醫療情況英語閱讀理解
㈠ 英語二2021年真題解析-閱讀1
第1段：員工有必要接受「再培訓」。
1、"Reskilling" is something 【 that sounds like a buzzword】 but is actually a requirement { if we plan to have a future 【 in which a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind】} 。在培訓聽上去是一個流行語，但如果我們希望未來的員工不被時代拋棄的話，這實際上是一個必要條件 。——「再培訓」是員工進步的必要條件
2、 We know（that） {【we are moving into a period 】（where the jobs in demand will change rapidly）, as will the requirements of the jobs 【that remain】.}我們知道人們正在進入一個工作需求將發生迅速變化的時期，剩餘崗位的需求也會很快改變。 —— 工作需求正發生迅速變化。
as引導方式狀語，「就像」，後面倒裝。正常語序是the requirements of the jobs that remain will （change rapidly）
3、 ⭐ Research by the World Economic Forum finds that on average 42 per cent of the"core skills" within job roles will change by 2022. That is a very short timeline.
世界經濟論壇發現42%的核心技能，賦予的工作角色將要被改變。在2022年世界經濟論壇的研究發現，到2020年工作崗位中平均有42%的核心技能將發生改變。剩下的時間不多了。 ——通過世界經濟論壇佐證，「員工需要新的工作技能」
第2段：誰來為員工「再培訓」買單？
1、The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one.
這個問題誰來買單這個重塑技能是一個棘手的問題。
2、 ⭐ For indivial companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers 【whose skills are no longer in demand 】and replace them with those 【whose skills are.（省略 in demand） 】
對於個別公司來說，他們喜歡的做法總是拋棄那些技能不再有用的員工，取而代之的是那些具備符合要求技能的員工。
3、（轉折句）That does not always happen. 這也不經常發生。
4、 ⭐ AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company 【 that decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy. 】
有的公司決定進行大規模再培訓項目，而非採取解僱和僱傭的策略。美國電話電報公司就經常被視作這類公司的典範。我們找到第2題關鍵詞，但是這個例子本身。例證題是要去找的外面去找第三句是轉折句，所以我們找第二句，第二句是跟第四句的反義。
5、Other companies had also pledged to create their own plans. 其他公司也承諾會制定自己的計劃。
6、When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy, though（轉折） ,the focus usually turns to government to handle.然而當技能不匹配的現象出現在更廣泛的經濟領域時，焦點常常會轉向政府，並由其處理。
7、 ⭐ Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation 【where we frequently hear of employers （begging for workers）】,even at times and in regions【 where unemployment is high】.可以這么說。加拿大和其他地方付出的努力，充其量還是不夠。含這也使我們經常聽到僱主央求招聘員工的情況發生，即使在失業率高的時期和地區也是如此。
languid表示「慵懶，慢悠悠」即努力不夠，這詞一般不認識考上下文。 and have givenus asituation，and 說明與上句並列意思基本一致，說明解決問題的努力（efforts）還不夠，要不怎會出現招工難？
第3段：高失業率下依然存在勞動力短缺現象
1、With the pandemic,unemployment is very high indeed.
隨著流行疾病失業的人確實越來越高卻確實非常高
2、In February,at 3.5 percent and 5.5 percent respectively,unemployment rates in Canada and United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere.
二月加拿大和美國的失業率分別為3.5%和5.5降到了代際低點，勞動力短缺的現象隨處可見。
3、As of May, those rates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent,and although many worker shortages had disappeared, not all had done so.
截至五月，兩國失業率已經分別飆升到13%和13.7%，盡管許多工作的短缺情況消失了，但也並非所有行業都解決了這一問題。
4、 ⭐ In the medical field, to take an obvious example,the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel.
一個明顯的例子，就是在醫療領域，疫情的爆發意味著醫生護士和其他醫務人員仍存在著大量短缺。
第4段：開展再培訓的必要性
1、Of course,it is not like you can take and unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in a few weeks.
當然這並不是說你能在幾周之內把一個失業的服務員培訓他們成為一名醫生
2、But even if you cannot close that gap,may be you can close others,and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned.
