关于介绍细胞的英语怎么说

① 关于虚拟细胞的英文翻译

虚拟细胞之旅-叙事
欢迎来到NDSU虚拟细胞。现在让我们进入细胞内部进行一次虚拟的细胞风景旅程。跃入你的视野的是一个大的蓝色的物体。这是细胞核，我们今天的第一站。细胞核很容易判断，它的外膜上嵌着一系列的小孔。生物材料就是通过这些小孔进出细胞核与细胞质的。
另：你如果不着急的话我慢慢帮你翻译吧
大多数的DNA位于细胞核中，而DNA则包含了所有遗传信息，这些信息对于执行细胞以及细胞中的组织和器官的各种功能是必不可少的-，而且他们要首先经历一个转录的过程。让我们简单地观看一下这个过程吧。此过程以DNA为模板来产生核糖核酸-/。在这里，你可以看到整个过程。转录形成的物质经组合与修改修改后成为三种RNA分子：信使RNA ，转移RNA ，或核糖体。这些是产生蛋白质的转化过程所需要的重要成分。
如循着从细胞核中产生出的这些RNA，我们可以看到在接下来转化过程中这些物质将会发生什么变化。在这里您可以看到一个名为核糖体的细胞器。核糖体RNA是这种细胞器的组成部分。附着在它上面的便是信史RNA。在转化过程中，转移RNA用于传递正确的氨基酸，并随着蛋白质的增加而传递更多的氨基酸。正确的转移RNA是由三联体密码所决定的，而三联体密码则位于信史RNA当中。
转化的结果便产生了蛋白质。虽然其中一些蛋白质留在细胞质中，其他则被运送到到细胞中的不同位置或者被输送到细胞以外，而这种运送则要靠内质网与高尔基体来完成。
我现在我们来看看内质网吧。有些细胞的核糖体是附着在内质网上的，于是核糖体所产生的蛋白质便直接插入到内置网中。再把这些蛋白质装入囊泡，运离内质-网到达高尔基体。
在这里，囊泡合并组建高尔基池，而蛋白质便位于池膜内。随着池的成熟，池中的酶进一步使蛋白质发生改变，其结果便产生出一个分子标记，用于将蛋白质输送到细胞中某个特定的位置。最后，池会成变成跨高尔基网络。
蛋白质经转化后便可以传送到细胞中的其他器官了，如线粒体和叶绿体。这种传送的-/-过程则于此不同。一些蛋白质的生产过境肽。这些特殊的序列位于蛋白质的末端，能够为线粒体膜上的毛孔所识别。/-在更多的专门蛋白帮助下，质，这种蛋白质是运到细胞器。运输到叶绿体涉及一个类似的过程。
线粒体和叶绿体是细胞的两个独特的地方。我们-/首先来看一下线粒体，它产生三磷酸腺苷，一种其他的细胞活动所使用的/能源分子。三磷酸腺苷是由线粒体膜中的ATP合酶生成。生成三磷酸腺苷所需的能源来自于附着在膜的两面的质子梯度（或氢离子）。当质子流从高浓度区域流向低浓度区域时，流经 ATP合成酶时三磷酸腺苷的产生。 -
这梯度行来自于电子传输系统的活动。随着电子从一个载体转移到另一个载体，质子也会从膜中穿过。由此产生了三磷酸腺苷所需的梯度。
最后，我们看到叶绿体，它只存在于植物当中。从中，光能转化为化为三磷酸腺苷这这种化学能形式。与电子传输系统一样，电子从一个载体转移到另一个载体，质子也会从膜中穿过。由此产生了三磷酸腺苷所需的梯度，进而经ATP合酶形成三磷酸腺苷。过程伊始，光的质子使得电子从载体链中得以释放，在此，你可以看到与ATP合酶产生的三磷酸腺苷一起，还有穿梭于载体之间的电子。
至此，我们的旅程就要告一段落了。虚拟细胞中还有许多其他的功能正在运行，此行只是精选少数的几个主要职能。我们一直努力使之进一步丰富充实，新的内容有待您的再次光临。
大致这样吧，累挺了。第一段是最简单的了。翻译完直接咣当当。。。。。。

