事基地或用作比喻意义。
basis 主要用作抽象或引申意义。
ground 含义与basis和foundation接近。一般指某种决定、论点或关系的基础,也可指某种原因的基础。
1). The basis of his opinion is something he read in the paper.
2). The earthquake shook the foundations of the house.
3). Then I went to work at the Alameda naval air base , as a machinist's helper.
4). The grounds for his decision were never clearly stated.
5. come in : have or find a place; have a part to play
¨ 她在一百米赛跑中获第二。She came in second in the hundred-meter dash.
6. look around/round: walk round a place and examine it; examine the state of affairs
¨ 他到处跑,要找一个出租房。He looked around for a house to rent
7. be amazed at / by: be greatly surprised at / by
¨ 她对你告诉她的事感到吃惊。She is amazed by what you have told her.
8. whatsoever:
¨ Whatsoever she does is ridiculous.
adv. at all
¨ 我没有任何理由怀疑他说的一切。I have no reason whatsoever to doubt what he says.
9. inspect: vt. examine
¨ 海关官员颇为怀疑地检查了我的护照。The customs officer inspected my passport suspiciously.
CF: inspect, examine & investigate
这些动词都有“调查、检查”之意。
inspect 侧重按一定质量标准检查某物,找出不足或不同之处。
examine 最普通用词,可指粗略地查看,也可指仔细观察或调查以确定事物的性质、功能、特点等。
investigate 指为发现事实真相或了解掌握情况而进行深入细致的现场考察。
1). The study investigates the impact of violent TV programming on children.
2). I got out of the car to inspect the damage.
3). The research examined the effects of alcohol on long-term memory.
4). She held the bank note up to the light and inspected it carefully.
10. miss: v.
1) lack
¨ 我们小队少一个向导。Our team is missing a guard.
2) fail to see, hit, hold, catch, reach, etc.
¨ 子弹差一点打中她的心脏。The bullet narrowly missed her heart.
3) regret that a person or thing is not present
¨ 在她离开时,我真的很想念她。I really missed her when she went away.
11. except for: apart from; with the exception of
¨ 除了看门人以外,那房子空荡荡的。The house is deserted, except for the keeper.
CF: except, except for & besides
这些前置词或短语均含“除…之外”之意。
except 侧重于排除在外,从整体里减去。
except for 多用于说明基本情况或对主要部分加以肯定,还引出相反的原因或细节,从而部分地修正前面的主要意思,含惋惜意味。
besides 指在总体之外另加部分或个体,“除…外,还有…”。
1). Do you play any other sports besides football and basketball?
2). She felt fine except for being a little tired.
3). People choose jobs for other reasons besides money.
4). I finished all the questions except the second one.
5). Except for one or two cars, the street was empty.
12. relieve: v. make less or easier
这一针能止痛。The injection can relieve the pain.
¨ 医生的解释解除了我的担心。The doctor’s explanation relieved me of my fears.
13. boring: adj. ll, uninteresting
¨ 那堂课很单调沉闷,学生们都无精打采。The lesson was boring and the students were bored by it.
14. ll: adj.
1) boring
¨ 会议开得死气沉沉的。The conference was deadly ll.
2) not bright or clear
¨ Jane’s hair was a ll, darkish brown.
3) slow in understanding; stupid
¨ If you don’t understand then you’re ller than I thought.
CF: ll, boring & tedious
这几个词都是形容词,都有“令人厌烦的”、“生厌的”之意。
ll 指因呆板,缺乏趣味性而令人感到厌烦,其内涵是千篇一律,无吸引力,死气沉沉。
¨ The weekly meeting tends to be deadly ll.每周一次的例会往往是很乏味的。
boring 概念最广泛,尤其指引人厌倦,枯燥无聊的谈话、文章,也指令人生厌的人。
¨ He really is one of the most boring people I've ever met.他真是个我从未遇见过的最令人讨厌的人。
tedious 指因对某人或某事的描写太长太多而乏味,也指因反复做某事而乏味。强调因沉闷而引起的生理上的不适。
¨ We had to sit through several tedious speeches.我们只得坐在那里听几个乏味的讲演。
15. absent-minded: adj. not attentive, paying little attention to what one is doing; forgetful
¨ 这个心不在焉的男孩老是丢书。The absent-minded boy is always losing his books.