但即便不能填補這個空缺，也許還在其他方面，可以有所突破。這樣對所有的相關人員，都有好處。
3、 ⭐ That seems to be the case in Sweden: 【When forced to furlough 90 per cent of their cabin staff】 , Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up a short retraining program 【 that reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff.】
瑞典似乎就有這樣的情況，90%的空乘人員被迫休假後，北歐航空決定啟動一項再培訓的項目，重新培訓這些失業的員工以支援醫院的工作。
4、The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university. 這是一次集體的行動，其他公司和一所瑞典的大學都參與到了其中。
21.Research by the World Economic Forum Suggests _____.世界經濟論壇的研究 表明 了？
[A] an urgent demand for new job skills （「既然42%要變」 ，那麼對新的工作技能迫切的需求）
[B] an increase in full-time employment 無中生有
[C] a steady growth of job opportunities 無中生有
[D]a controversy about the"core skills" 原文是 will change，並沒有說「爭議」
答案∶ A
22. AT&T is cited to show_____.【例證題找例外】文章引用at and t是為了證明？
[A] The characteristics of reskilling in programs 在培訓的項目特點 無中生有
[B] The importance of staff appraisal standards 員工評價標準的重要性 無中生有
[C] An immediate need for government support 干擾項出自第6句，though轉折了，故與A無關
[D]An alternative to the five-and-hire standards 解僱和僱傭策略之外的另一種選擇 good
答案∶D
23.Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada___. 細節題（稍難）
在加拿大解決技能不匹配問題 努力
[A] have appeared to be insufficient 似乎還不夠 注意題目問的是對「努力」的評價
[B] have driven labour costs up 抬高勞動力成本 無中生有
[C] have proved ti be inconsistent 被證明是矛盾的 無中生有
[D] have met with fierce opposition 遭到激烈反對 無中生有
答案∶A
24. We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was_____.細節題（簡）
[A] a sign of economic recovery 暗示經濟復甦 無中生有
[B] a call for policy adjustment 一種對政策調整的呼籲 無中生有
[C] a change in hiring practices 一種招聘方式的改變 無中生有
[D] a lack of medical workers
答案∶D
25.Scandinavian Airlines decided to_____.細節題（易）
[A] create job vacancies for the unemployed 為失業者創造職位空缺。空缺不對，原文是給失業員工創造新的工作機會
[B] retrain their cabin staff for better services 前半句重新培訓對，後半句無中生有
[C] prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs 讓失業員工為其他工作做好准備
[D] finance their staffs' college ecation 為員工的大學教育提供資助 干擾項最後一句，原文是有一所大學參與這個項目，不是資助員工讀大學
答案∶C
forum論壇
let go of 釋放 放棄
massive 巨大
pledge 保證
arguably 按理
languid 慵懶
at best 最多充其量
Pendemic 流行病
spike 迅速增長
concerned 有關的
furlough 臨時解僱
collective 集體的
㈡ 2017年高考英語北京卷 - 閱讀理解C
Measles, which once killed 450 children each year and disabled even more,was nearly wiped out in the United States 14 years ago by the universal use ofthe MMR vaccine. But thedisease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement andmisinformation that is spreading quickly. Already this year, 115 measles caseshave been reported in the USA, compared with 189 for all of last year.
麻疹, 曾一度每年導致450名兒童死亡，甚至更多的兒童致殘，14年前由於MMR疫苗的普遍使用，在美國幾乎被消滅。不過這種疾病正在卷土重來，這是因為不斷增長的反疫苗運動和迅速傳播的錯誤信息造成的。今年美國已經報告了115例麻疹病例，而去年全年為189例。
The numbers might sound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend. When vaccination rates are very high, as they still are in the nation as a whole, everyone is protected. This is called 「herd immunity」, which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who can』t be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesn』t work.
數字聽起來可能很小，但它們代表一種危險趨勢。當全國范圍內作為一個整體疫苗接種率很高時，每個人才會受到保護。這就是所謂的「群體免疫」，保護那些易受感染的人，包括那些因醫療原因不能接種疫苗的人，年齡太橘州小不能接種疫苗的嬰兒，以及那些疫苗不起作用的人。
But herd immunity works only when nearly the whole herd joins in. When some refuse vaccination and seek a free ride, immunity breaks down and everyone is in even bigger danger.
但群體免疫只有在幾乎整個群體都加入時才起作用。當一些人拒絕接種疫苗並尋求自由乘車時，群體免疫就會崩潰，每個人都會圓告蔽面臨更大的風險。
That』s exactly what is happening in small neighborhoods around the country from Orange County, California, where 22 measles cases were reported this month, to Brooklyn, N.Y., where a 17-year-old caused an outbreak last year.