② 怎么用英语翻译单细胞生物，单细胞生物用英语怎么说

单细胞生物用英语翻译是:
Unicellular organisms

③ 英语高手请帮忙翻译一下．

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我顶肺啊，抄我！！！真缺德！！！依蝶幽恋是垃圾！！！

④ N急啊！！！用英语描述细胞有丝分裂和减数分裂的过程、意义！！

The process of mitosis is complex and highly regulated. The sequence of events is divided into phases, corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
The mitotic phase is a relatively short period of the cell cycle. It alternates with the much longer interphase, where the cell prepares itself for cell division. Interphase is therefore not part of mitosis.
Prophase: The two round objects above the nucleus are the centrosomes. The chromatin has condensed.Prometaphase: The nuclear membrane has degraded, and microtubules have invaded the nuclear space. These microtubules can attach to kinetochores or they can interact with opposing microtubules.
Metaphase: The chromosomes have aligned at the metaphase plate.
Early anaphase: The kinetochore microtubules shorten.
Telophase: The decondensing chromosomes are surrounded by nuclear membranes. Cytokinesis has already begun; the pinched area is known as the cleavage furrow.

Mitosis is important for the maintenance of the chromosomal set; each cell formed receives chromosomes that are alike in composition and equal in number to the chromosomes of the parent cell. Transcription is generally believed to cease ring mitosis, but epigenetic mechanisms such as bookmarking function ring this stage of the cell cycle to ensure that the "memory" of which genes were active prior to entry into mitosis are transmitted to the daughter cells.

Meiosis is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproction.In animals, meiosis proces gametes like sperm and egg cells, while in other organisms like fungi it generates spores. In many organisms, including humans, meiosis begins with one cell containing two copies of each .

Interphase: Before a dividing cell enters meiosis, it undergoes a period of growth called interphase.
* G1 phase: The period prior to the synthesis of DNA. In this phase, the cell increases in mass in preparation for cell division. Note that the G in G1 represents gap and the 1 represents first, so the G1 phase is the first gap phase.
* S phase: The period ring which DNA is synthesized. In most cells, there is a narrow window of time ring which DNA is synthesized. Note that the S represents synthesis.
* G2 phase: The period after DNA synthesis has occurred but prior to the start of prophase. The cell synthesizes proteins and continues to increase in size. Note that the G in G2 represents gap and the 2 represents second, so the G2 phase is the second gap phase.
* In the latter part of interphase, the cell still has nucleoli present.
* The nucleus is bounded by a nuclear envelope and the cell's chromosomes have plicated but are in the form of chromatin.
* In animal cells, two pair of centrioles formed from the replication of one pair are located outside of the nucleus.
Prophase I:
* Chromosomes condense and attach to the nuclear envelope.
* Synapsis occurs (a pair of homologous chromosomes lines up closely together) and a tetrad is formed. Each tetrad is composed of four chromatids.
* Crossing over may occur.
* Chromosomes thicken and detach from the nuclear envelope.
* Similar to mitosis, the centrioles migrate away from one another and both the nuclear envelope and nucleoli break down.

* Likewise, the chromosomes begin their migration to the metaphase plate.
Metaphase I:
* Tetrads align at the metaphase plate.
* Note that the centromeres of homologous chromosomes are oriented toward the opposite cell poles.
Anaphase I:
* Chromosomes move to the opposite cell poles. Similar to mitosis, the microtubules and the kinetochore fibers interact to cause the movement.
* Unlike in mitosis, the homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles yet the sister chromatids remain together.
Telophase I:
* The spindles continue to move the homologous chromosomes to the poles.
* Once movement is complete, each pole has a haploid number of chromosomes.
* In most cases, cytokinesis occurs at the same time as telophase I.
* At the end of telophase I and cytokinesis, two daughter cells are proced, each with one half the number of chromosomes of the original parent cell.
* Depending on the kind of cell, various processes occur in preparation for meiosis II. There is however a constant: The genetic material does not replicate again.
Prophase II:
* The nuclear membrane and nuclei break up while the spindle network appears.
* Chromosomes do not replicate any further in this phase of meiosis.
* The chromosomes begin migrating to the metaphase II plate (at the cell's equator).
Metaphase II:
* The chromosomes line up at the metaphase II plate at the cell's center.
* The kinetochores of the sister chromatids point toward opposite poles.
Anaphase II:
* The sister chromatids separate and move toward the opposite cell poles.
Telophase II:
* Distinct nuclei form at the opposite poles and cytokinesis occurs.
* At the end of meiosis II, there are four daughter cells each with one half the number of chromosomes of the original parent cell.