16. hold up: delay or cause to stop
¨ 由于交通事故,交通被迫中断了几个小时。Traffic was held up for several hours by the accident.
17. fire: v.
1) dismiss sb. from his / her job, sack (infml.)
¨ 萨姆因工作效率低而被资方解雇。Sam was fired by the management for his inefficiency.
2) discharge a gun; shoot
¨ 警察发射橡皮子弹以驱散人群。Policemen fired rubber bullets to disperse crowds.
CF: fire, dismiss & discharge
这些动词都有“解雇,开除”之意。
fire 口语用词,多指被断然地突然解雇,其行动犹如开枪一样干净利落。
dismiss 正式用词,是这组词中语气最轻的一个词,一般只有从上文才能看出解雇的原因或理由。
discharge 语气较重,指有理由的解雇,含不再复用的意味。
1). Bryant was unfairly dismissed from his post.
2). She was fired after she was caught stealing from her employer.
3). Several of the recruits(新兵)were discharged from the Army e to medical problems.
18. major:
adj. greater or more important
¨ 在世界上大多数城市里,繁忙的交通是个大问题。Heavy traffic is a major problem in most cities all over the world.
n. specialty or a student specializing in a certain field of study
¨ 在大学里,她是英语专业的学生。She is an English major at college.
19. achieve: vt. get sth. by efforts; finish sth. successfully
¨ 我仅完成了我希望做到的一半。I’ve achieved only half of what I’d hoped to do.

20. management: n.
1) the people in charge of a factory or business
¨ 该公司正由新的管理人员领导。The business is under new management.
2) the act of managing a business
¨ 许多小公司的失败是经营不善所致。The failure of many small businesses is caused by bad management.
21. proctive: adj. procing well or much
¨ 他们很努力, 但效率不太高。They work hard, but their efforts are not very proctive.
22. frequent: adj. happening often; habitual
¨ 他渐渐地不常登门了。His visits became less frequent as time passed.
23. promotion:n.
1) a rise in position
¨ 你只要做出成绩, 就能指望获得提升。If you are successful, you can expect promotion.
2) an activity intended to help sell a proct
¨ 他负责推销工作。He is responsible for sales promotion.2) an activity intended to help sell a proct

Background knowledge
a. The American Ecational System
In the United States, ecation is the responsibility of indivial states, not of the federal government, so requirements may vary from one state to another. The following is a generalization:
Kindergarten: before 5 years old
Elementary school: 6-11 years old (Grades 1~6)
Junior middle school: 12-13 years old (Grades 7~8)
Senior middle school: 14-17 years old (Grades 9~12)
College: 4 years for a B.A. or B.S. degree
University: 2~3 years for an M.A. or M.S.; 2~8 years for an Ph.D.
b. What is instrial engineering?
Instrial engineering is the detailed analysis of the use and cost of men, materials and equipment in an organization, with a view to increasing its proctivity, profit and efficiency. Those who are involved in this kind of analysis are called instrial engineers.
Originally the analytical techniques of instrial engineering were used mainly in manufacturing instries to improve proction methods, establish proction control proceres, determine work standards, and develop wage payment plans. Graally, the use of instrial engineering techniques has been extended to non-manufacturing areas such as construction and transportation instries, farm management, and restaurant and hotel operations. Although the field of instrial engineering has continued to grow, its primary application is still in the manufacturing instries.