從本月報告了22例麻疹病例的加利福尼亞州奧蘭治縣到去年一名17歲青年引發了一場麻疹友宏疫情的紐約州布魯克林，全國各地的小社區都是如此。
The resistance to vaccine has continued for decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk. Those who refuse to take that risk selfishly make others suffer.
對疫苗的反對已經持續了幾十年，因為存在真實但非常小的風險。那些拒絕冒險的人讓別人承受痛苦，非常自私。
Making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out of what are supposed to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allow parents to get an exemption, sometimes just by signing apaper saying they personally object to a vaccine.
更糟糕的是，州法律使得所有進入幼兒園的兒童放棄接種疫苗很容易。17個州允許父母選擇放棄, 有時候，只需要簽署一份聲明，說他們個人反對疫苗。
Now, several states are moving to tighten laws by adding new regulations for opting out. But no one does enough to limit exemptions.
現在，有幾個州正在加強法律，為退出接種增加新的規定。但沒有人採取措施來限制放棄接種。
Parents ought to be able to opt out only for limited medical or religious reasons. But personal opinions? Not good enough. Everyone enjoys the life-saving benefits vaccines provide, but they』ll exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.
父母應該只能因為有限的醫療或宗教原因選擇放棄。但是個人意見呢？還不夠充分。每個人都享受疫苗提供的拯救生命的好處，但只要每個人都分擔風險，疫苗才會存在。
㈢ 2019年6月大學英語四級閱讀理解訓練：兒童教育與醫療技術
2019年6月大學英語四級閱讀理解訓練：兒童教育
Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full alt potential. their ecation must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding - the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
Ecation in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public ecation over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
"All men are created equal." We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for ecation in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies ecational opportunity for all children - the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children - disabled or not - to an appropriate ecation, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that ecation. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
訓練題
59. In paragrah 2 . the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that ________.
[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society
[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are
[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society
[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children
60. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in ecation is that ________.
[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society
[B] they might become a burden of the society
[C] they should fully develop their potentials
[D] disabled children deserve special consideration
61. This passage mainly deals with ________.
[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities
[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society
[C] the special ecational programs for exceptional children
[D] the necessity of adapting ecation to exceptional children
62. From this passage we learn that the ecational concern for exceptional children ________.
[A] is now enjoying legal support
[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country
[C] was clearly stated by the country's founders
[D] will exert great influence over court decisions
參考答案：ACDA
2019年6月大學英語四級閱讀理解訓練：醫療技術
"I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise," says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. "But," he cautions, "some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available."
This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging - 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.
With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.
The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. "Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process," says oncologist William Hayward, Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, "We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays."
The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
"First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself, Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are al-ways responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action."
訓練題
63. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to ?________.
[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered
64. The author implies that by the year 2000, ________.
[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients
[B] 90 percent of he skin-cancer patients today will still be living
[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
[D] there won' t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
65. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes ??________.
[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person
[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated
[C] that can be driven out of normal cells
[D] which normal cell can't turn off
66. The word "dormant" in the third paragraph most probably means ________.
[A] dead
[B] ever-present
[C] inactive
[D] potential
參考答案：DDBC
㈣ 初二英語閱讀理解訓練題及答案解析
初二英語閱讀理解訓練題及答案解析
閱讀理解是初二英語考試中的重要題型，需要考生多做練習提高閱讀理解能力，下面我為大家帶初二英語閱讀理解訓練題，歡迎大家閱讀訓練。
初二英語閱讀理解訓練題原文：
A famous doctor once received a little child who was badly ill. Thanks to his skill and care, his young patient got well and was soon able to get up and run about again.
The child』s mother was very much obliged to the doctor, and she called on him to thank him for what he had done for her child. 「Doctor,」 she said, 「you have saved my little son. I don』t know how to thank you enough. I feel that money alone cannot repay you, so I have made this little purse with my own hands, as a sign of my gratitude. I hope you will accept it.」 The doctor stood up and said coldly, 「Madam, a little present like that is very nice between friends, but a doctor needs to be paid properly for what he has done.」 The lady was so surprised and hurt so much that she could not reply for a moment. Then she said quietly, 「Perhaps you will tell me how much your fee is?」
「Fifty pounds」, he answered.