Meiosis facilitates stable sexual reproction. Without the halving of ploidy, or chromosome count, fertilization would result in zygotes that have twice the number of chromosomes as the zygotes from the previous generation. Successive generations would have an exponential increase in chromosome count.Most importantly, recombination and independent assortment of homologous chromosomes allow for a greater diversity of genotypes in the offspring. This proces genetic variation in gametes that promote genetic and phenotypic variation in a population of offspring. Therefore a gene for meiosis will be favoured by natural selection over an allele for mitotic reproction, because any selection pressure which acts against any clone will act against all clones, whilst inevitably favoring some offspring which are the result of sexual reproction.

⑤ 细胞的英语单词

cell

⑥ 关于生物类的英文翻译，请高手。。

1 Results: rhubarb 6500mg/kg group and negative control group of mice bone marrow cells, the micronucleus rate, no statistically significant difference (P> 0.05), other treatment group were caused by single cells from mouse bone marrow micro - nucleation rate and sister chromatid exchange rates were significantly higher than the negative control group (P <0.05 or P <0.01). Conclusion: In this experimental condition, rhubarb, Polygonum multiflorum extract bone marrow cells in mice can cause damage to genetic material, leading to genotoxic effects.

2, rhubarb, Polygonum multiflorum extract on mouse bone marrow cells in genetic toxicity studies

⑦ 求翻译英文文献 关于细胞成像

由于[Pt(L3)Cl]+的主要目标是核仁，这是RNA合成的主要场所，[20] 所以我们试验了[Pt(L3)Cl]+对细胞转录的影响。初期发生的RNA转录产物可以用氟尿苷来标志，它可用一种针对含卤核苷的抗体免疫染色。[21] 在不存在[Pt(L3)Cl]+时，由氟尿标志的新合成的RNA在细胞核的点状图形中被检测到（图5D）。可是，在用[Pt(L3)Cl]+在0.1mM下培养15min后，新合成的RNA在大多数细胞中大大减少（图5E）。在0.5mM下，所有RNA的合成都被废止（图5F）。因此，[Pt(L3)Cl]+是一种转录的有效抑制剂。
[Pt(L3)Cl]+调定自己转录抑制作用的机理还不清楚。它很可能是在与细胞的内生结构结合时，环金属铂II络合物阻断了转录相关反应。因此很重要的是识别与[Pt(L3)Cl]+相互作用的生物分子。因为大多数细胞的RNA累积在细胞核内，所以有可能[Pt(L3)Cl]+能与RNA结合。为了实验这种假设，我们用RNase培养了甲醇固定的HeLa细胞，RNase的浓度足以去除细胞的RNA含量。[22] 经RNase处理的细胞随后用[Pt(L3)Cl]+染色。如图6A和B所示的那样，经RNase消化细胞（图6B）仍然被[Pt(L3)Cl]+所明亮地标志，而染色的强度和图形与未处理过的细胞中的强度和图形不能区分（图6A）。因此，[Pt(L3)Cl]+与细胞结构的相互作用不太可能是取决于RNA的。为了确认这一数据，我们培养了整个细胞的溶胞产物，净化了由[Pt(L3)Cl]+玷污在硝化纤维薄膜上的DNA、RNA和蛋白质。如在图6C中所示的那样，[Pt(L3)Cl]+有效地染色了在污斑上的整个细胞的溶胞产物，再现了其有显微镜术观察到的细胞结合性质。令人感兴趣的是，[Pt(L3)Cl]+不与DNA或RNA结合，但被强烈结合到蛋白质，表明了[Pt(L3)Cl]+的染色可以通过其与某些核蛋白质或核仁蛋白质的特异互作用来调定。

⑧ 细胞分裂英文介绍

彩虹六号维加斯有没有直接一点的秘籍呢?彩虹六号维加斯有没有直接一点的秘籍呢?