课文翻译
萨姆着手提高衬衫厂的效率了,但正如我们将在本单元后半部分发现的,他的计划实施结果跟他原先预料的并不完全一样。
Sam Adams, Instrial Engineer
如果你问我母亲,我怎么偏偏会成为一名工业管理工程师的,她就会告诉你,我一直就是这样一个人。
她的意思是说,我一贯希望把样样东西都安排得井井有条,整整齐齐。还在上小学时,我就喜欢把袜子放在衣柜左上方的抽屉里,内衣放在右上方的抽屉里,衬衫放在当中的抽屉里,折得齐齐整整的裤子放在最下面的抽屉里。
事实上,我那时一直是全家人的效率专家。父亲的工具、母亲的厨房用具以及姐姐的男朋友全由我统一安排。
我需要讲究效率。我希望有条不紊。对我来说,样样东西都有个固定的地方,样样东西总是放在适当的地方。这些素质为我日后从事工业管理打下了良好的基础。
遗憾的是,我这个人也有一点专横,不太善于听取别人的意见。等我把在大学取得学士学位后承办第一项工程的情况告诉你以后,你就会明白我这话是什么意思了。
毕业后我回到家乡——印第安纳州的一个小镇上。当时我还没有找到工作。我父亲的一位朋友霍布斯先生在镇上有一家小型衬衫厂。在过去五年里,厂里的工人从二十名增加到了八十名。霍布斯先生担心他的工厂规模变得太大了,效率变得太低了,便请我进厂当了个短期顾问。
我来到厂里,花了一个星期左右的时间一边到处查看,一边做些笔记。说真的,我对看到的情况不胜惊讶。
最为奇怪的是,厂里竟然没有任何质量控制。没有人检验工厂生产的成品。结果,有些装箱待运的衬衫不是缺了一两粒钮扣,就是少了衣领,有时甚至还会短只袖子。
工厂的生产条件很差。工作台很高,工人坐在旁边很不舒服。除了吃中饭的半小时外,全天没有别的休息时间来调剂一下令人厌倦的工作。厂里也不播放音乐。工场间的墙壁全是一片暗灰色。使我感到惊奇的是,工人们竟然没有罢工。
此外,厂里的生产流程也时断时续。在装配线上有个缝钮扣的年轻人特别心不在焉。没有多久,我便认出了他,原来他就是在中学上数学课时坐在我后面的"大个子吉姆"。他动作很慢,所有的衬衫到了他这儿都被耽搁下来。装配线上他后面的同班工人只好等在那儿无事可干;因此,在"大个子吉姆"一边工作一边胡思乱想的时候,大量时间便白白流逝了,劳动效率大受损失。整个礼拜我都在纳闷,为什么他没有被解雇。
我观察了一个星期后,霍布斯先生便要我就调查结果作一个口头汇报。我把要点概括了一下向他汇报如下:
"如果实行质量检验,你们就会大大改进成品。"
"如果把装配线重新设计一下,生产流程就会达到平稳,并能节省时间和精力。"
"如果降低工作台的高度,机器操作工作业时就会舒服一些。"
"如果厂方播放悦耳的背景音乐,美化一下单调的环境,工厂的生产率就可以大大提高。"
"如果工人们在上、下午各有一次十五分钟的休息时间喝咖啡,他们的效率就会更高。"
"如果工作出色能经常得到加薪提拔,工人们就会有更大的生产积极性。"
霍布斯先生对我的汇报表示感谢,并告诉我说他将和他的兄弟——该厂的另一位厂主兼经理——讨论我的建议。"我们关心工厂的发展,"他说。"我们要跟上时代的步伐。"
他还送给我一张一百美元的支票并赠送给我一盒衬衫。

热点内容
没问题翻译成英语怎么说 发布:2025-05-16 20:19:27 浏览:499
我你他她它的英语怎么翻译成英语 发布:2025-05-16 20:12:11 浏览:573
做决定英语怎么翻译 发布:2025-05-16 20:00:16 浏览:918
姑娘翻译成英语怎么写 发布:2025-05-16 19:58:29 浏览:337
丑用英语怎么说翻译 发布:2025-05-16 19:48:05 浏览:411
议付金额英语怎么说及英文翻译 发布:2025-05-16 19:41:37 浏览:939
镭疗法英语怎么说及英语单词 发布:2025-05-16 19:34:11 浏览:666
循环利用用英语怎么翻译 发布:2025-05-16 19:19:09 浏览:559
英语性格单词怎么写 发布:2025-05-16 19:11:38 浏览:386
我喜欢树用英语怎么读 发布:2025-05-16 19:10:59 浏览:118