The lady opened the little purse and took out four fifty-pound bank notes. She handed one of them to the doctor, and put the other three back into the purse. She put the purse into her handbag and, saying good bye to the doctor, went out of the room.
初二英語閱讀理解訓練題：
1. The lady was thankful to the doctor because ________.
A. he had saved her life
B. he had saved her son』s life
C. he had lent her some money
D. he often called on her
2. The doctor refused the lady』s purse because he thought ______.
A. the purse should be given between friends
B. the purse was too small
C. the lady was not kind to him
D. the lady just gave him that purse and wouldn』t give him the medical fee
3. What the doctor said ______ the lady.
A. worried B. interested
C. frightened D. hurt
4. The money in the purse _______.
A. was only 150 pounds
B. was less than 200 pounds
C. was much more than the medical fee
D. was not enough for the medical fee
5. How do you think the doctor would feel in the end?
A. Sorry and worried B. Regret and proud
C. Excited and proud D. Sorry and regret
初二英語閱讀理解訓練題答案解析：
1. B。細節題。根據第1段 his young patient got well and was soon able to get up and run about again 可知答案為 B。
2. D。細節 題。根據a little present like that is very nice between friends, but a doctor needs to be paid properly for what he has done 可知答案為 D。
3. D。細節題。根據 The lady was so surprised and hurt so much that she could not reply for a moment 可知此題答案為 D。
4. C。細節題。根據原文可知醫生要的醫療費是50英鎊，而女士送的錢包里裝的.卻是4張面值為五十英鎊的鈔票，由此可判斷出此題答案為 C。
5. D。推斷題。醫生會因為誤會了這位女士而感到 sorry(抱歉)也會因為沒有得到其他3張鈔票感到 regret(遺憾)，所以此題答案為 D。
;㈤ 求英語翻譯，是一篇應用文閱讀，題目是 what is in CPI『s basket。 在此，只要翻譯第二段。 希望強人幫助
23-1表格是消費者在主要消費種類食品和服務的花費明細。迄今為止最大的花費種類是住房，占消費者主要預算的41%。此種類花費住所佔28%，取暖和其他公攤費用佔7%，家庭裝修與置物佔6%。第二大花費種類是食物和飲料，佔17%；包括佔10%的在家就餐，6%的在外就餐，和2%的酒精飲料。下一大花費種類是交通，也佔17%，包括在車，汽油，公交車，地鐵等費用。接下來是醫療，佔7%，服裝和保養佔6%，娛樂佔4%。
你參考下，再修改吧
㈥ 開頭是We all know how important human life is --的一篇英語閱讀理解
We all know how important human life is—it』s priceless. It doesn』t matter where you are from or what the color of your skins is—all people are human beings. Firstly, we can tell you that the lives of your relatives could depend on your ability to give first aid. If you think highly of human』s life, this website is for you! Here you can find information about first aid.
The very first thing that you should do when you see an accident is to evaluate the situation and prevent further dangerous incidents. First of all, you have to recognize what has happened and what the dangers to rescuers and victims are. Think about how to take care of the victims.
Helping usually takes place in very difficult conditions and injuries can be very bad. Therefore, you cannot be too afraid of making mistakes to help. Sometimes you have to face the fact that regardless of your actions and your efforts the victim』s condition might not improve—he or she could even die. In some cases even professional medical aid may not succeed. If you have done everything you think you should do, you shouldn』t feel guilty.
Do not expose yourself to danger. Giving first aid can dangerous. While trying to help a victim, do not forget about your own safety. If something happens to you, you won』t be able to help anyone.
Call for help after you find out the condition of a victim. But remember if a victim faints e to breathing failure caused by drowning, choking or poisoning, you should first take actions that help to bring back the heart beat and breathing. While calling, talk shortly but clearly. Always provide the following information: the location of the accident, the kind of accident, the number of the injured and your full name and phone number and so on.
56. The Passage is probably taken from _________.
A. a newspaper B. the Internet C. a textbook D. a guide book
57. The underlined word 「 evaluate」 in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. leave B. protect C. avoid D. judge
58. What』s the main idea of Paragraph 3?
A. You should learn some professional knowledge about first aid.
B. You shouldn』t feel guilty if you don』t know about first aid.
C. Try your best to give first aid and don』t be afraid of making mistakes
D. Don』t make mistakes when you are giving first aid.
59. The author thinks that helping a victim can be ____________.
A. risky B. shocking C. exciting D. boring
60. It can be inferred from the Passage that __________.
A. everyone must learn how to give first aid
B. you should forget about your own safety while giving first aid.
C. when you see an accident you should do nothing but call the police.
D. when calling for help you should give all relevant details.
㈦ 英語閱讀理解求助
C: 提倡合理的拒絕治療方法。
A: 病人指示醫生放棄治療的權利受到限制。在文章中，作者明確指出患者缺乏DMC並不意味著醫生有權進行非自願醫療治療。盡管醫生可以通過某些方式幫助患者獲得DMC，但如果患者沒有DMC，則仍需考慮其他道德因素。因此，患者對醫療治療的決策受到限制，不是完全自主的。
D:選項D最能支持作者所陳述的論點，因為它表明病人主動提出放棄治療的要求越來越普遍，這與作者的論點相符，即病人的自主選擇應該被重視和尊重。
C: 對生物和政治基礎的反思是醫療的優先考慮。根據文章內容，作者提出了一系列問題和考慮，主要關注的是在醫療治療的決策中，個體自主選擇和醫學專業判斷之間的平衡問題。作者並沒有強調公共利益是唯一的考慮因素，也沒有表明在任何情況下專業人士都必須進行醫學治療，也沒有明確表示要明確保喊沒證個人醫療選擇的監管。相反，作者強調了反思醫學決策的生物學和政治基礎是一個值得考慮的問題，以及個人自主權與專業判斷之間的平衡問題，需要權衡各種利益和因素。
A: operation。在上下文中，「interference」前面是「against bodily」，指的是針對身體的干涉或干擾，這與選項中的「operation」 最為接近。
簡要概括文章內容：
本文探討了三種末期護理決策的情況，並闡述了作者理性主義方法對決策能力（DMC）的影響。文章強調指出，一個病人缺乏DMC並不意味著可以非自願地治療，逗滲慧因為存在其他道德考量，如非自願治療可能會帶來痛苦的體驗，某些醫療干預措施在末期護理背景下可能只有有限的益處。此外，病人可能有多項主張權利，不依賴於其作為自主代理人的身份。最後，作者指出在這個背景下也存在著社會和生物政治方面的考慮。總之，缺乏DMC並不是非自願醫療治療的充山答分條件，但缺乏DMC在這種情況下具有重要的道德影響，因為病人拒絕醫療治療的權利可以理解為取決於他們是否擁有DMC，而病人如果擁有DMC，並行使了他們拒絕治療的權利，並且這個決定不會對其他人造成直接傷害，那麼醫務人員通常有義務遵守。
㈧ 關於中國醫療衛生的英語作文
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by 2020.While increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the sector.The reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical management.To put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents， and ensure that every resident has access to safe， effective， convenient and affordable basic medical and health services， China has kept advancing the reform of its medical and health care system， and made important achievements in the current stage.
所有的人在城市和農村地區將在2020年享受基本醫療和健康服務。
同時增加了政府責任和支出,我們還將鼓勵更多的私人資本參與國內外的行業。
改革涵蓋了范圍廣泛的主題包括保險、葯品生產、分配和監督,和醫療管理的立法。
落實基本醫療衛生系統覆蓋城鄉居民,並確保每一個居民都有獲得安全,有效,方便和負擔得起的基本醫療衛生服務,中國一直推動醫療衛生制度的改革,在當前階段,取得了重要的成就。
㈨ 英語閱讀：6-During the past generation
During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on （指望、依靠） hard work and fair play （公平競爭） to keep itself financially （財力） secure （保證） had been transformed （改變、轉變） by economic risk （經濟風險） and new realties （ reality 現實） . Now a pink slip （解僱通知書） , a bad diagnosis （診斷） , or a disappearing spouse （配偶） can rece a family from solidly （堅固的） middle class to newly poor in a few months.
公平：Justice、equitable、equity、fairness、fair、impartial
保證/確保：guarantee、pledge、ensure、assure、secure、warranty
Solidly 堅固的，firmly 牢牢地， sturdily剛強地， stably穩定地；可靠地...， soundly 完全地，steadily 穩定地，dependably 可信任地
在上一個年代，美國中產階級的家庭可以通過依靠努力的工作參與到公平競爭來維持家庭的財力保證。但是最近發生了變化，他們也將面臨著經濟風險和新的現實問題，現在，一封解僱通知書、一個病情診斷書或者配偶的離去都會使得一個富裕的中產階級家庭在短短幾個月內變得貧困。
In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming （改變、轉變） basic （基本的） family economics. Scholars （學者） , policymakers （決策者） , and critics （批評家、評論家） of all stripes （種類、類型） have debated （討論、思慮） the social implications （意義、含義） of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect （副作用） : family risk has risen as well. Today』s families have budgeted （預算） to the limits of theirs new two-paycheck （雙收入） status（地位、身份 ）.As a result, they have lost the parachuted（保護傘） they once had in times of financial setback（挫折、退步、阻礙） – a back-up（後備的、後援的、備份的） earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce（勞動力、勞動大軍） if the primary（主要的，首要的） earner got laid off （解僱） or fell sick（生病） .This 「 added-worker effect（附加勞動力效應） 」 could support the safety net offered（組成的） by unemployment insurance or disability（殘疾） insurance to help families weather（經受住） bad times. But today, a disruption（中斷） to family fortunes（財富、財產） can no longer be made up（賺取） with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home（其他呆在家裡） partner.
Implication ： 含義，含蓄，含意，言外之意，捲入，牽連，牽涉，糾纏
once：一旦，曾經，一次，一趟，一倍
爭論/討論：debate、 discussion、dispute
statu：地位、狀態、情形、重要身份
state：國家、州、狀況、情況、資格、規定、陳述，聲明、國家的、國務的、公務的、正式的
statue：雕像、塑像
statement：聲明、陳述、敘述、報表、清單
在上一代中，數百萬的母親出去工作，改變了基本家庭經濟結構。學者、決策者、以及各種類型的批評家都討論過這種改變帶來的社會意義，但是很少去看到這裡面的副作用：家庭風險也正在資深。現在的家庭根據新的雙收入情況有限制地安排預算。結果，他們一旦面臨財務困難是便失去了保護傘：如果家裡主力賺錢的人被解僱或者生病，會有一個後備的可以作為勞動力賺取經費的人（通常由母親擔任）。這種「附加勞動力效應」將會支持組成失業保險或傷殘保險來幫助家庭安全度過艱難的時候。但是現在，家庭的財富一旦中斷就不能通過其他家裡的對象賺取額外的收入。
During the same period, families have been asked to absorb（吸引、吸收） much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers（鋼鐵工人） , airline employees, and now those in the auto（汽車） instry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates（利率） , stock market（股市） fluctuation（波動） , and the harsh（殘酷的） reality that they may outlive（比…長） their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned（發起運動） to move Social Security to a saving-account model（模式）, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed（有保障的） payments for payments（支付、繳納） depending on investment（投資、投入） returns. For younger families the picture（情況、情形） is not any better. Both the absolute（絕對的，完全的） cost（花費） of healthcare（醫療保健） and the share of it（佔有份額） borne（具有、推動） by families have risen – and newly（最近） fashionable（流行） health-saving（健康儲蓄） plans are spreading from（蔓延至） legislative（立法） halls（大廳、機構） to Wal-Mart（沃爾瑪） workers, with much higher dectibles（免賠額） and a large new dose of（一份、一點） investment（投資） risk for families』 future healthcare（醫療保險） . Even demographics（人口統計情況） are working against（對…不利） the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak（虛弱） elderly parent – and all the attendant（伴隨而來的） need for physical and financial assistance（幫助） – have jumped（增加） eight fold（籠罩、合攏） in just one generation.
以此同時期，家庭必須在他們的退休收入上承擔更多的風險。鋼鐵工人、空乘雇員、還有現在汽車行業工人作為上百萬家庭中都開始擔心因利率上漲、股市波動、壽命比退休金長的殘酷現實。在去年的很長一段時間里，總統布希力圖發起了社保轉變為存款模式的變革，這使得退休報酬中的大部門或者全部有保障的報酬變為依靠投資回報的報酬。對於年輕的家庭來說這樣的情況並不樂觀。在醫療保健的絕對花費上和家庭支出的佔有率上升兩者上：最近流行的健康儲蓄計劃從立法機構蔓延到了沃爾瑪的員工中，伴隨著更高的免賠額和一些家庭未來醫療保險中新的投資風險。甚至人口數據情況對中產家庭的工作也很不利，當一位年邁虛弱的老年人隨之而來的是身體和精神上的幫助，這類比上個時期增長了八倍。
harsh：刺耳的，殘酷的，粗糙的，嚴厲的，嚴格的
absorb：吸收、吸引、承受、理解
absolute：絕對的、完全的、專制的
absorption：吸收、全神貫注、專心致志
absolve：免除、赦免、宣告、無罪
cost：價錢，代價，花費，費用，犧牲
From the middle-class family perspective（角度、視角） , much of this, understandably, looks far less（遠沒有） like an opportunity to exercise（運用、鍛煉） more financial responsibility, and a good deal more（多得多） like a frightening acceleration（加快） of the wholesale（大規模的） shift （轉嫁） of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout（後果、影響） has begun, and the political（政治） fallout may not be far behind.
a good deal more/less：多得多、少得少
從中產階級家庭的視覺來看，更多的是也能理解，看起來遠不僅是一個承擔更多經濟責任的機會，而更多的是令人恐懼的加快大規模轉嫁經濟風險到他們早已難以負擔的肩膀上。經濟後果已經生效，而政治影響也可能將不遠了。
㈩ 英語閱讀例證題怎麼做
英語閱讀例證題怎麼做
晌跡導語：英語閱讀中的例證題，要求學生直接從原文中找答案，這類題應該怎麼做呢？缺譽跟著我一起學習吧！
例證題
1． 標志：case,example,illustrate,demonstrate,exemplify
2． 解題的關鍵：不在於是否看懂例子，而在於例子所支持的論點。
3． 具體做題方法：返回原文，定位該例子，然後80%向上20%向下搜索該例子所支持的論點。然後在四個選項中找到與觀點意思最接近的一個作為答案。。
4． 錯誤選項的設計方法：（1）列舉例子中的具體事例（2）混淆論點論據（3）列舉無關常識。
例題：
2003 text4.
57.The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that ________.
[A] medical resources are often wasted
[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases
[C] some treatments are too aggressive
[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable
解題三步驟：
（1）閱讀題干，確定關鍵詞：
關鍵詞：example of，伏謹段cancer patients
（2）定位到段（文章第二段）
Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it』s useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians -- frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient -- too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
（3）定位到句，同義替換，得出答案。
結合例證題的解題方法：返回原文，定位該例子，然後80%向上20%向下搜索該例子所支持的論點：
首先定位例子：Physicians -- frustrated by...scientifically justified.
接下來找例子佐證的論點：（百分之80的.情況都在例子前面，百分之20會在例子後面出面）
Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it』s useless.
即：由於有醫療費用由第三方支付這個擋箭牌，我們常常要求採用一切醫療手段，即使它們不會有任何用處。
因此選A，即使沒有效果仍然採用了，會造成醫療資源的浪費。
再看下其他選項：
[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases
醫生對於致命的疾病也無計可施。
【分析】是例子本身的細節，但並非舉這個例子的目的。
[C] some treatments are too aggressive
有一些治療過去大膽
【分析】這也是例子中的事實，但並不是論述的目的，與題目答非所問。
[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable
醫療費用越來越支付不起
【分析】文中說到由於第三方支付的的存在，所以採用一切醫療手段，即使是不需要的。並沒有提到醫療費用變高問題。
長難句解析
Physicians -- frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient -- too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
（1）句子主幹：physicians offer treatment
（2）句子其他成分：兩個破折號之間過去分詞結構和現在分詞結構做定語；介詞「beyond」之後跟了一個「what」引導的賓語從句，構成介賓結構。
（3）固定搭配：
far beyond 遠遠超出
loss of 損失
（4）切分句子：
A，先找連詞:and
B，再找介詞：to,of，in
C，先將從句切分出來：and前後連接的是並列的兩個成分，前面是過去分詞短語做定語，後面是動詞現在分詞短語做定語，用來修飾Physicians醫生，內科醫生。
D，再將句子細分：第一個介詞to，是不定式做後置定語，修飾先行詞inability。第二個介詞of，是loss of的固定搭配。第三個介詞in，成分簡單，不需切分。
（5）原句再現：
Physicians -- frustrated by their inability/ to cure the disease /and/ fearing loss of hope /in the patient -- too often /offer aggressive treatment /far beyond /what is scientifically justified.
參考譯文：醫生害怕他們沒有能力醫病，也害怕患者會失去希望，經常會採取過於極端的治療方法，而這樣本身就是對醫療資源的一種浪費。
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